Have you ever wondered what makes your cute, little carrot curl up when shred and left out for a while? Well, science has answered the question. It was not what they intended to answer. They simply quantified the process that makes carrots curl up if left uneaten for too long.

The research paper by Mechanical Engineering student Nguyen Vo-Bui was titled, "Modelling of longitudinally cut carrot curling induced by the vascular cylinder-cortex interference pressure", and was published in Royal Society Open Science.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/web-stories/life-fun/6-reasons-to-make-carrot-juice-your-staple-this-winter-season-1700309842849">6 Reasons To Make Carrot Juice Your Staple This Winter</a>

Working in his kitchen, Nguyen characterised, analytically modelled, and verified the ageing of over 100 Lancashire Nantes carrot halves, and cut lengthways, using finite-element (FE) models normally used in structural engineering.

<h2>Why a carrot curls up?</h2>

The research team concluded that residual stresses and dehydration were the two key factors behind the curling behavior.&nbsp;

The starchy outer layer of the carrot (the cortex) is stiffer than the soft central vein. When cut lengthwise, the two carrot halves curl because the difference in stress becomes unbalanced. Dehydration leads to further loss of stiffness, further driving the curling effect.

<h2>What does it mean?</h2>

The study gives food producers a new mathematical tool that could be applied to the design of packaging and food handling processes, potentially reducing food waste.

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: Climate activists pour vegetable charcoal in Trevi fountain

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Dr. Elise Pegg, a senior lecturer in Bath's Department of Mechanical Engineering, is one of the research paper authors and oversaw the study. She said in an official statement, "We have mathematically represented the curl of a cut carrot over time, and showed the factors that contribute to curling."

"Our motivation was to look for ways to improve the sustainability of carrot processing and make them as long-lasting as possible. We have produced a methodology that a food producer could use to change their processes, reducing food waste and making packaging and transportation more efficient. Understanding the bending behavior in such systems can help us to design and manufacture products with higher durability."

(With inputs from agencies)

Have you ever wondered what makes your cute, little carrot curl up when shred and left out for a while? Well, science has answered the question. It was not what they intended to answer.

Have you ever wondered what makes your cute, little carrot curl up when shred and left out for a while? Well, science has answered the question. It was not what they intended to answer. They simply quantified the process that makes carrots curl up if left uneaten for too long. The research paper by Mechanical Engineering student Nguyen Vo-Bui was titled, "Modelling of longitudinally cut carrot curling induced by the vascular cylinder-cortex interference pressure", and was published in Royal Society Open Science. Also read | 6 Reasons To Make Carrot Juice Your Staple This Winter Working in his kitchen, Nguyen characterised, analytically modelled, and verified the ageing of over 100 Lancashire Nantes carrot halves, and cut lengthways, using finite-element (FE) models normally used in structural engineering. Why a carrot curls up? The research team concluded that residual stresses and dehydration were the two key factors behind the curling behavior. The starchy outer layer of the carrot (the cortex) is stiffer than the soft central vein. When cut lengthwise, the two carrot halves curl because the difference in stress becomes unbalanced. Dehydration leads to further loss of stiffness, further driving the curling effect. What does it mean? The study gives food producers a new mathematical tool that could be applied to the design of packaging and food handling processes, potentially reducing food waste. Also watch | Gravitas: Climate activists pour vegetable charcoal in Trevi fountain × Dr. Elise Pegg, a senior lecturer in Bath's Department of Mechanical Engineering, is one of the research paper authors and oversaw the study. She said in an official statement, "We have mathematically represented the curl of a cut carrot over time, and showed the factors that contribute to curling." "Our motivation was to look for ways to improve the sustainability of carrot processing and make them as long-lasting as possible. We have produced a methodology that a food producer could use to change their processes, reducing food waste and making packaging and transportation more efficient. Understanding the bending behavior in such systems can help us to design and manufacture products with higher durability." (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists reveal why carrots curl up when cut longitudinally

What would happen if the world faces an even deadlier strain of unknown virus? Or worse many more such viruses that lie hidden deep within the permafrost. Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer on or under the earth's surface. It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice. The soil beneath has been kept at below zero temperatures for hundreds of thousands of years.

Scientists sound alarm for potential outbreak

Sierra Space, a leading aerospace company, has made headlines by intentionally destroying its first full-scale prototype of a space station module in preparation for upcoming space missions, potentially slated for 2030 and beyond.

The testing, conducted at NASA's Marshall Space Center in Alabama, involved explosive trials, with all previous tests involving smaller scale models.

Sierra Space disclosed that it intentionally destroyed a full-scale prototype of its space station module through explosive tests at NASA's Marshall Space Center.

Watch the video here:

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The full-scale UBP test unit reached 77 psi before it burst, which well exceeds (+27%) <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#NASA</a>’s recommended level of 60.8 psi (maximum operating pressure of 15.2 psi multiplied by a safety factor of four). 
 
Full video: <a href="https://t.co/5XumopCb0H">https://t.co/5XumopCb0H</a><a href="https://twitter.com/NASA_Marshall?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@NASA_Marshall</a> <a href="https://t.co/WO4YyPUA05">pic.twitter.com/WO4YyPUA05</a>
— Sierra Space (@SierraSpaceCo) <a href="https://twitter.com/SierraSpaceCo/status/1749429668820721879?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 22, 2024</a></blockquote>
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The company shared a video on X showcasing the test, with the prototype reaching 77 psi before bursting, surpassing NASA's recommended level of 60.8 psi by 27 per cent.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/breakthrough-chinese-scientists-invent-new-porous-ceramic-that-can-be-used-in-making-hypersonic-aircraft-682833">Also read |&nbsp;Breakthrough: Chinese scientists invent new porous ceramic that can be used in making hypersonic aircraft</a>

<h2>Inflatable module design and orbital reef project</h2>

Sierra Space's inflatable module design incorporates soft goods technology from ILC Dover, using&nbsp;Vectran straps. This innovative design will be deployed on the Orbital Reef space station, a collaborative project between Sierra Space and Blue Origin.

The Orbital Reef initiative is one of several concepts funded by NASA to succeed the aging International Space Station (ISS), which is expected to be retired around 2030.

Sierra Space emphasises that the dimensions of its modules are nearly equivalent to that of an average family home. Measuring three stories tall (20.5 feet or 6.2 metres) with a diameter of 27 feet (8.3 metres), Sierra Space uses&nbsp;cubic feet as a unit of measurement due to the microgravity environment, allowing for optimal use of space within the module.

Also watch |&nbsp;Storm Isha hits travel and power services across UK

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One of the notable features of Sierra Space's expandable space station module technology is its scalability and flexibility. The design accommodates various launch vehicle fairing sizes, making it adaptable to both existing and planned launch vehicles.

Sierra Space's successful testing of the full-scale space station module prototype marks a significant step forward in the development of innovative aerospace solutions.

(With inputs from agencies)

Sierra Space, a leading aerospace company, has made headlines by intentionally destroying its first full-scale prototype of a space station module in preparation for upcoming space missions, potentially slated for 2030 and beyond.

Sierra Space, a leading aerospace company, has made headlines by intentionally destroying its first full-scale prototype of a space station module in preparation for upcoming space missions, potentially slated for 2030 and beyond. The testing, conducted at NASA's Marshall Space Center in Alabama, involved explosive trials, with all previous tests involving smaller scale models. Sierra Space disclosed that it intentionally destroyed a full-scale prototype of its space station module through explosive tests at NASA's Marshall Space Center. Watch the video here: The full-scale UBP test unit reached 77 psi before it burst, which well exceeds (+27%) #NASA’s recommended level of 60.8 psi (maximum operating pressure of 15.2 psi multiplied by a safety factor of four). Full video: https://t.co/5XumopCb0H@NASA_Marshall pic.twitter.com/WO4YyPUA05 — Sierra Space (@SierraSpaceCo) January 22, 2024 × The company shared a video on X showcasing the test, with the prototype reaching 77 psi before bursting, surpassing NASA's recommended level of 60.8 psi by 27 per cent. Also read | Breakthrough: Chinese scientists invent new porous ceramic that can be used in making hypersonic aircraft Inflatable module design and orbital reef project Sierra Space's inflatable module design incorporates soft goods technology from ILC Dover, using Vectran straps. This innovative design will be deployed on the Orbital Reef space station, a collaborative project between Sierra Space and Blue Origin. The Orbital Reef initiative is one of several concepts funded by NASA to succeed the aging International Space Station (ISS), which is expected to be retired around 2030. Sierra Space emphasises that the dimensions of its modules are nearly equivalent to that of an average family home. Measuring three stories tall (20.5 feet or 6.2 metres) with a diameter of 27 feet (8.3 metres), Sierra Space uses cubic feet as a unit of measurement due to the microgravity environment, allowing for optimal use of space within the module. Also watch | Storm Isha hits travel and power services across UK One of the notable features of Sierra Space's expandable space station module technology is its scalability and flexibility. The design accommodates various launch vehicle fairing sizes, making it adaptable to both existing and planned launch vehicles. Sierra Space's successful testing of the full-scale space station module prototype marks a significant step forward in the development of innovative aerospace solutions. (With inputs from agencies)

This company deliberately blew up its own space station structure. WATCH and know why

Chinese scientists have unveiled a groundbreaking achievement in materials science with the development of a porous ceramic material that possesses both high mechanical strength and exceptional thermal insulation. This innovation has the potential to revolutionise aerospace applications, particularly in the construction of the next generation of hypersonic aircraft, reported the South China Morning Post.

Porous ceramic materials are increasingly favoured for thermal insulation due to their lightweight nature, chemical inertness, and low thermal conductivity.

However, the quest for materials with both high mechanical strength and thermal insulation has proven challenging.

The introduction of more pores to enhance thermal insulation often results in a significant reduction in mechanical strength. Moreover, conventional porous materials may experience shrinkage and strength degradation at high temperatures, rendering them unsuitable for aerospace applications.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/at-least-six-injured-after-71-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-part-of-western-china-682672">Also read |&nbsp;At least 6 injured after 7.1-magnitude earthquake rattles western China; landslide death toll at 20</a>

<h2>Multiscale structural design</h2>

The research team from the Guangzhou University's School of Materials Science and Engineering overcame these limitations by developing a porous ceramic with a unique multiscale structural design.

This design, named 9PHEB (9-cation porous high-entropy diboride), incorporates a high-entropy concept, involving the mixing of nine positively charged ions.

The ceramic, 9PHEB, exhibits outstanding dimension and strength retention up to 2,000 degrees Celsius, making it suitable for extreme conditions. With approximately 50% porosity, the material's compressive strength at room temperature is an ultra-high 337 million pascals (MPa), surpassing previous reports on porous ceramics.

Based on the high-entropy concept, 9PHEB showcases a unique microstructure, featuring ultrafine pores at the microscale (0.8 to 1.2 micrometres), defect-free connections at the nanoscale, and lattice distortion at the atomic scale. These characteristics contribute to its mechanical strength and thermal insulation.

Also watch |&nbsp;Taiwan-China tensions: Taiwan reports spotting 7 Chinese fighter jets

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In thermal stability tests, 9PHEB retained 98.5 per cent&nbsp;of its room temperature strength even at 1,500 degrees, showcasing remarkable insulation properties. At 2,000 degrees, the material exhibited plastic deformation, with a strain of 49 per cent, resulting in a strength increase to 690 MPa.

The researchers assert that the ceramic's unique properties, stemming from its multiscale design, make it suitable for diverse applications.

(With inputs from agencies)

&nbsp;

Chinese scientists have unveiled a groundbreaking achievement in materials science with the development of a porous ceramic material that possesses both high mechanical strength and exceptional thermal insulation.

Chinese scientists have unveiled a groundbreaking achievement in materials science with the development of a porous ceramic material that possesses both high mechanical strength and exceptional thermal insulation. This innovation has the potential to revolutionise aerospace applications, particularly in the construction of the next generation of hypersonic aircraft, reported the South China Morning Post. Porous ceramic materials are increasingly favoured for thermal insulation due to their lightweight nature, chemical inertness, and low thermal conductivity. However, the quest for materials with both high mechanical strength and thermal insulation has proven challenging. The introduction of more pores to enhance thermal insulation often results in a significant reduction in mechanical strength. Moreover, conventional porous materials may experience shrinkage and strength degradation at high temperatures, rendering them unsuitable for aerospace applications. Also read | At least 6 injured after 7.1-magnitude earthquake rattles western China; landslide death toll at 20 Multiscale structural design The research team from the Guangzhou University's School of Materials Science and Engineering overcame these limitations by developing a porous ceramic with a unique multiscale structural design. This design, named 9PHEB (9-cation porous high-entropy diboride), incorporates a high-entropy concept, involving the mixing of nine positively charged ions. The ceramic, 9PHEB, exhibits outstanding dimension and strength retention up to 2,000 degrees Celsius, making it suitable for extreme conditions. With approximately 50% porosity, the material's compressive strength at room temperature is an ultra-high 337 million pascals (MPa), surpassing previous reports on porous ceramics. Based on the high-entropy concept, 9PHEB showcases a unique microstructure, featuring ultrafine pores at the microscale (0.8 to 1.2 micrometres), defect-free connections at the nanoscale, and lattice distortion at the atomic scale. These characteristics contribute to its mechanical strength and thermal insulation. Also watch | Taiwan-China tensions: Taiwan reports spotting 7 Chinese fighter jets In thermal stability tests, 9PHEB retained 98.5 per cent of its room temperature strength even at 1,500 degrees, showcasing remarkable insulation properties. At 2,000 degrees, the material exhibited plastic deformation, with a strain of 49 per cent, resulting in a strength increase to 690 MPa. The researchers assert that the ceramic's unique properties, stemming from its multiscale design, make it suitable for diverse applications. (With inputs from agencies)

Breakthrough: Chinese scientists invent new porous ceramic that can be used in making hypersonic aircraft

On January 20, Axiom Mission 3 (Ax-3) achieved a significant milestone by successfully docking at the International Space Station (ISS). This feat follows the launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on January 18, carrying a cohort of European astronauts, including Turkey's first space traveller and three representatives from the European Space Agency (ESA), from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

The collaborative efforts of NASA, Axiom Space, and SpaceX are currently in full swing as integrated operations are underway. This phase initiates during the spacecraft's approach to the ISS. NASA retains mission responsibility throughout integrated operations, encompassing the crew's stay aboard the orbiting laboratory, where they engage in scientific, educational, and commercial activities. The mission concludes upon Dragon's departure from the space station's vicinity.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/watch-asteroid-turns-into-fireball-before-crashing-into-earth-in-germany-682483">Also read |&nbsp;Asteroid turns into fireball before crashing into Earth in Germany</a>

<h2>Private crew mission: Axiom Space Mission 3</h2>

Axiom Space Mission 3 marks the third private crew mission to visit the ISS, ushering in a new era of space exploration.

