Iran’s comments raise the prospect that American facilities in the Middle East, already tense due to past exchanges, could be drawn into broader conflict.

Iran’s comments raise the prospect that American facilities in the Middle East, already tense due to past exchanges, could be drawn into broader conflict.

'Iran signals retaliation if attacked': Top 7 US military bases in the Middle East

The Strait of Hormuz is the world’s most critical oil chokepoint, connecting the Persian Gulf to the open ocean. If Iran were to block this narrow 21-mile waterway, it would trap nearly 20 per cent of the world's daily oil supply.

The Strait of Hormuz is the world’s most critical oil chokepoint, connecting the Persian Gulf to the open ocean. If Iran were to block this narrow 21-mile waterway, it would trap nearly 20 per cent of the world's daily oil supply.

What if Iran blocks the Strait of Hormuz? Understanding its impact on global markets

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the open ocean. It is the world’s most important oil transit checkpoint. handling around 21 million barrels daily. It supplies 80 per cent of Asia's oil and a quarter of global LNG. 

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the open ocean. It is the world’s most important oil transit checkpoint. handling around 21 million barrels daily. It supplies 80 per cent of Asia's oil and a quarter of global LNG.&nbsp;

‘Strait of Hormuz’: Why it matters for global energy markets

From the Suez Canal to the Strait of Hormuz, five countries hold control over key maritime chokepoints. These narrow sea routes shape global trade, energy supply, and geopolitics, making them some of the most strategically important waters on Earth.

From the Suez Canal to the Strait of Hormuz, five countries hold control over key maritime chokepoints. These narrow sea routes shape global trade, energy supply, and geopolitics, making them some of the most strategically important waters on Earth.

‘Suez Canal to the Strait of Hormuz’: 5 countries controlling the world’s most important trade chokepoints

Iran's parliament's to close the Strait of Hormuz has triggered global concern. The chokepoint handles 20 per cent of oil and 30 per cent of LNG. The disruption pushed prices to $130, delayed shipments, and sparked a global energy and security crisis with no real alternatives available.


Iran's parliament's to close the Strait of Hormuz has triggered global concern. The chokepoint handles 20 per cent of oil and 30 per cent of LNG. The disruption pushed prices to $130, delayed shipments, and sparked a global energy and security crisis with no real alternatives available.

Strait of Hormuz: Why it is the the world’s most important oil chokepoint?

Iran’s parliament has approved closing the Strait of Hormuz after us attacks on its nuclear sites; however, under international law (UNCLOS), Iran cannot legally block the strait, as it’s a key global trade route for oil and LNG, protected by the right of transit passage.

Iran’s parliament has approved closing the Strait of Hormuz after us attacks on its nuclear sites; however, under international law (UNCLOS), Iran cannot legally block the strait, as it’s a key global trade route for oil and LNG, protected by the right of transit passage.

Strait of Hormuz: Can Iran legally block the waterway under international law?

The Strait of Hormuz—a narrow, 33-km-wide maritime chokepoint between Iran and Oman—is once again at the centre of global attention, this time more perilously than ever before. Amid intensifying military conflict in West Asia, Iran’s Parliament has reportedly approved a plan to block the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation of the US’ airstrikes on Iranian nuclear and military sites. While the final decision rests with Iran’s Supreme National Security Council, even the suggestion of a closure has already roiled global oil markets and raised alarm across nations that depend on oil imports for their energy needs.The Strait is one of the world’s most critical energy arteries, through which nearly 20 per cent of the world’s oil and LNG (liquified natural gas) flows daily, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). In 2024 alone, about 17 million barrels of oil and 25 per cent of global LNG passed through this route. A blockade—even if temporary—could disrupt more than $2 trillion worth of trade, spike oil prices beyond $120 per barrel, and unleash inflationary shocks across continents.<h2>India faces the heat of the conflict</h2>India, which relies heavily on crude and gas imports to power its economy, is particularly vulnerable. According to ICRA, 45–50 per cent of India’s crude oil imports pass through the Strait, sourced primarily from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE. Additionally, India’s LNG imports, especially from Qatar, are routed through Hormuz, making the potential closure an energy security nightmare.Oil prices have already surged in anticipation. Brent crude rose 2 per cent to hover near $80 per barrel, while analysts warn that a prolonged disruption could push it well past $100–120 per barrel.The economic fallout for India would be immediate. ICRA estimates that every $10/barrel increase in oil prices would inflate India’s oil import bill by $13-14 billion annually, while widening the current account deficit (CAD) by 0.3 per cent of GDP. If crude averages $80–90/barrel in FY26, CAD may expand to 1.5–1.6 per cent of GDP, up from 1.2–1.3 per cent, triggering pressure on the Indian rupee and worsening inflation.A 10 per cent surge in oil prices would also raise WPI inflation by 80-100 bps and CPI inflation by 20-30 bps, straining household budgets and increasing the cost of living.Industries highly dependent on petroleum inputs, like tyres, paints, and fertilisers, would see margin pressures. Oil marketing companies (HPCL, BPCL, IOC) may struggle to pass on higher input costs, while upstream firms like ONGC and Oil India could benefit from elevated crude prices.<h2>China’s dilemma: Energy strategy under pressure</h2>China, the world’s largest crude importer, is also staring at major disruption. Roughly 14 per cent of China’s crude oil imports come from Iran, with additional volumes routed indirectly through Malaysia and the UAE to circumvent sanctions. China’s independent refiners rely heavily on discounted Iranian crude and fuel oil, while its vast plastics and petrochemical sectors depend on Iranian LPG, which makes up nearly 25 per cent of its LPG (liquified petroleum gas) imports.A closure of Hormuz or a partial halt in Iranian exports would leave China scrambling to secure alternative supplies. Demand has already surged for Indian Ocean-side crudes like Abu Dhabi’s Murban and Russian ESPO. Any further disruption could force China to compete more aggressively in the spot market, pushing global prices even higher.<h2>Asia’s energy axis: Japan, South Korea, and the rest</h2>Beyond India and China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia also remain deeply exposed. Collectively, Asia consumes over 80 per cent of the oil and gas transiting Hormuz. Japan and South Korea, in particular, rely on Gulf oil for their refineries and LNG for their power plants. A closure could trigger energy shortages, increase power tariffs, and exacerbate inflation across the region.For smaller Asian economies still recovering from the pandemic and supply chain shocks, this could prove destabilising. LNG-based power producers and city gas distribution (CGD) firms, like Adani Total Gas, Mahanagar Gas, and Indraprastha Gas, could see margins shrink as imported fuel becomes prohibitively expensive.<h2>Global repercussions: From Europe to Wall Street</h2>The impact won’t stop in Asia. Europe, still reeling from the fallout of the Ukraine war, depends on Qatari LNG routed through Hormuz. A disruption could intensify energy shortages and derail recovery.The global shipping and insurance industries would also feel the pinch. Tankers, already paying higher war-risk premiums, may be rerouted through longer, more expensive paths like around South Africa, delaying deliveries and increasing freight rates.Market volatility is inevitable. Stock indices have already begun to reflect war jitters, and a sustained oil rally could force central banks to revise inflation outlooks, pause rate cuts, or even raise rates again.<h2>Iran’s strategic gamble: A double-edged sword</h2>While Iran's threat to close the Strait may be driven by strategic calculations, it risks severe self-inflicted damage. Over 90 per cent of Iran’s own crude and LNG exports pass through Hormuz. Any closure would undercut Tehran’s discounted oil sales to China, one of its few remaining financial lifelines amid sanctions.Moreover, closure would alienate allies like China and Russia, who rely on uninterrupted flows. It could also provoke a military response from the US, UK, or France, all of which maintain naval forces in the region. Historically, even during the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s, the Strait was never fully blocked, underlining the severity of such a move.<h2>Outlook remains fragile, volatile, and contingent on diplomacy</h2>As of now, Iran has not formally enacted a closure, but tensions remain sky-high. The international community, including US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, has called on China to pressure Iran into restraint, warning of “economic suicide” if the Strait is blocked.Short-term oil volatility is almost certain, with prices reacting sharply to geopolitical signals. Strategic oil reserves may offer temporary cushioning, but a prolonged crisis would require diplomatic interventions, alternate logistics planning, and possibly new trade partnerships.

For India and much of Asia, the coming weeks will be crucial. As the world's energy lifeline teeters on the brink, every diplomatic move, military engagement, and shipping update will reverberate across economies, markets, and households.

The Strait of Hormuz—a narrow, 33-km-wide maritime chokepoint between Iran and Oman—is once again at the centre of global attention, this time more perilously than ever before. Amid intensifying military conflict in West Asia, Iran’s Parliament has reportedly approved a plan to block the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation of the US’ airstrikes on Iranian nuclear and military sites. While the final decision rests with Iran’s Supreme National Security Council, even the suggestion of a closure has already roiled global oil markets and raised alarm across nations that depend on oil imports for their energy needs. The Strait is one of the world’s most critical energy arteries, through which nearly 20 per cent of the world’s oil and LNG (liquified natural gas) flows daily, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). In 2024 alone, about 17 million barrels of oil and 25 per cent of global LNG passed through this route. A blockade—even if temporary—could disrupt more than $2 trillion worth of trade, spike oil prices beyond $120 per barrel, and unleash inflationary shocks across continents. India faces the heat of the conflict India, which relies heavily on crude and gas imports to power its economy, is particularly vulnerable. According to ICRA, 45–50 per cent of India’s crude oil imports pass through the Strait, sourced primarily from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE. Additionally, India’s LNG imports, especially from Qatar, are routed through Hormuz, making the potential closure an energy security nightmare. Oil prices have already surged in anticipation. Brent crude rose 2 per cent to hover near $80 per barrel, while analysts warn that a prolonged disruption could push it well past $100–120 per barrel. The economic fallout for India would be immediate. ICRA estimates that every $10/barrel increase in oil prices would inflate India’s oil import bill by $13-14 billion annually, while widening the current account deficit (CAD) by 0.3 per cent of GDP. If crude averages $80–90/barrel in FY26, CAD may expand to 1.5–1.6 per cent of GDP, up from 1.2–1.3 per cent, triggering pressure on the Indian rupee and worsening inflation. A 10 per cent surge in oil prices would also raise WPI inflation by 80-100 bps and CPI inflation by 20-30 bps, straining household budgets and increasing the cost of living. Industries highly dependent on petroleum inputs, like tyres, paints, and fertilisers, would see margin pressures. Oil marketing companies (HPCL, BPCL, IOC) may struggle to pass on higher input costs, while upstream firms like ONGC and Oil India could benefit from elevated crude prices. China’s dilemma: Energy strategy under pressure China, the world’s largest crude importer, is also staring at major disruption. Roughly 14 per cent of China’s crude oil imports come from Iran, with additional volumes routed indirectly through Malaysia and the UAE to circumvent sanctions. China’s independent refiners rely heavily on discounted Iranian crude and fuel oil, while its vast plastics and petrochemical sectors depend on Iranian LPG, which makes up nearly 25 per cent of its LPG (liquified petroleum gas) imports. A closure of Hormuz or a partial halt in Iranian exports would leave China scrambling to secure alternative supplies. Demand has already surged for Indian Ocean-side crudes like Abu Dhabi’s Murban and Russian ESPO. Any further disruption could force China to compete more aggressively in the spot market, pushing global prices even higher. Asia’s energy axis: Japan, South Korea, and the rest Beyond India and China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia also remain deeply exposed. Collectively, Asia consumes over 80 per cent of the oil and gas transiting Hormuz. Japan and South Korea, in particular, rely on Gulf oil for their refineries and LNG for their power plants. A closure could trigger energy shortages, increase power tariffs, and exacerbate inflation across the region. For smaller Asian economies still recovering from the pandemic and supply chain shocks, this could prove destabilising. LNG-based power producers and city gas distribution (CGD) firms, like Adani Total Gas, Mahanagar Gas, and Indraprastha Gas, could see margins shrink as imported fuel becomes prohibitively expensive. Global repercussions: From Europe to Wall Street The impact won’t stop in Asia. Europe, still reeling from the fallout of the Ukraine war, depends on Qatari LNG routed through Hormuz. A disruption could intensify energy shortages and derail recovery. The global shipping and insurance industries would also feel the pinch. Tankers, already paying higher war-risk premiums, may be rerouted through longer, more expensive paths like around South Africa, delaying deliveries and increasing freight rates. Market volatility is inevitable. Stock indices have already begun to reflect war jitters, and a sustained oil rally could force central banks to revise inflation outlooks, pause rate cuts, or even raise rates again. Iran’s strategic gamble: A double-edged sword While Iran's threat to close the Strait may be driven by strategic calculations, it risks severe self-inflicted damage. Over 90 per cent of Iran’s own crude and LNG exports pass through Hormuz. Any closure would undercut Tehran’s discounted oil sales to China, one of its few remaining financial lifelines amid sanctions. Moreover, closure would alienate allies like China and Russia, who rely on uninterrupted flows. It could also provoke a military response from the US, UK, or France, all of which maintain naval forces in the region. Historically, even during the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s, the Strait was never fully blocked, underlining the severity of such a move. Outlook remains fragile, volatile, and contingent on diplomacy As of now, Iran has not formally enacted a closure, but tensions remain sky-high. The international community, including US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, has called on China to pressure Iran into restraint, warning of “economic suicide” if the Strait is blocked. Short-term oil volatility is almost certain, with prices reacting sharply to geopolitical signals. Strategic oil reserves may offer temporary cushioning, but a prolonged crisis would require diplomatic interventions, alternate logistics planning, and possibly new trade partnerships.

