The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was working on Chandrayaan-2 (their second lunar exploration mission) around the year 2011 with the Russian space agency but had to shelve the then plan owing to Russia backing out.

Finally, it was this mission which was planned as Chandrayaan-2 that ended up being modified and launched as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MoM) or Mangalyaan in 2013. ISRO’s veteran satellite builder and the former Director of UR Rao Satellite Center Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai revealed this during a webinar.&nbsp;

Dr. Annadurai, who currently serves as Vice President, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology elaborated on his journey at ISRO and the projects he has been undertaking, while virtually addressing school students during Shaastra Juniors, hosted by IIT Madras.&nbsp;

After the performance of Chandrayaan-1, which found evidence of water on the lunar surface, during its one year of operation, the Indian Space agency was working on Chandrayaan-2 along with the Russians, he said. “ISRO was to make a modified orbiter and Russia was to come up with a lander. But it so happened that the Russians backed out, stating that they had to modify their lander” he added.&nbsp;

While the Russians had stepped back with regards delivering the lander, India still had an orbiter ready, but also knew that making a lander in-house would take another seven-eight years. That was when the idea of using the existing orbiter to fulfil another mission struck the ISRO team.&nbsp;

“We cant make an attempt for Mars every year, the opportunity only arises once in 26 months. Russians backed out in late-2011 and we had a shot at Mars in 2013-end. So we decided to put our existing lander to use and change the destination - Mars instead of Moon. With the short time we had at hand, we modified the hardware and software of our lunar orbiter to perform as a Martian orbiter” Annadurai reminisced.&nbsp;

He added that the lessons from the short-lived Chandrayaan-1 and detailed analyses of what had gone wrong with other countries’ attempts to enter Martian orbit had proved invaluable for their team. “It is always a matter of pride that India succeeded in its maiden attempt at entering Martian orbit and this was accomplished at a shoestring budget,” he said enthusiastically.&nbsp;

Speaking of how ISRO’s launch calendar had evolved over the years, Annadurai said that the organization’s capacity-building efforts had come a long way - from one satellite launch in four years to 30 satellites in three years (during 2015-18).&nbsp;

Urging the school students to take up challenges and explore opportunities in various streams, the veteran space scientist shared anecdotes from his modest schooling in Tamil Nadu and also his engineering college years, when he hadn’t even heard of the IITs.&nbsp;

Making a mention of his career, he said that at every turning point he had chosen to avoid complacency and treaded the lesser travelled path. He elaborated on his decision to pursue Electronics and Communication Engineering, to join ISRO in 1982 (when Space science was barely known), having developed a satellite simulator, played a major role in the building of INSAT series of satellites and then leading deep-space exploration missions such as Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan.

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was working on Chandrayaan-2 (their second lunar exploration mission) around the year 2011 with the Russian space agency but had to shelve the then plan owing to Russia backing out.