The crew, composed entirely of private crew, is set to spend approximately 14 days aboard the ISS, undertaking up to 30 experiments. Their endeavours align with the ongoing activities of the seven astronauts already present on the space station.

Also watch |&nbsp;China Spy Balloon: Latest balloon sightings come after Taiwan Presidential polls

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Josef Aschbacher, Director General of the European Space Agency (ESA), expressed optimism for the future, stating, "This year will look much better." This positive outlook was shared during an annual press briefing, where the ESA disclosed a groundbreaking budget of €7.8 billion—the largest allocation ever dedicated to European space exploration.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

On January 20, Axiom Mission 3 (Ax-3) achieved a significant milestone by successfully docking at the International Space Station (ISS). This feat follows the launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on January 18, carrying a cohort of European astronauts, including Turkey's first space traveller and three representatives from the European Space Agency (ESA), from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

On January 20, Axiom Mission 3 (Ax-3) achieved a significant milestone by successfully docking at the International Space Station (ISS). This feat follows the launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on January 18, carrying a cohort of European astronauts, including Turkey's first space traveller and three representatives from the European Space Agency (ESA), from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The collaborative efforts of NASA, Axiom Space, and SpaceX are currently in full swing as integrated operations are underway. This phase initiates during the spacecraft's approach to the ISS. NASA retains mission responsibility throughout integrated operations, encompassing the crew's stay aboard the orbiting laboratory, where they engage in scientific, educational, and commercial activities. The mission concludes upon Dragon's departure from the space station's vicinity. Also read | Asteroid turns into fireball before crashing into Earth in Germany Private crew mission: Axiom Space Mission 3 Axiom Space Mission 3 marks the third private crew mission to visit the ISS, ushering in a new era of space exploration. The crew, composed entirely of private crew, is set to spend approximately 14 days aboard the ISS, undertaking up to 30 experiments. Their endeavours align with the ongoing activities of the seven astronauts already present on the space station. Also watch | China Spy Balloon: Latest balloon sightings come after Taiwan Presidential polls Josef Aschbacher, Director General of the European Space Agency (ESA), expressed optimism for the future, stating, "This year will look much better." This positive outlook was shared during an annual press briefing, where the ESA disclosed a groundbreaking budget of €7.8 billion—the largest allocation ever dedicated to European space exploration. (With inputs from agencies)

Ax-3 Mission: All-European astronaut crew successfully reaches ISS

Aliens are watching us and are snooping on major landmarks across the Earth while using their ultra-advanced telescopes sitting thousands of light years away, a new study has claimed. But there is one catch: They are not observing us in real-time. Instead, there could be a delay of at least 3,000 years due to the time that light takes to travel across space. So, most probably, aliens are able to pick out buildings and structures built on Earth during the times of the Romans, Greeks, Indians and Egyptians.&nbsp;

The peer-reviewed paper is published in the March 2024 edition of Acta Astronautica, titled "Are we visible to advanced alien civilizations?".

According to author ZN&nbsp;Osmanov, a Research Affiliate at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) institute, the maximum distance for potential detection of activities on Earth by an extraterrestrial civilisation is 3000 light-years, an estimate calculated on the basis of the laws of physics.

It means that aliens could use huge and advanced telescopes to snoop on our major landmarks of the past. The study aimed to determine our detectability by categorising alien civilisations based on their technological advancements.&nbsp;

These classifications are based on the capability of the alien societies to harness the energy of their local star. The proposed categories are as follows: Type-I consumes all the energy incident on a planet from its star; Type-II utilises the total energy of the star; and Type-III is an advanced society that consumes the entire galactic energy.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/peruvian-aliens-found-out-to-be-just-dolls-made-of-bones-forensic-experts-says-679683">Also read:&nbsp;Peruvian `aliens` found out to be just dolls made of bones, forensic experts say</a>

The study reads: "In particular, the question is: can the artefacts of our technological society be visible and potentially detectable by the telescopes of ETs?

"Since the question is to identify our society with civilization, the major focus should be on the search for large ships, buildings space satellites, etc. Such artefacts might easily be identified as artificial constructions.

Watch:&nbsp;Aliens in Mexico? Sensational claim on aliens

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"For this purpose, it is natural to focus on the visible light reflected from the corresponding objects. To identify an observed object with an artificial one, the best way is to spatially resolve it. Therefore, optical telescopes will be used."

(With inputs from agencies)

Aliens are watching us and are snooping on major landmarks across the Earth while using their ultra-advanced telescopes sitting thousands of light years away, a new study has claimed.

Aliens are watching us and are snooping on major landmarks across the Earth while using their ultra-advanced telescopes sitting thousands of light years away, a new study has claimed. But there is one catch: They are not observing us in real-time. Instead, there could be a delay of at least 3,000 years due to the time that light takes to travel across space. So, most probably, aliens are able to pick out buildings and structures built on Earth during the times of the Romans, Greeks, Indians and Egyptians. The peer-reviewed paper is published in the March 2024 edition of Acta Astronautica, titled "Are we visible to advanced alien civilizations?". According to author ZN Osmanov, a Research Affiliate at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) institute, the maximum distance for potential detection of activities on Earth by an extraterrestrial civilisation is 3000 light-years, an estimate calculated on the basis of the laws of physics. It means that aliens could use huge and advanced telescopes to snoop on our major landmarks of the past. The study aimed to determine our detectability by categorising alien civilisations based on their technological advancements. These classifications are based on the capability of the alien societies to harness the energy of their local star. The proposed categories are as follows: Type-I consumes all the energy incident on a planet from its star; Type-II utilises the total energy of the star; and Type-III is an advanced society that consumes the entire galactic energy. Also read: Peruvian `aliens` found out to be just dolls made of bones, forensic experts say The study reads: "In particular, the question is: can the artefacts of our technological society be visible and potentially detectable by the telescopes of ETs? "Since the question is to identify our society with civilization, the major focus should be on the search for large ships, buildings space satellites, etc. Such artefacts might easily be identified as artificial constructions. Watch: Aliens in Mexico? Sensational claim on aliens × "For this purpose, it is natural to focus on the visible light reflected from the corresponding objects. To identify an observed object with an artificial one, the best way is to spatially resolve it. Therefore, optical telescopes will be used." (With inputs from agencies)

Aliens could be secretly watching us but with a 3,000-year delay: Study

Newly discovered evidence of one of the most massive eruptions ever recorded in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc suggests that the field was much more explosive in the distant past than previously believed.

Newly discovered evidence of one of the most massive eruptions ever recorded in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc suggests that the field was much more explosive in the distant past than previously believed. According to the research published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment, scientists have extracted an enormous pumice deposit from the seafloor of coastal sites of the Greek archipelago in Santorini. The 60-kilometre chain of over 20 volcanoes makes up the volcanic field in the Greek Aegean. Most of these dangerous volcanoes are underwater and have a history of highly explosive eruptions. Dr Steffen Kutterolf, a volcanist at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research in Kiel and Dr Timothy Druitt from the University of Clermont-Auvergne led the expedition in Santorini. Dr Kutterolf said, "For example, the Late Bronze Age eruption of Santorini around 3,600 years ago probably triggered the downfall of the Minoan civilization on Crete—an important event for both volcanology and archaeology." ALSO READ | Hot springs served as catalyst for life on Earth billions of years ago, study finds The deposit suggested that a more explosive eruption took place over 520,000 years ago. "The newly discovered tuff deposit has a volume of more than 90 cubic kilometres and is up to 150 meters thick, making it six times larger than the pyroclastic flow deposits of the Minoan eruption and ten times larger than those of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption of 22 January 2022," Dr Kutterolf added. The streams of hot ash, rock, and gas originating from a submarine volcano are known as pyroclastic flows. When combined with water, they transform into turbid flows and mud. Pyroclastic flows transported large quantities of volcanic material up to 70 kilometres into the nearby sea basins. Researchers have also found layers of rock belonging to the same eruption as the deposit on three neighbouring islands. Dr. Kutterolf said, "The first dating and estimation of the water depth at which the eruption took place were possible directly on board thanks to micropalaeontology." Since the geological age and preferred water depths are known, the research team used microfossils (foraminifera) found above and below the pumice deposit to determine its location on the seafloor. However, researchers believe that the chances of the volcanic field experiencing another eruption of high magnitude are low. "But knowing the past is also an essential building block for predicting the future," says Dr Kutterolf. (With inputs from agencies)

An eruption over 520,000 years ago shows South Aegean Volcanic Arc was far more dangerous

Just like humans, plants also communicate with each other as soon as any danger or attack is detected in their neighbourhood. Scientists know about this phenomenon since the 1980s, having identified at least 80 species who act in their defence in crisis situations. However, it was still shrouded in mystery as to how exactly plants receive such danger signals from their neighbours.&nbsp;

Now, a team of Japanese scientists has not just solved this puzzle but also filmed the communication among plants in an amazing video. In a study published in Nature Communications, molecular biologists at Saitama University in Japan, Yuri Aratani and Takuya Uemura, demonstrated how these plants behave upon detecting danger.

<h2>Set up created using engineered plants</h2>

To conduct the experiment, scientists set off caterpillars on leaves cut from tomato plants and a commonly used weed called &nbsp;Arabidopsis thaliana. To better analyse its impact on the neighbouring plant, the compounds were concentrated in a plastic bottle and pumped onto the recipient plant at a constant rate.

Watch:&nbsp;New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller

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Also, the recipient Arabidopsis plant was not an ordinary plant but was genetically engineered so that its cells contained a biosensor that fluoresced green when an influx of calcium ions was detected.

<h2>How undamaged plants responded?</h2>

In the video, undamaged plants clearly responded to messages from their injured neighbours, exhibiting calcium signalling across their extended leaves. The researchers discovered that compounds Z-3-HAL and E-2-HAL induced calcium signals in Arabidopsis by analysing airborne compounds.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/gujarat-sized-underwater-plateau-in-pacific-ocean-still-expanding-stuns-scientists-678978">Also read:&nbsp;Experts stunned by massive underwater structure expanding since Jurassic era</a>

Using Arabidopsis plants engineered with fluorescent sensors in specific cells, they identified that guard cells (forming stomata), mesophyll cells (inner leaf tissue), and epidermal cells (outermost layer) were the initial responders to danger cues.

Watch the video below:

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When exposed to Z-3-HAL, guard cells promptly generated calcium signals, followed by mesophyll cells. Additionally, pre-treating plants with a phytohormone that closes stomata significantly reduced calcium signalling, indicating stomata function as the plant's 'nostrils.'

"We have finally unveiled the intricate story of when, where, and how plants respond to airborne 'warning messages' from their threatened neighbours," says Masatsugu Toyota, a molecular biologist at Saitama University in Japan and senior author of the study.

"This ethereal communication network, hidden from our view, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding neighbouring plants from imminent threats in a timely manner."

(With inputs from agencies)

Just like humans, plants also communicate with each other as soon as any danger or attack is detected in their neighbourhood. Scientists know about this phenomenon since the 1980s, having identified at least 80 species who act in their defence in crisis situations.