For India and much of Asia, the coming weeks will be crucial. As the world's energy lifeline teeters on the brink, every diplomatic move, military engagement, and shipping update will reverberate across economies, markets, and households.

Strait of Hormuz risks: Asia, including India and China, braces for economic jitters

Strait of hormuz is a vital oil trade route between oman and iran, carrying 25 per cent of global oil. nations like China, India, Japan, and South Korea heavily depend on it. any disruption can spike prices and affect global energy security.


Strait of hormuz is a vital oil trade route between Oman and Iran, carrying 25 per cent of global oil. nations like China, India, Japan, and South Korea heavily depend on it. any disruption can spike prices and affect global energy security.

Strait of Hormuz: Top 5 countries that would be most impacted due to closure

Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, through which about 20 per cent of the world’s oil passes daily. It is one of the world’s most strategic chokepoints for global trade.

Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea, through which about 20 per cent of the world’s oil passes daily. It is one of the world’s most strategic chokepoints for global trade.

Strait of Hormuz: 4 key commodities India relies on from this vital trade route

India maintains a Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), managed by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. The SPR is meant to cushion India against supply disruptions.

India maintains a Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), managed by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) under the Ministry of Petroleum &amp; Natural Gas. The SPR is meant to cushion India against supply disruptions.

Strait of Hormuz: How many days can India survive with its strategic oil reserves?

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow passage through which about 20 per cent of the world’s oil is shipped. For India, nearly 60-65 per cent of crude oil imports transit this corridor from Gulf nations.

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow passage through which about 20 per cent of the world’s oil is shipped. For India, nearly 60-65 per cent of crude oil imports transit this corridor from Gulf nations.

Strait of Hormuz: Will oil prices rise in India if Iran closes the water corridor?

Iranian parliament, the Majlis approved a measure to close the strait of Hormuz on Sunday, a move with far-reaching consequences.

Iranian parliament, the Majlis approved a measure to close the strait of Hormuz on Sunday, a move with far-reaching consequences.

Hormuz Strait on the brink: What stopped Iran from closing it and what’s changed now?

As the Israel–Iran conflict enters its second week, the battleground is no longer limited to the skies. Both nations are now locked in a parallel war of numbers, where missile interceptions cost millions, oil exports vanish overnight, and households brace for tax hikes.&nbsp;For Israel, already burdened by long-running conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon, the question is urgent: Can Tel Aviv’s economy afford another war? For Iran, with its currency in freefall and energy infrastructure under siege, the challenge is one of endurance.&nbsp;And now, there’s a new risk looming on the horizon: the potential closure of the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most critical energy chokepoints.Here’s a deep dive into how the war is straining both nations militarily, fiscally, and economically and what could happen if Tehran acts on its threat.<h2>Israel’s most expensive war yet</h2>In the first 48 hours alone, Israel’s confrontation with Iran reportedly cost a staggering 5.5 billion shekels ($1.45 billion), according to Ynet News.That reportedly amounts to over $700 million per day, and if hostilities continue for a month, the cost could cross $12 billion, surpassing the final bill for the 2023 Gaza war.&nbsp;Driving these soaring costs are Israel’s advanced defence systems. Each David’s Sling or Arrow-3 missile interception costs anywhere between $700,000 and $4 million, as reported by the Institute for National Security Studies.The deployment of F-35 fighter jets over Iranian territory adds further strain, with flight operations costing $10,000 per hour per jet, excluding ammunition and logistics.&nbsp;Israel could reportedly be spending up to $1 billion per day on military operations alone.<h2>Budget pressures and the deficit test</h2>To fund this military mobilisation, Israel has significantly expanded its defence budget, from $17 billion in 2023 to $28 billion in 2024, and a projected $34 billion in 2025. That would amount to nearly 9 per cent of GDP, second only to Ukraine, according to SIPRI.To finance the surge, the government has increased Value Added Tax (VAT) to 18 per cent, alongside hikes in healthcare and national insurance. However, these measures may fall short.&nbsp;The Ministry of Finance warns that Israel could breach its 4.9 per cent deficit ceiling (approximately $27.6 billion). Compounding the issue, GDP growth forecasts for 2025 have been slashed, from 4.3 per cent to 3.6 per cent, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.<h2>Civilian costs add to the burden</h2>The economic impact of the war is being felt far beyond the battlefield. Over 5,000 Israeli civilians have been evacuated due to missile strikes from Iran, with the government footing the bill for temporary accommodation in hotels, as per Israel’s National Public Diplomacy Directorate.Damage to urban infrastructure is extensive. Engineers quoted by Reuters say restoring just one damaged skyscraper in Tel Aviv could cost tens of millions of dollars.&nbsp;Meanwhile, day-to-day life remains disrupted: Israel’s main international airport was shut for several days, schools remain closed, and only partial workplace re-openings have been permitted by civil defence authorities.<h2>Tech resilience vs workforce crunch</h2>Israel’s high-tech sector remains a relative bright spot. Contributing 20 per cent of GDP and 64 per cent of national exports, the industry has shown resilience even during wartime.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange continues to outperform global peers, reflecting cautious investor confidence.&nbsp;Yet cracks are emerging. For the first time in a decade, employment in the tech sector declined in 2024, according to the Israel Innovation Authority. Skilled workers are increasingly choosing to relocate abroad, triggering fears of a brain drain.&nbsp;At the same time, widespread reservist call-ups, the cancellation of Palestinian work permits, and logistical bottlenecks have caused over 60,000 Israeli firms to shut down this year, as reported by CofaceBDI.<h2>What if Iran closes the Strait of Hormuz?</h2>Amid mounting pressure, Iran has repeated its long-standing threat: to close the Strait of Hormuz. This narrow waterway, just 33 kilometres wide, is the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint.&nbsp;Every day, around 21 million barrels of crude oil and over one-third of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) flow through this strait.It connects the Persian Gulf to global markets, enabling energy exports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the UAE, most of which head to Asia.&nbsp;While Tehran has made similar threats in the past, it has never fully acted. Even during the 1980s “Tanker War,” when over 450 vessels were attacked, the Strait remained partially open. Today, the threat alone is enough to rattle global markets.&nbsp;According to Kpler, oil prices have already jumped, with Brent crude touching a five-month high. Analysts warn that if Iran attempts even a partial blockade, prices could cross $100 per barrel.&nbsp;However, a closure would hurt Iran, too. Over 90 per cent of Iranian oil, much of it routed unofficiallygoes to China.&nbsp;If the Strait shuts down, Tehran risks cutting off its own revenue lifeline. China, Iran’s top buyer, is unlikely to support such a move.The US, which sources most of its oil from Canada, would remain relatively insulated. Israel imports oil via the Mediterranean, largely from Azerbaijan, Gabon, and the US, so its direct exposure is minimal.&nbsp;But nations like India, Japan, and South Korea—heavily reliant on Gulf energy would face severe supply disruptions. Insurance and shipping costs through the Strait have already spiked amid growing security concerns.&nbsp;In short: the Strait of Hormuz is the global oil artery. Even short-term disruptions could cause lasting economic shockwaves.<h2>Oil market enters panic zone</h2>The financial markets are already showing signs of strain.&nbsp;From below $63 a barrel at the end of May, Brent crude surged above $77, driven by fears of conflict escalation, as per Reuters. While prices briefly fell by 2 per cent on Friday, Brent is still set for its third straight weekly gain.&nbsp;Citigroup has warned that if Iran closes the Strait of Hormuz, oil could spike to $90. Jennifer McKeown, chief global economist at Capital Economics, says if the US becomes directly involved in the war, Brent could surge to as high as $130–$150 per barrel.&nbsp;Almost 20 per cent of global oil flows through the Strait, making it a critical vulnerability. Current Brent prices also carry a $10 geopolitical premium, according to traders quoted by Bloomberg.&nbsp;Meanwhile, China’s record oil stockpiles are offering some buffer. As the biggest buyer of Iranian crude, Chinese refiners remain calm for now despite the crisis building in West Asia.&nbsp;However, a further jump in crude could derail monetary easing plans by central banks. A surge in oil-driven inflation is a risk major economies want to avoid, especially amid Trump’s renewed tariff policies.&nbsp;As Reuters reports, central banks are likely to delay rate cuts if oil breaches the $100 threshold again. For now, markets are bracing for volatility but haven’t fully priced in the worst-case scenario yet.<h2>What about Iran’s economy?</h2>Iran, long under US-led sanctions, is facing fresh economic wounds as Israeli airstrikes target its energy infrastructure.&nbsp;According to Kpler, Iranian oil exports have fallen sharply, from 242,000 barrels per day earlier this year to just 102,000 bpd in the week ending June 16. Israeli missiles have partially disabled the South Pars gas field, which is responsible for 80 per cent of Iran’s natural gas production.&nbsp;Meanwhile, Kharg Island, Iran’s primary export terminal for crude oil—has seen no tanker movement since last Friday, based on LSEG satellite data. That effectively freezes most of Iran’s seaborne oil exports.<h2>Tehran’s finances under fire</h2>Even before the latest conflict, Iran’s economy was running on thin margins. The Iranian rial has lost over 90 per cent of its value since 2018.Inflation is officially at 40 per cent, but independent analysts such as TS Lombard estimate it could be even higher.&nbsp;Iran’s oil revenue, once exceeding $100 billion in 2016—was just $50 billion across 2022–23, according to the US Energy Information Administration.Roughly 22–27 per cent of Iranians now live below the poverty line, according to the Institute of Labour and Social Welfare, as cited by Tasnim News.Tehran allocates about 3–5 per cent of GDP, around $12 billion annually for military purposes.&nbsp;&nbsp;While its $33 billion in foreign reserves provides a cushion, analysts warn that using these reserves to fund extended military operations would threaten Iran’s long-term solvency.<h2>Who will blink first?</h2>Both Israel and Iran are approaching economic red lines.&nbsp;For Israel, the challenge lies in juggling three simultaneous fronts—Gaza, Lebanon, and Iran—without crossing critical fiscal thresholds. Ratings agency S&amp;P has hinted that a prolonged conflict could trigger a credit downgrade, raising Israel’s borrowing costs and spooking investors.Iran’s situation is arguably more precarious. With energy revenues slashed, inflation surging, and no real access to global financial systems, Tehran has fewer levers to pull.&nbsp;Unlike Israel, it cannot borrow easily or attract foreign investment.&nbsp;Neither side wants a drawn-out war. But every extra day of conflict piles on economic risk and tests national endurance.As this isn’t just a military clash—it’s a test of economic survival. &nbsp;

Amid mounting pressure, Iran has repeated its long-standing threat: to close the Strait of Hormuz. This narrow waterway, just 33 kilometres wide, is the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint.