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was working on Chandrayaan-2 (their second lunar exploration mission) around the year 2011 with the Russian space agency but had to shelve the then plan owing to Russia backing out. Finally, it was this mission which was planned as Chandrayaan-2 that ended up being modified and launched as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MoM) or Mangalyaan in 2013. ISRO’s veteran satellite builder and the former Director of UR Rao Satellite Center Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai revealed this during a webinar. Dr. Annadurai, who currently serves as Vice President, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology elaborated on his journey at ISRO and the projects he has been undertaking, while virtually addressing school students during Shaastra Juniors, hosted by IIT Madras. After the performance of Chandrayaan-1, which found evidence of water on the lunar surface, during its one year of operation, the Indian Space agency was working on Chandrayaan-2 along with the Russians, he said. “ISRO was to make a modified orbiter and Russia was to come up with a lander. But it so happened that the Russians backed out, stating that they had to modify their lander” he added. While the Russians had stepped back with regards delivering the lander, India still had an orbiter ready, but also knew that making a lander in-house would take another seven-eight years. That was when the idea of using the existing orbiter to fulfil another mission struck the ISRO team. “We cant make an attempt for Mars every year, the opportunity only arises once in 26 months. Russians backed out in late-2011 and we had a shot at Mars in 2013-end. So we decided to put our existing lander to use and change the destination - Mars instead of Moon. With the short time we had at hand, we modified the hardware and software of our lunar orbiter to perform as a Martian orbiter” Annadurai reminisced. He added that the lessons from the short-lived Chandrayaan-1 and detailed analyses of what had gone wrong with other countries’ attempts to enter Martian orbit had proved invaluable for their team. “It is always a matter of pride that India succeeded in its maiden attempt at entering Martian orbit and this was accomplished at a shoestring budget,” he said enthusiastically. Speaking of how ISRO’s launch calendar had evolved over the years, Annadurai said that the organization’s capacity-building efforts had come a long way - from one satellite launch in four years to 30 satellites in three years (during 2015-18). Urging the school students to take up challenges and explore opportunities in various streams, the veteran space scientist shared anecdotes from his modest schooling in Tamil Nadu and also his engineering college years, when he hadn’t even heard of the IITs. Making a mention of his career, he said that at every turning point he had chosen to avoid complacency and treaded the lesser travelled path. He elaborated on his decision to pursue Electronics and Communication Engineering, to join ISRO in 1982 (when Space science was barely known), having developed a satellite simulator, played a major role in the building of INSAT series of satellites and then leading deep-space exploration missions such as Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan.

How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars Orbiter Mangalyaan, India’s ‘Moon Man’ recalls

India has signed 250 documents in the field of Space cooperation with 59 countries, these are to advance India’s capabilities and also to help other space-aspiring nations to benefit from space, said ISRO Chairman Dr. K. Sivan.

He added that India’s major cooperation in the space technology field was with Russia, USA, France Japan and Israel, elaborating on the ongoing and future projects. The Chairman of India’s space agency was speaking at the plenary session of the International Austronautical Congress (IAC) 2020.&nbsp;

Elaborating on the work with foreign space agencies, Sivan said that partnerships ranged from cooperation in human spaceflight to planetary exploration and joint experiments.&nbsp;

''We have a NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar NISAR satellite, we are also working with United States Geological Survey(USGS) for sharing of satellite data. France is a major partner and we have launched two joint satellites Megha tropiques and Saral and the retired mission is underway. ISRO is partnering with Japanese space agency JAXA to build joint Lunar polar exploration mission. Our cooperation with German Agency DLR is on robotics and Artificial Intelligence.In the field of electric propulsion system and deep space network antenna support we are working with Israeli Space Agency (ISA),''&nbsp;he stated.&nbsp;

When asked about the upcoming rocket launches this year, Dr. Sivan said that the agency is planning for the launch of PSLV rocket in November. This would also be the maiden launch of this year, as ISRO’s launches were affected after Covid-19 lockdown measures had brought in several travel restrictions. Given that India’s space activities are spread across centers in various parts of the country, it had become challenging for officials and scientists to travel to carry out work.&nbsp;

“For India’s Space port, people have to travel from other ISRO facilities located far away to carry out the work, hence there are some delays in the missions. We are planning to have the PSLV C-49 launch in November first week. Subsequently, all missions will be as planned” he said.

According to Sivan, India’s Human Spaceflight programme has been going strong, with astronauts being trained by Russia and critical medical&nbsp;&nbsp;technologies being provided by France. However, he said that owing to Covid-19 the Gaganyaan project would see a small shift. “We had initially targeted an August 2022 launch and there is a small shift in targeting. We are trying to take the help of other space-faring nations for getting things done” he said.&nbsp;

In his Independence Day speech in 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said that when the country is celebrating its 75th year of Independence in 2022, an Indian son or daughter will be flying into space as a part of the Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight mission. This is India's most ambitious and challenging mission yet.

