Dark matter is something that has best scientific minds in the world a bit confused. After all, Dark Matter is extremely hard to spot. However, it is considered that most of the matter in the universe is Dark Matter.&nbsp;

Dark Matter can only be detected through the effect it has on celestial bodies. Now Physicists think that dark matter may be warming core of the planets.

Rebecca Leane, a theoretical particle physicist at MIT, and Juri Smirnov, an astroparticle physicist at the Ohio State University (OSU) think that Dark Matter particles are absorbed by planets and due to their gravity, reach the core where they have a warming effect. The researchers have published their study in Physical Review Letters.

They propose use of such exoplanets as 'Dark Matter detectors'. The Physicists say that if we see core of a planet for example, having 14 times the mass of Jupiter, heating up from 200 K to 500 K, we can assume it to be because of Dark Matter.

Not just any planet would do for this exercise, however. The planet must have cooled off after its birth as fiery mass. This means that it should be several billion years old. In addition, the planet must be sufficiently far from heat of the star around which it revolves.

It is considered that centre of a galaxy contains more Dark Matter. The researchers say if we detect a planet getting warmer as it comes closer to the centre. We can treat it as a 'smoking gun' for the effect of Dark Matter.

Dark matter is something that has best scientific minds in the world a bit confused. After all, Dark Matter is extremely hard to spot. However, it is considered that most of the matter in the universe is Dark Matter.

Dark matter is something that has best scientific minds in the world a bit confused. After all, Dark Matter is extremely hard to spot. However, it is considered that most of the matter in the universe is Dark Matter. Dark Matter can only be detected through the effect it has on celestial bodies. Now Physicists think that dark matter may be warming core of the planets. Rebecca Leane, a theoretical particle physicist at MIT, and Juri Smirnov, an astroparticle physicist at the Ohio State University (OSU) think that Dark Matter particles are absorbed by planets and due to their gravity, reach the core where they have a warming effect. The researchers have published their study in Physical Review Letters. They propose use of such exoplanets as 'Dark Matter detectors'. The Physicists say that if we see core of a planet for example, having 14 times the mass of Jupiter, heating up from 200 K to 500 K, we can assume it to be because of Dark Matter. Not just any planet would do for this exercise, however. The planet must have cooled off after its birth as fiery mass. This means that it should be several billion years old. In addition, the planet must be sufficiently far from heat of the star around which it revolves. It is considered that centre of a galaxy contains more Dark Matter. The researchers say if we detect a planet getting warmer as it comes closer to the centre. We can treat it as a 'smoking gun' for the effect of Dark Matter.

Dark matter in space may be heating up core of planets

The Hubble Space Telescope recently shared another marvel of the universe.&nbsp; In a picture, the Hubble captured a nebula situated around 4,900 light years away in the constellation of Gemini.

Named AFGL-5180, the nebula constitutes part of the vast cloud complex called “Gem OB1”. The molecular clouds are usually found near places where stars are born, same as this nebula.

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From the inside, the nebula is lit spectacularly by a young fiery star which is constantly changing its vicinity as it grows, making way for new cavities to exist in the gas cloud.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/hubble-telescope-shares-image-of-barred-spiral-galaxy-ngc-4535-357503" hreflang="en">Hubble telescope shares image of barred spiral galaxy NGC 4535</a>

Stars are created after cool molecular gas hosts a clump in cloudy form. For a star to form, the clump needs to collapse under its own gravity. As the star attempts to become a physical entity, it begins to spin. Owing to this movement, clouds around it form a disk which disappears into the star owing to its strong gravitational pull.

As visible in the picture, two beams of light can be seen coming from behind the cloud, situated in the top right and bottom left of the picture. These beams mean that the star is growing.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/nasas-hubble-space-telescope-captures-cosmic-cinnamon-bun-344894" hreflang="en">NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captures 'cosmic cinnamon bun'</a>

In November, The&nbsp;Hubble Space Telescope by the&nbsp;National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had captured a cosmic cinnamon bun.

Unlike many spiral galaxies, UGC 12588&nbsp; (the cinnamon bun) displays neither a&nbsp;bar of stars across its centre&nbsp;nor the classic prominent&nbsp;spiral arm pattern. Instead, to a viewer, its circular, white and mostly unstructured centre&nbsp;makes this galaxy more reminiscent of a cinnamon bun than a megastructure of stars and gas in space.

(Image by Hubble/NASA/ESA)

The Hubble Space Telescope recently shared another marvel of the universe. In a picture, the Hubble captured a nebula situated around 4,900 light years away in the constellation of Gemini.

The Hubble Space Telescope recently shared another marvel of the universe. In a picture, the Hubble captured a nebula situated around 4,900 light years away in the constellation of Gemini. Named AFGL-5180, the nebula constitutes part of the vast cloud complex called “Gem OB1”. The molecular clouds are usually found near places where stars are born, same as this nebula. From the inside, the nebula is lit spectacularly by a young fiery star which is constantly changing its vicinity as it grows, making way for new cavities to exist in the gas cloud. Also read: Hubble telescope shares image of barred spiral galaxy NGC 4535 Stars are created after cool molecular gas hosts a clump in cloudy form. For a star to form, the clump needs to collapse under its own gravity. As the star attempts to become a physical entity, it begins to spin. Owing to this movement, clouds around it form a disk which disappears into the star owing to its strong gravitational pull. As visible in the picture, two beams of light can be seen coming from behind the cloud, situated in the top right and bottom left of the picture. These beams mean that the star is growing. Also read: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captures 'cosmic cinnamon bun' In November, The Hubble Space Telescope by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had captured a cosmic cinnamon bun. Unlike many spiral galaxies, UGC 12588 (the cinnamon bun) displays neither a bar of stars across its centre nor the classic prominent spiral arm pattern. Instead, to a viewer, its circular, white and mostly unstructured centre makes this galaxy more reminiscent of a cinnamon bun than a megastructure of stars and gas in space. (Image by Hubble/NASA/ESA)

Hubble Space Telescope beams back mesmerising image of a nebula!