Just like humans, plants also communicate with each other as soon as any danger or attack is detected in their neighbourhood. Scientists know about this phenomenon since the 1980s, having identified at least 80 species who act in their defence in crisis situations. However, it was still shrouded in mystery as to how exactly plants receive such danger signals from their neighbours. Now, a team of Japanese scientists has not just solved this puzzle but also filmed the communication among plants in an amazing video. In a study published in Nature Communications, molecular biologists at Saitama University in Japan, Yuri Aratani and Takuya Uemura, demonstrated how these plants behave upon detecting danger. Set up created using engineered plants To conduct the experiment, scientists set off caterpillars on leaves cut from tomato plants and a commonly used weed called Arabidopsis thaliana. To better analyse its impact on the neighbouring plant, the compounds were concentrated in a plastic bottle and pumped onto the recipient plant at a constant rate. Watch: New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller × Also, the recipient Arabidopsis plant was not an ordinary plant but was genetically engineered so that its cells contained a biosensor that fluoresced green when an influx of calcium ions was detected. How undamaged plants responded? In the video, undamaged plants clearly responded to messages from their injured neighbours, exhibiting calcium signalling across their extended leaves. The researchers discovered that compounds Z-3-HAL and E-2-HAL induced calcium signals in Arabidopsis by analysing airborne compounds. Also read: Experts stunned by massive underwater structure expanding since Jurassic era Using Arabidopsis plants engineered with fluorescent sensors in specific cells, they identified that guard cells (forming stomata), mesophyll cells (inner leaf tissue), and epidermal cells (outermost layer) were the initial responders to danger cues. Watch the video below: × When exposed to Z-3-HAL, guard cells promptly generated calcium signals, followed by mesophyll cells. Additionally, pre-treating plants with a phytohormone that closes stomata significantly reduced calcium signalling, indicating stomata function as the plant's 'nostrils.' "We have finally unveiled the intricate story of when, where, and how plants respond to airborne 'warning messages' from their threatened neighbours," says Masatsugu Toyota, a molecular biologist at Saitama University in Japan and senior author of the study. "This ethereal communication network, hidden from our view, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding neighbouring plants from imminent threats in a timely manner." (With inputs from agencies)

Watch: Plant caught on cam ‘talking’ to neighbouring plant in groundbreaking study

In a serendipitous twist of cosmic fortune, a celestial anomaly named J0613+52, situated approximately 270 million light-years away, is challenging the conventional definition of a galaxy.&nbsp;

In a daring departure from the norm, this colossal entity defies what we know and appears to have no stars — or at least none that are visible. The galaxy, instead, presents itself as an enigmatic expanse of interstellar gas, meandering through the cosmic expanse in isolation, reports Science Alert.

<h2>Why is this important?</h2>

What's curious about this galaxy is the fact that if you ignore the absence of stars, or rather extracted stars from galaxies like the Milky Way, J0613+52 is pretty much what you would expect from a galaxy.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-discover-youngest-earth-sized-exoplanet-having-lava-hemisphere-679301">'Extra hot and young' Earth-sized exoplanet with a ‘lava hemisphere’ discovered</a>

This cosmic revelation, unveiled by astronomers led by astrophysicist Karen O'Neil from the Green Bank Observatory, is akin to stumbling upon the cosmic equivalent of a lone renegade—it could be the first discovery of a primordial galaxy in the nearby Universe. A primordial galaxy is mostly made up of gas and is estimated to have formed at the beginning of time.

Watch |&nbsp;Are Peruvian Alien Mummies Real or a Clever Hoax? Expert Weighs In!

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<h2>How the discovery was made</h2>

This was completely a happenstance discovery. It was a consequence of an unintentional misalignment of the Green Bank Telescope.

While showcasing the discovery at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society, O'Neil said: "The GBT was accidentally pointed to the wrong coordinates and found this object."&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/big-ring-with-staggering-diameter-of-13-bln-light-years-defies-cosmic-theories-679346">'Big Ring' with staggering diameter of 1.3 bln light years defies cosmic theories</a>&nbsp;

"It's a galaxy made only out of gas—it has no visible stars. Stars could be there, we just can't see them."

The Green Bank Observatory team was on the hunt for low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. These dimly illuminated galactic entities are characterised by low starlight emissions. Yet, during their cosmic exploration, a typo led the telescope to uncharted celestial coordinates, revealing the unexpected spectacle of J0613+52.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a serendipitous twist of cosmic fortune, a celestial anomaly named J0613+52, situated approximately 270 million light-years away, is challenging the conventional definition of a galaxy.

In a serendipitous twist of cosmic fortune, a celestial anomaly named J0613+52, situated approximately 270 million light-years away, is challenging the conventional definition of a galaxy. In a daring departure from the norm, this colossal entity defies what we know and appears to have no stars — or at least none that are visible. The galaxy, instead, presents itself as an enigmatic expanse of interstellar gas, meandering through the cosmic expanse in isolation, reports Science Alert. Why is this important? What's curious about this galaxy is the fact that if you ignore the absence of stars, or rather extracted stars from galaxies like the Milky Way, J0613+52 is pretty much what you would expect from a galaxy. Also read | 'Extra hot and young' Earth-sized exoplanet with a ‘lava hemisphere’ discovered This cosmic revelation, unveiled by astronomers led by astrophysicist Karen O'Neil from the Green Bank Observatory, is akin to stumbling upon the cosmic equivalent of a lone renegade—it could be the first discovery of a primordial galaxy in the nearby Universe. A primordial galaxy is mostly made up of gas and is estimated to have formed at the beginning of time. Watch | Are Peruvian Alien Mummies Real or a Clever Hoax? Expert Weighs In! How the discovery was made This was completely a happenstance discovery. It was a consequence of an unintentional misalignment of the Green Bank Telescope. While showcasing the discovery at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society, O'Neil said: "The GBT was accidentally pointed to the wrong coordinates and found this object." Also read | 'Big Ring' with staggering diameter of 1.3 bln light years defies cosmic theories "It's a galaxy made only out of gas—it has no visible stars. Stars could be there, we just can't see them." The Green Bank Observatory team was on the hunt for low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. These dimly illuminated galactic entities are characterised by low starlight emissions. Yet, during their cosmic exploration, a typo led the telescope to uncharted celestial coordinates, revealing the unexpected spectacle of J0613+52. (With inputs from agencies)

A galaxy without any stars! Scientists stumble upon one 270 million light-years away

Paleontologists may have found a new species of tyrannosaur—Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis—that could have been even larger than Tyrannosaurus rex—the dinosaur king—in size. The revelation came after experts carefully studied a partial fossilised skull initially unearthed in 1983. For decades, scientists mistakenly thought it to be T. rex skull. However, they decided to expose it to further study in 2013 after a team of palaeontologists noticed subtle yet suspicious anomalies in its shape.&nbsp;

A new study published Thursday (Jan 11) in the journal ‘Scientific Reports’ revealed that the skull dates to between 73 million and 71 million years ago. It means that T. mcraeensis was 3 to 5 million years older than T. rex.

<h2>Differences noticed between T. mcraeensis and T. rex</h2>

According to experts, the most striking difference were&nbsp;observed in the shape of the lower jaw. "The most striking difference is the shape of the lower jaw, which is more slender and curved [than T.rex]," study co-author Nick Longrich, a palaeontologist at the University of Bath in the UK, was quoted as saying by Live Science.

"It also lacks the prominent bosses or hornlets found over the top of the eyes in T. rex," he added.

Longrich further added that T. mcraeensis was found to have fewer teeth than other tyrannosaurs, “which is one of the main reasons why the researchers believe it is T. rex's closest relative because T. rex also has fewer teeth.”

<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=newssearch&amp;cd=&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiS_5m_49eDAxVEsVYBHfcVBQoQxfQBKAB6BAgHEAE&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fscience%2Fscientists-discover-youngest-earth-sized-exoplanet-having-lava-hemisphere-679301&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Pn2wxV2fsXsKryqfgK2R1&amp;opi=89978449">Also read:&nbsp;`Extra hot and young` Earth-sized exoplanet with a ‘lava hemisphere’ discovered</a>

He added that the size of the skull was around the same size but “other individuals of the same species may have been even larger.”

"It's not impossible" that T. mcraeensis could have been even larger than T. rex, Longrich said. "Since we only have one individual, it's unlikely we've found the biggest individuals of the species."

<h2>T. rex’s other closest relatives</h2>

Tarbosaurus bataar and Zhuchengtyrannus magnus were previously considered T. rex's closest relatives, both believed to have roamed in China and Mongolia.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;NASA James Webb Telescope captures stunning pictures of the universe

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These tyrannosaurs predate T. rex, hinting that the origin of tyrannosaurs might be in Asia. However, recent discoveries propose that Laramidia is a more probable birthplace for the tyrannosaur lineage, implying later migration to Asia. Yet, none of the theories have been confirmed by experts.

(With inputs from agencies)

Paleontologists may have found a new species of tyrannosaur—Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis—that could have been even larger than Tyrannosaurus rex—the dinosaur king—in size.

Paleontologists may have found a new species of tyrannosaur—Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis—that could have been even larger than Tyrannosaurus rex—the dinosaur king—in size. The revelation came after experts carefully studied a partial fossilised skull initially unearthed in 1983. For decades, scientists mistakenly thought it to be T. rex skull. However, they decided to expose it to further study in 2013 after a team of palaeontologists noticed subtle yet suspicious anomalies in its shape. A new study published Thursday (Jan 11) in the journal ‘Scientific Reports’ revealed that the skull dates to between 73 million and 71 million years ago. It means that T. mcraeensis was 3 to 5 million years older than T. rex. Differences noticed between T. mcraeensis and T. rex According to experts, the most striking difference were observed in the shape of the lower jaw. "The most striking difference is the shape of the lower jaw, which is more slender and curved [than T.rex]," study co-author Nick Longrich, a palaeontologist at the University of Bath in the UK, was quoted as saying by Live Science. "It also lacks the prominent bosses or hornlets found over the top of the eyes in T. rex," he added. Longrich further added that T. mcraeensis was found to have fewer teeth than other tyrannosaurs, “which is one of the main reasons why the researchers believe it is T. rex's closest relative because T. rex also has fewer teeth.” Also read: `Extra hot and young` Earth-sized exoplanet with a ‘lava hemisphere’ discovered He added that the size of the skull was around the same size but “other individuals of the same species may have been even larger.” "It's not impossible" that T. mcraeensis could have been even larger than T. rex, Longrich said. "Since we only have one individual, it's unlikely we've found the biggest individuals of the species." T. rex’s other closest relatives Tarbosaurus bataar and Zhuchengtyrannus magnus were previously considered T. rex's closest relatives, both believed to have roamed in China and Mongolia. Watch: NASA James Webb Telescope captures stunning pictures of the universe × These tyrannosaurs predate T. rex, hinting that the origin of tyrannosaurs might be in Asia. However, recent discoveries propose that Laramidia is a more probable birthplace for the tyrannosaur lineage, implying later migration to Asia. Yet, none of the theories have been confirmed by experts. (With inputs from agencies)

Dinosaur bigger and older than the T. rex once roamed the Earth, scientists find

Women have for years borne the burden of work around the house. Now, a survey from Japan has revealed that a majority of women in the nation are "dissatisfied" with the amount of domestic work their husbands do. More than 15 per cent of the women reported that their partners do not do any household chores.

<h2>Unhappy in marriage</h2>

The annual survey by Japan's Shufu Job Shoken, a private research institute, found that more than half or 55.3 per cent of married women were unhappy with the amount of work their partners did at home.&nbsp;

As per South China Morning Post (SCMP), nearly 40 per cent voiced their displeasure over their husbands only extending "a little help". Not only that, 15.5 per cent reported that their spouses never cooked, cleaned or even took care of their children.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/texas-man-arrested-for-filming-himself-six-others-gang-raping-two-toddlers-in-mall-bathroom-679279">Texas: Man arrested for filming himself, six others gang-raping two toddlers in mall bathroom</a>

This is the highest level of dissatisfaction recorded since the research institute started undertaking the survey three years ago.

<h2>Men fail to meet standards</h2>

The level of content was the lowest ever recorded. Men continued to fail to meet their wives' standards.

Of the 510 survey respondents, only about 16.7 per cent of the women said their husbands did "enough" and that they were satisfied by their partners' efforts. Another 28 per cent said that while their partners did "a little" they had "no complaints".

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/archaeologists-uncover-lost-cities-which-existed-2000-years-ago-in-ecuadorian-amazon-679334">Archaeologists uncover lost cities which existed 2,000 years ago in Ecuadorian Amazon</a>

The grievances by women ranged from very specific to general. As per the SCMP report specific complaints included those about men not even taking care of their own mess.

"He doesn’t unroll his balled-up socks and leaves them on the floor instead of putting them in the washing machine," said a woman.

Others complained that their husbands seemed to lack awareness of what household chores needed to be, and their tasks were overlooked until their wives stepped in.

(With inputs from agencies)

Women have for years borne the burden of work around the house. Now, a survey from Japan has revealed that a majority of women in the nation are "dissatisfied" with the amount of domestic work their husbands do.