Adding that International cooperation was hallmark of Indian space programme, Sivan, who also serves as Secretary, Department of Space said that ISRO had imparted a 2-month long hands-on training in nano satellite building for 60 officials from 33 countries.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

India has signed 250 documents in the field of Space cooperation with 59 countries, these are to advance India’s capabilities and also to help other space-aspiring nations to benefit from space, said ISRO Chairman Dr.

India has signed 250 documents in the field of Space cooperation with 59 countries, these are to advance India’s capabilities and also to help other space-aspiring nations to benefit from space, said ISRO Chairman Dr. K. Sivan. He added that India’s major cooperation in the space technology field was with Russia, USA, France Japan and Israel, elaborating on the ongoing and future projects. The Chairman of India’s space agency was speaking at the plenary session of the International Austronautical Congress (IAC) 2020. Elaborating on the work with foreign space agencies, Sivan said that partnerships ranged from cooperation in human spaceflight to planetary exploration and joint experiments. ''We have a NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar NISAR satellite, we are also working with United States Geological Survey(USGS) for sharing of satellite data. France is a major partner and we have launched two joint satellites Megha tropiques and Saral and the retired mission is underway. ISRO is partnering with Japanese space agency JAXA to build joint Lunar polar exploration mission. Our cooperation with German Agency DLR is on robotics and Artificial Intelligence.In the field of electric propulsion system and deep space network antenna support we are working with Israeli Space Agency (ISA),'' he stated. When asked about the upcoming rocket launches this year, Dr. Sivan said that the agency is planning for the launch of PSLV rocket in November. This would also be the maiden launch of this year, as ISRO’s launches were affected after Covid-19 lockdown measures had brought in several travel restrictions. Given that India’s space activities are spread across centers in various parts of the country, it had become challenging for officials and scientists to travel to carry out work. “For India’s Space port, people have to travel from other ISRO facilities located far away to carry out the work, hence there are some delays in the missions. We are planning to have the PSLV C-49 launch in November first week. Subsequently, all missions will be as planned” he said. According to Sivan, India’s Human Spaceflight programme has been going strong, with astronauts being trained by Russia and critical medical technologies being provided by France. However, he said that owing to Covid-19 the Gaganyaan project would see a small shift. “We had initially targeted an August 2022 launch and there is a small shift in targeting. We are trying to take the help of other space-faring nations for getting things done” he said. In his Independence Day speech in 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said that when the country is celebrating its 75th year of Independence in 2022, an Indian son or daughter will be flying into space as a part of the Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight mission. This is India's most ambitious and challenging mission yet. Adding that International cooperation was hallmark of Indian space programme, Sivan, who also serves as Secretary, Department of Space said that ISRO had imparted a 2-month long hands-on training in nano satellite building for 60 officials from 33 countries.

Going strong, but small shift in Gaganyaan launch target owing to COVID-19, says ISRO chairman

According to the US-based China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI), China carried out several cyber-attacks between 2007 to 2018, including computer attacks against Indian satellite communication in 2017.&nbsp;

Watch:

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/china-launches-100-domestically-produced-final-satellite-to-complete-beidou-system-307976/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

However, ISRO has maintained that none of the systems have been comprised while acknowledging the cyber attacks.

The report said China has several counter-space technologies to threaten space systems from geosynchronous orbit (GEO). India had earlier demonstrated anti-satellite missile technology capabilities in 2019 which allows the country to "kill" rogue or enemy satellites.

The report further said that China's People's Liberation Army(PLA) continues to develop technologies to "blind and deafen the enemy".&nbsp;

The report asserted that China has the capability to conduct cyberattacks at ground stations with the intention to corrupt or hijack systems to control satellites including spacecrafts.

The report comes at a time when India and China have been engaged in a standoff at the Line of Actual Control(LAC).&nbsp;

In fact, newswire ANI had earlier quoted defence sources saying that Indian security officials want four to six "dedicated satellites" to keep a close eye on Chinese activities along the LAC.&nbsp;

The Indian security officials reportedly want "high-resolution sensors and cameras", ANI reported. 
&nbsp;

According to the US-based China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI), China carried out several cyber-attacks between 2007 to 2018, including computer attacks against Indian satellite communication in 2017.

