Coffee bean trade by the Red Sea harbour
Long before "mocha" meant espresso blended with chocolate, it referred exclusively to Al-Mukha—a bustling port city on Yemen’s Red Sea coast. From the 15th to the 17th centuries, Mocha held a near-monopoly on the global coffee trade. Local Sufi monks popularized brewed coffee for night prayers, and merchants carefully guarded fertile beans, exporting only roasted or boiled seeds to prevent cultivation elsewhere.
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