Women have for years borne the burden of work around the house. Now, a survey from Japan has revealed that a majority of women in the nation are "dissatisfied" with the amount of domestic work their husbands do. More than 15 per cent of the women reported that their partners do not do any household chores. Unhappy in marriage The annual survey by Japan's Shufu Job Shoken, a private research institute, found that more than half or 55.3 per cent of married women were unhappy with the amount of work their partners did at home. As per South China Morning Post (SCMP), nearly 40 per cent voiced their displeasure over their husbands only extending "a little help". Not only that, 15.5 per cent reported that their spouses never cooked, cleaned or even took care of their children. Also read | Texas: Man arrested for filming himself, six others gang-raping two toddlers in mall bathroom This is the highest level of dissatisfaction recorded since the research institute started undertaking the survey three years ago. Men fail to meet standards The level of content was the lowest ever recorded. Men continued to fail to meet their wives' standards. Of the 510 survey respondents, only about 16.7 per cent of the women said their husbands did "enough" and that they were satisfied by their partners' efforts. Another 28 per cent said that while their partners did "a little" they had "no complaints". Also read | Archaeologists uncover lost cities which existed 2,000 years ago in Ecuadorian Amazon The grievances by women ranged from very specific to general. As per the SCMP report specific complaints included those about men not even taking care of their own mess. "He doesn’t unroll his balled-up socks and leaves them on the floor instead of putting them in the washing machine," said a woman. Others complained that their husbands seemed to lack awareness of what household chores needed to be, and their tasks were overlooked until their wives stepped in. (With inputs from agencies)

Japanese men continue to disappoint their wives; most women say husbands don't do 'enough' around home

Astronomers have stumbled upon a celestial mystery – the discovery of a colossal ring-shaped cosmic megastructure, named the Big Ring. This mind-boggling find, presented at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in New Orleans, defies the conventional knowledge of the universe's structure.

"This discovery challenges our current understanding of the cosmos. From current cosmological theories, we didn't think structures on this scale were possible," said a leading PhD student at the University of Central Lancashire Alexia Lopez.

The Big Ring has a staggering diameter of about 1.3 billion&nbsp;light years. It is more than 9 billion light years away from Earth. Although too faint to be seen directly, its expansive proportions would span the night sky equivalent to 15 full moons.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/business-economy/flashback-friday-tracing-the-turbulent-journey-of-the-boeing-737-max-aircraft-679327">Flashback Friday: Tracing the turbulent journey of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft</a>

The findings question the cosmological principle, a fundamental assumption in cosmology which says that there is uniformity in the universe above a certain spatial scale.

"We could expect maybe one exceedingly large structure in all our observable universe," Lopez added.

In a surprising twist, the Big Ring is not alone. It shares cosmic real estate with the Giant Arc, another unexpectedly large structure discovered by Lopez in 2021, spanning an estimated 3.3 billion light years.

Both structures, located near the constellations of Boötes the Herdsman, hint at the possibility of a connected cosmological system.

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"These oddities keep getting swept under the rug, but the more we find, we're going to have to come face-to-face with the fact that maybe our standard model needs rethinking," said Lopez and added, "As a minimum, it's incomplete. As a maximum, we need a completely new theorem of cosmology."

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The structure, initially appearing as a perfect ring, was later revealed to possess a more coil-shaped structure, resembling a corkscrew, aligned face-on with Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers have stumbled upon a celestial mystery – the discovery of a colossal ring-shaped cosmic megastructure, named the Big Ring. This mind-boggling find, presented at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in New Orleans, defies the conventional knowledge of the universe's structure.

Astronomers have stumbled upon a celestial mystery – the discovery of a colossal ring-shaped cosmic megastructure, named the Big Ring. This mind-boggling find, presented at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society in New Orleans, defies the conventional knowledge of the universe's structure. "This discovery challenges our current understanding of the cosmos. From current cosmological theories, we didn't think structures on this scale were possible," said a leading PhD student at the University of Central Lancashire Alexia Lopez. The Big Ring has a staggering diameter of about 1.3 billion light years. It is more than 9 billion light years away from Earth. Although too faint to be seen directly, its expansive proportions would span the night sky equivalent to 15 full moons. Also Read | Flashback Friday: Tracing the turbulent journey of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft The findings question the cosmological principle, a fundamental assumption in cosmology which says that there is uniformity in the universe above a certain spatial scale. "We could expect maybe one exceedingly large structure in all our observable universe," Lopez added. In a surprising twist, the Big Ring is not alone. It shares cosmic real estate with the Giant Arc, another unexpectedly large structure discovered by Lopez in 2021, spanning an estimated 3.3 billion light years. Both structures, located near the constellations of Boötes the Herdsman, hint at the possibility of a connected cosmological system. Also Read | US: Jury decides not to indict Ohio woman for abuse of corpse after miscarriage "These oddities keep getting swept under the rug, but the more we find, we're going to have to come face-to-face with the fact that maybe our standard model needs rethinking," said Lopez and added, "As a minimum, it's incomplete. As a maximum, we need a completely new theorem of cosmology." Watch | New York evacuates migrants to school, Mayor defends shifting migrants × The structure, initially appearing as a perfect ring, was later revealed to possess a more coil-shaped structure, resembling a corkscrew, aligned face-on with Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

'Big Ring' with staggering diameter of 1.3 bln light years defies cosmic theories

In a digital era marked by technological leaps, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) comes with both opportunities and challenges. On Tuesday, in a stark warning, top US law enforcement and intelligence officials raised concerns about the dark potential of AI. Speaking at the International Conference on Cyber Security at Fordham University in Manhattan they suggested that artificial intelligence's evolution could amplify the risks associated with hacking, scamming, and money laundering.&nbsp;

<h2>AI can help scams</h2>

Speaking at the cyber security conference, Rob Joyce, the Director of Cybersecurity at the National Security Agency, said that AI is now being employed by less technically savvy individuals to execute hacking operations that would have been beyond their reach otherwise.&nbsp;

Joyce, as reported by Reuters,&nbsp;emphasised the worrisome development and said, "It's going to make those that use AI more effective and more dangerous."&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/terror-beasts-scientists-unearth-500-million-year-old-giant-predator-worms-in-greenland-676493">Terror Beasts: 500-million-year old 'giant' predator worms unearthed in Greenland&nbsp;</a>

However, on a somewhat optimistic note, he acknowledged that AI advancements are aiding US authorities in uncovering malicious activities.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is already witnessing a surge in cyber intrusions attributed to the diminished technical barriers facilitated by AI, revealed James Smith, the Assistant Director in charge of the FBI's New York field office, during the conference.

<h2>More than just hacking</h2>

The potential implications extend beyond hacking, reaching into the realm of financial crimes, according to top federal prosecutors. Damian Williams, the US Attorney in Manhattan, pointed out that AI could empower individuals who do not speak English to craft convincing messages, to scam unsuspecting victims.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-announces-13-ideas-that-won-175000-under-prestigious-niac-programme-676847">NASA announces 13 ideas that won $175,000 under prestigious NIAC programme</a>

Breon Peace, the US Attorney in Brooklyn, delved into the unsettling territory of AI-generated "deepfake" images and videos. He expressed concern that such sophisticated content could deceive banks' identity verification systems, that are designed to prevent money laundering. Peace cautioned that this could enable criminals and terrorists to exploit the financial system at scale, "undermining the system of controls that we have developed for decades".

(With inputs from agencies)

In a digital era marked by technological leaps, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) comes with both opportunities and challenges. On Tuesday, in a stark warning, top US law enforcement and intelligence officials raised concerns about the dark potential of AI.

In a digital era marked by technological leaps, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) comes with both opportunities and challenges. On Tuesday, in a stark warning, top US law enforcement and intelligence officials raised concerns about the dark potential of AI. Speaking at the International Conference on Cyber Security at Fordham University in Manhattan they suggested that artificial intelligence's evolution could amplify the risks associated with hacking, scamming, and money laundering. AI can help scams Speaking at the cyber security conference, Rob Joyce, the Director of Cybersecurity at the National Security Agency, said that AI is now being employed by less technically savvy individuals to execute hacking operations that would have been beyond their reach otherwise. Joyce, as reported by Reuters, emphasised the worrisome development and said, "It's going to make those that use AI more effective and more dangerous." Also read | Terror Beasts: 500-million-year old 'giant' predator worms unearthed in Greenland However, on a somewhat optimistic note, he acknowledged that AI advancements are aiding US authorities in uncovering malicious activities. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is already witnessing a surge in cyber intrusions attributed to the diminished technical barriers facilitated by AI, revealed James Smith, the Assistant Director in charge of the FBI's New York field office, during the conference. More than just hacking The potential implications extend beyond hacking, reaching into the realm of financial crimes, according to top federal prosecutors. Damian Williams, the US Attorney in Manhattan, pointed out that AI could empower individuals who do not speak English to craft convincing messages, to scam unsuspecting victims. Also read | NASA announces 13 ideas that won $175,000 under prestigious NIAC programme Breon Peace, the US Attorney in Brooklyn, delved into the unsettling territory of AI-generated "deepfake" images and videos. He expressed concern that such sophisticated content could deceive banks' identity verification systems, that are designed to prevent money laundering. Peace cautioned that this could enable criminals and terrorists to exploit the financial system at scale, "undermining the system of controls that we have developed for decades". (With inputs from agencies)

AI's double-edged sword: Technology making hacking easy for non-tech-savvy people, warn US officials

Billions of years ago when the Sun that lights up our Earth was a young star, the solar system as we know it today was just a large disk of rocky dust and gas. For millions of years, tiny dust particles coalesced together to become a few mile-sized 'planetesimals', the basic units that formed our Earth and the rest of the planets and their moons in our solar system.&nbsp;

Researchers have now found if these planetesimals contained water.&nbsp;

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According to research conducted in the laboratory of Paul Asimow, Eleanor, and John R. McMillan, Professor of Geology and Geochemistry -- that &nbsp;appeared in the journal Nature Astronomy -- the ingredients for life, including water, &nbsp;may have been present in the seeds of rocky planets right from the start.

<h2>How was the study conducted?</h2>

The study combines meteorite data with thermodynamic modelling. It then determines whether the earliest solar system planetesimals were formed in the presence of water.&nbsp;

Researchers used samples of the solar system's earliest years in the form of iron meteorites.&nbsp;

Also watch |&nbsp;Remains of an ancient planet lie deep within Earth

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These meteorites are the remnants of the metallic cores of the earliest planetesimals in our solar system that did not constitute the formation of any planet but ultimately fell on our planet.

<h2>What did the researchers find?</h2>

While the trace of water is long gone in the meteorites, it's the proportion of missing iron in the iron meteorites that shows if water existed in planetesimals.

The researchers found that those iron meteorites thought to be derived from the inner solar system had about the same amount of missing iron metal as meteorites derived from the outer solar system.&nbsp;

Therefore, the planetesimals from both groups of meteorites must have formed in a part of the solar system where water was present.

<h2>What does it mean?</h2>

If planetesimals were formed at Earth's current orbital position, water would have existed only if the inner solar system was much cooler than what we know of them.&nbsp;

"If water was present in the early building blocks of our planet, other important elements like carbon and nitrogen were likely present as well," Damanveer Grewal, a former Caltech postdoctoral scholar and first author of the study said in a statement.&nbsp;

"The ingredients for life may have been present in the seeds of rocky planets right from the start."

The paper is titled "Accretion of the earliest inner solar system planetesimals beyond the water-snowline."

&nbsp;(With inputs from agencies)

Billions of years ago when the Sun that lights up our Earth was a young star, the solar system as we know it today was just a large disk of rocky dust and gas. For millions of years, tiny dust particles coalesced together to become a few mile-sized 'planetesimals', the basic units that formed our Earth and the rest of the planets and their moons in our solar system.

Billions of years ago when the Sun that lights up our Earth was a young star, the solar system as we know it today was just a large disk of rocky dust and gas. For millions of years, tiny dust particles coalesced together to become a few mile-sized 'planetesimals', the basic units that formed our Earth and the rest of the planets and their moons in our solar system. Researchers have now found if these planetesimals contained water. Also read | PHOTOS | Earth looks unreal in images captured by first-ever 360-degree camera in space According to research conducted in the laboratory of Paul Asimow, Eleanor, and John R. McMillan, Professor of Geology and Geochemistry -- that appeared in the journal Nature Astronomy -- the ingredients for life, including water, may have been present in the seeds of rocky planets right from the start. How was the study conducted? The study combines meteorite data with thermodynamic modelling. It then determines whether the earliest solar system planetesimals were formed in the presence of water. Researchers used samples of the solar system's earliest years in the form of iron meteorites. Also watch | Remains of an ancient planet lie deep within Earth × These meteorites are the remnants of the metallic cores of the earliest planetesimals in our solar system that did not constitute the formation of any planet but ultimately fell on our planet. What did the researchers find? While the trace of water is long gone in the meteorites, it's the proportion of missing iron in the iron meteorites that shows if water existed in planetesimals. The researchers found that those iron meteorites thought to be derived from the inner solar system had about the same amount of missing iron metal as meteorites derived from the outer solar system. Therefore, the planetesimals from both groups of meteorites must have formed in a part of the solar system where water was present. What does it mean? If planetesimals were formed at Earth's current orbital position, water would have existed only if the inner solar system was much cooler than what we know of them. "If water was present in the early building blocks of our planet, other important elements like carbon and nitrogen were likely present as well," Damanveer Grewal, a former Caltech postdoctoral scholar and first author of the study said in a statement. "The ingredients for life may have been present in the seeds of rocky planets right from the start." The paper is titled "Accretion of the earliest inner solar system planetesimals beyond the water-snowline." (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists discover water's existence in building blocks of solar system

According to reports, a group of scientists from China's top military technology research institution are developing a new defensive technology similar to an energy shield in science fiction. In other words, they're developing what is commonly known as a force field.

Chinese scientists developing energy shield

Chinese scientists working on plasma-based energy shield

Despite their eco-friendly image, paper straws may not be the green solution many hoped for. Recent research from the University of Antwerp reveals that these alternatives, touted as environmentally conscious, contain low levels of forever chemicals, also known as poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

In a comprehensive study, researchers tested 39 different straw brands made from plastic, paper, glass, bamboo and&nbsp;stainless steel.