According to the US-based China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI), China carried out several cyber-attacks between 2007 to 2018, including computer attacks against Indian satellite communication in 2017. Watch: However, ISRO has maintained that none of the systems have been comprised while acknowledging the cyber attacks. The report said China has several counter-space technologies to threaten space systems from geosynchronous orbit (GEO). India had earlier demonstrated anti-satellite missile technology capabilities in 2019 which allows the country to "kill" rogue or enemy satellites. The report further said that China's People's Liberation Army(PLA) continues to develop technologies to "blind and deafen the enemy". The report asserted that China has the capability to conduct cyberattacks at ground stations with the intention to corrupt or hijack systems to control satellites including spacecrafts. The report comes at a time when India and China have been engaged in a standoff at the Line of Actual Control(LAC). In fact, newswire ANI had earlier quoted defence sources saying that Indian security officials want four to six "dedicated satellites" to keep a close eye on Chinese activities along the LAC. The Indian security officials reportedly want "high-resolution sensors and cameras", ANI reported.

China carried out multiple attacks against Indian satellites: US report

Dr VK Saraswat, member of the Niti Aayog said that India needed to focus on small satellites (smallsats). He said small satellites would play a major role in the coming years. He was speaking at an international space conference on 'Ushering the new in Indian Space Sector'

Small satellites (smallsats) is a generic term used to refer to satellites that weigh lesser than 500kg.&nbsp;

“709 satellites were launched in the short interval between November 2018 and March 2020” Dr. VK Saraswat. He projects that 7,038 Small satellites would be launched between 2018 and 2027, where most of them would be used for earth observation, technology and telecommunication purposes. For context, there are only 2,666 in orbit as of March 2020 and a three-fold increase in being foreseen by 2027.&nbsp;

Speaking about the way the space business was evolving, he said that reusable rockets (one-stage or two-stage) and small expendable vehicles were going to be of immense value, as there was tremendous growth in re-usable and low-cost rockets. He also made a mention of ISRO’s upcoming Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) which is aimed at this segment.

It is notable that the world record of launching maximum number of satellites into orbit is held by the Indian PSLV rocket - which placed 104 satellites in orbit. Over 80 satellites carried by that rocket were owned by an American firm that operates small satellites for imaging purposes. It is such constellations of small satellites that are being touted as the future.&nbsp;

Small satellites make technology accessible to all, by ensuring it is affordable and it serves as a platform to test new technologies. While larger satellites serve multiple purposes, smaller ones can be made for a single-purpose and can reduce the complexity, cost and development time.&nbsp;

According to statistics shared by Saraswat, there were about 1000 Smallsats launched between 2012-17 and about 700 of them were Cubesats. Cubesats are an even smaller category of Smallsats that are cubes with dimensions in multiples of 10cm.&nbsp;

However, Saraswat also referred to some challenges for the SmallSat category, in terms of new technologies for telemetry, tracking and command, besides network for ground and space segment. Also, the Prague Declaration of 2015 showed the need for smallest developers to adhere to international laws, regulations and procedures. &nbsp;There are also challenges in the domains of authorization, registration, frequency allocation, risk, liability, insurance and space debris mitigation.

Dr VK Saraswat, member of the Niti Aayog said that India needed to focus on small satellites (smallsats). He said small satellites would play a major role in the coming years.

