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India's future air superiority will depend on an interconnected combat network combining stealth fighters, autonomous drones, artificial intelligence and military satellites, according to two former senior Indian Air Force officers. Speaking exclusively to WION Defence Pulse, former IAF Vice Chief Air Marshal Anil Khosla (Retd.) and former Director General of the Centre for Air Power Studies Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd.) outlined how India is preparing for the next generation of aerial warfare.&nbsp;<h2>The Three Cs of India's Future Air Warfare</h2>&nbsp;Air Marshal Khosla described the transformation through what he calls the three Cs, “Coherent Collaborative Combat.” He explained that air warfare has evolved from pilot-centric operations to platform-centric and weapon-centric combat. The next phase will integrate fighter aircraft, helicopters, drones, ground sensors, satellites and command centres into a single networked combat ecosystem.&nbsp;According to him, the advantage will belong to the air force capable of sensing, deciding and adapting faster than its adversary. Addressing India's AMCA ambitions, he stressed that stealth aircraft, long-range weapons, drones and integrated sensors must be developed together.&nbsp;<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTbi_u4p2Zg&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ"></oembed></figure>&nbsp;<h2>Fighter Pilots Could Become Battlefield Conductors</h2>&nbsp;Air Marshal Khosla also highlighted manned-unmanned teaming, where fighter aircraft operate alongside autonomous or semi-autonomous combat drones. Calling it the “Mother Goose” concept, he compared future fighter pilots to orchestra conductors coordinating multiple unmanned platforms during combat missions.&nbsp;He emphasised that loyal wingmen would not replace fifth-generation stealth fighters. Instead, manned-unmanned teaming represents a key element of emerging sixth-generation warfare. India's HAL is already pursuing related technologies through its CATS programme.&nbsp;<h2>Space Will Decide Future Military Operations</h2>&nbsp;Air Marshal Chopra delivered an equally significant warning about the growing importance of military space capabilities. “One who controls air and space controls this planet,” he said. Describing space as the ultimate high ground, Air Marshal Chopra explained that modern military operations increasingly depend on satellites for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, communications and targeting.&nbsp;He highlighted India's planned 52-satellite programme and the growing involvement of private companies in strengthening the country's space infrastructure. He also pointed to India's demonstrated anti-satellite capability and continuing work on advanced space technologies.&nbsp;<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwZjdAC_Kj8&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ"></oembed></figure>&nbsp;<h2>India Needs Thousands of Combat Drones</h2>&nbsp;Beyond space, Air Marshal Chopra identified fighter squadron strength and unmanned warfare as urgent modernisation priorities. He called for accelerating the Su-30MKI upgrade, fighter acquisitions and indigenous combat aircraft programmes. He also stressed the importance of hypersonic weapons and directed-energy systems.Together, the two veterans outlined an India-focused strategy and their central message was clear. India's next air war will not be shaped by individual fighter aircraft alone, but by the combined strength of its weapons, networks, satellites and autonomous systems. &nbsp;

Air Marshal Khosla described the transformation through what he calls the three Cs, “Coherent Collaborative Combat.” He explained that air warfare has evolved from pilot-centric operations to platform-centric and weapon-centric combat. 

India's future air superiority will depend on an interconnected combat network combining stealth fighters, autonomous drones, artificial intelligence and military satellites, according to two former senior Indian Air Force officers. Speaking exclusively to WION Defence Pulse, former IAF Vice Chief Air Marshal Anil Khosla (Retd.) and former Director General of the Centre for Air Power Studies Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd.) outlined how India is preparing for the next generation of aerial warfare. The Three Cs of India's Future Air Warfare Air Marshal Khosla described the transformation through what he calls the three Cs, “Coherent Collaborative Combat.” He explained that air warfare has evolved from pilot-centric operations to platform-centric and weapon-centric combat. The next phase will integrate fighter aircraft, helicopters, drones, ground sensors, satellites and command centres into a single networked combat ecosystem. According to him, the advantage will belong to the air force capable of sensing, deciding and adapting faster than its adversary. Addressing India's AMCA ambitions, he stressed that stealth aircraft, long-range weapons, drones and integrated sensors must be developed together. Fighter Pilots Could Become Battlefield Conductors Air Marshal Khosla also highlighted manned-unmanned teaming, where fighter aircraft operate alongside autonomous or semi-autonomous combat drones. Calling it the “Mother Goose” concept, he compared future fighter pilots to orchestra conductors coordinating multiple unmanned platforms during combat missions. He emphasised that loyal wingmen would not replace fifth-generation stealth fighters. Instead, manned-unmanned teaming represents a key element of emerging sixth-generation warfare. India's HAL is already pursuing related technologies through its CATS programme. Space Will Decide Future Military Operations Air Marshal Chopra delivered an equally significant warning about the growing importance of military space capabilities. “One who controls air and space controls this planet,” he said. Describing space as the ultimate high ground, Air Marshal Chopra explained that modern military operations increasingly depend on satellites for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, communications and targeting. He highlighted India's planned 52-satellite programme and the growing involvement of private companies in strengthening the country's space infrastructure. He also pointed to India's demonstrated anti-satellite capability and continuing work on advanced space technologies. India Needs Thousands of Combat Drones Beyond space, Air Marshal Chopra identified fighter squadron strength and unmanned warfare as urgent modernisation priorities. He called for accelerating the Su-30MKI upgrade, fighter acquisitions and indigenous combat aircraft programmes. He also stressed the importance of hypersonic weapons and directed-energy systems. Together, the two veterans outlined an India-focused strategy and their central message was clear. India's next air war will not be shaped by individual fighter aircraft alone, but by the combined strength of its weapons, networks, satellites and autonomous systems.

Air Marshal Khosla described the transformation through what he calls the three Cs, “Coherent Collaborative Combat.” He explained that air warfare has evolved from pilot-centric operations to platform-centric and weapon-centric combat.&nbsp;

‘One who controls air and space controls this planet’: IAF veterans reveal India's next war strategy

Operation Sindoor demonstrated a major shift towards capability-centric warfare, with modern technology, operational readiness and advanced combat capabilities playing a crucial role. The Indian Air Force stressed the growing importance of air power, preparedness and highly trained personnel in meeting evolving security challenges.


IAF Chief: Op Sindoor proved shift to capability-centric warfare

India's Akash surface-to-air missile system was developed with an unusual level of direct military involvement, with Indian Army and Air Force personnel working inside DRDO laboratories to shape the weapon's operational capabilities, shared veteran missile scientist Dr Prahlada Rao.&nbsp;Speaking exclusively on WION Defence Pulse, the Padma Shri awardee, widely regarded as the father of the Akash missile, recalled how the Indian armed forces became closely involved in its development more than four decades ago.&nbsp;<h2>How the Indian Army and Air Force helped build Akash</h2>&nbsp;“When we started the Akash missile system, one thing very new happened,” Dr. Rao recalled. He revealed that the Indian Army and Air Force proposed stationing small teams inside DRDO laboratories to interact directly with scientists during subsystem testing and flight evaluations of the Akash missile.&nbsp;The arrangement initially made researchers uncomfortable. Missile development involved years of experimentation, including failures and successes, and the scientists were not accustomed to having operational users observe the process so closely. But the military insisted on being involved to ensure the finished system met its requirements.&nbsp;“We made the Akash missile system like almost custom made to the Indian Army, Indian Air Force because they were literally guiding us,” Rao explained. That involvement shaped critical operational parameters, including reaction time, mobility, ergonomics, single-shot kill probability and performance under monsoon conditions. Rao believes this close cooperation helped build military confidence in Akash and contributed to its performance during Operation Sindoor.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<h2>From India's air defence to international exports</h2> The Akash family has since evolved from an indigenous development programme into an operational air-defence system with overseas customers. Armenia became its first export customer, while India has also announced exports to Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Rao identified the system's combination of cost-effectiveness, operational performance and established logistics as major attractions for foreign militaries.He also indicated that additional countries in Southeast Asia, Central Asia and West Asia were showing interest. For prospective customers, he explained, the decision involves more than missile performance. Long-term maintenance, supply-chain reliability and defence relationships are equally important. <h2>Akash-NG brings autonomous interception</h2>Dr. Rao also explained how the Akash missile family has evolved through successive upgrades. According to him, Akash-NG incorporates a smaller, more advanced seeker, reduced weight and greater range. One of its significant improvements is autonomous flight after launch, allowing the missile to seek and engage a target without continuous ground guidance.This becomes important in mountainous terrain, where missiles may need to negotiate complex geography to intercept low-flying threats. Dr. Rao also highlighted a feature designed to increase missile speed immediately before interception, reducing the target's opportunity to evade. <h2>The next frontier is intelligent air defence</h2> Looking ahead, Dr. Rao predicted that aerial threats would demand faster and more intelligent interception systems. He emphasised the growing importance of artificial intelligence, advanced command-and-control networks and integrated surveillance.Directed-energy weapons, including lasers and high-power microwaves, could eventually complement conventional missile-based air defence, although he stressed that such systems require exceptionally precise targeting. The evolution of Akash, he suggested, demonstrates the value of developing military technology with the armed forces involved from the laboratory stage itself. What began as an indigenous missile project has become a broader example of how India's scientists, soldiers and defence manufacturers can jointly build capabilities for both national security and international markets.