As the Israel–Iran conflict enters its second week, the battleground is no longer limited to the skies. Both nations are now locked in a parallel war of numbers, where missile interceptions cost millions, oil exports vanish overnight, and households brace for tax hikes. For Israel, already burdened by long-running conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon, the question is urgent: Can Tel Aviv’s economy afford another war? For Iran, with its currency in freefall and energy infrastructure under siege, the challenge is one of endurance. And now, there’s a new risk looming on the horizon: the potential closure of the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most critical energy chokepoints. Here’s a deep dive into how the war is straining both nations militarily, fiscally, and economically and what could happen if Tehran acts on its threat. Israel’s most expensive war yet In the first 48 hours alone, Israel’s confrontation with Iran reportedly cost a staggering 5.5 billion shekels ($1.45 billion), according to Ynet News. That reportedly amounts to over $700 million per day, and if hostilities continue for a month, the cost could cross $12 billion, surpassing the final bill for the 2023 Gaza war. Driving these soaring costs are Israel’s advanced defence systems. Each David’s Sling or Arrow-3 missile interception costs anywhere between $700,000 and $4 million, as reported by the Institute for National Security Studies. The deployment of F-35 fighter jets over Iranian territory adds further strain, with flight operations costing $10,000 per hour per jet, excluding ammunition and logistics. Israel could reportedly be spending up to $1 billion per day on military operations alone. Budget pressures and the deficit test To fund this military mobilisation, Israel has significantly expanded its defence budget, from $17 billion in 2023 to $28 billion in 2024, and a projected $34 billion in 2025. That would amount to nearly 9 per cent of GDP, second only to Ukraine, according to SIPRI. To finance the surge, the government has increased Value Added Tax (VAT) to 18 per cent, alongside hikes in healthcare and national insurance. However, these measures may fall short. The Ministry of Finance warns that Israel could breach its 4.9 per cent deficit ceiling (approximately $27.6 billion). Compounding the issue, GDP growth forecasts for 2025 have been slashed, from 4.3 per cent to 3.6 per cent, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Civilian costs add to the burden The economic impact of the war is being felt far beyond the battlefield. Over 5,000 Israeli civilians have been evacuated due to missile strikes from Iran, with the government footing the bill for temporary accommodation in hotels, as per Israel’s National Public Diplomacy Directorate. Damage to urban infrastructure is extensive. Engineers quoted by Reuters say restoring just one damaged skyscraper in Tel Aviv could cost tens of millions of dollars. Meanwhile, day-to-day life remains disrupted: Israel’s main international airport was shut for several days, schools remain closed, and only partial workplace re-openings have been permitted by civil defence authorities. Tech resilience vs workforce crunch Israel’s high-tech sector remains a relative bright spot. Contributing 20 per cent of GDP and 64 per cent of national exports, the industry has shown resilience even during wartime. The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange continues to outperform global peers, reflecting cautious investor confidence. Yet cracks are emerging. For the first time in a decade, employment in the tech sector declined in 2024, according to the Israel Innovation Authority. Skilled workers are increasingly choosing to relocate abroad, triggering fears of a brain drain. At the same time, widespread reservist call-ups, the cancellation of Palestinian work permits, and logistical bottlenecks have caused over 60,000 Israeli firms to shut down this year, as reported by CofaceBDI. What if Iran closes the Strait of Hormuz? Amid mounting pressure, Iran has repeated its long-standing threat: to close the Strait of Hormuz. This narrow waterway, just 33 kilometres wide, is the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint. Every day, around 21 million barrels of crude oil and over one-third of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) flow through this strait. It connects the Persian Gulf to global markets, enabling energy exports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the UAE, most of which head to Asia. While Tehran has made similar threats in the past, it has never fully acted. Even during the 1980s “Tanker War,” when over 450 vessels were attacked, the Strait remained partially open. Today, the threat alone is enough to rattle global markets. According to Kpler, oil prices have already jumped, with Brent crude touching a five-month high. Analysts warn that if Iran attempts even a partial blockade, prices could cross $100 per barrel. However, a closure would hurt Iran, too. Over 90 per cent of Iranian oil, much of it routed unofficiallygoes to China. If the Strait shuts down, Tehran risks cutting off its own revenue lifeline. China, Iran’s top buyer, is unlikely to support such a move. The US, which sources most of its oil from Canada, would remain relatively insulated. Israel imports oil via the Mediterranean, largely from Azerbaijan, Gabon, and the US, so its direct exposure is minimal. But nations like India, Japan, and South Korea—heavily reliant on Gulf energy would face severe supply disruptions. Insurance and shipping costs through the Strait have already spiked amid growing security concerns. In short: the Strait of Hormuz is the global oil artery. Even short-term disruptions could cause lasting economic shockwaves. Oil market enters panic zone The financial markets are already showing signs of strain. From below $63 a barrel at the end of May, Brent crude surged above $77, driven by fears of conflict escalation, as per Reuters. While prices briefly fell by 2 per cent on Friday, Brent is still set for its third straight weekly gain. Citigroup has warned that if Iran closes the Strait of Hormuz, oil could spike to $90. Jennifer McKeown, chief global economist at Capital Economics, says if the US becomes directly involved in the war, Brent could surge to as high as $130–$150 per barrel. Almost 20 per cent of global oil flows through the Strait, making it a critical vulnerability. Current Brent prices also carry a $10 geopolitical premium, according to traders quoted by Bloomberg. Meanwhile, China’s record oil stockpiles are offering some buffer. As the biggest buyer of Iranian crude, Chinese refiners remain calm for now despite the crisis building in West Asia. However, a further jump in crude could derail monetary easing plans by central banks. A surge in oil-driven inflation is a risk major economies want to avoid, especially amid Trump’s renewed tariff policies. As Reuters reports, central banks are likely to delay rate cuts if oil breaches the $100 threshold again. For now, markets are bracing for volatility but haven’t fully priced in the worst-case scenario yet. What about Iran’s economy? Iran, long under US-led sanctions, is facing fresh economic wounds as Israeli airstrikes target its energy infrastructure. According to Kpler, Iranian oil exports have fallen sharply, from 242,000 barrels per day earlier this year to just 102,000 bpd in the week ending June 16. Israeli missiles have partially disabled the South Pars gas field, which is responsible for 80 per cent of Iran’s natural gas production. Meanwhile, Kharg Island, Iran’s primary export terminal for crude oil—has seen no tanker movement since last Friday, based on LSEG satellite data. That effectively freezes most of Iran’s seaborne oil exports. Tehran’s finances under fire Even before the latest conflict, Iran’s economy was running on thin margins. The Iranian rial has lost over 90 per cent of its value since 2018. Inflation is officially at 40 per cent, but independent analysts such as TS Lombard estimate it could be even higher. Iran’s oil revenue, once exceeding $100 billion in 2016—was just $50 billion across 2022–23, according to the US Energy Information Administration. Roughly 22–27 per cent of Iranians now live below the poverty line, according to the Institute of Labour and Social Welfare, as cited by Tasnim News. Tehran allocates about 3–5 per cent of GDP, around $12 billion annually for military purposes. While its $33 billion in foreign reserves provides a cushion, analysts warn that using these reserves to fund extended military operations would threaten Iran’s long-term solvency. Who will blink first? Both Israel and Iran are approaching economic red lines. For Israel, the challenge lies in juggling three simultaneous fronts—Gaza, Lebanon, and Iran—without crossing critical fiscal thresholds. Ratings agency S&P has hinted that a prolonged conflict could trigger a credit downgrade, raising Israel’s borrowing costs and spooking investors. Iran’s situation is arguably more precarious. With energy revenues slashed, inflation surging, and no real access to global financial systems, Tehran has fewer levers to pull. Unlike Israel, it cannot borrow easily or attract foreign investment. Neither side wants a drawn-out war. But every extra day of conflict piles on economic risk and tests national endurance. As this isn’t just a military clash—it’s a test of economic survival.

From missile defence bills to shrinking oil exports and inflation crises , Israel and Iran are both waging wars their economies might not afford. Here’s how the fighting is reshaping financial futures in West Asia.

Israel–Iran war strains economies: What happens if Strait of Hormuz shuts down?

If the Strait of Hormuz is closed, much of the world could go without fuel. After the Israeli bombing that started on June 13, several Iranian politicians have suggested that the Strait should be closed. Esmail Kowsari, a commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), said the option was 'under consideration'. Why is the Strait of Hormuz so important? Can Iran really close the strait? Here is what you should know:<h2>What is the Strait of Hormuz? Why is it strategically important?</h2>Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway located between Iran and Oman. The strait, only 33 kilometres across at its narrowest point, links the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. It is the only sea passage for oil exports from key oil producers in the Gulf, like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq and Qatar.<h2>Why is Strait of Hormuz important for global trade?</h2>Through this chokepoint passes nearly 20 per cent of the world's oil. It is estimated that 20 million barrels of petroleum liquids were transported every day through the strait in 2024. Nearly a third of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade also passes through the strait.&nbsp;A closure or disruption of maritime traffic in the Strait of Hormuz can cause a rise in global energy prices. It can play havoc with supply chains and impact economies, particularly in Asian importers like China, India, Japan and South Korea, which together account for &nbsp;84 per cent of its crude oil shipments.Much of the Gulf oil and LNG for Europe also passes through the Strait of Homuz. These factors make the waterway strategically important for global energy security. https://www.wionews.com/videos/iran-israel-war-us-officials-prepare-for-possible-strike-on-iran-in-coming-days-report-1750335066169/embed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/iran-israel-war-us-officials-prepare-for-possible-strike-on-iran-in-coming-days-report-1750335066169">Iran-Israel War: US Officials Prepare For Possible Strike On Iran In Coming Days: Report</a><h2>Does Iran really control Strait of Hormuz?</h2>The direct answer is, not entirely. But Iran's geographic position is along the northern coast of the Strait of Hormuz. This helps Iran exert influence on the strait. Technically, Iran can block traffic along the strait, as its narrowest point, at 21 nautical miles, is partly within its territorial waters, overlapping with Oman’s to the south.<h2>Iranian military presence near the Strait of Hormuz</h2>In theory, at least, Iran can deploy naval mines, launch ballistic and cruise missiles, suicide drones, fast attack boats, as well as Kilo and Ghadir class submarines. While it has not entirely used its military muscle in the strait, it has often threatened to do so. Iranian military's presence in the nearby strategic islands such as Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa emboldens it to disrupt shipping along the Strait of Hormuz.<h2>Has Iran ever fully closed Strait of Hormuz?</h2>No, because it's against global law on 'innocent passage', specifically the international maritime law, formally known as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS. Iran has ratified the 1982 convention, though it has not signed the treaty. Besides, Oman has control over the southern coast of the strait, which limits Iran’s ability to exert any unilateral control over the strait.<h2>Iran's threats to close or block Strait of Hormuz are not new: Past actions</h2>Even so, Iran has quite often resorted to threatening the global community with closure or blocking of the Strait of Hormuz. The threats, which are being made amid the the ongoing war with Israel, happened in 2011, 2012, 2018 and 2019 too, at the height of tensions with the US, Israel, or as a response to international sanctions. Iran conducted mine attacks on oil tankers and seized some vessels in 2019. In April 2024, it seized a container ship amid the Israel-Hamas War in Gaza.<h2>Will the Tanker War of the 1980s repeat?</h2>But the first major disruption of the Strait of Hormuz occurred during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988. At the time, Iran conducted attacks on neutral oil tankers, disrupting traffic, though not entirely stopping it.&nbsp;If push comes to shove, Iran can try to hit the strait using its military capabilities around the area. But it is likely going to be one of its last options.