Scientists may have heard the gravitational wave background or the resonant 'hum' that permeates&nbsp;the Universe for the first time.

The sound has been detected by&nbsp;the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) and the findings have been published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

NANOGrav has been studying the signals from distant pulsars, commonly referred to as the Universe's timekeepers,&nbsp;emitting radio waves to collect data that may indicate the effects of gravitational waves.

Joseph Simon, the lead researcher on the paper, said&nbsp;“It is incredibly exciting to see such a strong signal emerge from the data.”

“However, because the gravitational-wave signal we are searching for spans the entire duration of our observations, we need to carefully understand our noise. This leaves us in a very interesting place, where we can strongly rule out some known noise sources, but we cannot yet say whether the signal is indeed from gravitational waves. For that, we will need more data.”&nbsp;

NANOGrav works to detect minute changes in the Earth’s position due to gravitational waves stretching and shrinking space-time by&nbsp;studying the timing of the regular signals from many pulsars scattered over the sky at the same time, known as a “pulsar timing array,”

“NANOGrav has been building to the first detection of low-frequency gravitational waves for over a decade and today’s announcement shows that they are on track to achieving this goal,” said Pedro Marronetti, NSF Program Director for gravitational physics. “The insights that we will gain on cosmology and galaxy formation are truly unparalleled.”

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Earlier, scientists at the&nbsp;National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had recorded the&nbsp;"low pulsing hum'' of the Sun.

NANOGrav&nbsp;is a collaboration of US&nbsp;and Canadian astrophysicists and a National Science Foundation Physics Frontiers Center (PFC).

Scientists may have heard the gravitational wave background or the resonant 'hum' that permeates the Universe for the first time. The sound has been detected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) and the findings have been published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Scientists may have heard the gravitational wave background or the resonant 'hum' that permeates the Universe for the first time. The sound has been detected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) and the findings have been published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. NANOGrav has been studying the signals from distant pulsars, commonly referred to as the Universe's timekeepers, emitting radio waves to collect data that may indicate the effects of gravitational waves. Joseph Simon, the lead researcher on the paper, said “It is incredibly exciting to see such a strong signal emerge from the data.” “However, because the gravitational-wave signal we are searching for spans the entire duration of our observations, we need to carefully understand our noise. This leaves us in a very interesting place, where we can strongly rule out some known noise sources, but we cannot yet say whether the signal is indeed from gravitational waves. For that, we will need more data.” NANOGrav works to detect minute changes in the Earth’s position due to gravitational waves stretching and shrinking space-time by studying the timing of the regular signals from many pulsars scattered over the sky at the same time, known as a “pulsar timing array,” “NANOGrav has been building to the first detection of low-frequency gravitational waves for over a decade and today’s announcement shows that they are on track to achieving this goal,” said Pedro Marronetti, NSF Program Director for gravitational physics. “The insights that we will gain on cosmology and galaxy formation are truly unparalleled.” Earlier, scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had recorded the "low pulsing hum'' of the Sun. NANOGrav is a collaboration of US and Canadian astrophysicists and a National Science Foundation Physics Frontiers Center (PFC).

'Astronomical breakthrough': Scientists record humming sound of the Universe

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered.

In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed. This hair is otherwise known as a scalar field.

This new insight is being considered as an extension to Einstein’s theory of gravity -- which says black holes can grow 'hair' but it is eventually shed thanks to gravitational waves.&nbsp;

According to this latest research, however, once black holes reach a certain spin speed, the hair can hang around for longer thanks to “tachyonic instability.”

Additional study and calculations are required to definitively prove the findings.

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered. In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed.

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered. In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed. This hair is otherwise known as a scalar field. This new insight is being considered as an extension to Einstein’s theory of gravity -- which says black holes can grow 'hair' but it is eventually shed thanks to gravitational waves. According to this latest research, however, once black holes reach a certain spin speed, the hair can hang around for longer thanks to “tachyonic instability.” Additional study and calculations are required to definitively prove the findings.

Black holes can grow ‘hair’ when spinning fast

Scientists have solved a&nbsp;longtime mystery of the cosmos by determining&nbsp;of the most precise measurements ever made of the total amount of matter in the Universe.

The matter-energy density of the Universe consists of a dark energy, a mysterious unknown force drving it's expansion. The rest is matter, both normal and dark.

Determining the exact proportions of these three is not an easy feat by any means. But a&nbsp;team of US astrophysicists have determined&nbsp;that matter accounts for 31.5 percent of the total amount of matter and energy that make up the Universe.

The remaining 68.5 percent is dark energy, a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate over time, and was first inferred by observations of distant supernovae in the late 1990s.

Their findings were published on Monday in&nbsp;The Astrophysical Journal.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/hints-of-life-on-mars-scientists-find-three-lakes-buried-under-the-red-planets-surface-331094">Hints of life on Mars? Scientists find three lakes buried under the red planet's surface!</a>

Put another way, this means the total amount of matter in the observable Universe is equivalent to 66 billion trillion times the mass of our Sun, Mohamed Abdullah, a University of California, Riverside astrophysicist and the paper's lead author said.

Most of this matter, 80 percent,&nbsp;is called dark matter. Its nature is not yet known, but it may consist of some as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particle.

The latest measurements correspond well with values previously found by other teams using different cosmological techniques, such as measuring temperature fluctuations in the low-energy radiation left over from the Big Bang.

"This has been a long process over the course of 100 years where we're gradually getting more and more precise," Gillian Wilson, the study's co-author and a professor at UCR said.

"It's just kind of cool to be able to make such a fundamental measurement about the Universe without leaving planet Earth," she added.

So how exactly do you weigh the Universe?

The team honed a 90-year-old technique that involves observing how galaxies orbit inside galaxy clusters -- massive systems that contain thousands of galaxies.