Akash-NG incorporates a smaller, more advanced seeker, reduced weight and greater range. Its autonomous flight after launch allows it to seek and engage a target without continuous ground guidance, which becomes important in mountainous terrain.

India's Akash surface-to-air missile system was developed with an unusual level of direct military involvement, with Indian Army and Air Force personnel working inside DRDO laboratories to shape the weapon's operational capabilities, shared veteran missile scientist Dr Prahlada Rao. Speaking exclusively on WION Defence Pulse, the Padma Shri awardee, widely regarded as the father of the Akash missile, recalled how the Indian armed forces became closely involved in its development more than four decades ago. How the Indian Army and Air Force helped build Akash “When we started the Akash missile system, one thing very new happened,” Dr. Rao recalled. He revealed that the Indian Army and Air Force proposed stationing small teams inside DRDO laboratories to interact directly with scientists during subsystem testing and flight evaluations of the Akash missile. The arrangement initially made researchers uncomfortable. Missile development involved years of experimentation, including failures and successes, and the scientists were not accustomed to having operational users observe the process so closely. But the military insisted on being involved to ensure the finished system met its requirements. “We made the Akash missile system like almost custom made to the Indian Army, Indian Air Force because they were literally guiding us,” Rao explained. That involvement shaped critical operational parameters, including reaction time, mobility, ergonomics, single-shot kill probability and performance under monsoon conditions. Rao believes this close cooperation helped build military confidence in Akash and contributed to its performance during Operation Sindoor.

Akash-NG incorporates a smaller, more advanced seeker, reduced weight and greater range. Its autonomous flight after launch allows it to seek and engage a target without continuous ground guidance, which becomes important in mountainous terrain.&nbsp;

‘Indian Army and Air Force were literally guiding us’: Father of Akash Missile Dr Prahlada Rao reveals how India built its air defence shield

Former Indian Air Force Chief Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria has outlined how India's next air war could be fought, warning that Pakistan may acquire stealth fighters before India while highlighting the growing importance of aircraft-mounted directed-energy weapons, indigenous stealth technology and military satellites.&nbsp;Speaking exclusively to WION Defence Pulse, Bhadauria said sixth-generation combat aircraft could eventually carry directed-energy weapons capable of intercepting incoming missiles. “Once you talk of 6th generation technologies, you should be able to have, you know, direct energy capability within the aircraft platform, manned platforms, even unmanned ones, which can shoot incoming missiles. So, that is the future,” he said.&nbsp;He explained that future directed-energy systems could employ lasers and microwaves against different threats, including drones and missiles. These remain prospective capabilities rather than systems currently operational aboard Indian fighters.&nbsp;WATCH: <a href="https://apc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-72IVr832SI%26list%3DPLKwyKu6LhauQ%26index%3D4&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cvinay.sharma%40wionews.com%7Cc365cdefb988466f9e4508df251e79b1%7Cd9454a4401f64fa99ad115ee73b1b80d%7C0%7C0%7C639270484965488576%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=1S%2ByHJX7sfbSl4TSseLn98ACUseiX%2Fg2NuWOQy1zuqs%3D&amp;reserved=0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-72IVr832SI&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&amp;index=4</a>&nbsp;Pakistan May Get Stealth Fighters Before India&nbsp;Bhadauria offered a significant assessment of the emerging regional air-power balance. “In all likelihood, stealth will come to Pakistan before us,” he said. The former Air Chief stressed that India must prepare countermeasures, including integrated sensor networks, longer-range air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons and the ability to prevent hostile aircraft from taking off. He also warned that Pakistan would be better prepared following Operation Sindoor, making more capable, longer-range weapons increasingly important.&nbsp;AMCA and Tejas Mk2 Must Move Faster&nbsp;On India's indigenous fighter programmes, Bhadauria emphasised that the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and Tejas Mk2 were progressing in parallel. He clarified that AMCA design and development had not stopped while the process for involving private industry continued. However, he acknowledged that Tejas Mk2 development needed acceleration. Bhadauria also backed the IAF's ambition to induct 36 to 40 fighters annually, pointing to higher Tejas production and a future multirole fighter manufacturing programme as potential contributors.&nbsp;Project Kusha as Important as Indigenous Stealth Technology&nbsp;Bhadauria placed India's indigenous long-range air-defence programme alongside its most important fighter projects.“The success of Project Kusha is as important as the success of, let's say, the Mark 2, success of developing stealth technology,” he said. He argued that India must develop its own long-range interception capabilities and progressively improve their range and integration.&nbsp;WATCH: <a href="https://apc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAoHCiCgn2jE%26list%3DPLKwyKu6LhauQ%26index%3D5&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cvinay.sharma%40wionews.com%7Cc365cdefb988466f9e4508df251e79b1%7Cd9454a4401f64fa99ad115ee73b1b80d%7C0%7C0%7C639270484965508893%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=NqTOIW2eCd3oLChu902%2FghP2lp4XWjvDOtYtW7zj%2BZA%3D&amp;reserved=0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoHCiCgn2jE&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&amp;index=5</a>&nbsp;India Needs Its Own Eyes in Space&nbsp;The former IAF Chief also called for round-the-clock intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance through indigenous space-based sensors. “We need to work on putting sensors in space, putting our own sensors, not imported sensors, our own sensors in space,” he said.&nbsp;Bhadauria stressed the importance of integrating satellite intelligence with military command networks to provide continuous battlefield awareness. He also flagged India's slow progress in manned-unmanned teaming, envisioning a future where one fighter aircraft could control four, six or even eight unmanned combat aircraft.&nbsp;His central message was that India's future air superiority would depend not simply on acquiring more fighter jets, but on developing an interconnected combat ecosystem combining stealth aircraft, drones, precision weapons, advanced air defence and space-based intelligence.

RKS Bhadauria explained that future directed-energy systems could employ lasers and microwaves against different threats, including drones and missiles. These remain prospective capabilities rather than systems currently operational aboard Indian fighters.

Former Indian Air Force Chief Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria has outlined how India's next air war could be fought, warning that Pakistan may acquire stealth fighters before India while highlighting the growing importance of aircraft-mounted directed-energy weapons, indigenous stealth technology and military satellites. Speaking exclusively to WION Defence Pulse, Bhadauria said sixth-generation combat aircraft could eventually carry directed-energy weapons capable of intercepting incoming missiles. “Once you talk of 6th generation technologies, you should be able to have, you know, direct energy capability within the aircraft platform, manned platforms, even unmanned ones, which can shoot incoming missiles. So, that is the future,” he said. He explained that future directed-energy systems could employ lasers and microwaves against different threats, including drones and missiles. These remain prospective capabilities rather than systems currently operational aboard Indian fighters. WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-72IVr832SI&list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&index=4 Pakistan May Get Stealth Fighters Before India Bhadauria offered a significant assessment of the emerging regional air-power balance. “In all likelihood, stealth will come to Pakistan before us,” he said. The former Air Chief stressed that India must prepare countermeasures, including integrated sensor networks, longer-range air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons and the ability to prevent hostile aircraft from taking off. He also warned that Pakistan would be better prepared following Operation Sindoor, making more capable, longer-range weapons increasingly important. AMCA and Tejas Mk2 Must Move Faster On India's indigenous fighter programmes, Bhadauria emphasised that the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and Tejas Mk2 were progressing in parallel. He clarified that AMCA design and development had not stopped while the process for involving private industry continued. However, he acknowledged that Tejas Mk2 development needed acceleration. Bhadauria also backed the IAF's ambition to induct 36 to 40 fighters annually, pointing to higher Tejas production and a future multirole fighter manufacturing programme as potential contributors. Project Kusha as Important as Indigenous Stealth Technology Bhadauria placed India's indigenous long-range air-defence programme alongside its most important fighter projects. “The success of Project Kusha is as important as the success of, let's say, the Mark 2, success of developing stealth technology,” he said. He argued that India must develop its own long-range interception capabilities and progressively improve their range and integration. WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoHCiCgn2jE&list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&index=5 India Needs Its Own Eyes in Space The former IAF Chief also called for round-the-clock intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance through indigenous space-based sensors. “We need to work on putting sensors in space, putting our own sensors, not imported sensors, our own sensors in space,” he said. Bhadauria stressed the importance of integrating satellite intelligence with military command networks to provide continuous battlefield awareness. He also flagged India's slow progress in manned-unmanned teaming, envisioning a future where one fighter aircraft could control four, six or even eight unmanned combat aircraft. His central message was that India's future air superiority would depend not simply on acquiring more fighter jets, but on developing an interconnected combat ecosystem combining stealth aircraft, drones, precision weapons, advanced air defence and space-based intelligence.