After the Israeli bombing that started on June 13, several Iranian politicians have suggested that the Strait of Hormuz should be closed. Can Iran really close the strait? 

If the Strait of Hormuz is closed, much of the world could go without fuel. After the Israeli bombing that started on June 13, several Iranian politicians have suggested that the Strait should be closed. Esmail Kowsari, a commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), said the option was 'under consideration'. Why is the Strait of Hormuz so important? Can Iran really close the strait? Here is what you should know: What is the Strait of Hormuz? Why is it strategically important? Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway located between Iran and Oman. The strait, only 33 kilometres across at its narrowest point, links the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. It is the only sea passage for oil exports from key oil producers in the Gulf, like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq and Qatar. Why is Strait of Hormuz important for global trade? Through this chokepoint passes nearly 20 per cent of the world's oil. It is estimated that 20 million barrels of petroleum liquids were transported every day through the strait in 2024. Nearly a third of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade also passes through the strait. A closure or disruption of maritime traffic in the Strait of Hormuz can cause a rise in global energy prices. It can play havoc with supply chains and impact economies, particularly in Asian importers like China, India, Japan and South Korea, which together account for 84 per cent of its crude oil shipments. Much of the Gulf oil and LNG for Europe also passes through the Strait of Homuz. These factors make the waterway strategically important for global energy security. https://www.wionews.com/videos/iran-israel-war-us-officials-prepare-for-possible-strike-on-iran-in-coming-days-report-1750335066169/embed Iran-Israel War: US Officials Prepare For Possible Strike On Iran In Coming Days: Report Does Iran really control Strait of Hormuz? The direct answer is, not entirely. But Iran's geographic position is along the northern coast of the Strait of Hormuz. This helps Iran exert influence on the strait. Technically, Iran can block traffic along the strait, as its narrowest point, at 21 nautical miles, is partly within its territorial waters, overlapping with Oman’s to the south. Iranian military presence near the Strait of Hormuz In theory, at least, Iran can deploy naval mines, launch ballistic and cruise missiles, suicide drones, fast attack boats, as well as Kilo and Ghadir class submarines. While it has not entirely used its military muscle in the strait, it has often threatened to do so. Iranian military's presence in the nearby strategic islands such as Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, and Abu Musa emboldens it to disrupt shipping along the Strait of Hormuz. Has Iran ever fully closed Strait of Hormuz? No, because it's against global law on 'innocent passage', specifically the international maritime law, formally known as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS. Iran has ratified the 1982 convention, though it has not signed the treaty. Besides, Oman has control over the southern coast of the strait, which limits Iran’s ability to exert any unilateral control over the strait. Iran's threats to close or block Strait of Hormuz are not new: Past actions Even so, Iran has quite often resorted to threatening the global community with closure or blocking of the Strait of Hormuz. The threats, which are being made amid the the ongoing war with Israel, happened in 2011, 2012, 2018 and 2019 too, at the height of tensions with the US, Israel, or as a response to international sanctions. Iran conducted mine attacks on oil tankers and seized some vessels in 2019. In April 2024, it seized a container ship amid the Israel-Hamas War in Gaza. Will the Tanker War of the 1980s repeat? But the first major disruption of the Strait of Hormuz occurred during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988. At the time, Iran conducted attacks on neutral oil tankers, disrupting traffic, though not entirely stopping it. If push comes to shove, Iran can try to hit the strait using its military capabilities around the area. But it is likely going to be one of its last options.

After the Israeli bombing that started on June 13, several Iranian politicians have suggested that the Strait of Hormuz should be closed. Can Iran really close the Strait?&nbsp;

Where is Strait of Hormuz? Can Iran really close it as some officials threatened amid war with Israel?

The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), in a recent report, advised the Indian government to review its energy risk scenarios, diversify crude oil sourcing, and ensure adequate strategic oil reserves amid the escalating tensions between Israel and Iran.&nbsp;Although India is not directly involved in the Israel-Iran conflict, the think tank has warned that the country cannot afford complacency given the country's high dependence on energy imports and West Asia trade routes. It has further urged the government to ensure the country has sufficient oil reserves, "India, though not a party to the conflict, cannot afford complacency. The government must urgently review energy risk scenarios, diversify crude sourcing, and ensure strategic reserves are sufficient", it stated.&nbsp;<h2>India’s Energy Dependence</h2>&nbsp;India imports over 80 per cent of its energy needs. Additionally, two-thirds of its crude oil and half of its liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports go through the Strait of Hormuz. This critical chokepoint, which has the width of only 21 miles at its narrowest, is responsible for nearly one-fifth of the world’s oil trade. With Iran now threatening to block the Strait, India's energy security is under serious threat.&nbsp;GTRI has also highlighted that about 30 per cent of India’s westbound exports to Europe, North Africa, and the U.S. East Coast also pass through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which is now at risk following the ongoing conflict. Any disruption on this route, would result in ships rerouting around the Cape of Good Hope, adding at least two extra weeks to transit times and potentially increasing freight costs. This could also affect the exports of engineering goods, textiles, and chemicals, and raise costs of vital imports.&nbsp;<h2>Economic Impacts: Inflation and Fiscal Strain</h2> Disruptions in the oil supply routes could potentially result in a sharp rise in oil prices, insurance premiums, and shipping charges. GTRI warned that this rise may lead to fuel inflation, further weakening the rupee, and additionally putting straining on government’s financial planning.&nbsp;The situation is concerning for India since it has significant trade links with both of the two nations. In FY25, India exported goods worth about $1.24 billion to Iran and imported $441.9 million. As far as trade with Israel is concerned, it included about $2.15 billion in exports and $1.61 billion in imports. While these figures are significant, the broader concern lies in India's reliance on West Asia for energy.&nbsp;On June 13, Israel launched it's offensive 'Operation Rising Lion,' which involved over 200 aircraft and drones targeting the Iranian military and nuclear facilities. In retaliation, Iran fired more than 150 ballistic missiles and drones at Israeli cities, including capital Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Diplomatic talks between the U.S. and Iran have since collapsed, putting additional pressure on &nbsp;the regional financial markets&nbsp;

Although India is not directly involved in the Israel-Iran conflict, the think tank has warned that the country cannot afford complacency given the it's high dependence on energy imports and West Asia trade routes.

The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), in a recent report, advised the Indian government to review its energy risk scenarios, diversify crude oil sourcing, and ensure adequate strategic oil reserves amid the escalating tensions between Israel and Iran. Although India is not directly involved in the Israel-Iran conflict, the think tank has warned that the country cannot afford complacency given the country's high dependence on energy imports and West Asia trade routes. It has further urged the government to ensure the country has sufficient oil reserves, "India, though not a party to the conflict, cannot afford complacency. The government must urgently review energy risk scenarios, diversify crude sourcing, and ensure strategic reserves are sufficient", it stated. India’s Energy Dependence India imports over 80 per cent of its energy needs. Additionally, two-thirds of its crude oil and half of its liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports go through the Strait of Hormuz. This critical chokepoint, which has the width of only 21 miles at its narrowest, is responsible for nearly one-fifth of the world’s oil trade. With Iran now threatening to block the Strait, India's energy security is under serious threat. GTRI has also highlighted that about 30 per cent of India’s westbound exports to Europe, North Africa, and the U.S. East Coast also pass through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which is now at risk following the ongoing conflict. Any disruption on this route, would result in ships rerouting around the Cape of Good Hope, adding at least two extra weeks to transit times and potentially increasing freight costs. This could also affect the exports of engineering goods, textiles, and chemicals, and raise costs of vital imports. Economic Impacts: Inflation and Fiscal Strain Disruptions in the oil supply routes could potentially result in a sharp rise in oil prices, insurance premiums, and shipping charges. GTRI warned that this rise may lead to fuel inflation, further weakening the rupee, and additionally putting straining on government’s financial planning. The situation is concerning for India since it has significant trade links with both of the two nations. In FY25, India exported goods worth about $1.24 billion to Iran and imported $441.9 million. As far as trade with Israel is concerned, it included about $2.15 billion in exports and $1.61 billion in imports. While these figures are significant, the broader concern lies in India's reliance on West Asia for energy. On June 13, Israel launched it's offensive 'Operation Rising Lion,' which involved over 200 aircraft and drones targeting the Iranian military and nuclear facilities. In retaliation, Iran fired more than 150 ballistic missiles and drones at Israeli cities, including capital Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Diplomatic talks between the U.S. and Iran have since collapsed, putting additional pressure on the regional financial markets

Although India is not directly involved in the Israel-Iran conflict, the think tank has warned that the country cannot afford complacency given the it's high dependence on energy imports and West Asia trade routes.

Why India should be concerned: Rising Israel-Iran tensions threaten energy security and trade, warns GTRI

Iran, in a statement issued on Monday (September 30), said that it will not deploy forces to Lebanon or Gaza to confront Israel. However, Iranian hardliners are dissatisfied with President Masoud Pezeshkian's government for its lenient approach following the death of Hezbollah chief Nasrallah, and they are demanding drastic measures from the government.

Iran, in a statement issued on Monday (September 30), said that it will not deploy forces to Lebanon or Gaza to confront Israel. However, Iranian hardliners are dissatisfied with President Masoud Pezeshkian's government for its lenient approach following the death of Hezbollah chief Nasrallah, and they are demanding drastic measures from the government. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who has the final say in all state matters, vowed that Nasrallah's death "will not be in vain" and urged “all Muslims to stand with the people of Lebanon and the honourable Hezbollah,” but he did not call for any direct retaliation. This has disappointed many in the hardline camp, who were expecting a stronger response. Also read: Hamas confirms top leader Sharif Abu al-Amine killed in IDF strike in Lebanon Hardliners push for nuclear weapons development Some are now advocating for the country to develop nuclear weapons. University professor Sohrab Salehi posted on X, stating, “Iran burned its cards in the past. Now the only available card is the Atom Bomb. This is the only way to bring the West to negotiations.” Calls to block the Strait of Hormuz According to reports by Iran International, extremists, including supporters of ultra-hardliners such as former nuclear negotiator Saeed Jalili, are questioning why Iran has not followed Yemen's example, which controls the Bab al-Mandab Strait, a key oil route. Iran’s ultra-hardliners suggest that closing the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial channel for global oil shipments, could serve as a warning to Israel and its Western allies. Also read: ‘Terrorism has no place in our world,’ PM Narendra Modi speaks to Netanyahu One social media post translated to English asked, “Why can Yemen block the main passageway of oil [in the Bab al-Mandab Strait], but we are not doing the same in the Strait of Hormuz?” However, such an action could provoke a military confrontation with the United States and other regional naval forces. In a statement on Monday (September 29), the United States highlighted its readiness to deploy forces in the Middle East at short notice if necessary. “The United States retains the capability to deploy forces on short notice,” the US Defense Department (DOD) said. "The United States is determined to prevent Iran and Iranian-backed partners and proxies from exploiting the situation or expanding the conflict," it added. (With inputs from agencies)

West Asia crisis: Iranian hardliners say atom bomb ‘only available card’ amid rising tensions

Iran's Revolutionary Guards seized an Israeli-linked cargo ship in the Strait of Hormuz on Saturday (April 13), as reported by the Iranian state-run IRNA news agency.

IRNA reported that a Guards helicopter had boarded and taken into Iranian waters the Portuguese-flagged MSC Aries.

Shipping security agencies had earlier reported a vessel being boarded and seized by "regional authorities" in the Hormuz Strait between the United Arab Emirates and Iran.

The UK Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) pinpointed the seizure location 50 nautical miles northeast of Fujairah, a key port city in the UAE bordering the Strait. While details remain unclear, a British maritime security firm, Ambrey, confirmed a "boarding" incident at the same location.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/middle-east-crisis-us-expects-iran-to-attack-israel-soon-biden-warns-tehran-not-to-proceed-710687">US expects Iran to attack Israel soon, warns Tehran not to proceed</a>

Marine tracking sites said the vessel was the MSC Aries of Zodiac Maritime, an international shipping company partly owned by Israeli businessman Eyal Ofer.