These observations told them how strong each galaxy cluster's gravitational pull was, from which its total mass could then be calculated.&nbsp;

Fate of the Universe

In fact, explained Wilson, their technique was originally developed by the pioneering astronomer Fritz Zwicky, who was the first person to suspect the existence of dark matter in galaxy clusters, in the 1930s.

He noticed that the combined gravitational mass of the galaxies he observed in the nearby Coma galaxy cluster was insufficient to prevent those galaxies from flying away from one another, and realized there must be some other invisible matter at play.

The UCR team, whose research received money from the US National Science Foundation and NASA, refined Zwicky's technique, developing a tool they called GalWeight that determines more accurately which galaxies belong to a given cluster and which do not.

They applied their tool to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe currently available, measuring the mass of 1,800 galaxy clusters and creating a catalog.

Finally, they compared the number of clusters observed per unit volume in their catalog against a series of computer simulations, each of which was fed a different value for the total matter of the Universe.

Simulations with too little matter had too few clusters, while those with too much matter had too many clusters.

The "Goldilocks" value they found fit just right.

Wilson explained that having a more precise measure of the total amount of matter in the Universe may take us a step closer to learning the nature of dark matter,&nbsp;because "we know just how much matter we should be looking for" when scientists carry out particle experiments, for example at the Large Hadron Collider.

What's more, "the total amount of dark matter and dark energy tells us the fate of the Universe," she added, with the current scientific consensus being that we are headed for a "Big Freeze" where galaxies move further and further apart, and the stars in those galaxies eventually run out of fuel.&nbsp;

Scientists have solved a longtime mystery of the cosmos by determining of the most precise measurements ever made of the total amount of matter in the Universe. The matter-energy density of the Universe consists of a dark energy, a mysterious unknown force drving it's expansion.

Scientists have solved a longtime mystery of the cosmos by determining of the most precise measurements ever made of the total amount of matter in the Universe. The matter-energy density of the Universe consists of a dark energy, a mysterious unknown force drving it's expansion. The rest is matter, both normal and dark. Determining the exact proportions of these three is not an easy feat by any means. But a team of US astrophysicists have determined that matter accounts for 31.5 percent of the total amount of matter and energy that make up the Universe. The remaining 68.5 percent is dark energy, a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate over time, and was first inferred by observations of distant supernovae in the late 1990s. Their findings were published on Monday in The Astrophysical Journal. Also read: Hints of life on Mars? Scientists find three lakes buried under the red planet's surface! Put another way, this means the total amount of matter in the observable Universe is equivalent to 66 billion trillion times the mass of our Sun, Mohamed Abdullah, a University of California, Riverside astrophysicist and the paper's lead author said. Most of this matter, 80 percent, is called dark matter. Its nature is not yet known, but it may consist of some as-yet-undiscovered subatomic particle. The latest measurements correspond well with values previously found by other teams using different cosmological techniques, such as measuring temperature fluctuations in the low-energy radiation left over from the Big Bang. "This has been a long process over the course of 100 years where we're gradually getting more and more precise," Gillian Wilson, the study's co-author and a professor at UCR said. "It's just kind of cool to be able to make such a fundamental measurement about the Universe without leaving planet Earth," she added. So how exactly do you weigh the Universe? The team honed a 90-year-old technique that involves observing how galaxies orbit inside galaxy clusters -- massive systems that contain thousands of galaxies. These observations told them how strong each galaxy cluster's gravitational pull was, from which its total mass could then be calculated. Fate of the Universe In fact, explained Wilson, their technique was originally developed by the pioneering astronomer Fritz Zwicky, who was the first person to suspect the existence of dark matter in galaxy clusters, in the 1930s. He noticed that the combined gravitational mass of the galaxies he observed in the nearby Coma galaxy cluster was insufficient to prevent those galaxies from flying away from one another, and realized there must be some other invisible matter at play. The UCR team, whose research received money from the US National Science Foundation and NASA, refined Zwicky's technique, developing a tool they called GalWeight that determines more accurately which galaxies belong to a given cluster and which do not. They applied their tool to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the most detailed three-dimensional maps of the Universe currently available, measuring the mass of 1,800 galaxy clusters and creating a catalog. Finally, they compared the number of clusters observed per unit volume in their catalog against a series of computer simulations, each of which was fed a different value for the total matter of the Universe. Simulations with too little matter had too few clusters, while those with too much matter had too many clusters. The "Goldilocks" value they found fit just right. Wilson explained that having a more precise measure of the total amount of matter in the Universe may take us a step closer to learning the nature of dark matter, because "we know just how much matter we should be looking for" when scientists carry out particle experiments, for example at the Large Hadron Collider. What's more, "the total amount of dark matter and dark energy tells us the fate of the Universe," she added, with the current scientific consensus being that we are headed for a "Big Freeze" where galaxies move further and further apart, and the stars in those galaxies eventually run out of fuel.

What's the matter with the Universe? Scientists have the answer

A group of Indian astronomers have discovered one of the farthest Star galaxies in the universe. 
 
"It is a matter of pride that India’s first Multi-Wavelength Space Observatory “AstroSat” has detected extreme-UV light from a galaxy located 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth.The galaxy called AUDFs01 was discovered by a team of Astronomers led by Dr Kanak Saha from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) Pune," said Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh. 
 
The importance and uniqueness of this original discovery can be made out from the fact that it has been reported in the leading international journal “Nature Astronomy” published from Britain. 
 
India’s AstroSat/UVIT was able to achieve this unique feat because the background noise in the UVIT detector is much less than one on the Hubble Space Telescope of US based NASA.

Dr Jitendra Singh has congratulated India’s Space Scientists for once again proving to the world that India’s capability in Space technology has risen to a distinguished level from where our scientists are now offering cues and giving leads to the Space scientists in other parts of the world. 
 
According to Professor ShyamTandon, the excellent spatial resolution and high sensitivity is a tribute to the hard work of the UVIT core team of scientists for over a decade.