RKS Bhadauria explained that future directed-energy systems could employ lasers and microwaves against different threats, including drones and missiles. These remain prospective capabilities rather than systems currently operational aboard Indian fighters.

‘Stealth will come to Pakistan before us’: Ex-IAF Chief warns, backs fighter-mounted laser weapons

On the eve of Air Force Day, IAF chief Air Chief Marshal AP Singh said the force may consider other fighter aircraft platforms if there are delays in the indigenous fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme. The remarks come as the Indian Air Force faces a shortage of operational fighter squadrons and seeks to strengthen its combat fleet.

India plans multiple fighter programmes for the next decade 

Armenia has become the first international customer to acquire multiple batteries of India’s indigenous Akash air defence system. The reported $720 million deal, signed in 2022, marks a major milestone for India’s defence exports and expands the Akash system’s presence beyond the country.

Armenia aquired multiple batteries of Akash air-defence system

Russia’s air campaign over Ukraine is entering another phase. Faster jet-powered drones are flying alongside traditional Shahed-type systems, while Moscow is increasing the scale and variety of weapons being launched at Ukrainian targets. The challenge for Ukraine is increasingly one of cost, speed and numbers. NATO does not yet have enough low-cost weapons to economically counter the growing mass of Russian drones, according to Lieutenant General Ben Hodges, former Commanding General of US Army Europe and a former senior NATO commander, who spoke to me on WION Defence Pulse about the rapidly changing air war over Ukraine. Russia is increasingly deploying faster jet-powered attack drones alongside its established propeller-driven systems. Ukraine says some are operating beyond the reach of mobile air-defence teams, forcing it to employ F-16s and MiGs as part of the interception effort. When I asked Gen Hodges whether NATO possesses enough inexpensive weapons to fight such an air war without losing the economic contest, Hodges was unequivocal. “Not yet”, he said. Hodges said Western defence industries and national procurement systems had been “slow off the mark”. Although he expects capabilities to improve as governments recognise the requirement, his assessment of NATO's current position was direct: “Right now we're behind.”&nbsp;WATCH:&nbsp;<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZ8kwwkx9TY&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&amp;index=6"></oembed></figure><h3>Russia learns through mass</h3>Hodges credited Russia with adapting during the war, particularly in its ability to scale production and employ large numbers of systems to overwhelm Ukrainian defences. He described the volume and mass of Russia's jet-powered drones as the central challenge. Hodges also defended Ukraine's use of F-16s against drones, explaining that combat aircraft form a normal component of integrated air and missile defence alongside ground, airborne and space-based sensors.<h3>Doubts over Patriot production</h3>Hodges also delivered a significant assessment of Ukraine's effort to manufacture Patriot air-defence systems. President Donald Trump said in July that Ukraine would receive the right to manufacture Patriots, but licensed production still remains under discussion. Hodges said effective air and missile defence remained extremely urgent for Ukraine. He then went further, saying he had “zero confidence that the Trump administration was ever going to” allow Ukraine to manufacture Patriot systems, pointing to the absence of visible progress since Trump's statement. This was Hodges' startling assessment of the administration's intentions, rather than confirmation of US policy. In my view, his remarks underline two immediate pressures facing Western air defences: expanding affordable interception capacity fast enough to counter Russia's growing drone numbers and ensuring Ukraine has sufficient high-end systems for the ballistic missile threat. Gen. Hodges gave deep insights on the overall war doctrine of Russia as it learns and adapts while he minced no words in acknowledging the capability gaps in the NATO air defence umbrella. Watch the full discussion on Defence Pulse on WION 7pm IST Mon-Fri.

Russia is increasingly deploying faster jet-powered attack drones alongside its established propeller-driven systems. Ukraine says some are operating beyond the reach of mobile air-defence teams, forcing it to employ F-16s and MiGs as part of the interception effort. 

Russia’s air campaign over Ukraine is entering another phase. Faster jet-powered drones are flying alongside traditional Shahed-type systems, while Moscow is increasing the scale and variety of weapons being launched at Ukrainian targets. The challenge for Ukraine is increasingly one of cost, speed and numbers. NATO does not yet have enough low-cost weapons to economically counter the growing mass of Russian drones, according to Lieutenant General Ben Hodges, former Commanding General of US Army Europe and a former senior NATO commander, who spoke to me on WION Defence Pulse about the rapidly changing air war over Ukraine. Russia is increasingly deploying faster jet-powered attack drones alongside its established propeller-driven systems. Ukraine says some are operating beyond the reach of mobile air-defence teams, forcing it to employ F-16s and MiGs as part of the interception effort. When I asked Gen Hodges whether NATO possesses enough inexpensive weapons to fight such an air war without losing the economic contest, Hodges was unequivocal. “Not yet”, he said. Hodges said Western defence industries and national procurement systems had been “slow off the mark”. Although he expects capabilities to improve as governments recognise the requirement, his assessment of NATO's current position was direct: “Right now we're behind.” WATCH: Russia learns through mass Hodges credited Russia with adapting during the war, particularly in its ability to scale production and employ large numbers of systems to overwhelm Ukrainian defences. He described the volume and mass of Russia's jet-powered drones as the central challenge. Hodges also defended Ukraine's use of F-16s against drones, explaining that combat aircraft form a normal component of integrated air and missile defence alongside ground, airborne and space-based sensors. Doubts over Patriot production Hodges also delivered a significant assessment of Ukraine's effort to manufacture Patriot air-defence systems. President Donald Trump said in July that Ukraine would receive the right to manufacture Patriots, but licensed production still remains under discussion. Hodges said effective air and missile defence remained extremely urgent for Ukraine. He then went further, saying he had “zero confidence that the Trump administration was ever going to” allow Ukraine to manufacture Patriot systems, pointing to the absence of visible progress since Trump's statement. This was Hodges' startling assessment of the administration's intentions, rather than confirmation of US policy. In my view, his remarks underline two immediate pressures facing Western air defences: expanding affordable interception capacity fast enough to counter Russia's growing drone numbers and ensuring Ukraine has sufficient high-end systems for the ballistic missile threat. Gen. Hodges gave deep insights on the overall war doctrine of Russia as it learns and adapts while he minced no words in acknowledging the capability gaps in the NATO air defence umbrella. Watch the full discussion on Defence Pulse on WION 7pm IST Mon-Fri.

Russia is increasingly deploying faster jet-powered attack drones alongside its established propeller-driven systems. Ukraine says some are operating beyond the reach of mobile air-defence teams, forcing it to employ F-16s and MiGs as part of the interception effort.&nbsp;

NATO is ‘behind’ Russia’s low-cost drone threat, warns former US Army Europe Commander Ben Hodges

Long-range attack drones are transforming modern warfare, but their effectiveness increasingly depends on what happens after satellite navigation and communications are disrupted.&nbsp; Speaking to me on Defence Pulse, Major General RC Padhi, Senior Vice President at IG Defence, said navigation resilience will be critical as electronic warfare becomes a routine feature of the battlefield.Also read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/defence-pulse/indian-navy-could-operate-indigenous-underwater-drones-within-a-year-says-ankur-shah-1791196745954">Indian Navy could operate indigenous underwater drones within a year: Ankur Shah</a><h2>Fighting when GPS disappears</h2>Gen. Padhi explained that adversaries can attempt to jam or degrade satellite navigation signals, forcing unmanned systems to rely on alternative technologies. He pointed to CRPA antennas, which are designed to resist satellite-navigation jamming, and inertial measurement units or IMUs. An IMU uses onboard sensors, including gyroscopes, to track a platform's movement and help it continue navigating even when external signals are unavailable.