Iranian authorities did not immediately issue any public statement on the incident.

A US defence official said, "We are aware of the situation reported by UKMTO and we are monitoring it" but would not confirm or deny the name of the vessel when asked if it was the MSC Aries.

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UKMTO WARNING INCIDENT 063 BOARDING UPDATE 
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The naval head of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Alireza Tangsiri said on Tuesday that it could close the Strait of Hormuz if deemed necessary.

He said Iran viewed as a threat Israel's presence in the UAE, with which Israel established diplomatic relations in 2020 as part of the 'Abraham Accords' mediated by the United States.

Tangsiri's statement came&nbsp;amidst escalating tensions in the region. Since Israel-Gaza war began in October, clashes between Israel and US on one side, and Iranian-backed groups in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen on the other, have become increasingly frequent.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/india-news/middle-east-crisis-list-of-countries-that-have-issued-advisory-against-travel-to-israel-palestine-lebanon-710679">Middle East crisis: List of countries that have issued advisory against travel to Israel, Palestine &amp; Iran</a>

Iran has threatened to retaliate for suspected Israeli airstrikes on its consulate in Syria's capital Damascus on April 1.

US President Joe Biden said on Friday he expected Iran to attack Israel sooner, rather than later and warned Tehran not to proceed.

For months, Yemen's Houthi rebels, backed by Iran, have been disrupting global trade by attacking ships in the Red Sea.&nbsp;

They claim these attacks target vessels linked to Israel in retaliation for its Gaza campaign. In response to these disruptions, the United States and Britain have launched airstrikes against Houthi targets.

(With inputs from agencies)

Iran's Revolutionary Guards seized an Israeli-linked cargo ship in the Strait of Hormuz on Saturday (April 13), as reported by the Iranian state-run IRNA news agency.

Iran's Revolutionary Guards seized an Israeli-linked cargo ship in the Strait of Hormuz on Saturday (April 13), as reported by the Iranian state-run IRNA news agency. IRNA reported that a Guards helicopter had boarded and taken into Iranian waters the Portuguese-flagged MSC Aries. Shipping security agencies had earlier reported a vessel being boarded and seized by "regional authorities" in the Hormuz Strait between the United Arab Emirates and Iran. The UK Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) pinpointed the seizure location 50 nautical miles northeast of Fujairah, a key port city in the UAE bordering the Strait. While details remain unclear, a British maritime security firm, Ambrey, confirmed a "boarding" incident at the same location. Also read: US expects Iran to attack Israel soon, warns Tehran not to proceed Marine tracking sites said the vessel was the MSC Aries of Zodiac Maritime, an international shipping company partly owned by Israeli businessman Eyal Ofer. Iranian authorities did not immediately issue any public statement on the incident. A US defence official said, "We are aware of the situation reported by UKMTO and we are monitoring it" but would not confirm or deny the name of the vessel when asked if it was the MSC Aries. UKMTO WARNING INCIDENT 063 BOARDING UPDATE 001https://t.co/6mNrG6W5iO#MaritimeSecurity #MarSec pic.twitter.com/BXD73sutrP — United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) (@UK_MTO) April 13, 2024 × The naval head of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Alireza Tangsiri said on Tuesday that it could close the Strait of Hormuz if deemed necessary. He said Iran viewed as a threat Israel's presence in the UAE, with which Israel established diplomatic relations in 2020 as part of the 'Abraham Accords' mediated by the United States. Tangsiri's statement came amidst escalating tensions in the region. Since Israel-Gaza war began in October, clashes between Israel and US on one side, and Iranian-backed groups in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen on the other, have become increasingly frequent. Also read | Middle East crisis: List of countries that have issued advisory against travel to Israel, Palestine & Iran Iran has threatened to retaliate for suspected Israeli airstrikes on its consulate in Syria's capital Damascus on April 1. US President Joe Biden said on Friday he expected Iran to attack Israel sooner, rather than later and warned Tehran not to proceed. For months, Yemen's Houthi rebels, backed by Iran, have been disrupting global trade by attacking ships in the Red Sea. They claim these attacks target vessels linked to Israel in retaliation for its Gaza campaign. In response to these disruptions, the United States and Britain have launched airstrikes against Houthi targets. (With inputs from agencies)

Iran seizes Israel-linked ship MCS ARIES near Strait of Hormuz

The US may soon deploy armed sailors and Marines on commercial ships travelling the Strait of Hormuz near Iran, a Reuters report said citing two US officials on Thursday (August 3). This step is being taken after alleged ship-hijacking attempts by Iran in the international waters. Last month, the Pentagon sent F-35 and F-16 fighter jets in addition to a warship to West Asia in order to monitor key waterways in the region. This followed Iran's seizure of commercial shipping vessels.

Reuters cited an official who spoke on the condition on anonymity that US military has already been training some Marines in West Asia to be on the vessels.

However, the official reportedly said that it would ultimately be up to commercial vessels whether to request troops for parts of a journey that were particularly dangerous in the Strait of Hormuz.

In July, the US Navy had said it carried out intervention to prevent Iran from seizing two commercial tankers in the Gulf of Oman.

Since 2019, there have been a series of attacks on shipping in strategic Gulf waters amid continuing tensions between the United States and Iran.

About a fifth of the world's crude oil and oil products pass through the Strait of Hormuz.

With the 2015 Iran nuclear deal effectively dead, Iran's relations with the West have deteriorated over the past year, leading Washington and its allies to look for ways to de-escalate tensions and a way to revive some kind of nuclear limits.

(With inputs from agencies)

You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us <a href="https://www.wionews.com/content-contribution-registration-form">here</a>.

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The US may soon deploy armed sailors and Marines on commercial ships travelling the Strait of Hormuz near Iran, a Reuters report said citing two US officials on Thursday (August 3).

The US may soon deploy armed sailors and Marines on commercial ships travelling the Strait of Hormuz near Iran, a Reuters report said citing two US officials on Thursday (August 3). This step is being taken after alleged ship-hijacking attempts by Iran in the international waters. Last month, the Pentagon sent F-35 and F-16 fighter jets in addition to a warship to West Asia in order to monitor key waterways in the region. This followed Iran's seizure of commercial shipping vessels. Reuters cited an official who spoke on the condition on anonymity that US military has already been training some Marines in West Asia to be on the vessels. However, the official reportedly said that it would ultimately be up to commercial vessels whether to request troops for parts of a journey that were particularly dangerous in the Strait of Hormuz. In July, the US Navy had said it carried out intervention to prevent Iran from seizing two commercial tankers in the Gulf of Oman. Since 2019, there have been a series of attacks on shipping in strategic Gulf waters amid continuing tensions between the United States and Iran. About a fifth of the world's crude oil and oil products pass through the Strait of Hormuz. With the 2015 Iran nuclear deal effectively dead, Iran's relations with the West have deteriorated over the past year, leading Washington and its allies to look for ways to de-escalate tensions and a way to revive some kind of nuclear limits. (With inputs from agencies) You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

US may deploy Marines on commercial vessels in Strait of Hormuz to safeguard against Iran

Amid tensions with Iran, the United States Navy has announced to deploy a fleet of unmanned drones to the Gulf region to patrol vast swaths of the region’s waters and improve deterrence against attacks.

The region is essential for global trade, especially oil supplies that flow out of the Gulf via the Strait of Hormuz.

Vice Admiral Brad Cooper, who leads the Bahrain-based 5th Fleet said that 100 unmanned drones, both sailing and submersible, would be launched with allied nations.

He expects the latest deployment to dramatically multiply the surveillance capacities of the US Navy, enabling it to keep a close eye on waters critical to the flow of global oil and shipping.

“By using unmanned systems, we can just simply see more. They’re high-reliability and remove the human factor,” Vice Admiral Cooper told Associated Press on the sidelines of the Unmanned System Exhibition and Conference in Abu Dhabi.

Cooper hopes that the drone force, using artificial intelligence, would be operational by the summer of 2023 to put more “eyes and ears on the water.”

The 5th Fleet includes the crucial Strait of Hormuz, through which 20 per cent of all oil passes. It also stretches as far as the Red Sea reaches near the Suez Canal, the waterway in Egypt linking the Middle East to the Mediterranean, and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait off Yemen.

“It’s been well-established that Iran is the No 1 in the primary regional threat we are addressing,” Cooper said.

There have been high-seas confrontations between US and Iranian forces with attacks on oil tankers in Gulf waters in 2019. Iran denied accusations of carrying out the attacks.

(With inputs from agencies)

Amid tensions with Iran, the United States Navy has announced to deploy a fleet of unmanned drones to the Gulf region to patrol vast swaths of the region’s waters and improve deterrence against attacks.

Amid tensions with Iran, the United States Navy has announced to deploy a fleet of unmanned drones to the Gulf region to patrol vast swaths of the region’s waters and improve deterrence against attacks. The region is essential for global trade, especially oil supplies that flow out of the Gulf via the Strait of Hormuz. Vice Admiral Brad Cooper, who leads the Bahrain-based 5th Fleet said that 100 unmanned drones, both sailing and submersible, would be launched with allied nations. He expects the latest deployment to dramatically multiply the surveillance capacities of the US Navy, enabling it to keep a close eye on waters critical to the flow of global oil and shipping. “By using unmanned systems, we can just simply see more. They’re high-reliability and remove the human factor,” Vice Admiral Cooper told Associated Press on the sidelines of the Unmanned System Exhibition and Conference in Abu Dhabi. Cooper hopes that the drone force, using artificial intelligence, would be operational by the summer of 2023 to put more “eyes and ears on the water.” The 5th Fleet includes the crucial Strait of Hormuz, through which 20 per cent of all oil passes. It also stretches as far as the Red Sea reaches near the Suez Canal, the waterway in Egypt linking the Middle East to the Mediterranean, and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait off Yemen. “It’s been well-established that Iran is the No 1 in the primary regional threat we are addressing,” Cooper said. There have been high-seas confrontations between US and Iranian forces with attacks on oil tankers in Gulf waters in 2019. Iran denied accusations of carrying out the attacks. (With inputs from agencies)

Amid tensions with Iran, US Navy plans to deploy Middle East drone force

Iran's military on Sunday launched a major military exercise in the Gulf of Oman, reports said.

The drills named “Zolfaqar-1400” come just days ahead of the nuclear talks with western powers which is set to begin on November 29.

The exercise reportedly involves Iran's Army, Navy, Air Force including its air defence forces and Army ground forces.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/iran-warns-nuclear-talks-would-fail-unless-biden-provides-guarantees-426395">Also Read:&nbsp;Iran warns nuclear talks would fail unless Biden provides guarantees</a>

Iran's army said homegrown drones &nbsp;Ababil-3, Yasir, Sadeq, Mohajer-4 will also be part of the exercise. The drills will be carried out over a wide area stretching from the Strait of Hormuz to the northern part of the Indian Ocean.

Reports said Iran will also be using reconnaissance and combat drones&nbsp;as its air defence units will target mock targets.

Iran's latest move comes as nuclear talks are set to begin after a five-month gap to revive the 2015 nuclear deal even as Raisi's regime seeks complete lifting of US sanctions imposed by the former Trump administration.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/us-slaps-sanctions-on-iran-drone-programme-ahead-of-nuclear-talks-425096">Also Read:&nbsp;US slaps sanctions on Iran drone programme ahead of nuclear talks</a>

President Ebrahim Raisi had earlier asserted that although the country won't leave the negotiating table but it will also "not retreat".

President Trump had pulled the United States out of the nuclear deal with Iran and had reimposed sanctions on the country's oil and financial sectors as the country restarted its nuclear programme.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/ahead-of-talks-with-eu-on-nuclear-deal-iran-tests-anti-missile-defences-420489">Also Read:&nbsp;Ahead of talks with EU on nuclear deal, Iran tests anti-missile defences</a>

Hassan Salami, the commander of the Revolutionary Guards in a defiant message recently claimed that the country had emerged stronger despite US "policies and strategies".