On January 6 this year, Indian astronomers had found a mysterious ring of hydrogen gas around a far-away galaxy that does not generate any star.

On August 25, a global team led by scientists had discovered one of the earliest galaxies in extreme ultraviolet light. AstroSat, India’s first multi-wavelength satellite that has five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem, has detected extreme UV light from a galaxy called AUDFs01, 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

A group of Indian astronomers have discovered one of the farthest Star galaxies in the universe. "It is a matter of pride that India’s first Multi-Wavelength Space Observatory “AstroSat” has detected extreme-UV light from a galaxy located 9.

A group of Indian astronomers have discovered one of the farthest Star galaxies in the universe. "It is a matter of pride that India’s first Multi-Wavelength Space Observatory “AstroSat” has detected extreme-UV light from a galaxy located 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth.The galaxy called AUDFs01 was discovered by a team of Astronomers led by Dr Kanak Saha from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) Pune," said Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh. The importance and uniqueness of this original discovery can be made out from the fact that it has been reported in the leading international journal “Nature Astronomy” published from Britain. India’s AstroSat/UVIT was able to achieve this unique feat because the background noise in the UVIT detector is much less than one on the Hubble Space Telescope of US based NASA. Dr Jitendra Singh has congratulated India’s Space Scientists for once again proving to the world that India’s capability in Space technology has risen to a distinguished level from where our scientists are now offering cues and giving leads to the Space scientists in other parts of the world. According to Professor ShyamTandon, the excellent spatial resolution and high sensitivity is a tribute to the hard work of the UVIT core team of scientists for over a decade. On January 6 this year, Indian astronomers had found a mysterious ring of hydrogen gas around a far-away galaxy that does not generate any star. On August 25, a global team led by scientists had discovered one of the earliest galaxies in extreme ultraviolet light. AstroSat, India’s first multi-wavelength satellite that has five unique X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes working in tandem, has detected extreme UV light from a galaxy called AUDFs01, 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Indian Astronomers discover one of the farthest Star galaxies in the universe

The universe is dictated by the principle of fatality: The moment something comes into existence is the same moment it starts inching closer to death.

Just like the creatures and objects it harbours, the universe too has an expiry date. Humans die, animals, stars die too.

Soon?

A group of scientists claim to know when the universe will perish, and it is not sometime soon. The research was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and claims that the universe will collapse sometime in the “next few trillion years”.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/in-a-rare-event-astronomers-discover-saturn-like-planet-orbiting-small-cool-star-318644" hreflang="en">In a rare event, astronomers discover Saturn-like planet orbiting small cool star</a>

As opposed to mainstream depictions of the apocalypse, it will not be a one-off event. No giant asteroids will come swooping in and decimate all life in the universe. Instead, stars will explode and fizzle out over time.

One after the another, stars will “very, very slowly fizzle” out.

The death of the universe is different from how we perceive it. It will not be the end of all matter. Instead, this “heat death” will cause black holes to form and dead stars to linger in space.

“It will be a bit of a sad, lonely, cold place,” Matt Caplan, the study's lead author, said in a statement.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/black-holes-may-be-repositories-of-all-of-universes-history-317780" hreflang="en">Black holes may be repositories of all of universe's history!</a>

When stars die out, they produce a supernova, after which they become white dwarves. This new research posits that there will be another stage after this whereby stars would become “black dwarfs”, will get denser, and host iron in their cores.

White dwarfs will cool over the next few trillion years, and then become black dwarfs, after which they will no longer shine. This grim picture of a cold desolate space might come true, but in a few trillion years.

How long?

Caplan said that it will the first explosion at least 10 to the power of 1100 years to happen.&nbsp; Once iron accumulates, it will trigger the collapse of stars, which will set off explosions across the universe. "It’s mindbogglingly far in the future”, Caplan said.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-capture-space-butterfly-from-thousands-of-light-years-away-317627" hreflang="en">Astronomers capture 'space butterfly' from thousands of light years away</a>

However, only 1 per cent of the black dwarfs will end up exploding. These will be the ones that grow bigger than 1.2-1..4 times the mass of sun.

The rest 99 per cent will remain black dwarfs. It’s not a rosy picture, for they will linger in the universe as dead bodies, quite literally.

“It’s hard to imagine anything coming after that, black dwarf supernova might be the last interesting thing to happen in the universe," Caplain said.

The universe is dictated by the principle of fatality: The moment something comes into existence is the same moment it starts inching closer to death. Just like the creatures and objects it harbours, the universe too has an expiry date.

The universe is dictated by the principle of fatality: The moment something comes into existence is the same moment it starts inching closer to death. Just like the creatures and objects it harbours, the universe too has an expiry date. Humans die, animals, stars die too. Soon? A group of scientists claim to know when the universe will perish, and it is not sometime soon. The research was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and claims that the universe will collapse sometime in the “next few trillion years”. Also read: In a rare event, astronomers discover Saturn-like planet orbiting small cool star As opposed to mainstream depictions of the apocalypse, it will not be a one-off event. No giant asteroids will come swooping in and decimate all life in the universe. Instead, stars will explode and fizzle out over time. One after the another, stars will “very, very slowly fizzle” out. The death of the universe is different from how we perceive it. It will not be the end of all matter. Instead, this “heat death” will cause black holes to form and dead stars to linger in space. “It will be a bit of a sad, lonely, cold place,” Matt Caplan, the study's lead author, said in a statement. Also read: Black holes may be repositories of all of universe's history! When stars die out, they produce a supernova, after which they become white dwarves. This new research posits that there will be another stage after this whereby stars would become “black dwarfs”, will get denser, and host iron in their cores. White dwarfs will cool over the next few trillion years, and then become black dwarfs, after which they will no longer shine. This grim picture of a cold desolate space might come true, but in a few trillion years. How long? Caplan said that it will the first explosion at least 10 to the power of 1100 years to happen. Once iron accumulates, it will trigger the collapse of stars, which will set off explosions across the universe. "It’s mindbogglingly far in the future”, Caplan said. Also read: Astronomers capture 'space butterfly' from thousands of light years away However, only 1 per cent of the black dwarfs will end up exploding. These will be the ones that grow bigger than 1.2-1..4 times the mass of sun. The rest 99 per cent will remain black dwarfs. It’s not a rosy picture, for they will linger in the universe as dead bodies, quite literally. “It’s hard to imagine anything coming after that, black dwarf supernova might be the last interesting thing to happen in the universe," Caplain said.