More sophisticated systems can also employ seekers, although Gen. Padhi said these can substantially increase the cost of the system. The larger objective is to prevent a long-range attack drone from becoming ineffective simply because its communications or satellite-navigation link has been disrupted.<h2>India’s sensor challenge</h2>For India, Gen. Padhi believes the bigger challenge lies beyond building the drone airframe. “A drone is a platform and it is a system,” he said, pointing to sensors, warheads and electronics as critical components. Among these, he identified indigenous sensors as a particularly important capability requiring greater investment. He also highlighted engines, robotics, artificial intelligence and quantum technologies as areas where domestic capabilities will increasingly matter as unmanned platforms become more autonomous.Also read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/defence-pulse/keeping-india-s-air-power-flying-bharat-malkani-on-building-a-stronger-mro-ecosystem-1790950481277">Keeping India’s air power flying: Bharat Malkani on building MRO ecosystem</a> He additionally highlighted India's indigenous satellite-navigation capability, NavIC, arguing that making the regional navigation system more effective and operationally dependable could reduce reliance on foreign satellite-navigation networks. My discussion with Gen. Padhi highlights a fundamental shift in drone warfare. Range and payload remain important, but survivability in an electronically contested battlespace is becoming equally significant and decisive.

GPS can be jammed, communications can be disrupted and long-range drones can suddenly lose their edge. Maj Gen RC Padhi explains why India needs to focus on indigenous sensors, navigation resilience and AI to prepare for the next generation of drone warfare.

Long-range attack drones are transforming modern warfare, but their effectiveness increasingly depends on what happens after satellite navigation and communications are disrupted. Speaking to me on Defence Pulse, Major General RC Padhi, Senior Vice President at IG Defence, said navigation resilience will be critical as electronic warfare becomes a routine feature of the battlefield. Also read | Indian Navy could operate indigenous underwater drones within a year: Ankur Shah Fighting when GPS disappears Gen. Padhi explained that adversaries can attempt to jam or degrade satellite navigation signals, forcing unmanned systems to rely on alternative technologies. He pointed to CRPA antennas, which are designed to resist satellite-navigation jamming, and inertial measurement units or IMUs. An IMU uses onboard sensors, including gyroscopes, to track a platform's movement and help it continue navigating even when external signals are unavailable.

GPS can be jammed, communications can be disrupted and long-range drones can suddenly lose their edge. Maj Gen RC Padhi explains why India needs to focus on indigenous sensors, navigation resilience and AI to prepare for the next generation of drone warfare.

'India must invest in sensors': Maj Gen RC Padhi on building combat drones for GPS-denied war

Ukraine is rapidly developing a new class of high-speed interceptor drones to combat Russia’s sudden escalation of jet-powered attack UAVs. This emergency defense initiative follows a massive surge in Russian drone waves that have severely strained traditional air defenses.

Russia-Ukraine war: Kyiv races to build faster interceptor drones 

India is now moving towards this new underwater battlefield, with the industry working on increasingly large autonomous underwater vehicles that could perform surveillance, reconnaissance and other high-risk missions for the Indian Navy. The next naval war will not be fought only by warships and submarines. Beneath them could operate a growing fleet of autonomous machines carrying out missions without sailors on board.&nbsp;&nbsp;Going where submarines cannot&nbsp;Ankur Shah, Managing Director of Krishna Defence and Allied Industries Limited, shared on WION's Defence Pulse that large indigenously built autonomous underwater vehicles could begin operating with the Indian Navy within the next six to twelve months.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shah said the fundamental advantage of an AUV is its ability to enter areas where sending a crewed submarine may expose sailors to unacceptable risks. Such platforms could scout hostile waters, investigate mines and operate in areas that remain difficult or dangerous for crewed vessels.&nbsp;Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/supreme-court-tells-delhi-police-to-act-very-harsh-against-rape-case-accused-1791188582712">'Ensure every woman feels safe...': Supreme Court tells Delhi Police to act 'very harsh' against rape case accused</a>&nbsp;Jalkapi and the move towards larger AUVs&nbsp;India's Jalkapi project represents the next step in this transition. Shah described Jalkapi as belonging to the extra-large autonomous underwater vehicle category. He said platforms in this class could potentially travel around 1,000 nautical miles, remain underwater for approximately 21 days and undertake missions including intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.&nbsp;Long endurance could allow navies to maintain an underwater presence without continuously deploying crewed submarines. But operating beneath the surface creates a technological challenge. GPS is not available underwater in the same manner as it is in the air, and continuous communication with an operator is difficult. Shah said present systems still require humans to define missions and parameters, but increasing autonomy could gradually reduce the level of human intervention.&nbsp;WATCH: <a href="https://apc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJdI59fEx8_I%26list%3DPLKwyKu6LhauQ%26index%3D3&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cvinay.sharma%40wionews.com%7C8381954a05604b641f0508df22c2cced%7Cd9454a4401f64fa99ad115ee73b1b80d%7C0%7C0%7C639267892191691501%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=x6Fj9ExkGciFroyoesgtOVeeVNl%2FVjPQNqReLTitOj4%3D&amp;reserved=0">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdI59fEx8_I&amp;list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&amp;index=3</a>&nbsp;From surveillance to weapons&nbsp;The transformation may eventually go beyond reconnaissance. Recent trials by the United Kingdom and United States have demonstrated the Royal Navy's extra-large uncrewed underwater vessel XV Excalibur successfully launching and controlling a US Navy Mk 48 Mod 4 heavyweight torpedo, pointing towards a future in which autonomous underwater platforms could carry offensive weapons. The trial was conducted off Scotland under the AUKUS partnership involving the UK, US and Australia.&nbsp;Shah believes India could move in the same direction. Once an underwater vehicle possesses sufficient endurance and payload capacity, he said, it can potentially be configured not only with surveillance equipment but also to launch kinetic weapons such as heavyweight torpedoes.&nbsp;The development points towards a future where the submarine would remain central to undersea warfare, but some of the most dangerous missions could increasingly be handled by machines first. &nbsp;

Ankur Shah, Managing Director of Krishna Defence and Allied Industries Limited, said that large indigenously built autonomous underwater vehicles could begin operating with the Indian Navy within the next six to twelve months.

India is now moving towards this new underwater battlefield, with the industry working on increasingly large autonomous underwater vehicles that could perform surveillance, reconnaissance and other high-risk missions for the Indian Navy. The next naval war will not be fought only by warships and submarines. Beneath them could operate a growing fleet of autonomous machines carrying out missions without sailors on board. Going where submarines cannot Ankur Shah, Managing Director of Krishna Defence and Allied Industries Limited, shared on WION's Defence Pulse that large indigenously built autonomous underwater vehicles could begin operating with the Indian Navy within the next six to twelve months. Shah said the fundamental advantage of an AUV is its ability to enter areas where sending a crewed submarine may expose sailors to unacceptable risks. Such platforms could scout hostile waters, investigate mines and operate in areas that remain difficult or dangerous for crewed vessels. Also read: 'Ensure every woman feels safe...': Supreme Court tells Delhi Police to act 'very harsh' against rape case accused Jalkapi and the move towards larger AUVs India's Jalkapi project represents the next step in this transition. Shah described Jalkapi as belonging to the extra-large autonomous underwater vehicle category. He said platforms in this class could potentially travel around 1,000 nautical miles, remain underwater for approximately 21 days and undertake missions including intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Long endurance could allow navies to maintain an underwater presence without continuously deploying crewed submarines. But operating beneath the surface creates a technological challenge. GPS is not available underwater in the same manner as it is in the air, and continuous communication with an operator is difficult. Shah said present systems still require humans to define missions and parameters, but increasing autonomy could gradually reduce the level of human intervention. WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdI59fEx8_I&list=PLKwyKu6LhauQ&index=3 From surveillance to weapons The transformation may eventually go beyond reconnaissance. Recent trials by the United Kingdom and United States have demonstrated the Royal Navy's extra-large uncrewed underwater vessel XV Excalibur successfully launching and controlling a US Navy Mk 48 Mod 4 heavyweight torpedo, pointing towards a future in which autonomous underwater platforms could carry offensive weapons. The trial was conducted off Scotland under the AUKUS partnership involving the UK, US and Australia. Shah believes India could move in the same direction. Once an underwater vehicle possesses sufficient endurance and payload capacity, he said, it can potentially be configured not only with surveillance equipment but also to launch kinetic weapons such as heavyweight torpedoes. The development points towards a future where the submarine would remain central to undersea warfare, but some of the most dangerous missions could increasingly be handled by machines first.

Ankur Shah, Managing Director of Krishna Defence and Allied Industries Limited, said that large indigenously built autonomous underwater vehicles could begin operating with the Indian Navy within the next six to twelve months.