(With inputs from Agencies)

Iran's military on Sunday launched a major military exercise in the Gulf of Oman, reports said. The drills named “Zolfaqar-1400” come just days ahead of the nuclear talks with western powers which is set to begin on November 29.

Iran's military on Sunday launched a major military exercise in the Gulf of Oman, reports said. The drills named “Zolfaqar-1400” come just days ahead of the nuclear talks with western powers which is set to begin on November 29. The exercise reportedly involves Iran's Army, Navy, Air Force including its air defence forces and Army ground forces. Also Read: Iran warns nuclear talks would fail unless Biden provides guarantees Iran's army said homegrown drones Ababil-3, Yasir, Sadeq, Mohajer-4 will also be part of the exercise. The drills will be carried out over a wide area stretching from the Strait of Hormuz to the northern part of the Indian Ocean. Reports said Iran will also be using reconnaissance and combat drones as its air defence units will target mock targets. Iran's latest move comes as nuclear talks are set to begin after a five-month gap to revive the 2015 nuclear deal even as Raisi's regime seeks complete lifting of US sanctions imposed by the former Trump administration. Also Read: US slaps sanctions on Iran drone programme ahead of nuclear talks President Ebrahim Raisi had earlier asserted that although the country won't leave the negotiating table but it will also "not retreat". President Trump had pulled the United States out of the nuclear deal with Iran and had reimposed sanctions on the country's oil and financial sectors as the country restarted its nuclear programme. Also Read: Ahead of talks with EU on nuclear deal, Iran tests anti-missile defences Hassan Salami, the commander of the Revolutionary Guards in a defiant message recently claimed that the country had emerged stronger despite US "policies and strategies". (With inputs from Agencies)

Ahead of nuclear talks, Iran conducts military exercise

The Iranian navy began a three-day exercise in the Sea of Oman near the strategic Strait of Hormuz on Thursday, deploying an array of warships, drones and missiles.

One of the exercise's objectives is to devise "tactical offensive and defensive strategies for safeguarding the country's territorial waters and shipping lanes," the military said on its website.

The navy will test-fire surface-to-surface and shore-to-sea cruise missiles and torpedoes, and rocket-launching systems fitted on warships, submarines, aircraft and drones, it added.

Dubbed "Zolfaghar 99", the exercise will be held over two million square kilometres (772,000 square miles) of sea stretching from the northern part of the Indian Ocean to the eastern end of the Strait of Hormuz, the sensitive shipping lane from the Gulf through which a fifth of world oil output passes.

The exercise's spokesman, Commodore Shahram Irani, said that foreign aircraft, especially US drones, had been warned to steer clear of the area.

"We saw focused activities by American UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) to gather information" on the exercise, he told the armed forces' website, adding that the US aircraft had since left the area.

In July, Iran's ideological force, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, blasted a mock-up of a US aircraft carrier with missiles during an exercise near the Strait of Hormuz.

The US Navy condemned those manoeuvres as "irresponsible and reckless", and an attempt "to intimidate and coerce".

Tensions between Iran and the United States have soared since President Donald Trump withdrew from a landmark nuclear agreement with Tehran in 2018 and unilaterally reimposed crippling economic sanctions.

Their animosity deepened after a US drone strike killed top Iranian general Qasem Soleimani outside Baghdad airport in January, prompting Iran to retaliate with missile strikes against bases used by the US military in neighbouring Iraq.

The Iranian navy began a three-day exercise in the Sea of Oman near the strategic Strait of Hormuz on Thursday, deploying an array of warships, drones and missiles.

The Iranian navy began a three-day exercise in the Sea of Oman near the strategic Strait of Hormuz on Thursday, deploying an array of warships, drones and missiles. One of the exercise's objectives is to devise "tactical offensive and defensive strategies for safeguarding the country's territorial waters and shipping lanes," the military said on its website. The navy will test-fire surface-to-surface and shore-to-sea cruise missiles and torpedoes, and rocket-launching systems fitted on warships, submarines, aircraft and drones, it added. Dubbed "Zolfaghar 99", the exercise will be held over two million square kilometres (772,000 square miles) of sea stretching from the northern part of the Indian Ocean to the eastern end of the Strait of Hormuz, the sensitive shipping lane from the Gulf through which a fifth of world oil output passes. The exercise's spokesman, Commodore Shahram Irani, said that foreign aircraft, especially US drones, had been warned to steer clear of the area. "We saw focused activities by American UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) to gather information" on the exercise, he told the armed forces' website, adding that the US aircraft had since left the area. In July, Iran's ideological force, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, blasted a mock-up of a US aircraft carrier with missiles during an exercise near the Strait of Hormuz. The US Navy condemned those manoeuvres as "irresponsible and reckless", and an attempt "to intimidate and coerce". Tensions between Iran and the United States have soared since President Donald Trump withdrew from a landmark nuclear agreement with Tehran in 2018 and unilaterally reimposed crippling economic sanctions. Their animosity deepened after a US drone strike killed top Iranian general Qasem Soleimani outside Baghdad airport in January, prompting Iran to retaliate with missile strikes against bases used by the US military in neighbouring Iraq.

Iran holds naval exercise near sensitive Strait of Hormuz

Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps held “large-scale” military drills off the Strait of Hormuz on Tuesday

Iran guard corps holds Military drills at Strait of Hormuz

Tehran, which opposes the presence of U.S. and Western navies in the Gulf, frequently holds naval war games in the strategic Strait

Iran moves mock aircraft carrier to sea amid high tensions with US

United States Navy on Tuesday described Iran military exercise in Gulf 'irresponsible and reckless'. The exercises -- dubbed "Prophet Mohammed 14th" -- were held near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping lane for a fifth of global oil output.

United States Navy on Tuesday described Iran military exercise in Gulf 'irresponsible and reckless'. The exercises -- dubbed "Prophet Mohammed 14th" -- were held near the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping lane for a fifth of global oil output. The exercises were staged amid heightened tensions between Iran and its decades-old arch enemy the United States. Footage of the war games broadcast on state television showed the Guards' air and naval forces readying for an attack off the country's southwest coast. Speedboats skimmed across the water in formation before ground forces fired cannons and a missile was launched from a helicopter. Iran's Revolutionary Guards also blasted a mock-up of a US aircraft carrier with missiles, state television said. The mock-up of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier came into view with rows of dummy fighter jets on either side of its landing strip. The television then cut to rockets being fired out to sea from the backs of trucks, before showing damage to the hull of the mock-up aircraft carrier. Another missile fired from a helicopter left a trail of smoke before appearing to smash into the side of the fake warship. "What was shown today in these exercises, at the level of aerospace and naval forces, was all offensive," Guards commander Major General Hossein Salami told state television. (With inputs from AFP)

Iran military exercise in Gulf 'irresponsible and reckless', says US navy

By Rockford Weitz

Soaring tensions between Iran and the United States have reignited fears that the Strait of Hormuz could become a flashpoint as Tehran responds to the killing of its top general.

Oil prices climbed on news of the fatal airstrike, reflecting concern that any fallout could disrupt shipping in the narrow seaway through which 21 per cent of the world’s crude oil passes.

Meanwhile, the US Maritime Administration issued an alert over potential Iranian action against “Maritime interests in the region” and the UK announced that the Royal Navy would resume escorting vessels through the Strait of Hormuz as a precaution.

As a researcher who studies strategic maritime chokepoints like this one in the Middle East, I have seen how past skirmishes in this waterway have fit into Iran’s use of hybrid warfare – unconventional tactics that achieve strategic goals without triggering conventional military retaliation. In fact, Iranian leaders will likely feel tremendous political pressure to ratchet up maritime hybrid warfare in response to the drone strike that killed the general.

A 21-mile-wide waterway

This 21-mile-wide channel connects the Indian Ocean with the Gulf. For all of recorded history, it has connected Arab and Persian civilisations with the Indian subcontinent and Pacific Asia. For example, before the rise of European seaborne empires in the 15th and 16th centuries, porcelain from China and spices from the Indochina peninsula often passed through the strait on the way to Central Asia and Europe.

Today the Strait of Hormuz separates Iran from the countries of Oman and the United Arab Emirates, which have strong military ties with the United States.

All shipping traffic from energy-rich Gulf countries converges in the strait, including crude oil and liquefied natural gas exports from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

This maritime chokepoint became an arena of conflict during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s. Each side in the so-called “Tanker War” tried to sink the other’s energy exports. To avoid being targeted, Kuwaiti oil tankers were reflagged under the US&nbsp;shipping registry, obscuring their true ownership. Although crude oil continued to flow, marine insurance rates for vessels operating in the strait spiked by as much as 400 per cent.

Why is the strait a concern now? 
 
The US killing of General Qasem Soleimani has sparked fears that Iran could take action in the Strait of Hormuz as part of a retaliatory move – as they have threatened before.

Recent tensions in the Strait of Hormuz arose after the Trump administration’s decision to leave the Iran nuclear deal in May 2018. When Iran struck that accord in 2015 with the US, UK, Russia, France, China, Germany and the European Union, it agreed to restrict its nuclear development in exchange for lifting economic sanctions against it.

By July 2018, Iran had threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz to retaliate against the ratcheting up of US&nbsp;sanctions against it.

By engaging in hybrid warfare, Iran appeared to be disrupting trade flows through the Strait, raising diplomatic stakes in the process.

Notably, in June 2019 attacks on Japanese and Norwegian-owned oil tankers coincided with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit to Tehran. Iran denied any involvement, but the US&nbsp;released video footage it said showed Iranian special forces removing an unexploded mine from one of the tanker’s hulls. If Iran was behind the attacks, it could have been a signal to Japan and China that they need to pressure the Trump administration to ease its sanctions against Iran – or risk disruptions to vital oil and gas exports to Asia transiting the Strait of Hormuz.

Could Iran close the strait?

In my view, Iran would certainly have trouble stopping all shipping through the Strait of Hormuz. Modern cargo vessels are massive and difficult to disable. Unlike in the 1980s, most oil tankers now have double hulls, making them harder to sink. Furthermore, earlier this year the US assembled a multinational coalition to monitor and respond to threats to commercial shipping in the strait.

Iran will also be wary of the impact that closing the Strait of Hormuz could have on its relations with important economic partners, such as China. It is estimated that 76 per cent of crude oil passing through the waterway is destined for Asian markets, with China, India, Japan, South Korea and Singapore among the largest markets.

In the past both the US and Iran have pivoted back to diplomatic solutions when tensions have become too high, suggesting that neither side wants to see the conflict escalate from hybrid warfare into a full-blown war.

 
(Rockford Weitz is Professor of Practice &amp; Director, Fletcher Maritime Studies Program, The Fletcher School, Tufts University) 
 
(This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/could-iran-us-tensions-mean-troubled-waters-ahead-in-the-strait-of-hormuz-129508">original article</a>)

(Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL)&nbsp;

 
&nbsp;

By Rockford Weitz Soaring tensions between Iran and the United States have reignited fears that the Strait of Hormuz could become a flashpoint as Tehran responds to the killing of its top general.