This is when the universe will end!

What if the universe’s secrets were hiding in the innards of a black hole? Scientists seem to think so.

For long, black holes existed in Hollywood films and science fiction books. But when the first-ever image of one was released last year, the interest in black holes and their anatomy has increased.

Pōwehi

One of such black holes - Pōwehi is allegedly a repository of all of universe’s history. According to a report in New Scientist, the rings of light trapped in the hole’s orbit may be a historical record of its kind.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/dinosaur-era-microbes-lying-dormant-in-ocean-resuscitated-by-scientists-316620" hreflang="en">Dinosaur-era microbes lying dormant in ocean resuscitated by scientists</a>

Comparing the rings of light or photons to a tree, or frames that constitute a film, scientists believe it’s where the history of all universe is stored. In essence, this would make black holes a constituent yet small piece of the puzzle we call the universe, and know very little about.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-capture-space-butterfly-from-thousands-of-light-years-away-317627" hreflang="en">Astronomers capture 'space butterfly' from thousands of light years away</a>

Most knowledge about black holes is extrapolatory, based on juxtapositions and far-off observations, and perhaps we will never know what lies inside one of the holes, as&nbsp;the gravitational pull in the holes is strong enough to swallow everything that crosses its path! What scientists do know is that black holes are created in the aftermath of a star’s death, or a supernova.

Photon rings are important

The series of photon rings in the black hole can help scientists study its properties, much like studying branches of a tree to understand its structure.

“Together, the set of subrings are akin to the frames of a movie, capturing the history of the visible universe as seen from the black hole,” the paper asserted.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-dead-star-in-our-galaxy-is-emitting-radiation-never-witnessed-before-316671" hreflang="en">A dead star in our galaxy is emitting radiation never witnessed before!</a>

However, black holes are complex entities. Even if we were to somehow access photon rings, we would need to do it on time.

New rings are formed every six days, and they last no longer than this time period, after which the hole swallows them.

So, we may not be able to peek into the past, or perhaps the future, just yet!

What if the universe’s secrets were hiding in the innards of a black hole? Scientists seem to think so. For long, black holes existed in Hollywood films and science fiction books.

What if the universe’s secrets were hiding in the innards of a black hole? Scientists seem to think so. For long, black holes existed in Hollywood films and science fiction books. But when the first-ever image of one was released last year, the interest in black holes and their anatomy has increased. Pōwehi One of such black holes - Pōwehi is allegedly a repository of all of universe’s history. According to a report in New Scientist, the rings of light trapped in the hole’s orbit may be a historical record of its kind. Also read: Dinosaur-era microbes lying dormant in ocean resuscitated by scientists Comparing the rings of light or photons to a tree, or frames that constitute a film, scientists believe it’s where the history of all universe is stored. In essence, this would make black holes a constituent yet small piece of the puzzle we call the universe, and know very little about. Also read: Astronomers capture 'space butterfly' from thousands of light years away Most knowledge about black holes is extrapolatory, based on juxtapositions and far-off observations, and perhaps we will never know what lies inside one of the holes, as the gravitational pull in the holes is strong enough to swallow everything that crosses its path! What scientists do know is that black holes are created in the aftermath of a star’s death, or a supernova. Photon rings are important The series of photon rings in the black hole can help scientists study its properties, much like studying branches of a tree to understand its structure. “Together, the set of subrings are akin to the frames of a movie, capturing the history of the visible universe as seen from the black hole,” the paper asserted. Also read: A dead star in our galaxy is emitting radiation never witnessed before! However, black holes are complex entities. Even if we were to somehow access photon rings, we would need to do it on time. New rings are formed every six days, and they last no longer than this time period, after which the hole swallows them. So, we may not be able to peek into the past, or perhaps the future, just yet!

Black holes may be repositories of all of universe's history!

Astrophysicists unveil biggest-ever 3D map expansion of Universe after two decades

A group of NASA scientists has detected evidence of a parallel universe -- where the rules of physics must be the opposite of our own.

In what may be called a rejig from sci-fi TV shows and comics of the early 1960s, a cosmic ray detection experiment has found particles that could be from a parallel realm that also was born in the Big Bang, the Daily Star reported.

The experts, in an experiment being carried out in Antarctica, used a giant balloon to carry NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, or ANITA, high above Antarctica, where there would be no radio noise to distort its findings.

A constant “wind” of high-energy particles, however, constantly arrived on Earth from outer space.

The high-energy particles can only be detected coming “down” from space, but the team’s ANITA detected heavier particles, so-called tau neutrinos, which come “up” out of the Earth.

The finding implies that these particles are actually traveling backward in time, suggesting evidence of a parallel universe.

Not everyone, however, was comfortable with the hypothesis.

"The simplest explanation for the phenomenon is that at the moment of the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, two universes were formed — ours and one that from our perspective is running in reverse with time going backwar," the report said.

And if there are any inhabitants of a possible parallel universe, they’d consider this universe the backward one.

A group of NASA scientists has detected evidence of a parallel universe -- where the rules of physics must be the opposite of our own. In what may be called a rejig from sci-fi TV shows and comics of the early 1960s, a cosmic ray detection experiment has found particles that could be from a parallel realm that also was born in the Big Bang, the Daily Star reported.