Indian Navy could operate indigenous underwater drones within a year, says Ankur Shah

Buying a military aircraft is only the beginning of a relationship that can last three or four decades. Through that period, the aircraft must be maintained, repaired and upgraded while remaining available for operations. For Bharat H. Malkani, Founder, Chairman and Managing Director of Max Aerospace Group, this makes India’s ability to sustain its military aircraft domestically an important part of the country’s aerospace ambitions.<h2>The foreign OEM dependence</h2>India operates a diverse inventory of Russian, French, American and indigenous aircraft. Malkani says the ability to sustain imported platforms remains constrained by the original manufacturer and the availability of components. “To sustain an aircraft, you need to be able to manufacture parts locally,” Malkani said. He believes India has the required skills, but building the wider aerospace ecosystem will take time. “To develop an aircraft ecosystem takes 40, 50 years. We are very young in it, barely 10 years,” he said, arguing that India will succeed if it can “sustain our patience”.

<h2>One fleet, multiple maintenance systems</h2> The diversity of India’s aircraft inventory creates another challenge. Malkani pointed to differences as fundamental as measurement systems and languages across American, European and Russian platforms. “We have to run multiple parallel systems to be able to sustain a single fleet,” he said. He expects greater indigenisation to gradually create more commonality in capabilities but cautioned that harmonisation cannot happen immediately.&nbsp;Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/lpu-violence-punjab-police-arrest-nine-name-20-accused-after-campus-unrest-1790949588878">LPU violence: Punjab Police arrest nine, name 20 accused after campus unrest</a><h2>Why MRO becomes strategic</h2>The importance of domestic maintenance becomes sharper during conflict, when access to overseas components and technical support can be affected by international relationships. Malkani recalled the experience of the Kargil war, saying Indian companies were involved in finding indigenous solutions when foreign support was unavailable. “Depending on where we are in the political spectrum, we get denied or given the correct kind of spares and support,” he said. India’s international position has changed considerably since then, he argued, but dependence on overseas supply chains can still create challenges when political interests diverge. For Malkani, the longer-term answer is therefore to build a deeper domestic aerospace ecosystem with greater participation from the private industry. That makes MRO more than an aviation support business. The ability to maintain, repair and sustain aircraft at home ultimately determines how independently a country can keep its air power flying.

India’s ability to maintain and repair military aircraft domestically is crucial to reducing foreign dependence and sustaining air power during conflicts and changing geopolitical conditions.

Buying a military aircraft is only the beginning of a relationship that can last three or four decades. Through that period, the aircraft must be maintained, repaired and upgraded while remaining available for operations. For Bharat H. Malkani, Founder, Chairman and Managing Director of Max Aerospace Group, this makes India’s ability to sustain its military aircraft domestically an important part of the country’s aerospace ambitions. The foreign OEM dependence India operates a diverse inventory of Russian, French, American and indigenous aircraft. Malkani says the ability to sustain imported platforms remains constrained by the original manufacturer and the availability of components. “To sustain an aircraft, you need to be able to manufacture parts locally,” Malkani said. He believes India has the required skills, but building the wider aerospace ecosystem will take time. “To develop an aircraft ecosystem takes 40, 50 years. We are very young in it, barely 10 years,” he said, arguing that India will succeed if it can “sustain our patience”.

India’s ability to maintain and repair military aircraft domestically is crucial to reducing foreign dependence and sustaining air power during conflicts and changing geopolitical conditions.

Keeping India’s air power flying, Bharat Malkani on building a stronger MRO ecosystem

India is rapidly transforming into a global hub for aircraft Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) through strategic tax reforms, modernized MRO Guidelines, and massive facility investments like Safran's LEAP engine facility in Hyderabad.


India pushes to bring more aircraft maintenance & overhaul

Modern drone warfare has created a development challenge for defence companies. A drone can change its frequencies, navigation, communications or software within weeks. This potentially forces a counter-drone system to evolve just as quickly.&nbsp;Amardeep Singh, founder of Gurugram-based defence technology company Armory, believes military hardware increasingly needs to become software-defined. “Everything is now software-defined hardware,” Singh shares on WION Defence Pulse, arguing that software allows capabilities to be upgraded even after hardware has been delivered. Singh, an IIT Bombay alumnus who previously worked at drone manufacturer ideaForge, is now developing indigenous counter-drone technology.&nbsp;<h2>From a sketch to Army trials in six months</h2>Armory's experience with its man-portable counter-drone system Surge demonstrates the development model Singh advocates. According to Singh, the approximately 15-kg system can detect drones from five kilometres and jam them from three kilometres. He said the company moved from its initial concept to trials with the Indian Army within six months.Instead of spending an extended period developing the system primarily through simulation, Singh said Armory moved into field testing quickly, worked closely with the customer and repeatedly modified the system based on feedback. Within another 12 months, he said, the company secured multiple Ministry of Defence orders. Singh stressed that faster development cannot mean reducing the testing standards required for equipment deployed by the armed forces.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;<h2>Industry must keep pace with the battlefield</h2>Interestingly, Singh does not believe India's defence procurement system is necessarily the biggest obstacle. He pointed to mechanisms including the Fast Track Procedure and emergency procurement, arguing that the armed forces now have routes to acquire urgent capabilities more quickly.Having worked on both drones and counter-drone technology, Singh also sees a growing imbalance between the two. As drones rapidly evolve from surveillance platforms into battlefield weapons, counter-drone systems are being forced into a continuous cycle of adaptation. For now, Singh's assessment is clear. Stopping a drone is harder than building one.

As drones rapidly evolve from surveillance platforms into battlefield weapons, counter-drone systems are being forced into a continuous cycle of adaptation. Stopping a drone is harder than building one.

Modern drone warfare has created a development challenge for defence companies. A drone can change its frequencies, navigation, communications or software within weeks. This potentially forces a counter-drone system to evolve just as quickly. Amardeep Singh, founder of Gurugram-based defence technology company Armory, believes military hardware increasingly needs to become software-defined. “Everything is now software-defined hardware,” Singh shares on WION Defence Pulse, arguing that software allows capabilities to be upgraded even after hardware has been delivered. Singh, an IIT Bombay alumnus who previously worked at drone manufacturer ideaForge, is now developing indigenous counter-drone technology. From a sketch to Army trials in six months Armory's experience with its man-portable counter-drone system Surge demonstrates the development model Singh advocates. According to Singh, the approximately 15-kg system can detect drones from five kilometres and jam them from three kilometres. He said the company moved from its initial concept to trials with the Indian Army within six months. Instead of spending an extended period developing the system primarily through simulation, Singh said Armory moved into field testing quickly, worked closely with the customer and repeatedly modified the system based on feedback. Within another 12 months, he said, the company secured multiple Ministry of Defence orders. Singh stressed that faster development cannot mean reducing the testing standards required for equipment deployed by the armed forces.

As drones rapidly evolve from surveillance platforms into battlefield weapons, counter-drone systems are being forced into a continuous cycle of adaptation. Stopping a drone is harder than building one.

Building weapons at software speed, Armory founder Amardeep Singh on India’s counter-drone race

Taiwan is accelerating preparations for a battlefield in which large numbers of relatively inexpensive drones, missiles and distributed sensors could complicate military operations against the island.The strategy was demonstrated during three days of joint precision-fire exercises at the Jiupeng military base in Pingtung County. For the first time, multiple types of attack drones were incorporated into Taiwan's joint combat exercises.But drones represented only one layer of the exercise.Taiwan also deployed its indigenous Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile, Tien Kung III surface-to-air missile and US-supplied HIMARS. The combination illustrates how Taiwan is attempting to connect reconnaissance and attack drones with longer-range precision weapons and coastal defences.The underlying concept is asymmetric. Taiwan does not need to replicate every capability fielded by China's much larger military. Instead, Taipei is investing in distributed systems designed to increase the difficulty and potential cost of military action against the island.<h2>More than 40,000 attack drones</h2>The scale of Taiwan's planned unmanned build-up is significant. Taiwan's government has proposed funding for more than 40,000 coastal attack drones, over 600 coastal surveillance and reconnaissance drones and more than 100 one-way attack unmanned boats in its near-term procurement plans. Parliament has separately approved a six-year framework for expanding indigenous unmanned capabilities.&nbsp;The longer-term requirement is considerably larger, potentially extending to more than 200,000 coastal attack drones over six years, subject to future funding and procurement decisions.&nbsp;<h2>Trump-Xi summit leaves Taiwan unresolved</h2>The military push has gained further attention following the September summit between US President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping.Xi raised Taiwan during the talks and urged Washington to oppose Taiwanese independence. However, the White House's subsequent fact sheet contained no Taiwan-related agreement or policy announcement. Trump later said the two leaders had not spent much time discussing the issue.&nbsp;For Taipei, meanwhile, the military direction is becoming increasingly visible. Its emerging defence architecture places greater emphasis on mass, mobility and distributed firepower, with drones increasingly operating alongside missiles and conventional forces rather than as standalone weapons

Taiwan is expanding its drone arsenal and linking unmanned systems with missiles and sensors as it prepares for a potential conflict with China.