By Rockford Weitz Soaring tensions between Iran and the United States have reignited fears that the Strait of Hormuz could become a flashpoint as Tehran responds to the killing of its top general. Oil prices climbed on news of the fatal airstrike, reflecting concern that any fallout could disrupt shipping in the narrow seaway through which 21 per cent of the world’s crude oil passes. Meanwhile, the US Maritime Administration issued an alert over potential Iranian action against “Maritime interests in the region” and the UK announced that the Royal Navy would resume escorting vessels through the Strait of Hormuz as a precaution. As a researcher who studies strategic maritime chokepoints like this one in the Middle East, I have seen how past skirmishes in this waterway have fit into Iran’s use of hybrid warfare – unconventional tactics that achieve strategic goals without triggering conventional military retaliation. In fact, Iranian leaders will likely feel tremendous political pressure to ratchet up maritime hybrid warfare in response to the drone strike that killed the general. A 21-mile-wide waterway This 21-mile-wide channel connects the Indian Ocean with the Gulf. For all of recorded history, it has connected Arab and Persian civilisations with the Indian subcontinent and Pacific Asia. For example, before the rise of European seaborne empires in the 15th and 16th centuries, porcelain from China and spices from the Indochina peninsula often passed through the strait on the way to Central Asia and Europe. Today the Strait of Hormuz separates Iran from the countries of Oman and the United Arab Emirates, which have strong military ties with the United States. All shipping traffic from energy-rich Gulf countries converges in the strait, including crude oil and liquefied natural gas exports from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This maritime chokepoint became an arena of conflict during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s. Each side in the so-called “Tanker War” tried to sink the other’s energy exports. To avoid being targeted, Kuwaiti oil tankers were reflagged under the US shipping registry, obscuring their true ownership. Although crude oil continued to flow, marine insurance rates for vessels operating in the strait spiked by as much as 400 per cent. Why is the strait a concern now? The US killing of General Qasem Soleimani has sparked fears that Iran could take action in the Strait of Hormuz as part of a retaliatory move – as they have threatened before. Recent tensions in the Strait of Hormuz arose after the Trump administration’s decision to leave the Iran nuclear deal in May 2018. When Iran struck that accord in 2015 with the US, UK, Russia, France, China, Germany and the European Union, it agreed to restrict its nuclear development in exchange for lifting economic sanctions against it. By July 2018, Iran had threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz to retaliate against the ratcheting up of US sanctions against it. By engaging in hybrid warfare, Iran appeared to be disrupting trade flows through the Strait, raising diplomatic stakes in the process. Notably, in June 2019 attacks on Japanese and Norwegian-owned oil tankers coincided with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit to Tehran. Iran denied any involvement, but the US released video footage it said showed Iranian special forces removing an unexploded mine from one of the tanker’s hulls. If Iran was behind the attacks, it could have been a signal to Japan and China that they need to pressure the Trump administration to ease its sanctions against Iran – or risk disruptions to vital oil and gas exports to Asia transiting the Strait of Hormuz. Could Iran close the strait? In my view, Iran would certainly have trouble stopping all shipping through the Strait of Hormuz. Modern cargo vessels are massive and difficult to disable. Unlike in the 1980s, most oil tankers now have double hulls, making them harder to sink. Furthermore, earlier this year the US assembled a multinational coalition to monitor and respond to threats to commercial shipping in the strait. Iran will also be wary of the impact that closing the Strait of Hormuz could have on its relations with important economic partners, such as China. It is estimated that 76 per cent of crude oil passing through the waterway is destined for Asian markets, with China, India, Japan, South Korea and Singapore among the largest markets. In the past both the US and Iran have pivoted back to diplomatic solutions when tensions have become too high, suggesting that neither side wants to see the conflict escalate from hybrid warfare into a full-blown war. (Rockford Weitz is Professor of Practice & Director, Fletcher Maritime Studies Program, The Fletcher School, Tufts University) (This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article) (Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL)

Could Iran-US tensions mean troubled waters ahead in the Strait of Hormuz?

The United Arab Emirates' energy minister said on Wednesday he saw no immediate risk to oil passing through the vital gateway of the Strait of Hormuz after Iran attacked bases housing US&nbsp;forces in Iraq.

Iranian officials have said the missile strikes were a response to Friday's killing of top Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani in Baghdad.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/iran-fires-missiles-at-us-bases-in-iraq-272811">Also Read: Iran fires ballistic missiles at US bases in Iraq</a>

The situation is not a war, and what is happening now should not be exaggerated, Suhail al-Mazrouei said on the sidelines of a conference in Abu Dhabi, capital of the UAE, an OPEC producer.

"We will not see a war," he added. "This is an escalation between the United States, which is an ally, and Iran, which is a neighbour, and the last thing we want is more tension in the Middle East."

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-50-killed-in-stampede-at-iranian-generals-funeral-burial-postponed-272796">Also Read: At least 50 killed in stampede at Iranian general's funeral, burial postponed</a>

Oil prices were about 1% higher on Wednesday, but well below highs hit in a frenetic start to the trading day after the missile attacks raised the spectre of a spiralling conflict and disruption to crude flows.

Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Zanganeh was quoted by the semi-official ISNA news agency as saying on Wednesday that Tehran was benefiting from rising oil prices, and also called on the United States to quit the region.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/all-is-well-so-far-so-good-says-trump-after-irans-missile-strikes-at-us-bases-in-iraq-272818">Also Read: All is well, so far, so good, says Trump after Iran's missile strikes at US bases in Iraq</a>

"The trend of oil prices is up and this benefits Iran ... Americans should stop disturbing the region and let the people of the region live," Zanganeh said.

OPEC's Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo told the conference in Abu Dhabi that oil facilities in Iraq, the second-biggest producer in OPEC, were secured and output was continuing.

He said global spare oil capacity stood at around 3-3.5 million barrels per day (bpd), with the majority held by Saudi Arabia, the top producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Watch:&nbsp;

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/iran-threatens-to-attack-us-allies-272909/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

No supply shortage seen

The UAE's Mazrouei said OPEC would respond to any possible oil shortages if needed, within its "limitations". But he saw no sign of a supply shortage, with healthy demand and global oil inventories hovering around the 5-year average.

"We are not forecasting any shortage of supply unless there is a catastrophic escalation, which we don't see," he said.

Barkindo said he was confident that leaders in the Middle East were doing everything possible to restore normal conditions.

The region was shaken last year by attacks on oil tankers near the Strait of Hormuz and an assault on Saudi energy plants that initially halved the kingdom's crude output.

Washington and Riyadh blamed their common foe Iran, also an OPEC member, for those strikes, a charge Tehran denied.

Barkindo said the forecast for global demand growth was around 1 million BPD, adding this was "not robust and not alarming".

Asked what message he would send to U.S. President Donald Trump, Barkindo told the gathering that the United States' emergence as a leading oil and gas producer should carry shared responsibility for energy market stability.

"The continued task of the OPEC+ to maintain stable oil markets on a sustainable basis is a shared responsibility of all producers including the US," Barkindo said.

"OPEC alone can't shoulder that responsibility. We invite the United States to join us in this noble objective," he added.

OPEC and its allies, a grouping is known as OPEC+, has been capping production since 2017 to avert oversupply and support prices. The US is not part of this oil supply management agreement.

The United Arab Emirates' energy minister said on Wednesday he saw no immediate risk to oil passing through the vital gateway of the Strait of Hormuz after Iran attacked bases housing US forces in Iraq.

The United Arab Emirates' energy minister said on Wednesday he saw no immediate risk to oil passing through the vital gateway of the Strait of Hormuz after Iran attacked bases housing US forces in Iraq. Iranian officials have said the missile strikes were a response to Friday's killing of top Iranian commander Qassem Soleimani in Baghdad. Also Read: Iran fires ballistic missiles at US bases in Iraq The situation is not a war, and what is happening now should not be exaggerated, Suhail al-Mazrouei said on the sidelines of a conference in Abu Dhabi, capital of the UAE, an OPEC producer. "We will not see a war," he added. "This is an escalation between the United States, which is an ally, and Iran, which is a neighbour, and the last thing we want is more tension in the Middle East." Also Read: At least 50 killed in stampede at Iranian general's funeral, burial postponed Oil prices were about 1% higher on Wednesday, but well below highs hit in a frenetic start to the trading day after the missile attacks raised the spectre of a spiralling conflict and disruption to crude flows. Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Zanganeh was quoted by the semi-official ISNA news agency as saying on Wednesday that Tehran was benefiting from rising oil prices, and also called on the United States to quit the region. Also Read: All is well, so far, so good, says Trump after Iran's missile strikes at US bases in Iraq "The trend of oil prices is up and this benefits Iran ... Americans should stop disturbing the region and let the people of the region live," Zanganeh said. OPEC's Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo told the conference in Abu Dhabi that oil facilities in Iraq, the second-biggest producer in OPEC, were secured and output was continuing. He said global spare oil capacity stood at around 3-3.5 million barrels per day (bpd), with the majority held by Saudi Arabia, the top producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Watch: No supply shortage seen The UAE's Mazrouei said OPEC would respond to any possible oil shortages if needed, within its "limitations". But he saw no sign of a supply shortage, with healthy demand and global oil inventories hovering around the 5-year average. "We are not forecasting any shortage of supply unless there is a catastrophic escalation, which we don't see," he said. Barkindo said he was confident that leaders in the Middle East were doing everything possible to restore normal conditions. The region was shaken last year by attacks on oil tankers near the Strait of Hormuz and an assault on Saudi energy plants that initially halved the kingdom's crude output. Washington and Riyadh blamed their common foe Iran, also an OPEC member, for those strikes, a charge Tehran denied. Barkindo said the forecast for global demand growth was around 1 million BPD, adding this was "not robust and not alarming". Asked what message he would send to U.S. President Donald Trump, Barkindo told the gathering that the United States' emergence as a leading oil and gas producer should carry shared responsibility for energy market stability. "The continued task of the OPEC+ to maintain stable oil markets on a sustainable basis is a shared responsibility of all producers including the US," Barkindo said. "OPEC alone can't shoulder that responsibility. We invite the United States to join us in this noble objective," he added. OPEC and its allies, a grouping is known as OPEC+, has been capping production since 2017 to avert oversupply and support prices. The US is not part of this oil supply management agreement.

United Arab Emirates sees no immediate risk to oil flow through Strait of Hormuz

Japan is set to send a warship and planes&nbsp;to the Middle East to protect its vessels, the government said on Friday.&nbsp;

"Peace and stability in the Middle East is extremely important for the peace and prosperity of the international community including Japan," the country's chief cabinet secretary Yoshihide Suga said

"Also, it is very important to make sure Japan-related ships can sail safely in the Middle East, the world's major source of energy," Suga added.

The government said it would be dispatching a destroyer and two P-3C patrol planes to ensure safe passage for Japanese vessels through the region.

Japan sources nearly 90 per cent of its crude oil imports from the Middle East and the situation in the region remains volatile.&nbsp;

There have been several instances of tanker attacks in the Middle East this year&nbsp;which the US has blamed on Iran.

In September, Iran's Revolutionary Guards had detained the Stena Impero in the Strait of Hormuz waterway for alleged marine violations, two weeks after Britain detained an Iranian tanker off the territory of Gibraltar.&nbsp;

In June, Trump had accused Iran of carrying out twin tanker attacks in the Gulf of Oman, saying the incident had Iran "written all over it."

"Iran did do it," Trump said in an interview.

The US military had released a video that it said showed Iran's Revolutionary Guard (IRGC) removing an unexploded mine from the side of a Japanese-owned oil tanker after attacks on the Kokuka Courageous and the Norwegian-owned Front Altair.

The &nbsp;US military's Central Command also released photographs showing the alleged mine but it was difficult to declassify. Iran denied it had anything to do with the incident.

Sending warships to areas of military tension is a highly sensitive issue in Japan because its pacifist post-World War-II constitution strictly limits the use of force by the military.&nbsp;

PM Abe, however, has gradually expanded Japan's military role in recent years.

The government decision is effective for one year through December 26, 2020. A fresh cabinet approval is necessary to extend the armed force's activities in the Middle East.

Japan is set to send a warship and planes to the Middle East to protect its vessels, the government said on Friday. "Peace and stability in the Middle East is extremely important for the peace and prosperity of the international community including Japan," the country's chief cabinet secretary Yoshihide Suga said "Also, it is very important to make sure Japan-related ships can sail safely in the Middle East, the world's major source of energy," Suga added.