Surprisingly, PFAS was detected in almost all materials, raising concerns about the unintended consequences of purportedly sustainable options.

<h2>Stainless steel exception</h2>

Notably, stainless steel emerged as the only consistent exception, free from PFAS contamination.&nbsp;

PFAS, a group of synthetic chemicals found in various products, can persist in the environment for centuries. The slow breakdown of these substances challenges the perception of certain straws as 'biodegradable.'&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/people-with-long-covid-shouldnt-undertake-intense-exercise-study-676565">Also read |&nbsp;People with long Covid shouldn't undertake intense exercise: Study</a>

While the health impact of low-level PFAS exposure is not fully understood, the potential risks associated with these forever chemicals are a growing concern. Researchers emphasise the need for PFAS-free alternatives, as these substances can accumulate in the environment and animal bodies, posing potential long-term health risks.

To make plant-based straws, such as paper and bamboo water-repellent, manufacturers often incorporate PFAS. This practice, aimed at enhancing straw functionality, inadvertently contributes to PFAS pollution. The study suggests that some plant-based and 'eco-friendly' alternatives may not be as environmentally conscious as perceived.

High-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to analyse the chemical composition of various straw types.

PFAS was found in all but two paper-based straws, raising questions about the widespread presence of these chemicals in seemingly sustainable choices.

Even after use, PFAS pollutants from straws can persist, whether through recycling, landfill disposal, or incineration.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/want-to-fly-your-name-to-moon-heres-how-nasa-campaign-can-help-677100">Also read |&nbsp;Want to fly your name to Moon? Here’s how NASA campaign&nbsp;can&nbsp;help</a>

(With inputs from agencies)

Despite their eco-friendly image, paper straws may not be the green solution many hoped for. Recent research from the University of Antwerp reveals that these alternatives, touted as environmentally conscious, contain low levels of forever chemicals, also known as poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

Despite their eco-friendly image, paper straws may not be the green solution many hoped for. Recent research from the University of Antwerp reveals that these alternatives, touted as environmentally conscious, contain low levels of forever chemicals, also known as poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In a comprehensive study, researchers tested 39 different straw brands made from plastic, paper, glass, bamboo and stainless steel. Surprisingly, PFAS was detected in almost all materials, raising concerns about the unintended consequences of purportedly sustainable options. Stainless steel exception Notably, stainless steel emerged as the only consistent exception, free from PFAS contamination. PFAS, a group of synthetic chemicals found in various products, can persist in the environment for centuries. The slow breakdown of these substances challenges the perception of certain straws as 'biodegradable.' Also read | People with long Covid shouldn't undertake intense exercise: Study While the health impact of low-level PFAS exposure is not fully understood, the potential risks associated with these forever chemicals are a growing concern. Researchers emphasise the need for PFAS-free alternatives, as these substances can accumulate in the environment and animal bodies, posing potential long-term health risks. To make plant-based straws, such as paper and bamboo water-repellent, manufacturers often incorporate PFAS. This practice, aimed at enhancing straw functionality, inadvertently contributes to PFAS pollution. The study suggests that some plant-based and 'eco-friendly' alternatives may not be as environmentally conscious as perceived. High-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to analyse the chemical composition of various straw types. PFAS was found in all but two paper-based straws, raising questions about the widespread presence of these chemicals in seemingly sustainable choices. Even after use, PFAS pollutants from straws can persist, whether through recycling, landfill disposal, or incineration. Also read | Want to fly your name to Moon? Here’s how NASA campaign can help (With inputs from agencies)

Paper straws are not necessarily biodegradable, may lead to pollution: Study

Most people get the ick from worms. These small, slimy creatures are no one's favourite. But what if they were as big as a cat? That would have made things much worse actually.

But in a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have unearthed the fossils of a previously unknown group of animal predators. The fossils have been discovered in North Greenland's Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fossil locality.&nbsp;

Named Timorebestia, meaning 'terror beasts' in Latin, these large creatures may represent some of the earliest carnivorous animals to inhabit the water more than 518 million years ago. The discovery sheds light on a previously unknown dynasty of predators.

<h2>Timorebestia</h2>

Timorebestia, as per the paper published in Science Advances, reached lengths of over 30cm. The giant worm sported fins along its body, had a distinctive head with long antennae, and formidable jaw structures inside its mouths.&nbsp;

These features, coupled with their swimming prowess, made them one of the largest predators in the Early Cambrian era, about half a billion years ago.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/debate-settled-teenage-t-rex-skulls-belonged-to-different-dinosaur-species-676161">Debate settled: Teenage T. Rex skulls unearthed in 1942 belonged to a different dinosaur species</a>

Highlighting the significance of this discovery, senior author Dr Jakob Vinther from the University of Bristol said, "Timorebestia were giants of their day and would have been close to the top of the food chain. That makes it equivalent in importance to some of the top carnivores in modern oceans, such as sharks and seals back in the Cambrian period."

The Timorebestia is a close relative of arrow worms, minuscule predators of today, primarily feeding on tiny zooplankton.&nbsp;

The researchers found remnants of a common, swimming arthropod called Isoxys inside the fossilised digestive system of Timorebestia.&nbsp;

Isoxys, equipped with long protective spines, were a staple in the diet of Timorebestia, further emphasising their role at the top of the food chain.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-3d-printed-chip-mimics-medicines-effect-on-patients-body-could-end-need-for-animal-testing-674934">A 3D-printed chip mimics medicine’s effect on human patient’s body, could end need for animal testing</a>

"They are very common at Sirius Passet and had long protective spines, pointing both forwards and backwards. However, they clearly didn't completely succeed in avoiding that fate, because Timorebestia munched on them in great quantities," said Morten Lunde Nielsen, a former Ph.D.&nbsp;student at Bristol.

As per the University of Bristol website, this groundbreaking find provides crucial insights into the evolution of jawed predators and their connections to ancient organisms.&nbsp;

"Timorebestia is a really significant find for understanding the evolution of arrow worms. Today, arrow worms have menacing bristles on the outside of their heads for catching prey, whereas Timorebestia had&nbsp;jaws inside its head," said Luke Parry from Oxford University.

The fossils discovered in Sirius Passet offer remarkable preservation, revealing anatomical details of the digestive system, muscle anatomy, and nervous systems of these ancient creatures, said Tae Yoon Park from the Korean Polar Research Institute, the other senior author and field expedition leader.

"We have found this preserved in Timorebestia and another fossil called Amiskwia. People have debated whether or not Amiskwia was closely related to arrow worms as part of their evolutionary stem lineage. The preservation of these unique ventral ganglia gives us a great deal more confidence in this hypothesis," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

Most people get the ick from worms. These small, slimy creatures are no one's favourite. But what if they were as big as a cat? That would have made things much worse actually.

Most people get the ick from worms. These small, slimy creatures are no one's favourite. But what if they were as big as a cat? That would have made things much worse actually. But in a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have unearthed the fossils of a previously unknown group of animal predators. The fossils have been discovered in North Greenland's Early Cambrian Sirius Passet fossil locality. Named Timorebestia, meaning 'terror beasts' in Latin, these large creatures may represent some of the earliest carnivorous animals to inhabit the water more than 518 million years ago. The discovery sheds light on a previously unknown dynasty of predators. Timorebestia Timorebestia, as per the paper published in Science Advances, reached lengths of over 30cm. The giant worm sported fins along its body, had a distinctive head with long antennae, and formidable jaw structures inside its mouths. These features, coupled with their swimming prowess, made them one of the largest predators in the Early Cambrian era, about half a billion years ago. Also read | Debate settled: Teenage T. Rex skulls unearthed in 1942 belonged to a different dinosaur species Highlighting the significance of this discovery, senior author Dr Jakob Vinther from the University of Bristol said, "Timorebestia were giants of their day and would have been close to the top of the food chain. That makes it equivalent in importance to some of the top carnivores in modern oceans, such as sharks and seals back in the Cambrian period." The Timorebestia is a close relative of arrow worms, minuscule predators of today, primarily feeding on tiny zooplankton. The researchers found remnants of a common, swimming arthropod called Isoxys inside the fossilised digestive system of Timorebestia. Isoxys, equipped with long protective spines, were a staple in the diet of Timorebestia, further emphasising their role at the top of the food chain. Also read | A 3D-printed chip mimics medicine’s effect on human patient’s body, could end need for animal testing "They are very common at Sirius Passet and had long protective spines, pointing both forwards and backwards. However, they clearly didn't completely succeed in avoiding that fate, because Timorebestia munched on them in great quantities," said Morten Lunde Nielsen, a former Ph.D. student at Bristol. As per the University of Bristol website, this groundbreaking find provides crucial insights into the evolution of jawed predators and their connections to ancient organisms. "Timorebestia is a really significant find for understanding the evolution of arrow worms. Today, arrow worms have menacing bristles on the outside of their heads for catching prey, whereas Timorebestia had jaws inside its head," said Luke Parry from Oxford University. The fossils discovered in Sirius Passet offer remarkable preservation, revealing anatomical details of the digestive system, muscle anatomy, and nervous systems of these ancient creatures, said Tae Yoon Park from the Korean Polar Research Institute, the other senior author and field expedition leader. "We have found this preserved in Timorebestia and another fossil called Amiskwia. People have debated whether or not Amiskwia was closely related to arrow worms as part of their evolutionary stem lineage. The preservation of these unique ventral ganglia gives us a great deal more confidence in this hypothesis," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Terror Beasts: 500-million-year old 'giant' predator worms unearthed in Greenland 

Genetic factors associated with bisexual attraction in men have been discovered by researchers in the United States. The findings suggest that men carrying these genetic variations not only exhibit bisexual attraction but also demonstrate a heightened appetite for risk, ultimately leading to having more children.

The study was published in Science Advances on Wednesday (Jan 3).

<h2>The science behind same-sex attraction</h2>

Evolutionary biologists have grappled with the contradiction posed by same-sex attraction, which traditionally leads to fewer offspring. This purportedly challenges the principles of natural selection but the claim remains disputed.

The study delves into the broader context of same-sex attraction across the animal kingdom, pointing out its prevalence in various species. The researchers challenge the assumption of opposite-sex attraction as normal and ancestral, proposing an ancestral condition of indiscriminate sexual behaviours that could provide an alternate perspective on the paradox.

Addressing the potential resolution, the study explores the concept of "pleiotropy," where genes leading to one trait also influence another.&nbsp;

Some researchers suggest that same-sex attraction might be an "antagonistic pleiotropy," with shared genes leading to behaviors that both increase and decrease the number of offspring.

<h2>Why&nbsp;this study is more relevant than previous ones?</h2>

This is because the study builds on prior research from 2021 that correlated genetic variants associated with same-sex behaviour to an increased number of opposite-sex partners.&nbsp;

The current research, using the UK Biobank, further refines these findings by distinguishing between bisexual and exclusively same-sex behaviour.

Also watch |&nbsp;Same-sex marriage: India's top court refuses to legalise same-sex marriage

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At the same time, the genes linked to bisexual behavior were also connected to having more children.&nbsp;

The study identifies a strong link between a heightened risk-taking appetite and both bisexual attraction and increased fertility.

Lead author Siliang Song explained in an official statement, "People who carry bisexual genes have more children because the genes make them willing to take more risks, leading to more sexual partners and, consequently, more offspring."

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/same-sex-behaviour-in-animal-kingdom-and-its-evolution-study-642510">Over 1,500 species of animals display some degree of same-sex sexual behaviour: Study</a>

The researchers, however, acknowledge that the observed effect might be diminishing due to modern contraception.

The research is limiting in nature since it uses only the UK dataset.&nbsp;

<h2>What is the bottom line?&nbsp;</h2>

The study provides intriguing insights into the complex interplay of genetics, sexuality, and reproduction, challenging traditional notions in evolutionary biology.

(With inputs from agencies)

Genetic factors associated with bisexual attraction in men have been discovered by researchers in the United States. The findings suggest that men carrying these genetic variations not only exhibit bisexual attraction but also demonstrate a heightened appetite for risk, ultimately leading to having more children.

Genetic factors associated with bisexual attraction in men have been discovered by researchers in the United States. The findings suggest that men carrying these genetic variations not only exhibit bisexual attraction but also demonstrate a heightened appetite for risk, ultimately leading to having more children. The study was published in Science Advances on Wednesday (Jan 3). The science behind same-sex attraction Evolutionary biologists have grappled with the contradiction posed by same-sex attraction, which traditionally leads to fewer offspring. This purportedly challenges the principles of natural selection but the claim remains disputed. The study delves into the broader context of same-sex attraction across the animal kingdom, pointing out its prevalence in various species. The researchers challenge the assumption of opposite-sex attraction as normal and ancestral, proposing an ancestral condition of indiscriminate sexual behaviours that could provide an alternate perspective on the paradox. Addressing the potential resolution, the study explores the concept of "pleiotropy," where genes leading to one trait also influence another. Some researchers suggest that same-sex attraction might be an "antagonistic pleiotropy," with shared genes leading to behaviors that both increase and decrease the number of offspring. Why this study is more relevant than previous ones? This is because the study builds on prior research from 2021 that correlated genetic variants associated with same-sex behaviour to an increased number of opposite-sex partners. The current research, using the UK Biobank, further refines these findings by distinguishing between bisexual and exclusively same-sex behaviour. Also watch | Same-sex marriage: India's top court refuses to legalise same-sex marriage × At the same time, the genes linked to bisexual behavior were also connected to having more children. The study identifies a strong link between a heightened risk-taking appetite and both bisexual attraction and increased fertility. Lead author Siliang Song explained in an official statement, "People who carry bisexual genes have more children because the genes make them willing to take more risks, leading to more sexual partners and, consequently, more offspring." Also read | Over 1,500 species of animals display some degree of same-sex sexual behaviour: Study The researchers, however, acknowledge that the observed effect might be diminishing due to modern contraception. The research is limiting in nature since it uses only the UK dataset. What is the bottom line? The study provides intriguing insights into the complex interplay of genetics, sexuality, and reproduction, challenging traditional notions in evolutionary biology. (With inputs from agencies)

Science behind fertility and same-sex attraction revealed in new study

The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), an international mega-science project that will serve as the largest radio telescope in the world, will now include scientists in India. This comes as ISRO launched a unique observatory on Monday to study X-rays and black holes in deep space, and plans are underway to build the third LIGO node in Maharashtra.