A group of NASA scientists has detected evidence of a parallel universe -- where the rules of physics must be the opposite of our own. In what may be called a rejig from sci-fi TV shows and comics of the early 1960s, a cosmic ray detection experiment has found particles that could be from a parallel realm that also was born in the Big Bang, the Daily Star reported. The experts, in an experiment being carried out in Antarctica, used a giant balloon to carry NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, or ANITA, high above Antarctica, where there would be no radio noise to distort its findings. A constant “wind” of high-energy particles, however, constantly arrived on Earth from outer space. The high-energy particles can only be detected coming “down” from space, but the team’s ANITA detected heavier particles, so-called tau neutrinos, which come “up” out of the Earth. The finding implies that these particles are actually traveling backward in time, suggesting evidence of a parallel universe. Not everyone, however, was comfortable with the hypothesis. "The simplest explanation for the phenomenon is that at the moment of the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, two universes were formed — ours and one that from our perspective is running in reverse with time going backwar," the report said. And if there are any inhabitants of a possible parallel universe, they’d consider this universe the backward one.

NASA finds evidence of parallel universe where time runs backward

Scientists studying a distant galaxy cluster have discovered the biggest explosion seen in the Universe since the Big Bang.&nbsp;

The blast came from a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy hundreds of millions of light-years away.&nbsp;

Researchers reported their findings in The Astrophysical Journal.

Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/hubble-space-telescope-set-to-peer-at-earliest-galaxies-nasa-165963">Hubble Space Telescope set to peer at earliest galaxies: NASA</a>

It released five times more energy than MS 0135+74, once known as the largest and most powerful explosion.

The current explosion occurred in the Ophiuchus galaxy cluster, about 390 million light-years from Earth.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/opinions/first-black-hole-photo-confirms-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-209527">First black hole photo confirms Einstein’s theory of relativity</a>

It was so powerful it punched a cavity in the cluster plasma, the super-hot gas surrounding the black hole.

Lead author of the study Dr Simona Giacintucci, from the Naval Research Laboratory in the United States, said the blast was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which ripped the top off the mountain.

"The difference is that you could fit 15 Milky Way galaxies in a row into the crater this eruption punched into the cluster's hot gas," she said. 
Astronomers made the observation using ground and space-based telescopes, including NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray space observatory, Australia's Murchison Widefield Array and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in India.

Scientists studying a distant galaxy cluster have discovered the biggest explosion seen in the Universe since the Big Bang. The blast came from a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy hundreds of millions of light-years away.

Scientists studying a distant galaxy cluster have discovered the biggest explosion seen in the Universe since the Big Bang. The blast came from a supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy hundreds of millions of light-years away. Researchers reported their findings in The Astrophysical Journal. Also read: Hubble Space Telescope set to peer at earliest galaxies: NASA It released five times more energy than MS 0135+74, once known as the largest and most powerful explosion. The current explosion occurred in the Ophiuchus galaxy cluster, about 390 million light-years from Earth. Also read: First black hole photo confirms Einstein’s theory of relativity It was so powerful it punched a cavity in the cluster plasma, the super-hot gas surrounding the black hole. Lead author of the study Dr Simona Giacintucci, from the Naval Research Laboratory in the United States, said the blast was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which ripped the top off the mountain. "The difference is that you could fit 15 Milky Way galaxies in a row into the crater this eruption punched into the cluster's hot gas," she said. Astronomers made the observation using ground and space-based telescopes, including NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray space observatory, Australia's Murchison Widefield Array and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in India.

Biggest explosion in universe's history detected by telescopes

The European Space Agency has collaborated with NASA to launch a mission to study the sun. This historic mission will be the first attempt to capture photographs of the sun's poles.

NASA-ESA joint Solar Mission | Sandeep Ramanath | ESA Solar Orbiter Mission | Explains

Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 winners

By Kevin Pimbblet

Black holes are long-time superstars of science fiction. But their Hollywood fame is a little strange given that no-one has ever actually seen one – at least, until now. If you needed to see to believe, then thank the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which has just produced the first ever direct image of a black hole. This amazing feat required global collaboration to turn the Earth into one giant telescope and image an object thousands of trillions of kilometres away.

As stunning and ground-breaking as it is, the EHT project is not just about taking on a challenge. It’s an unprecedented test of whether Einstein’s ideas about the very nature of space and time hold up in extreme circumstances, and looks closer than ever before at the role of black holes in the universe.

To cut a long story short: Einstein was right.

Capturing the uncapturable

A black hole is a region of space whose mass is so large and dense that not even light can escape its gravitational attraction. Against the black backdrop of the inky beyond, capturing one is a near impossible task. But thanks to Stephen Hawking’s groundbreaking work, we know that the colossal masses are not just black abysses. Not only are they able to emit huge jets of plasma, but their immense gravity pulls in streams of matter into its core.

When matter approaches a black hole’s event horizon – the point at which not even light can escape – it forms an orbiting disk. Matter in this disk will convert some of its energy to friction as it rubs against other particles of matter. This warms up the disk, just as we warm our hands on a cold day by rubbing them together. The closer the matter, the greater the friction. Matter closer to the event horizon glows brilliantly bright with the heat of hundreds of Suns. It is this light that the EHT detected, along with the “silhouette” of the black hole.

Producing the image and analysing such data is an amazingly hard task. As an astronomer who studies black holes in faraway galaxies, I cannot usually even image a single star in those galaxies clearly, let alone see the black hole at their centres.

The EHT team decided to target two of the closest supermassive black holes to us – both in the large elliptical shaped galaxy, M87, and in Sagittarius A*, at the centre of our Milky Way.

To give a sense of how hard this task is, while the Milky Way’s black hole has a mass of 4.1 million Suns and a diameter of 60 million kilometres, it is 250,614,750,218,665,392 kilometres away from Earth – that's the equivalent of travelling from London to New York 45 trillion times. As noted by the EHT team, it is like being in New York and trying to count the dimples on a golf ball in Los Angeles or imaging an orange on the moon.