Japan is set to send a warship and planes to the Middle East to protect its vessels, the government said on Friday. "Peace and stability in the Middle East is extremely important for the peace and prosperity of the international community including Japan," the country's chief cabinet secretary Yoshihide Suga said "Also, it is very important to make sure Japan-related ships can sail safely in the Middle East, the world's major source of energy," Suga added. The government said it would be dispatching a destroyer and two P-3C patrol planes to ensure safe passage for Japanese vessels through the region. Japan sources nearly 90 per cent of its crude oil imports from the Middle East and the situation in the region remains volatile. There have been several instances of tanker attacks in the Middle East this year which the US has blamed on Iran. In September, Iran's Revolutionary Guards had detained the Stena Impero in the Strait of Hormuz waterway for alleged marine violations, two weeks after Britain detained an Iranian tanker off the territory of Gibraltar. In June, Trump had accused Iran of carrying out twin tanker attacks in the Gulf of Oman, saying the incident had Iran "written all over it." "Iran did do it," Trump said in an interview. The US military had released a video that it said showed Iran's Revolutionary Guard (IRGC) removing an unexploded mine from the side of a Japanese-owned oil tanker after attacks on the Kokuka Courageous and the Norwegian-owned Front Altair. The US military's Central Command also released photographs showing the alleged mine but it was difficult to declassify. Iran denied it had anything to do with the incident. Sending warships to areas of military tension is a highly sensitive issue in Japan because its pacifist post-World War-II constitution strictly limits the use of force by the military. PM Abe, however, has gradually expanded Japan's military role in recent years. The government decision is effective for one year through December 26, 2020. A fresh cabinet approval is necessary to extend the armed force's activities in the Middle East.

Japan to send warship, planes to Middle East to protect vessels

Iran's President Hassan Rouhani has told India's external affairs minister<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/jaishankar-meets-iranian-president-hassan-rouhani-discusses-progress-in-india-iran-bilateral-ties-269834"> S Jaishankar </a>that Washington's sanctions on the west Asian country are "transient" and the country will "have no choice but to abandon maximum pressure on Iran before or after its presidential elections”.

In a meeting on Monday in Tehran, Hassan Rouhani said despite the "current conditions that the US is imposing unilateral sanctions against other nations", India and Iran "have to attempt to maintain good relations and cooperation".

Iran also shared the proposed Hormuz Peace Endeavour (HOPE) Initiative which aims to provide free maritime navigation in the Strait of Hormuz. The idea was shared by the Iranian President from the annual United General Assembly meeting in September.

Chabahar remained the main focus of the meeting, President Rouhani said, "Finalising the Chabahar-Zahedan Railway and connecting it to the nationwide railway system can develop trade in the region."

Earlier, Iran President Rouhani met Jaishankar which lasted for half an hour. During the meet, EAM delivered greetings of PM Modi and called for developing relations between Iranian and Indian banks.

India plans to build a railway network from&nbsp;Zahedan, which is a border city of Iran and Afghanistan and connect it to Chabahar and which will help in the transportation of goods from Afghanistan to the port.

Both the countries have agreed to speed up the Chabahar project with externtal affairs minister S Jaishankar saying, "cooperation between the two countries in Chabahar region has a very good pace and we should accelerate the implementation of projects."

The operation of the Shaheed Beheshti Port at Chabahar was taken over by India Ports Global Co last December and since then over 5 lakh tons of cargo has been handled which includes exports from Afghanistan which began in February.&nbsp;

In a meet last week, India, Afghanistan and Iran agreed to include Mormugoa and New Mangalore port from India in the designated route under the Chabahar Agreement.&nbsp;

On Sunday, the 19th India-Iran joint commission meeting took place and was chaired by extrnal affairs minister Jaishankar and his counterpart Iran's foreign minister Javad Zarif. During the meet, the issue of state sponsorship of terror came up.

Without taking the name of Pakistan, a ministry of external affairs release said, "Both sides shared concerns at the grave threat posed by terrorism and called for an immediate end to all support to terror sanctuaries. They agreed that state aid, abetment and support to terrorism should be condemned."

This is the fourth meeting between external affairs minister Jaishankar and foreign minister Zarif. They had earlier met in Dushanbe, New York and Baku on the sidelines of multilateral events. They will next meet in January in Delhi during Iran FM's India visit. &nbsp;Next year marks 70 years of ties between the two countries.&nbsp;

Iran's President Hassan Rouhani has told India's external affairs minister S Jaishankar that Washington's sanctions on the west Asian country are "transient" and the country will "have no choice but to abandon maximum pressure on Iran before or after its presidential elections”.

Iran's President Hassan Rouhani has told India's external affairs minister S Jaishankar that Washington's sanctions on the west Asian country are "transient" and the country will "have no choice but to abandon maximum pressure on Iran before or after its presidential elections”. In a meeting on Monday in Tehran, Hassan Rouhani said despite the "current conditions that the US is imposing unilateral sanctions against other nations", India and Iran "have to attempt to maintain good relations and cooperation". Iran also shared the proposed Hormuz Peace Endeavour (HOPE) Initiative which aims to provide free maritime navigation in the Strait of Hormuz. The idea was shared by the Iranian President from the annual United General Assembly meeting in September. Chabahar remained the main focus of the meeting, President Rouhani said, "Finalising the Chabahar-Zahedan Railway and connecting it to the nationwide railway system can develop trade in the region." Earlier, Iran President Rouhani met Jaishankar which lasted for half an hour. During the meet, EAM delivered greetings of PM Modi and called for developing relations between Iranian and Indian banks. India plans to build a railway network from Zahedan, which is a border city of Iran and Afghanistan and connect it to Chabahar and which will help in the transportation of goods from Afghanistan to the port. Both the countries have agreed to speed up the Chabahar project with externtal affairs minister S Jaishankar saying, "cooperation between the two countries in Chabahar region has a very good pace and we should accelerate the implementation of projects." The operation of the Shaheed Beheshti Port at Chabahar was taken over by India Ports Global Co last December and since then over 5 lakh tons of cargo has been handled which includes exports from Afghanistan which began in February. In a meet last week, India, Afghanistan and Iran agreed to include Mormugoa and New Mangalore port from India in the designated route under the Chabahar Agreement. On Sunday, the 19th India-Iran joint commission meeting took place and was chaired by extrnal affairs minister Jaishankar and his counterpart Iran's foreign minister Javad Zarif. During the meet, the issue of state sponsorship of terror came up. Without taking the name of Pakistan, a ministry of external affairs release said, "Both sides shared concerns at the grave threat posed by terrorism and called for an immediate end to all support to terror sanctuaries. They agreed that state aid, abetment and support to terrorism should be condemned." This is the fourth meeting between external affairs minister Jaishankar and foreign minister Zarif. They had earlier met in Dushanbe, New York and Baku on the sidelines of multilateral events. They will next meet in January in Delhi during Iran FM's India visit. Next year marks 70 years of ties between the two countries.

US will have no choice but to abandon maximum pressure after presidential elections: Iran to India

Iran said on Monday that it is on track to create a new oil terminal on the Sea of Oman that would open a new export route for its crude and allow tankers to bypass the strategic Strait of Hormuz.

The National Iranian Oil Company signed a contract worth around $52 million Monday with three local companies to supply 50 pumps for the pipeline project, according to the Iranian oil ministry's Shana website.

The pipeline will run from Bushehr province on the Gulf to Bandar-e-Jask on the Sea of Oman, on the other side of the Strait of Hormuz.&nbsp;

"Construction of the Goreh-Jask pipeline and the crude oil export terminal at Jask Port are among the priority plans," Shana reported.

The approximately 1,000-kilometre (620-mile) pipeline will bring oil from Goreh in Bushehr to Jask, making it "strategically important as the country's second-largest crude oil export terminal," Shana reported.

According to Tehran's official IRNA news agency, Jask will export its first crude within 18 months.&nbsp;

In September 2018, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani announced "a major part" of Iran's exports would be shifted to Jask from the Kharg Island terminal -- deep in the Gulf.

He said the project would be completed by the end of his term in summer 2021.

To reach the oil terminal on Kharg Island, tankers must pass the chokepoint Strait of Hormuz -- through which most Gulf oil passes -- slowing deliveries by several days. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Iran has in the past repeatedly threatened to block the strait -- which is used by its Gulf rivals including Saudi Arabia -- when faced with sanctions on its oil exports and possible military action by the US.

Washington and Tehran came close to armed conflict in June following a military escalation in the Gulf.

Tension has grown since May 2018 when the United States withdrew from a landmark 2015 nuclear deal with Iran and reimposed sanctions aimed at stopping it from exporting oil.

Washington, Riyadh, Berlin, London and Paris blamed Iran for attacks that damaged the Saudi oil sector on September 14.

Iran said on Monday that it is on track to create a new oil terminal on the Sea of Oman that would open a new export route for its crude and allow tankers to bypass the strategic Strait of Hormuz.

Iran said on Monday that it is on track to create a new oil terminal on the Sea of Oman that would open a new export route for its crude and allow tankers to bypass the strategic Strait of Hormuz. The National Iranian Oil Company signed a contract worth around $52 million Monday with three local companies to supply 50 pumps for the pipeline project, according to the Iranian oil ministry's Shana website. The pipeline will run from Bushehr province on the Gulf to Bandar-e-Jask on the Sea of Oman, on the other side of the Strait of Hormuz. "Construction of the Goreh-Jask pipeline and the crude oil export terminal at Jask Port are among the priority plans," Shana reported. The approximately 1,000-kilometre (620-mile) pipeline will bring oil from Goreh in Bushehr to Jask, making it "strategically important as the country's second-largest crude oil export terminal," Shana reported. According to Tehran's official IRNA news agency, Jask will export its first crude within 18 months. In September 2018, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani announced "a major part" of Iran's exports would be shifted to Jask from the Kharg Island terminal -- deep in the Gulf. He said the project would be completed by the end of his term in summer 2021. To reach the oil terminal on Kharg Island, tankers must pass the chokepoint Strait of Hormuz -- through which most Gulf oil passes -- slowing deliveries by several days. Iran has in the past repeatedly threatened to block the strait -- which is used by its Gulf rivals including Saudi Arabia -- when faced with sanctions on its oil exports and possible military action by the US. Washington and Tehran came close to armed conflict in June following a military escalation in the Gulf. Tension has grown since May 2018 when the United States withdrew from a landmark 2015 nuclear deal with Iran and reimposed sanctions aimed at stopping it from exporting oil. Washington, Riyadh, Berlin, London and Paris blamed Iran for attacks that damaged the Saudi oil sector on September 14.

Iran on track to open new oil terminal outside Gulf

Saudi Arabia has joined an international maritime mission to protect commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz and other areas, Saudi state media reported on Wednesday, citing an official source in the defence ministry.

Saudi Arabia has joined an international maritime mission to protect commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz and other areas, Saudi state media reported on Wednesday, citing an official source in the defence ministry. The operation area for the International Maritime Security Construct covers the Strait of Hormuz, Bab al-Mandab, the Sea of Oman and the Arabian Gulf, the report said. Several international merchant vessels have been attacked in the Gulf this year in incidents that have rocked world commodities trading. Washington blames Iran, which denies the accusation.

Saudi Arabia joins maritime protection mission to protect commercial shipping in Strait of Hormuz: Report

The Australian government on Wednesday said three of its citizens had been detained in Iran, the latest in a series of Westerners to be seized by authorities in Tehran.

The Australian government on Wednesday said three of its citizens had been detained in Iran, the latest in a series of Westerners to be seized by authorities in Tehran. "The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade is providing consular assistance to the families of three Australians detained in Iran," news agency AFP reported quoting a spokesperson. "Due to our privacy obligations, we will not comment further," he added. Three Australian citizens – two of whom also hold British passports – have been arrested and detained in Iran, reported The Guardian quoting sources. One of the women, a British-Australian academic who has been teaching at a university in Australia, was arrested several months ago, the report further said. According to the report, while two of those arrested hold dual citizenships, the Australian government is leading negotiations with Tehran over the conditions and potential release of all three arrested. The arrests come amid increasing tensions between Iran and a small US-led coalition – whose only other members are the UK, Australia and Bahrain – which will send naval warships to patrol the Strait of Hormuz.

Three Australian citizens detained in Iran: Government

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