India is now part of world’s largest radio telescope project SKAO

Scientists have undertaken a groundbreaking task of reconstruct the visage of Phineas Gage, the man whose life-altering accident in 1848 transformed our understanding of the human brain.

Phineas Gage, a railroad worker in Vermont, experienced a freak accident on September 13, 1848, while clearing the way for a new railroad.

An accidental explosion propelled an iron bar through his skull, puncturing and deforming a significant portion of his brain. Miraculously, Gage survived the incident and continued to lead an active and relatively normal life for over 12 years.

For the first time, scientists have reconstructed the face of Phineas Gage as it appeared at the moment of impact.

Using computer scans of his fractured skull, a comprehensive forensic reconstruction of his features was accomplished.

Cicero Moraes, a 3D designer and forensic expert, played a pivotal role in the recreation of Phineas Gage's original face. A glimpse into this remarkable project can be found in a video clip posted by Moraes on YouTube, showcasing the intricacies of the facial reconstruction process.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ancient-humans-in-europe-would-chop-their-fingers-off-to-appease-deities-study-673096">Also read |&nbsp;Ancient humans in Europe would chop their fingers off to appease deities: Study&nbsp;</a>

<h2>The Harrowing details of the accident</h2>

The fateful accident occurred during railway construction when Gage prepared to detonate rocks. An iron rod dropped by him became a projectile propelled by gunpowder, entering his skull through the left cheek and exiting at the top.

The metal object, measuring 1.09 metres&nbsp;in length, 3.18 centimetres&nbsp;in diametre, and weighing around six kgs, landed more than 10 metres&nbsp;away, tainted with blood and brain tissue.

Despite the severity of the injury, Gage displayed resilience. After being transported to his hotel, he ascended the stairs to his room unassisted.

Also watch |&nbsp;French authorities rule out potential 'Human-Trafficking' | Indian flight stranded in France

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The attending doctor removed approximately 28 grams of mangled brain tissue before bandaging Gage's skull. In a surprising turn, Gage was back on his feet within a month and later relocated to Chile for work.

However, the accident took a toll on Gage's cognitive abilities, reducing them to a level comparable to that of a child.

Additionally, he exhibited socially unacceptable behaviour. Phineas Gage passed away on May 21, 1861, exactly 12 years, six months, and eight days after the iron rod pierced his brain, leaving a lasting legacy in the annals of neuroscience.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have undertaken a groundbreaking task of reconstruct the visage of Phineas Gage, the man whose life-altering accident in 1848 transformed our understanding of the human brain.

Scientists have undertaken a groundbreaking task of reconstruct the visage of Phineas Gage, the man whose life-altering accident in 1848 transformed our understanding of the human brain. Phineas Gage, a railroad worker in Vermont, experienced a freak accident on September 13, 1848, while clearing the way for a new railroad. An accidental explosion propelled an iron bar through his skull, puncturing and deforming a significant portion of his brain. Miraculously, Gage survived the incident and continued to lead an active and relatively normal life for over 12 years. For the first time, scientists have reconstructed the face of Phineas Gage as it appeared at the moment of impact. Using computer scans of his fractured skull, a comprehensive forensic reconstruction of his features was accomplished. Cicero Moraes, a 3D designer and forensic expert, played a pivotal role in the recreation of Phineas Gage's original face. A glimpse into this remarkable project can be found in a video clip posted by Moraes on YouTube, showcasing the intricacies of the facial reconstruction process. Also read | Ancient humans in Europe would chop their fingers off to appease deities: Study The Harrowing details of the accident The fateful accident occurred during railway construction when Gage prepared to detonate rocks. An iron rod dropped by him became a projectile propelled by gunpowder, entering his skull through the left cheek and exiting at the top. The metal object, measuring 1.09 metres in length, 3.18 centimetres in diametre, and weighing around six kgs, landed more than 10 metres away, tainted with blood and brain tissue. Despite the severity of the injury, Gage displayed resilience. After being transported to his hotel, he ascended the stairs to his room unassisted. Also watch | French authorities rule out potential 'Human-Trafficking' | Indian flight stranded in France The attending doctor removed approximately 28 grams of mangled brain tissue before bandaging Gage's skull. In a surprising turn, Gage was back on his feet within a month and later relocated to Chile for work. However, the accident took a toll on Gage's cognitive abilities, reducing them to a level comparable to that of a child. Additionally, he exhibited socially unacceptable behaviour. Phineas Gage passed away on May 21, 1861, exactly 12 years, six months, and eight days after the iron rod pierced his brain, leaving a lasting legacy in the annals of neuroscience. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists rebuild face of man whose skull was pierced by iron rod

For some a natural diamond, created over billions of years, is the ultimate luxury, but an award-winning British designer sees greater worth in jewellery crafted using laboratory-grown gems and metal from recycled cans.

Anabela Chan said she chose her materials after witnessing what she said were poor working conditions in diamond mines.

"These are some of the most precious and valuable commodities in the world, that just didn't make any sense to me," she said, in her Knightsbridge boutique in central London.

Instead, her designs rely on lab-grown diamonds and recycled aluminium from cans and pearls grown using regenerative farming techniques.

Chan's company does not give sales figures but said it has seen strong demand since the COVID-19 pandemic. She won the "Game Changer" category at the British Luxury Awards in November.

According to Edahn Golan Diamond Research &amp; Data, the lab-grown jewellery market has seen annual growth of 20% in recent years, driving global profits to $15 billion.

As more producers enter the market, selling prices for lab-grown diamonds have fallen, and brands are looking to differentiate themselves, particularly through the jewellery design.

At major retailer of lab-grown diamonds Pandora (PNDORA.CO), head of diamonds Joshua Braman said lab-grown gems could create extra scope for jewellery design.

Another point of difference can be sustainability.

Chan relies on suppliers who use technology to capture carbon dioxide emissions that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere in order to make diamonds, “so effectively taking something negative and turning it into something positive,” Chan said.

For some a natural diamond, created over billions of years, is the ultimate luxury, but an award-winning British designer sees greater worth in jewellery crafted using laboratory-grown gems and metal from recycled cans.

For some a natural diamond, created over billions of years, is the ultimate luxury, but an award-winning British designer sees greater worth in jewellery crafted using laboratory-grown gems and metal from recycled cans. Anabela Chan said she chose her materials after witnessing what she said were poor working conditions in diamond mines. "These are some of the most precious and valuable commodities in the world, that just didn't make any sense to me," she said, in her Knightsbridge boutique in central London. Instead, her designs rely on lab-grown diamonds and recycled aluminium from cans and pearls grown using regenerative farming techniques. Chan's company does not give sales figures but said it has seen strong demand since the COVID-19 pandemic. She won the "Game Changer" category at the British Luxury Awards in November. According to Edahn Golan Diamond Research & Data, the lab-grown jewellery market has seen annual growth of 20% in recent years, driving global profits to $15 billion. As more producers enter the market, selling prices for lab-grown diamonds have fallen, and brands are looking to differentiate themselves, particularly through the jewellery design. At major retailer of lab-grown diamonds Pandora (PNDORA.CO), head of diamonds Joshua Braman said lab-grown gems could create extra scope for jewellery design. Another point of difference can be sustainability. Chan relies on suppliers who use technology to capture carbon dioxide emissions that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere in order to make diamonds, “so effectively taking something negative and turning it into something positive,” Chan said.

When science meets art: Recycled metal and lab-grown gems

Researchers in northern Germany have unearthed a 'curse tablet,' which is nothing short of a symbol of love and jealousy in ancient times.&nbsp;

On the cryptic artefact that dates back to the 15th century, there's a curse that researchers believe was meant to break up a couple.&nbsp;

<h2>The curse tablet</h2>

The medieval "curse tablet" was found rolled up and "inconspicuous," hidden beneath a latrine at a construction site in Rostock, a coastal city where construction for a town hall building was underway.

Upon unrolling the package, they found a piece of metal, a small slab made of lead that had a handwritten message on it. The Gothic script, were words hard to see with the naked eye.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/technology/database-behind-ai-image-generators-found-hiding-a-dark-secret-child-sexual-abuse-content-672081">Database behind AI-image generators found hiding a dark secret: Child sexual abuse content</a>

According to archaeologists, it read: "sathanas taleke belzebuk hinrik berith," which they've intercepted as a curse directed at a woman named Taleke and a certain Hinrik (Heinrich).

The curse they said was "obviously supposed to be dealing with the devils Satan, Beelzebub and Berith".

Attempting to decipher the reason behind the summoning of devilish forces, the researchers postulate, "Did someone want to break up Taleke and Heinrich's relationship? Was this about spurned love and jealousy, should someone be put out of the way?"

<h2>What is a curse tablet?</h2>

Curse tablets, as the name suggests, were a means to curse or hex someone. The statement on the ROSTOCK website says that even in ancient times, curse tablets were placed in locations where they were difficult or impossible to find.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-spot-recent-volcanic-activity-on-earths-neighbour-mars-671825">Scientists spot recent volcanic activity on Earth’s neighbour Mars</a>

"The cursed ones shouldn't find out about the impending disaster," it said, adding, "The damaging magic could therefore unfold in peace."

As per the excavation leader Dr. Jörg Ansorge "Curse tablets are actually known from ancient times in the Greek and Roman regions, i.e. from the period from 800 BC to 600 AD. Our discovery, on the other hand, can be dated to the 15th century. This is really a very special find." Ansorge also said that similar finds from the Middle Ages were unknown.

(With inputs from agencies)

Researchers in northern Germany have unearthed a 'curse tablet,' which is nothing short of a symbol of love and jealousy in ancient times. On the cryptic artefact that dates back to the 15th century, there's a curse that researchers believe was meant to break up a couple.

Researchers in northern Germany have unearthed a 'curse tablet,' which is nothing short of a symbol of love and jealousy in ancient times. On the cryptic artefact that dates back to the 15th century, there's a curse that researchers believe was meant to break up a couple. The curse tablet The medieval "curse tablet" was found rolled up and "inconspicuous," hidden beneath a latrine at a construction site in Rostock, a coastal city where construction for a town hall building was underway. Upon unrolling the package, they found a piece of metal, a small slab made of lead that had a handwritten message on it. The Gothic script, were words hard to see with the naked eye. Also read | Database behind AI-image generators found hiding a dark secret: Child sexual abuse content According to archaeologists, it read: "sathanas taleke belzebuk hinrik berith," which they've intercepted as a curse directed at a woman named Taleke and a certain Hinrik (Heinrich). The curse they said was "obviously supposed to be dealing with the devils Satan, Beelzebub and Berith". Attempting to decipher the reason behind the summoning of devilish forces, the researchers postulate, "Did someone want to break up Taleke and Heinrich's relationship? Was this about spurned love and jealousy, should someone be put out of the way?" What is a curse tablet? Curse tablets, as the name suggests, were a means to curse or hex someone. The statement on the ROSTOCK website says that even in ancient times, curse tablets were placed in locations where they were difficult or impossible to find. Also read | Scientists spot recent volcanic activity on Earth’s neighbour Mars "The cursed ones shouldn't find out about the impending disaster," it said, adding, "The damaging magic could therefore unfold in peace." As per the excavation leader Dr. Jörg Ansorge "Curse tablets are actually known from ancient times in the Greek and Roman regions, i.e. from the period from 800 BC to 600 AD. Our discovery, on the other hand, can be dated to the 15th century. This is really a very special find." Ansorge also said that similar finds from the Middle Ages were unknown. (With inputs from agencies)

Love, hexes, and devilish forces: Researchers unearth 'curse tablet,' a symbol of jealousy in ancient times 

Artificial Intelligence-based image generators are very popular across the internet. Throughout 2023, AI-generated images went viral, entertaining people. However, in a startling revelation, a study by the Stanford Internet Observatory uncovered&nbsp;thousands of child sexual abuse images hidden inside a depository used to train these AI generators.&nbsp;

The discovery was made among the dataset of the LAION AI database. Researchers reportedly found over 3,200 images of suspected child sexual abuse hidden within the AI database, and more than 1,000 images were confirmed as child sexual abuse material.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/technology/european-research-flags-ai-chatbots-for-providing-false-answers-particularly-on-elections-670063">European research flags AI chatbots for providing false answers, particularly on elections</a>

The analysis was done in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Child Protection and other anti-abuse charities.&nbsp;

"We find that having possession of a LAION‐5B dataset populated even in late 2023 implies the possession of thousands of illegal images," said the researchers.&nbsp;

<h2>Which AI image generators used this database?</h2>

As per The Guardian, the database was used to train&nbsp;leading AI image-makers like Stable Diffusion.&nbsp;

The report states that many text-to-image generators are in some way derived from the LAION database. However, it goes on to say that exactly which ones use&nbsp;it isn't always clear.