Taiwan is accelerating preparations for a battlefield in which large numbers of relatively inexpensive drones, missiles and distributed sensors could complicate military operations against the island. The strategy was demonstrated during three days of joint precision-fire exercises at the Jiupeng military base in Pingtung County. For the first time, multiple types of attack drones were incorporated into Taiwan's joint combat exercises. But drones represented only one layer of the exercise. Taiwan also deployed its indigenous Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile, Tien Kung III surface-to-air missile and US-supplied HIMARS. The combination illustrates how Taiwan is attempting to connect reconnaissance and attack drones with longer-range precision weapons and coastal defences. The underlying concept is asymmetric. Taiwan does not need to replicate every capability fielded by China's much larger military. Instead, Taipei is investing in distributed systems designed to increase the difficulty and potential cost of military action against the island. More than 40,000 attack drones The scale of Taiwan's planned unmanned build-up is significant. Taiwan's government has proposed funding for more than 40,000 coastal attack drones, over 600 coastal surveillance and reconnaissance drones and more than 100 one-way attack unmanned boats in its near-term procurement plans. Parliament has separately approved a six-year framework for expanding indigenous unmanned capabilities. The longer-term requirement is considerably larger, potentially extending to more than 200,000 coastal attack drones over six years, subject to future funding and procurement decisions. Trump-Xi summit leaves Taiwan unresolved The military push has gained further attention following the September summit between US President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping. Xi raised Taiwan during the talks and urged Washington to oppose Taiwanese independence. However, the White House's subsequent fact sheet contained no Taiwan-related agreement or policy announcement. Trump later said the two leaders had not spent much time discussing the issue. For Taipei, meanwhile, the military direction is becoming increasingly visible. Its emerging defence architecture places greater emphasis on mass, mobility and distributed firepower, with drones increasingly operating alongside missiles and conventional forces rather than as standalone weapons

Taiwan is expanding its drone arsenal and linking unmanned systems with missiles and sensors as it prepares for a potential conflict with China.

Taiwan Builds a Drone Army as Trump-Xi Summit Leaves Island’s Future Unresolved | Defence Pulse

India's drone industry is having a moment, and a three-day expo in New Delhi shows just how far it has come. Drone makers, AI robotics firms and tech startups are under one roof, with autonomous swarms and smart AI systems drawing the biggest crowds. Take a look at what's on display, which technologies stood out and what this UAV boom could mean for defence, farming and everyday industry in India.


India's drone boom on display: AI systems and autonomous swarms at the expo 

Software gets updated overnight, but a missile or a radar can take years to build. That gap is now a real problem, especially with drones changing tactics faster than armies can respond. Better software, sensors and electronics are speeding up weapon development, and counter-drone systems have to keep adapting to stay useful. 


The race to defeat drones: Can military hardware be developed at the speed of software?

The Indian Air Force has flown alongside the F-35 in multinational exercises before. Tarang Shakti 2026, however, brings a significant first. The American fifth-generation fighter is participating in a military exercise in Indian airspace, putting it inside India's own training environment alongside the Rafale, Su-30MKI and other combat aircraft.&nbsp; For Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor, former Vice Chief of the Indian Air Force, that distinction creates an opportunity extending well beyond pilots flying alongside the F-35.&nbsp;<h2>F-35 enters India's radar picture</h2>When the IAF participates in exercises overseas, Kapoor explained, it takes fighters, aircrew, transports, refuellers and combat controllers. What India cannot take with it are larger fixed assets such as its radar infrastructure. With foreign aircraft now operating over India, those systems become part of the exercise environment.Kapoor said India's fixed assets, including radars, will now be exposed to the wide variety of aircraft operating during Tarang Shakti.&nbsp;That becomes particularly significant with the F-35.Kapoor said the IAF will be keenly watching the aircraft's stealth characteristics and "how this aircraft is picked up."He specifically pointed to how a stealth aircraft appears on India's ground and airborne radars as an area that will be closely observed.&nbsp;<h2>F-35, Rafale and Su-30 in one airspace</h2>Tarang Shakti brings together aircraft of American, European, Russian and Indian origin, and interoperability will be a key focus. Kapoor highlighted the challenge of creating a communications architecture through which fighters from these different inventories can operate together seamlessly.&nbsp;<h2>A close look at fifth-generation technology</h2>India is developing its own fifth-generation fighter through the AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) programme. Exposure to more advanced aircraft would be beneficial, and operating alongside the F-35 could provide India with insights relevant to how the AMCA eventually develops.Tarang Shakti therefore marks a different kind of F-35 encounter for India. Indian pilots have shared the skies with fifth-generation fighters before. This time, the F-35 is flying over India, inside an environment where the IAF's own fighters, airborne sensors and ground radars will watch it operate firsthand.

The F-35’s participation in Tarang Shakti gives the IAF an opportunity to observe how the stealth fighter appears on Indian ground and airborne radars.

The Indian Air Force has flown alongside the F-35 in multinational exercises before. Tarang Shakti 2026, however, brings a significant first. The American fifth-generation fighter is participating in a military exercise in Indian airspace, putting it inside India's own training environment alongside the Rafale, Su-30MKI and other combat aircraft. For Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor, former Vice Chief of the Indian Air Force, that distinction creates an opportunity extending well beyond pilots flying alongside the F-35. F-35 enters India's radar picture When the IAF participates in exercises overseas, Kapoor explained, it takes fighters, aircrew, transports, refuellers and combat controllers. What India cannot take with it are larger fixed assets such as its radar infrastructure. With foreign aircraft now operating over India, those systems become part of the exercise environment. Kapoor said India's fixed assets, including radars, will now be exposed to the wide variety of aircraft operating during Tarang Shakti. That becomes particularly significant with the F-35. Kapoor said the IAF will be keenly watching the aircraft's stealth characteristics and "how this aircraft is picked up." He specifically pointed to how a stealth aircraft appears on India's ground and airborne radars as an area that will be closely observed. F-35, Rafale and Su-30 in one airspace Tarang Shakti brings together aircraft of American, European, Russian and Indian origin, and interoperability will be a key focus. Kapoor highlighted the challenge of creating a communications architecture through which fighters from these different inventories can operate together seamlessly. A close look at fifth-generation technology India is developing its own fifth-generation fighter through the AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) programme. Exposure to more advanced aircraft would be beneficial, and operating alongside the F-35 could provide India with insights relevant to how the AMCA eventually develops. Tarang Shakti therefore marks a different kind of F-35 encounter for India. Indian pilots have shared the skies with fifth-generation fighters before. This time, the F-35 is flying over India, inside an environment where the IAF's own fighters, airborne sensors and ground radars will watch it operate firsthand.

The F-35’s participation in Tarang Shakti gives the IAF an opportunity to observe how the stealth fighter appears on Indian ground and airborne radars.

F-35 at Tarang Shakti, Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor on what India’s radars will be watching | Defence Pulse

The Indian Army marked its historic 200th Gunners’ Day on September 28, 2026, celebrating the bicentennial milestone of the Regiment of Artillery. The occasion commemorates two centuries of the Army’s artillery arm and its legacy of service.