To photograph something so impossibly far away, the team needed a telescope as big as the Earth itself. In the absence of such a gargantuan machine, the EHT team connected together telescopes from around the planet, and combined their data. To capture an accurate image at such a distance, the telescopes needed to be stable, and their readings completely synchronised.

To accomplish this challenging feat, the team used atomic clocks so accurate that they lose just one second per hundred million years. The 5,000 terabytes of data collected was so large that it had to be stored on hundreds of hard drives and physically delivered to a supercomputer, which corrected the time differences in the data and produced the image above.

General Relativity vindicated 
 
With a sense of excitement, I watched the live stream showing the image of the black hole from the centre of M87 for the first time.

The most important initial take-home is that Einstein was right. Again. His general theory of relativity has passed two serious tests from the universe’s most extreme conditions in the last few years. Here, Einstein’s theory predicted the observations from M87 with unerring accuracy and is seemingly the correct description of the nature of space, time, and gravity.

The measurements of the speeds of matter around the centre of the black hole are consistent with being near the speed of light. From the image, the EHT scientists determined that the M87 black hole is 6.5 billion times the mass of the Sun and 40 billion km across – that’s larger than Neptune’s 200-year orbit of the sun.

The Milky Way’s black hole was too challenging to image accurately this time round due to rapid variability in light output. Hopefully, more telescopes will be added to the EHT’s array soon, to get ever clearer images of these fascinating objects. I have no doubt that in the near future we will be able to gaze upon the dark heart of our very own galaxy.

(Kevin Pimbblet is Senior Lecturer in Physics, University of Hull)

(This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/first-black-hole-photo-confirms-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-115167">original article)</a>

(Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL.)&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

By Kevin Pimbblet Black holes are long-time superstars of science fiction. But their Hollywood fame is a little strange given that no-one has ever actually seen one – at least, until now.

By Kevin Pimbblet Black holes are long-time superstars of science fiction. But their Hollywood fame is a little strange given that no-one has ever actually seen one – at least, until now. If you needed to see to believe, then thank the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which has just produced the first ever direct image of a black hole. This amazing feat required global collaboration to turn the Earth into one giant telescope and image an object thousands of trillions of kilometres away. As stunning and ground-breaking as it is, the EHT project is not just about taking on a challenge. It’s an unprecedented test of whether Einstein’s ideas about the very nature of space and time hold up in extreme circumstances, and looks closer than ever before at the role of black holes in the universe. To cut a long story short: Einstein was right. Capturing the uncapturable A black hole is a region of space whose mass is so large and dense that not even light can escape its gravitational attraction. Against the black backdrop of the inky beyond, capturing one is a near impossible task. But thanks to Stephen Hawking’s groundbreaking work, we know that the colossal masses are not just black abysses. Not only are they able to emit huge jets of plasma, but their immense gravity pulls in streams of matter into its core. When matter approaches a black hole’s event horizon – the point at which not even light can escape – it forms an orbiting disk. Matter in this disk will convert some of its energy to friction as it rubs against other particles of matter. This warms up the disk, just as we warm our hands on a cold day by rubbing them together. The closer the matter, the greater the friction. Matter closer to the event horizon glows brilliantly bright with the heat of hundreds of Suns. It is this light that the EHT detected, along with the “silhouette” of the black hole. Producing the image and analysing such data is an amazingly hard task. As an astronomer who studies black holes in faraway galaxies, I cannot usually even image a single star in those galaxies clearly, let alone see the black hole at their centres. The EHT team decided to target two of the closest supermassive black holes to us – both in the large elliptical shaped galaxy, M87, and in Sagittarius A*, at the centre of our Milky Way. To give a sense of how hard this task is, while the Milky Way’s black hole has a mass of 4.1 million Suns and a diameter of 60 million kilometres, it is 250,614,750,218,665,392 kilometres away from Earth – that's the equivalent of travelling from London to New York 45 trillion times. As noted by the EHT team, it is like being in New York and trying to count the dimples on a golf ball in Los Angeles or imaging an orange on the moon. To photograph something so impossibly far away, the team needed a telescope as big as the Earth itself. In the absence of such a gargantuan machine, the EHT team connected together telescopes from around the planet, and combined their data. To capture an accurate image at such a distance, the telescopes needed to be stable, and their readings completely synchronised. To accomplish this challenging feat, the team used atomic clocks so accurate that they lose just one second per hundred million years. The 5,000 terabytes of data collected was so large that it had to be stored on hundreds of hard drives and physically delivered to a supercomputer, which corrected the time differences in the data and produced the image above. General Relativity vindicated With a sense of excitement, I watched the live stream showing the image of the black hole from the centre of M87 for the first time. The most important initial take-home is that Einstein was right. Again. His general theory of relativity has passed two serious tests from the universe’s most extreme conditions in the last few years. Here, Einstein’s theory predicted the observations from M87 with unerring accuracy and is seemingly the correct description of the nature of space, time, and gravity. The measurements of the speeds of matter around the centre of the black hole are consistent with being near the speed of light. From the image, the EHT scientists determined that the M87 black hole is 6.5 billion times the mass of the Sun and 40 billion km across – that’s larger than Neptune’s 200-year orbit of the sun. The Milky Way’s black hole was too challenging to image accurately this time round due to rapid variability in light output. Hopefully, more telescopes will be added to the EHT’s array soon, to get ever clearer images of these fascinating objects. I have no doubt that in the near future we will be able to gaze upon the dark heart of our very own galaxy. (Kevin Pimbblet is Senior Lecturer in Physics, University of Hull) (This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article) (Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL.)

First black hole photo confirms Einstein’s theory of relativity

China completed the construction of the world&#39;s largest radio telescope today in hopes of detecting signals from the universe, state media reported. 
 
State broadcaster CCTV showed footage of the last piece of the 4,450 triangular panels being moved and installed onto the 500-metre-diametre reflector. 
 