Popular Artificial Intelligence maker OpenAI — behind DALL-E and ChatGPT, denied the use of LAION and said that it had fine-tuned its models to refuse any requests that may involve sexual content involving minors.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/technology/alphabet-says-will-restrict-election-related-queries-on-bard-and-ai-based-search-671759">Alphabet says will restrict election-related queries on Bard and AI-based search</a>

Imagen, a text-to-image model built by Tech giant Google, was built using LAION dataset, however, the company decided against making it public in 2022. This was because an audit of the dataset "uncovered a wide range of inappropriate content, including pornographic imagery, racist slurs, and harmful social stereotypes," reports the publication.&nbsp;

<h2>LAION's response</h2>

LAION, or Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network, a non-profit, swiftly responded by temporarily removing its datasets, emphasising it&nbsp;"has a zero-tolerance policy for illegal content."&nbsp;

It said that "in an abundance of caution, we have taken down the LAION datasets to ensure they are safe before republishing them."&nbsp;

The more than 3,200 images make up merely a fraction of the 5.8 billion images contained in the dataset. However, as per the Stanford researchers, their presence probably influences AI generators' ability to generate harmful outputs.&nbsp;

Such images, they say, facilitate the creation of realistic, explicit imagery, and enable the transformation of social media photos of clothed teens into nudes. In recent days, the latter has been a cause of concern among schools and law enforcement globally.

The Stanford Internet Observatory has advocated for drastic measures, urging those using LAION-5B datasets (containing over 5 billion image-text pairs) to delete or cleanse the material. Additionally, they suggest making older versions, like Stable Diffusion, less accessible, especially if used to generate abusive images without adequate safeguards.

(With inputs from agencies)

Artificial Intelligence-based image generators are very popular across the internet. Throughout 2023, AI-generated images went viral, entertaining people. However, in a startling revelation, a study by the Stanford Internet Observatory uncovered thousands of child sexual abuse images hidden inside a depository used to train these AI generators.

Artificial Intelligence-based image generators are very popular across the internet. Throughout 2023, AI-generated images went viral, entertaining people. However, in a startling revelation, a study by the Stanford Internet Observatory uncovered thousands of child sexual abuse images hidden inside a depository used to train these AI generators. The discovery was made among the dataset of the LAION AI database. Researchers reportedly found over 3,200 images of suspected child sexual abuse hidden within the AI database, and more than 1,000 images were confirmed as child sexual abuse material. Also read | European research flags AI chatbots for providing false answers, particularly on elections The analysis was done in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Child Protection and other anti-abuse charities. "We find that having possession of a LAION‐5B dataset populated even in late 2023 implies the possession of thousands of illegal images," said the researchers. Which AI image generators used this database? As per The Guardian, the database was used to train leading AI image-makers like Stable Diffusion. The report states that many text-to-image generators are in some way derived from the LAION database. However, it goes on to say that exactly which ones use it isn't always clear. Popular Artificial Intelligence maker OpenAI — behind DALL-E and ChatGPT, denied the use of LAION and said that it had fine-tuned its models to refuse any requests that may involve sexual content involving minors. Also read | Alphabet says will restrict election-related queries on Bard and AI-based search Imagen, a text-to-image model built by Tech giant Google, was built using LAION dataset, however, the company decided against making it public in 2022. This was because an audit of the dataset "uncovered a wide range of inappropriate content, including pornographic imagery, racist slurs, and harmful social stereotypes," reports the publication. LAION's response LAION, or Large-scale Artificial Intelligence Open Network, a non-profit, swiftly responded by temporarily removing its datasets, emphasising it "has a zero-tolerance policy for illegal content." It said that "in an abundance of caution, we have taken down the LAION datasets to ensure they are safe before republishing them." The more than 3,200 images make up merely a fraction of the 5.8 billion images contained in the dataset. However, as per the Stanford researchers, their presence probably influences AI generators' ability to generate harmful outputs. Such images, they say, facilitate the creation of realistic, explicit imagery, and enable the transformation of social media photos of clothed teens into nudes. In recent days, the latter has been a cause of concern among schools and law enforcement globally. The Stanford Internet Observatory has advocated for drastic measures, urging those using LAION-5B datasets (containing over 5 billion image-text pairs) to delete or cleanse the material. Additionally, they suggest making older versions, like Stable Diffusion, less accessible, especially if used to generate abusive images without adequate safeguards. (With inputs from agencies)

Database behind AI-image generators found hiding a dark secret: Child sexual abuse content

We know that dogs have evolved particular facial muscles to appear more cute to humans, but have we unknowingly affected our canine friends' eyes? Apparently, yes.

New research suggests that ever since humans domesticated canines some 15,000 to 50,000 years ago, we have selected particular traits in dogs...eye colour included.

<h2>Impacting evolution: The human way</h2>

Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers from Japan say that humans seem to have a penchant for puppy eyes, especially dark ones.

They found that among domesticated dogs, dark eyes are more common than their wild relatives. It was also observed that humans perceive dogs with a darker eye colour as more friendly and, thus, more desirable.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/empathy-with-our-closest-living-cousins-humans-and-apes-share-remarkable-social-memory-traits-study-finds-671294">‘Empathy with our closest living cousins’: Humans and apes share remarkable social memory traits, study finds</a>

Akitsugu Konno, the first author of the research, as quoted by The Guardian, said: "I speculate that lighter irises have some evolutionary advantage for wolves, but domestication has lost this selective pressure and darker eyes have emerged in some primitive dogs."

They believe that darker eyes may have been favoured by humans — consciously or unconsciously, during the domestication of canines from wolves to dogs.

"We speculate that a darker iris makes it more difficult to distinguish the size of the pupil and thus gives the illusion of a large pupil, which is associated with our perception of being more infant-like," adds Konno, from Teikyo University of Science.

A comparison of the iris colour of 22 images of grey wolves from different locations, with 81 images of domestic dogs, revealed that the domesticated canines had darker, reddish eyes.

<h2>Light colour or dark, which is cuter?</h2>

To give weight to their theory, the researchers conducted an experiment, where they created 12 pairs of images. Each pair showed a domestic dog with light eyes, and the same dog with dark eyes.&nbsp;

A selection of these pictures was shown to two groups of 76 and 66 people. The humans were asked to rate the dogs for various personality traits. They were also asked to rate how much they would like to interact with a dog or keep it.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/its-beginning-to-look-a-lot-like-cosmos-nasa-releases-breathtaking-image-of-a-cosmic-christmas-tree-671532">'It's beginning to look a lot like cosmos': NASA releases breathtaking image of a cosmic Christmas tree</a>

Results showed that dogs with darker eyes earned higher ratings. A higher number of people deemed them more easy-going, sociable and dependent, and less aggressive, intelligent and mature than their light-eyed counterparts.

"Overall, dogs with dark eyes may have evolved the trait largely as means to send non-threatening gaze signal to humans," said the researchers.

They found that eye colour was not directly related to the participant's desire to interact with or keep a dog. However, they speculate that the association of dark eyes with immaturity could be an influencing factor behind a human's desire to protect and care for a dog.

(With inputs from agencies)

We know that dogs have evolved particular facial muscles to appear more cute to humans, but have we unknowingly affected our canine friends' eyes? Apparently, yes.

We know that dogs have evolved particular facial muscles to appear more cute to humans, but have we unknowingly affected our canine friends' eyes? Apparently, yes. New research suggests that ever since humans domesticated canines some 15,000 to 50,000 years ago, we have selected particular traits in dogs...eye colour included. Impacting evolution: The human way Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers from Japan say that humans seem to have a penchant for puppy eyes, especially dark ones. They found that among domesticated dogs, dark eyes are more common than their wild relatives. It was also observed that humans perceive dogs with a darker eye colour as more friendly and, thus, more desirable. Also read | ‘Empathy with our closest living cousins’: Humans and apes share remarkable social memory traits, study finds Akitsugu Konno, the first author of the research, as quoted by The Guardian, said: "I speculate that lighter irises have some evolutionary advantage for wolves, but domestication has lost this selective pressure and darker eyes have emerged in some primitive dogs." They believe that darker eyes may have been favoured by humans — consciously or unconsciously, during the domestication of canines from wolves to dogs. "We speculate that a darker iris makes it more difficult to distinguish the size of the pupil and thus gives the illusion of a large pupil, which is associated with our perception of being more infant-like," adds Konno, from Teikyo University of Science. A comparison of the iris colour of 22 images of grey wolves from different locations, with 81 images of domestic dogs, revealed that the domesticated canines had darker, reddish eyes. Light colour or dark, which is cuter? To give weight to their theory, the researchers conducted an experiment, where they created 12 pairs of images. Each pair showed a domestic dog with light eyes, and the same dog with dark eyes. A selection of these pictures was shown to two groups of 76 and 66 people. The humans were asked to rate the dogs for various personality traits. They were also asked to rate how much they would like to interact with a dog or keep it. Also read | 'It's beginning to look a lot like cosmos': NASA releases breathtaking image of a cosmic Christmas tree Results showed that dogs with darker eyes earned higher ratings. A higher number of people deemed them more easy-going, sociable and dependent, and less aggressive, intelligent and mature than their light-eyed counterparts. "Overall, dogs with dark eyes may have evolved the trait largely as means to send non-threatening gaze signal to humans," said the researchers. They found that eye colour was not directly related to the participant's desire to interact with or keep a dog. However, they speculate that the association of dark eyes with immaturity could be an influencing factor behind a human's desire to protect and care for a dog. (With inputs from agencies)

Humans can't resist puppy eyes, so much so that we have impacted their eye colour

In what is being dubbed a groundbreaking archaeological discovery, an international team of archaeologists has found the world’s oldest known fort which dates back to 8,000 years in a remote region of Siberia. This indicates hunter-gatherers made complex defence structures, much before than once believed.&nbsp;

The findings of the study published in the journal Antiquity said that the new research reshapes our understanding of early human societies and challenges the popular belief that fortresses were built with the advent of agriculture.&nbsp;

<h2>What does the study say?</h2>

The study titled, ‘The World’s Oldest-Known Promontory Fort: Amnya and the Acceleration of Hunter-Gatherer Diversity in Siberia 8000 Years Ago’ was published earlier this month.&nbsp;

The cluster of fortified structures found defies the “conventional stereotypes that depict such societies as basic and nomadic, unveiling their capacity to construct intricate structures,” said study co-author Tanja Schreiber, an archaeologist at the Free University of Berlin, told Live Science, in an email.&nbsp;

The team of researchers led by Professor Henny Piezonka and an archaeologist in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Dr&nbsp;Natalya Chairkina, conducted fieldwork at the fortified settlement of Amnya which is said to be the northernmost Stone Age fort in Eurasia in 2019.&nbsp;

<h2>What did they find?</h2>

It was through archaeological examinations at Amnya and following the analysis of the samples collected at the site by radiocarbon dating that the team was able to ascertain it as the world’s oldest-known fort, said Schreiber, in a statement.&nbsp;

“Our new palaeobotanical and stratigraphical examinations reveal that inhabitants of Western Siberia led a sophisticated lifestyle based on the abundant resources of the taiga environment,” the archaeologist at Berlin added.&nbsp;

The site is located along the Amnya River in western Siberia and includes around 20 scattered pit-house depressions which were divided into two sections – Amnya I and Amnya II.&nbsp;

The study also suggests that the prehistoric inhabitants caught fish from the Amnya River and hunted elk and reindeer using bone and stone-tipped spears.

At the time when the structure was constructed, pit houses would be surrounded by earthen walls and wooden palisades, said the researchers, in a statement, adding that this would suggest “advanced architectural and defensive capabilities.”

It added, “This discovery challenges the traditional view that permanent settlements, accompanied by defensive structures, only emerged with farming societies, thus disproving the notion that agriculture and animal husbandry were prerequisites for societal complexity.”

The researchers noted that they don’t know what could have prompted hunter-gatherers to fortify structures in the first place but the location itself could be strategic since it overlooks a river and would be an ideal lookout point for potential threats. It would also allow them to keep a tab on the fishing and hunting grounds.&nbsp;

Schreiber, as per Live Science said that they are not sure who ordered the fort’s construction or if it was an authority or the entire community’s collaboration to protect people and valuables.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In what is being dubbed a groundbreaking archaeological discovery, an international team of archaeologists has found the world’s oldest known fort which dates back to 8,000 years in a remote region of Siberia.