Indian army marks 200th Gunners' day 

India’s infantry arsenal is undergoing a transition that goes beyond replacing ageing rifles. The larger shift is from importing weapons and manufacturing foreign designs to creating small arms whose design and intellectual property are owned in India.The Indian Army’s modernisation has included the American SIG716 and the AK-203, with 601,427 AK-203 assault rifles contracted for production at Korwa in Uttar Pradesh through the Indo-Russian Rifles joint venture.&nbsp;But Vivek Krishnan, CEO of SSS Defence, argues that manufacturing sovereignty is not the same as design sovereignty. “Would the Americans or the Germans dictate the way that we fight our battles? I don't think the answer to that is yes,” Krishnan said.His argument assumes greater significance as battlefield technology evolves at extraordinary speed. Krishnan says access to designs and intellectual property determines whether a weapon can be rapidly modified as per operational requirements.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;“In Ukraine, hardware is pretty much changing every two months,” he said, adding that without access to the designs and intellectual property, “evolution is a non-existent thing.” That challenge extends beyond the rifle.The proliferation of FPV drones has created new requirements at infantry level. SSS Defence has completed its first delivery of a counter-UAS shotgun to the Indian Army, developed for engaging fast-moving drones at close ranges.&nbsp;While SSS Defence publicly describes its wider focus as indigenous small arms and counter-UAS technology. Yet Krishnan rejects the idea that drones are making the infantry soldier less relevant.“The role of infantry, the role of foot soldiers, is not going to be changing,” he said. Territory still has to be captured and held. The difference is that tomorrow’s soldier could operate alongside drones, unmanned ground vehicles and increasingly sophisticated weapon systems.&nbsp;For India, the next step is therefore bigger than producing more weapons domestically. It is about controlling the technology behind them. SSS Defence says its current small-arms portfolio is designed and developed in-house.Krishnan believes sustained investment in research and development can dramatically shorten development cycles. After years of building indigenous design capability, he says new calibres or improved weapons could now be developed in three to six months rather than two or three years.India’s next small-arms revolution may ultimately be defined by who owns the design and how quickly it can evolve for the next war.

For India, the next step is therefore bigger than producing more weapons domestically. It is about controlling the technology behind them. India’s next small-arms revolution may ultimately be defined by who owns the design and how quickly it can evolve for the next war.

India’s infantry arsenal is undergoing a transition that goes beyond replacing ageing rifles. The larger shift is from importing weapons and manufacturing foreign designs to creating small arms whose design and intellectual property are owned in India. The Indian Army’s modernisation has included the American SIG716 and the AK-203, with 601,427 AK-203 assault rifles contracted for production at Korwa in Uttar Pradesh through the Indo-Russian Rifles joint venture. But Vivek Krishnan, CEO of SSS Defence, argues that manufacturing sovereignty is not the same as design sovereignty. “Would the Americans or the Germans dictate the way that we fight our battles? I don't think the answer to that is yes,” Krishnan said. His argument assumes greater significance as battlefield technology evolves at extraordinary speed. Krishnan says access to designs and intellectual property determines whether a weapon can be rapidly modified as per operational requirements.

For India, the next step is therefore bigger than producing more weapons domestically. It is about controlling the technology behind them. India’s next small-arms revolution may ultimately be defined by who owns the design and how quickly it can evolve for the next war.

Beyond the AK-203, Vivek Krishnan on building the Indian soldier’s next weapon

Putting warships, submarines and aircraft to sea for training consumes fuel, requires large crews and uses valuable operational hours. More importantly, some of the most dangerous scenarios, from submarine attacks to incoming missiles, cannot simply be recreated repeatedly with real assets. That is where an expanding Indian simulation ecosystem is beginning to play a larger role.&nbsp;Zen Technologies has naval and maritime simulators in India that can recreate everything from navigating a warship bridge to submarine warfare and complex multi-ship tactical operations. I had the chance to visit the facility in New Delhi and the experience was immersive and comprehensive, to say the least.&nbsp;A ship-handling simulator, for instance, can reproduce navigation equipment, radar, communications, changing weather, sea conditions and even different propulsion configurations. Crews can repeatedly practise emergencies and difficult manoeuvres without taking an actual vessel to sea.&nbsp;&nbsp;Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/trump-hails-very-positive-us-china-talks-as-xi-hints-at-more-meetings-this-year-1790353599662">Trump hails ‘very positive’ US-China talks as Xi hints at more meetings this year</a>&nbsp;Simulators become increasingly effective even from a cost perspective as the savings can be significant. Instead of assembling multiple ships at sea to rehearse a particular contingency, the scenario can be recreated virtually. This reduces training expenditure while allowing crews to repeat situations until responses become instinctive. The technology becomes even more significant when training shifts from navigation to combat.

The Action Speed Tactical Trainer, or ASTT, can simulate a naval battlespace involving submarines, warships and other assets. Radar, sonar and other sensor information can be recreated while opposing teams fight simulated engagements, allowing commanders to test tactics and decision-making without deploying actual platforms.&nbsp;The wider portfolio extends across anti-submarine warfare, anti-air warfare, electronic warfare, mine and amphibious operations, submarine navigation and deep-submergence rescue training.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is also an important indigenous technology dimension. Building such systems in India means training environments can be customised around India's platforms, geography and requirements, including maps, threats and drone profiles according to the user's training requirements.&nbsp;&nbsp;Zen says its naval and marine simulation footprint includes more than 1,500 operational systems across over 60 countries. As naval platforms become more sophisticated and more expensive to operate, the economics of training are changing too.&nbsp;The next naval battle may still be fought at sea, but sailors could fight it hundreds of times virtually before their warship leaves harbour.

Indigenous naval simulators such as those developed by Zen Technologies are helping crews train for complex maritime operations virtually, reducing costs and allowing dangerous scenarios to be practised repeatedly without deploying real warships.

Putting warships, submarines and aircraft to sea for training consumes fuel, requires large crews and uses valuable operational hours. More importantly, some of the most dangerous scenarios, from submarine attacks to incoming missiles, cannot simply be recreated repeatedly with real assets. That is where an expanding Indian simulation ecosystem is beginning to play a larger role. Zen Technologies has naval and maritime simulators in India that can recreate everything from navigating a warship bridge to submarine warfare and complex multi-ship tactical operations. I had the chance to visit the facility in New Delhi and the experience was immersive and comprehensive, to say the least. A ship-handling simulator, for instance, can reproduce navigation equipment, radar, communications, changing weather, sea conditions and even different propulsion configurations. Crews can repeatedly practise emergencies and difficult manoeuvres without taking an actual vessel to sea. Also Read: Trump hails ‘very positive’ US-China talks as Xi hints at more meetings this year Simulators become increasingly effective even from a cost perspective as the savings can be significant. Instead of assembling multiple ships at sea to rehearse a particular contingency, the scenario can be recreated virtually. This reduces training expenditure while allowing crews to repeat situations until responses become instinctive. The technology becomes even more significant when training shifts from navigation to combat.

Indigenous naval simulators such as those developed by Zen Technologies are helping crews train for complex maritime operations virtually, reducing costs and allowing dangerous scenarios to be practised repeatedly without deploying real warships.

India’s virtual warships: How indigenous simulators are cutting the cost of training at sea

Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) General Dhiraj Seth on Friday visited forward areas and formations of the Chinar Corps under Northern Command to review operational preparedness and the security situation along the Line of Control (LoC) and in the hinterland.During his visit to the forward areas, General Seth was briefed by commanders on the prevailing security environment, operational readiness and capability development initiatives. He was also apprised of measures being undertaken to maintain a robust security posture along the LoC and ensure preparedness for counter-terrorist operations in the hinterland.Interacting with troops deployed in operational areas, the Army Chief commended all ranks for maintaining a high level of vigilance across the operational spectrum.General Seth reiterated the thrust areas of “VIJAY”, the Army’s five-point guiding framework aimed at transforming the Indian Army into a future-ready force capable of responding at short notice across the full spectrum of operations.The COAS also appreciated the coordination between the Indian Army, civil administration, Central Armed Police Forces, Jammu and Kashmir Police and other security agencies in maintaining peace and stability in the region.During his visit to Tangdhar, General Seth also inspected the Advanced Surgical Eye Camp being conducted under Operation Drishti 2026. The initiative is providing specialised ophthalmic care to serving personnel, Veer Naris, veterans, dependents and civilians, with particular focus on people living in remote and difficult-to-reach areas of Jammu and Kashmir.The camp, being conducted from September 23 to 30, has brought together specialist teams from Army Hospital (Research &amp; Referral), New Delhi, and 92 Base Hospital, Srinagar. More than 6,000 patients are being screened, while over 400 ophthalmic surgeries are planned during the camp.

Interacting with troops deployed in operational areas, the Army Chief commended all ranks for maintaining a high level of vigilance across the operational spectrum.

Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) General Dhiraj Seth on Friday visited forward areas and formations of the Chinar Corps under Northern Command to review operational preparedness and the security situation along the Line of Control (LoC) and in the hinterland. During his visit to the forward areas, General Seth was briefed by commanders on the prevailing security environment, operational readiness and capability development initiatives. He was also apprised of measures being undertaken to maintain a robust security posture along the LoC and ensure preparedness for counter-terrorist operations in the hinterland. Interacting with troops deployed in operational areas, the Army Chief commended all ranks for maintaining a high level of vigilance across the operational spectrum. General Seth reiterated the thrust areas of “VIJAY”, the Army’s five-point guiding framework aimed at transforming the Indian Army into a future-ready force capable of responding at short notice across the full spectrum of operations. The COAS also appreciated the coordination between the Indian Army, civil administration, Central Armed Police Forces, Jammu and Kashmir Police and other security agencies in maintaining peace and stability in the region. During his visit to Tangdhar, General Seth also inspected the Advanced Surgical Eye Camp being conducted under Operation Drishti 2026. The initiative is providing specialised ophthalmic care to serving personnel, Veer Naris, veterans, dependents and civilians, with particular focus on people living in remote and difficult-to-reach areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The camp, being conducted from September 23 to 30, has brought together specialist teams from Army Hospital (Research & Referral), New Delhi, and 92 Base Hospital, Srinagar. More than 6,000 patients are being screened, while over 400 ophthalmic surgeries are planned during the camp.

Interacting with troops deployed in operational areas, the Army Chief commended all ranks for maintaining a high level of vigilance across the operational spectrum.

Army chief reviews operational preparedness along LoC, visits mega eye camp in Tangdhar

Conventional artillery remains the essential backbone of modern combat in Ukraine because traditional shells cannot be jammed by electronic warfare and deliver a massed volume of fire that drones cannot match.


Ukraine proves artillery remains critical to conventional warfare

The war in Ukraine has challenged one of the oldest assumptions of modern land warfare, that the tank remains the dominant weapon on the battlefield. Tanks have not disappeared. Russian and Ukrainian forces continue to use them. But drones have dramatically changed how armour operates and survives.Cheap FPV drones can hunt vehicles, strike vulnerable areas from above and provide targeting information for artillery. Persistent aerial surveillance also makes it increasingly difficult for large armoured formations to assemble and manoeuvre without being detected. The result is not necessarily the death of the tank, but a transformation of its role. That change becomes clearer when compared with one of the most famous armoured battles of the Gulf War.In February 1991, the Battle of 73 Easting saw U.S. armoured forces clash with elements of Iraq’s Republican Guard during Operation Desert Storm. American Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehicles advanced through difficult desert conditions and overwhelmed Iraqi armoured positions in a battle that became a defining example of modern mechanised warfare.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;&nbsp;Among the American soldiers who fought at 73 Easting was Lt Col Daniel Davis, then a young U.S. Army officer. Speaking on WION's Defence Pulse, Davis said a battle like 73 Easting would look radically different today. “You mass any formation now like what we did and you're all going to die,” he said.&nbsp;ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/defence-pulse/operation-sindoor-s-hidden-naval-dimension-mod-reveals-indian-navy-special-forces-joined-may-7-strikes-1789821462201">Operation Sindoor’s hidden naval dimension | MoD reveals Indian Navy Special Forces joined May 7 strikes</a>&nbsp;Davis argued that drones and long-range missiles would pose a threat even before tanks reached the battlefield, potentially targeting ships, ports and logistical infrastructure transporting armour. On the battlefield itself, concentrating tanks to generate overwhelming firepower could instead create a lucrative target for drones and precision weapons.But Davis does not believe the tank is finished. “You're still going to have to have it. You still have to have armour protection for your infantry,” he said. What must change is both the machine and the doctrine around it. Future tanks will require active protection, electronic warfare, counter-drone systems, sensors and increasingly rapid technological upgrades. For Davis, however, the biggest lesson from Ukraine goes beyond technology.Armour must operate as part of an integrated network of drones, artillery, missiles, air power, infantry and electronic warfare. The tank remains relevant. The era of the tank fighting alone does not.

Tanks have not disappeared. Russian and Ukrainian forces continue to use them. But drones have dramatically changed how armour operates and survives. Cheap FPV drones can hunt vehicles, strike vulnerable areas from above and provide targeting information for artillery.

The war in Ukraine has challenged one of the oldest assumptions of modern land warfare, that the tank remains the dominant weapon on the battlefield. Tanks have not disappeared. Russian and Ukrainian forces continue to use them. But drones have dramatically changed how armour operates and survives. Cheap FPV drones can hunt vehicles, strike vulnerable areas from above and provide targeting information for artillery. Persistent aerial surveillance also makes it increasingly difficult for large armoured formations to assemble and manoeuvre without being detected. The result is not necessarily the death of the tank, but a transformation of its role. That change becomes clearer when compared with one of the most famous armoured battles of the Gulf War. In February 1991, the Battle of 73 Easting saw U.S. armoured forces clash with elements of Iraq’s Republican Guard during Operation Desert Storm. American Abrams tanks and Bradley fighting vehicles advanced through difficult desert conditions and overwhelmed Iraqi armoured positions in a battle that became a defining example of modern mechanised warfare.

Tanks have not disappeared. Russian and Ukrainian forces continue to use them. But drones have dramatically changed how armour operates and survives. Cheap FPV drones can hunt vehicles, strike vulnerable areas from above and provide targeting information for artillery.

The tank is not dead, but the way it fights must change

India’s combat drone ecosystem is moving from tactical battlefield systems towards weapons capable of striking targets hundreds of kilometres away. The transition has gathered momentum after Operation Sindoor, where indigenous drones were deployed in contested battlefield conditions. Now, Indian developers are working on longer-range one-way attack platforms designed to extend the reach of unmanned warfare. One such platform is KAL, a long-range attack drone developed by IG Defence and recently tested at the Pokhran field firing range. The company says the platform is designed for a range of up to 1,000 kilometres, an endurance of around eight hours and a warhead of approximately 50 kilograms. For Major General R C Padhi, Senior Vice President at IG Defence, the transition builds on lessons learnt during Op Sindoor. "Our drones were engaged in the battlefield and we got all those drones battle tested," Padhi told WION’s Defence Pulse. He said the company deployed VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) platforms, FPV kamikaze drones, surveillance systems and logistics drones during the operation.

The crucial difference, Padhi said, was exposure to an actual contested environment rather than controlled trials. "When you are testing your drones in the range, there is no enemy presence," he said. "But in a battlefield, it is a contested environment. The enemy is also trying to dominate over you." Padhi claimed the drones were used against gun positions, command and communication centres, ammunition dumps and bunkers during Op Sindoor. Attention is now shifting towards longer-range systems. Describing KAL as a strategic rather than tactical drone, Padhi said its greater range and warhead could allow it to engage targets much deeper inside adversary territory. The recent Pokhran trial also tested its ability to launch from a vehicle-mounted mobile platform. According to General Padhi, the significance lies in extending indigenous unmanned strike capability beyond the immediate battlefield. "Most of the strategic assets of the adversaries are much behind our border areas," he said.&nbsp; For India, the evolution represents a significant shift. The indigenous drone story is moving from surveillance and tactical FPV strikes towards autonomous systems designed for long-range strategic missions.

Major General R C Padhi claimed the drones were used against gun positions, command and communication centres, ammunition dumps and bunkers during Op Sindoor.

India’s combat drone ecosystem is moving from tactical battlefield systems towards weapons capable of striking targets hundreds of kilometres away. The transition has gathered momentum after Operation Sindoor, where indigenous drones were deployed in contested battlefield conditions. Now, Indian developers are working on longer-range one-way attack platforms designed to extend the reach of unmanned warfare. One such platform is KAL, a long-range attack drone developed by IG Defence and recently tested at the Pokhran field firing range. The company says the platform is designed for a range of up to 1,000 kilometres, an endurance of around eight hours and a warhead of approximately 50 kilograms. For Major General R C Padhi, Senior Vice President at IG Defence, the transition builds on lessons learnt during Op Sindoor. "Our drones were engaged in the battlefield and we got all those drones battle tested," Padhi told WION’s Defence Pulse. He said the company deployed VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) platforms, FPV kamikaze drones, surveillance systems and logistics drones during the operation.

Major General R C Padhi claimed the drones were used against gun positions, command and communication centres, ammunition dumps and bunkers during Op Sindoor.

From FPV strikes to 1,000 km missions, India’s drone revolution goes long range

A fresh barrage of fast, jet-powered Russian drones struck Ukraine's capital and regional hubs, targeting critical railway networks, petrol stations, and warehouses. Leaving at least two people dead and over two dozen injured in Kyiv, the strikes ignited fires near the central train station and damaged energy infrastructure—occurring just hours after diplomatic discussions focused on securing a potential bilateral halt to energy facility attacks.   


Russia-Ukraine war: Kyiv claims Russian drones struck city centre in broad daylight

The U.S. Army has begun transitioning heavy armored units away from M1A2 Abrams main battle tanks to lighter, highly mobile wheeled vehicles in response to vulnerabilities exposed by modern drone warfare and logistics challenges in potential Pacific theaters. 


Will tanks survive the AI warfare era?

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