The construction of the project started in 2011 with an investment of 1.2-billion Yuan ($180 million), CCTV said. 
 
The 500 metre Aperture Spherical Telescope, or FAST, is the size of 30 football fields and has been hewed out of a mountain in the southwestern province of Guizhou. 
 
The telescope, which has taken about five years to build, is expected to begin operations in September, state run Xinhua news agency said. 
 
Advancing China&#39;s space programme is a priority for Beijing, with President Xi Jinping calling for the country to establish itself as a space power. 
 
China&#39;s ambitions include putting a man on the moon by 2036 and building a space station, work on which has already begun. 
 
China insists its programme is for peaceful purposes, but the US defense department has highlighted China&#39;s increasing space capabilities, saying it is pursuing activities aimed at preventing adversaries from using space-based assets in a crisis. 
 
(Reuters)

China constructs world's largest radio telescope to detect signals from the universe as part of its strategy to become a space power

China completed the construction of the world's largest radio telescope today in hopes of detecting signals from the universe, state media reported. State broadcaster CCTV showed footage of the last piece of the 4,450 triangular panels being moved and installed onto the 500-metre-diametre reflector. The construction of the project started in 2011 with an investment of 1.2-billion Yuan ($180 million), CCTV said. The 500 metre Aperture Spherical Telescope, or FAST, is the size of 30 football fields and has been hewed out of a mountain in the southwestern province of Guizhou. The telescope, which has taken about five years to build, is expected to begin operations in September, state run Xinhua news agency said. Advancing China's space programme is a priority for Beijing, with President Xi Jinping calling for the country to establish itself as a space power. China's ambitions include putting a man on the moon by 2036 and building a space station, work on which has already begun. China insists its programme is for peaceful purposes, but the US defense department has highlighted China's increasing space capabilities, saying it is pursuing activities aimed at preventing adversaries from using space-based assets in a crisis. (Reuters)

ET phone home: China eyes hunt for alien life with giant telescope

Future gravitational wave detectors are going to be busy as a beaver, if a team of astronomers engaged in a latest study are to be believed.&nbsp; 
 
Presenting one of the most complete models of matter in the universe, the new study, led by Krzysztof Belczynski from the Warsaw University, predicts hundreds of massive black hole mergers each year observable with the second generation of gravitational wave detectors.The model anticipated the massive black holes observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory.&nbsp; 
 
The two colliding masses created the first directly detected gravitational waves and confirmed Einstein`s general theory of relativity. 
 
&quot;The universe isn`t the same everywhere,&quot; points out co-author Richard O`Shaughnessy, adding &quot;Some places produce many more binary black holes than others. Our study takes these differences into careful account.&quot; Massive stars that collapse upon themselves and end their lives as black holes, like the pair LIGO detected, are extremely rare, O`Shaughnessy said.&nbsp; 
 
These are less evolved, &quot;more primitive stars,&quot; that occur in special configurations in the universe. These stars from the early universe are made of more pristine hydrogen, a gas which makes them &quot;Titans among stars,&quot; at 40 to 100 solar masses. In contrast, younger generations of stars consumed the corpses of their predecessors containing heavy elements, which stunted their growth.&quot;Because LIGO is so much more sensitive to these heavy black holes, these regions of pristine gas that make heavy black holes are extremely important,&quot; O`Shaughnessy notes.&nbsp; 
 
O`Shaughnessy and his colleagues predict that massive black holes like these spin in a stable way, with orbits that remain in the same plane.&quot;These rare regions act like factories for building identifiable pairs of black holes,&rdquo; he asserts.&nbsp; 
 
The model shows that the alignment of these massive black holes is impervious to the tiny kick that follows the stars` core collapse. The same kick can change the alignment of smaller black holes and rock their orbital plane.The calculations are the most detailed calculations of its kind ever performed, O`Shaughnessy said. He likens the model to a laboratory for assessing future prospects for gravitational wave astronomy. Other gravitational wave astronomers are now using the model in their own investigations as well.&nbsp; 
 
(ANI)

These are less evolved, 'more primitive stars', that occur in special configurations in the universe.

Future gravitational wave detectors are going to be busy as a beaver, if a team of astronomers engaged in a latest study are to be believed. Presenting one of the most complete models of matter in the universe, the new study, led by Krzysztof Belczynski from the Warsaw University, predicts hundreds of massive black hole mergers each year observable with the second generation of gravitational wave detectors.The model anticipated the massive black holes observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory. The two colliding masses created the first directly detected gravitational waves and confirmed Einstein`s general theory of relativity. "The universe isn`t the same everywhere," points out co-author Richard O`Shaughnessy, adding "Some places produce many more binary black holes than others. Our study takes these differences into careful account." Massive stars that collapse upon themselves and end their lives as black holes, like the pair LIGO detected, are extremely rare, O`Shaughnessy said. These are less evolved, "more primitive stars," that occur in special configurations in the universe. These stars from the early universe are made of more pristine hydrogen, a gas which makes them "Titans among stars," at 40 to 100 solar masses. In contrast, younger generations of stars consumed the corpses of their predecessors containing heavy elements, which stunted their growth."Because LIGO is so much more sensitive to these heavy black holes, these regions of pristine gas that make heavy black holes are extremely important," O`Shaughnessy notes. O`Shaughnessy and his colleagues predict that massive black holes like these spin in a stable way, with orbits that remain in the same plane."These rare regions act like factories for building identifiable pairs of black holes,” he asserts. The model shows that the alignment of these massive black holes is impervious to the tiny kick that follows the stars` core collapse. The same kick can change the alignment of smaller black holes and rock their orbital plane.The calculations are the most detailed calculations of its kind ever performed, O`Shaughnessy said. He likens the model to a laboratory for assessing future prospects for gravitational wave astronomy. Other gravitational wave astronomers are now using the model in their own investigations as well. (ANI)

Massive stars that end their lives as black holes are extremely rare: Study

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