In what is being dubbed a groundbreaking archaeological discovery, an international team of archaeologists has found the world’s oldest known fort which dates back to 8,000 years in a remote region of Siberia. This indicates hunter-gatherers made complex defence structures, much before than once believed. The findings of the study published in the journal Antiquity said that the new research reshapes our understanding of early human societies and challenges the popular belief that fortresses were built with the advent of agriculture. What does the study say? The study titled, ‘The World’s Oldest-Known Promontory Fort: Amnya and the Acceleration of Hunter-Gatherer Diversity in Siberia 8000 Years Ago’ was published earlier this month. The cluster of fortified structures found defies the “conventional stereotypes that depict such societies as basic and nomadic, unveiling their capacity to construct intricate structures,” said study co-author Tanja Schreiber, an archaeologist at the Free University of Berlin, told Live Science, in an email. The team of researchers led by Professor Henny Piezonka and an archaeologist in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Dr Natalya Chairkina, conducted fieldwork at the fortified settlement of Amnya which is said to be the northernmost Stone Age fort in Eurasia in 2019. What did they find? It was through archaeological examinations at Amnya and following the analysis of the samples collected at the site by radiocarbon dating that the team was able to ascertain it as the world’s oldest-known fort, said Schreiber, in a statement. “Our new palaeobotanical and stratigraphical examinations reveal that inhabitants of Western Siberia led a sophisticated lifestyle based on the abundant resources of the taiga environment,” the archaeologist at Berlin added. The site is located along the Amnya River in western Siberia and includes around 20 scattered pit-house depressions which were divided into two sections – Amnya I and Amnya II. The study also suggests that the prehistoric inhabitants caught fish from the Amnya River and hunted elk and reindeer using bone and stone-tipped spears. At the time when the structure was constructed, pit houses would be surrounded by earthen walls and wooden palisades, said the researchers, in a statement, adding that this would suggest “advanced architectural and defensive capabilities.” It added, “This discovery challenges the traditional view that permanent settlements, accompanied by defensive structures, only emerged with farming societies, thus disproving the notion that agriculture and animal husbandry were prerequisites for societal complexity.” The researchers noted that they don’t know what could have prompted hunter-gatherers to fortify structures in the first place but the location itself could be strategic since it overlooks a river and would be an ideal lookout point for potential threats. It would also allow them to keep a tab on the fishing and hunting grounds. Schreiber, as per Live Science said that they are not sure who ordered the fort’s construction or if it was an authority or the entire community’s collaboration to protect people and valuables. (With inputs from agencies)

Discovery of world’s oldest fort reshapes our understanding of early humans: Here’s why

Apes have the astonishing ability to recognise long-lost companions, found new research. If you're wondering why this is astonishing, it's because this challenges the conventional understanding of social memory in non-human animals. This actually happens to be the longest-lasting social memory to be documented outside the human species.

<h2>The research</h2>

Research published on Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that chimpanzees and bonobos could recall and respond positively to images of former group mates over 25 years after their last encounter.

The research was conducted by Christopher Krupenye, an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, and lead author Laura Lewis from the University of California, Berkeley.

In conversation with CNN, Krupenye revealed that the inspiration for the study arose from his personal experiences with apes. He said he could sense that the apes recognised him even years after their last interaction.&nbsp;

To test this, the researchers used high-quality photographs of deceased or departed apes from various zoos, presenting them alongside images of strangers to participating apes at Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland, Planckendael Zoo in Belgium and Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan.&nbsp;

Photos of apes ranged from nine months to 26 years. They then used noninvasive eye-tracking technology to measure the apes' gaze duration on each photo.

Beyond the study's scientific implications, the authors said that they hope it will help spread awareness of the impact of poaching and deforestation on ape communities, emphasising the importance of conservation efforts.&nbsp;

"We hope that these results will provide people more empathy with our closest living cousins," said Lewis.

<h2>Humans and apes aren't that different after all</h2>

The results were striking, demonstrating that the apes looked "significantly longer" at familiar faces, regardless of the time that had elapsed since their last meeting. The gaze was even more extended for those with whom they had shared a friendly relationship.&nbsp;

As per Krupenye, this phenomenon parallels human experiences, akin to unexpectedly encountering a long-lost high school friend.

"It's a very familiar experience for humans too," he said.

Notably, one bonobo named Louise exhibited a "robust bias" towards her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn't seen in 26 years.&nbsp;

As per a news release, she "showed a strikingly robust looking bias toward both of them over eight trials."

The researchers speculate that apes' social memory might surpass 26 years, possibly rivalling the human capacity to remember individuals for up to 48 years. The release also points out that humans start forgetting people after 15 years.

As per CNN, the study sets a new benchmark for the longest social memory documented in non-human animals. Previously, dolphins were known for remembering individuals after 20 years. This challenges the notion that social memory is a uniquely human trait and emphasises that it may be a characteristic we share with our closest relatives: apes.

(With inputs from agencies)

Apes have the astonishing ability to recognise long-lost companions, found new research. If you're wondering why this is astonishing, it's because this challenges the conventional understanding of social memory in non-human animals.

Apes have the astonishing ability to recognise long-lost companions, found new research. If you're wondering why this is astonishing, it's because this challenges the conventional understanding of social memory in non-human animals. This actually happens to be the longest-lasting social memory to be documented outside the human species. The research Research published on Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that chimpanzees and bonobos could recall and respond positively to images of former group mates over 25 years after their last encounter. The research was conducted by Christopher Krupenye, an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, and lead author Laura Lewis from the University of California, Berkeley. In conversation with CNN, Krupenye revealed that the inspiration for the study arose from his personal experiences with apes. He said he could sense that the apes recognised him even years after their last interaction. To test this, the researchers used high-quality photographs of deceased or departed apes from various zoos, presenting them alongside images of strangers to participating apes at Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland, Planckendael Zoo in Belgium and Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan. Photos of apes ranged from nine months to 26 years. They then used noninvasive eye-tracking technology to measure the apes' gaze duration on each photo. Beyond the study's scientific implications, the authors said that they hope it will help spread awareness of the impact of poaching and deforestation on ape communities, emphasising the importance of conservation efforts. "We hope that these results will provide people more empathy with our closest living cousins," said Lewis. Humans and apes aren't that different after all The results were striking, demonstrating that the apes looked "significantly longer" at familiar faces, regardless of the time that had elapsed since their last meeting. The gaze was even more extended for those with whom they had shared a friendly relationship. As per Krupenye, this phenomenon parallels human experiences, akin to unexpectedly encountering a long-lost high school friend. "It's a very familiar experience for humans too," he said. Notably, one bonobo named Louise exhibited a "robust bias" towards her sister Loretta and nephew Erin, whom she hadn't seen in 26 years. As per a news release, she "showed a strikingly robust looking bias toward both of them over eight trials." The researchers speculate that apes' social memory might surpass 26 years, possibly rivalling the human capacity to remember individuals for up to 48 years. The release also points out that humans start forgetting people after 15 years. As per CNN, the study sets a new benchmark for the longest social memory documented in non-human animals. Previously, dolphins were known for remembering individuals after 20 years. This challenges the notion that social memory is a uniquely human trait and emphasises that it may be a characteristic we share with our closest relatives: apes. (With inputs from agencies)

‘Empathy with our closest living cousins’: Humans and apes share remarkable social memory traits, study finds

The Bermuda Triangle is a fascinating region of the earth that has been the subject of numerous allegations and conspiracy theories in recent years. One diver on the Triangle responded to "paranormal" accusations by searching thousands of shipwrecks. Scientists have now found that the archipelago's surrounding Atlantic Ocean is rapidly warming and losing oxygen.

Sea near Bermuda Triangle becomes almost unrecognizable

Strange changes affecting the waters surrounding Bermuda Triangle

Could a black hole be lurking inside our sun? Well if it does then what is its impact well our next report tells you what scientists make of this new interesting discovery on black holes.

There maybe small black hole inside some stars

Amid the surge in popularity of AI chatbots, European non-profits AI Forensics and AlgorithmWatch has&nbsp;warned that the technology gives inaccurate answers to one of every three questions.

Research conducted by the European non-profit organisation&nbsp;found that AI chatbots gave false answers to basic questions, particularly while providing information related to elections.

<h2>Inaccuracies galore</h2>

The study focused on Microsoft’s Bing AI chatbot, now known as Microsoft Copilot, revealing that it provided inaccurate answers to one in three basic questions about candidates, polls, scandals, and voting in recent election cycles in Germany and Switzerland.&nbsp;

Similar inaccuracies were observed for questions about the 2024 US elections.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/explained-beginning-of-an-end-human-activity-on-moon-shows-sign-of-lunar-anthropocene-669613">Explained | Humans are on the Moon and it might be the beginning of the end for our satellite</a>

Sharing their findings with The Washington Post, researchers stressed that these findings don't assert that Bing's misinformation influenced election outcomes. However, they said it does highlight concerns that AI chatbots could potentially contribute to confusion and misinformation around future elections.&nbsp;

Especially, as tech giants like Microsoft integrate chatbots into various products, including internet search, concerns rise about their impact on public access to reliable and transparent information.

"As generative AI becomes more widespread, this could affect one of the cornerstones of democracy: the access to reliable and transparent public information," says the researchers, as quoted by The Washington Post.

<h2>Is big tech doing anything about this?</h2>

Despite efforts by companies like Microsoft, OpenAI, and Google to enhance reliability by allowing chatbots to search the web and cite sources, issues persist.&nbsp;

Bing, even after providing sources, frequently gave answers that deviated from the information in the cited links, as per Salvatore Romano, head of research for AI Forensics.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/jeff-bezos-says-space-colonisation-ultimately-means-to-preserve-the-planet-669969">Bezos wants humans to colonise the solar system, while Musk has his sight set on Mars</a>

The study focused on Bing because it was among the first to include sources and is widely integrated into services available in Europe.&nbsp;

Preliminary testing on OpenAI’s GPT-4 revealed similar inaccuracies. Notably, errors in Bing's answers were more common in languages other than English, raising concerns about the performance of US-based AI tools globally.

The researchers discovered factual errors in responses to questions asked in German 37 per cent of the time, compared to a 20 per cent error rate for the same questions in English.&nbsp;

<h2>What's the solution?</h2>

While Microsoft is working to address these issues ahead of the 2024 US elections, the researchers emphasise the need for users to verify information obtained from chatbots.&nbsp;

"The problem is systemic, and they do not have very good tools to fix it," said Romano.

Frank Shaw, Microsoft’s head of communications, said: "We are continuing to address issues and prepare our tools to perform to our expectations for the 2024 elections."

"As we continue to make progress, we encourage people to use Copilot with their best judgment when viewing results. This includes verifying source materials and checking web links to learn more."

However, the impact of these AI chatbots on democracy, if any, is unclear. These AI chatbots all carry disclaimers, noting that they can make mistakes and encouraging users to double-check the answers.

(With inputs from agencies)

Amid the surge in popularity of AI chatbots, European non-profits AI Forensics and AlgorithmWatch has warned that the technology gives inaccurate answers to one of every three questions.

Amid the surge in popularity of AI chatbots, European non-profits AI Forensics and AlgorithmWatch has warned that the technology gives inaccurate answers to one of every three questions. Research conducted by the European non-profit organisation found that AI chatbots gave false answers to basic questions, particularly while providing information related to elections. Inaccuracies galore The study focused on Microsoft’s Bing AI chatbot, now known as Microsoft Copilot, revealing that it provided inaccurate answers to one in three basic questions about candidates, polls, scandals, and voting in recent election cycles in Germany and Switzerland. Similar inaccuracies were observed for questions about the 2024 US elections. Also read | Explained | Humans are on the Moon and it might be the beginning of the end for our satellite Sharing their findings with The Washington Post, researchers stressed that these findings don't assert that Bing's misinformation influenced election outcomes. However, they said it does highlight concerns that AI chatbots could potentially contribute to confusion and misinformation around future elections. Especially, as tech giants like Microsoft integrate chatbots into various products, including internet search, concerns rise about their impact on public access to reliable and transparent information. "As generative AI becomes more widespread, this could affect one of the cornerstones of democracy: the access to reliable and transparent public information," says the researchers, as quoted by The Washington Post. Is big tech doing anything about this? Despite efforts by companies like Microsoft, OpenAI, and Google to enhance reliability by allowing chatbots to search the web and cite sources, issues persist. Bing, even after providing sources, frequently gave answers that deviated from the information in the cited links, as per Salvatore Romano, head of research for AI Forensics. Also read | Bezos wants humans to colonise the solar system, while Musk has his sight set on Mars The study focused on Bing because it was among the first to include sources and is widely integrated into services available in Europe. Preliminary testing on OpenAI’s GPT-4 revealed similar inaccuracies. Notably, errors in Bing's answers were more common in languages other than English, raising concerns about the performance of US-based AI tools globally. The researchers discovered factual errors in responses to questions asked in German 37 per cent of the time, compared to a 20 per cent error rate for the same questions in English. What's the solution? While Microsoft is working to address these issues ahead of the 2024 US elections, the researchers emphasise the need for users to verify information obtained from chatbots. "The problem is systemic, and they do not have very good tools to fix it," said Romano. Frank Shaw, Microsoft’s head of communications, said: "We are continuing to address issues and prepare our tools to perform to our expectations for the 2024 elections." "As we continue to make progress, we encourage people to use Copilot with their best judgment when viewing results. This includes verifying source materials and checking web links to learn more." However, the impact of these AI chatbots on democracy, if any, is unclear. These AI chatbots all carry disclaimers, noting that they can make mistakes and encouraging users to double-check the answers. (With inputs from agencies)

European research flags AI chatbots for providing false answers, particularly on elections

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