Dr VK Saraswat, member of the Niti Aayog said that India needed to focus on small satellites (smallsats). He said small satellites would play a major role in the coming years. He was speaking at an international space conference on 'Ushering the new in Indian Space Sector' Small satellites (smallsats) is a generic term used to refer to satellites that weigh lesser than 500kg. “709 satellites were launched in the short interval between November 2018 and March 2020” Dr. VK Saraswat. He projects that 7,038 Small satellites would be launched between 2018 and 2027, where most of them would be used for earth observation, technology and telecommunication purposes. For context, there are only 2,666 in orbit as of March 2020 and a three-fold increase in being foreseen by 2027. Speaking about the way the space business was evolving, he said that reusable rockets (one-stage or two-stage) and small expendable vehicles were going to be of immense value, as there was tremendous growth in re-usable and low-cost rockets. He also made a mention of ISRO’s upcoming Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) which is aimed at this segment. It is notable that the world record of launching maximum number of satellites into orbit is held by the Indian PSLV rocket - which placed 104 satellites in orbit. Over 80 satellites carried by that rocket were owned by an American firm that operates small satellites for imaging purposes. It is such constellations of small satellites that are being touted as the future. Small satellites make technology accessible to all, by ensuring it is affordable and it serves as a platform to test new technologies. While larger satellites serve multiple purposes, smaller ones can be made for a single-purpose and can reduce the complexity, cost and development time. According to statistics shared by Saraswat, there were about 1000 Smallsats launched between 2012-17 and about 700 of them were Cubesats. Cubesats are an even smaller category of Smallsats that are cubes with dimensions in multiples of 10cm. However, Saraswat also referred to some challenges for the SmallSat category, in terms of new technologies for telemetry, tracking and command, besides network for ground and space segment. Also, the Prague Declaration of 2015 showed the need for smallest developers to adhere to international laws, regulations and procedures. There are also challenges in the domains of authorization, registration, frequency allocation, risk, liability, insurance and space debris mitigation.

India needs to focus on small satellites for Digital India: Niti Aayog member

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-new-education-policy-focuses-on-learning-than-studying-pm-modi-325703">India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi</a>

The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander. However, it will not have an orbiter like the previous Chandrayaan missions.&nbsp;

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had mentioned the plans of launching Chandrayaan-3 by the end of 2020, but coronavirus pandemic has delayed the launch of the mission.&nbsp;

On July 22, 2019, Chandrayaan-2 was launched aimed at the Moon's South Pole and on September 7, the Vikram hard landed on Moon's surface. Despite the setback, the orbiter is in working condition and can transmit data back to Earth.

According to Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (MoS) for Department of Space, Chandrayaan-1 has transmitted images suggesting Moon may be rusting along the poles.

"The sign of this finding is that even though the surface of the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks, it is not known for the presence of water and oxygen, which are the two elements needed to interact with iron to create rust," Jitendra Singh said.

This could also be a sign that the Earth's atmosphere is sheltering the moon as well, scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said. They further added, "Thus, the Chandrayaan-1 Moon data indicates that the Moon's poles are home to water, this is what the scientists are trying to decipher."

India is even gearing up for its first-ever Human Space mission Gaganyaan for which training processes and other procedures are currently underway.

Minister Jitendra Singh said, "Constraints due to the COVID pandemic led to some disruptions in the plan for Gaganyaan but efforts are going on to stick to the timeline of around 2022."

(Inputs from PTI) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020. Also read: India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander.

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020. Also read: India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander. However, it will not have an orbiter like the previous Chandrayaan missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had mentioned the plans of launching Chandrayaan-3 by the end of 2020, but coronavirus pandemic has delayed the launch of the mission. On July 22, 2019, Chandrayaan-2 was launched aimed at the Moon's South Pole and on September 7, the Vikram hard landed on Moon's surface. Despite the setback, the orbiter is in working condition and can transmit data back to Earth. According to Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (MoS) for Department of Space, Chandrayaan-1 has transmitted images suggesting Moon may be rusting along the poles. "The sign of this finding is that even though the surface of the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks, it is not known for the presence of water and oxygen, which are the two elements needed to interact with iron to create rust," Jitendra Singh said. This could also be a sign that the Earth's atmosphere is sheltering the moon as well, scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said. They further added, "Thus, the Chandrayaan-1 Moon data indicates that the Moon's poles are home to water, this is what the scientists are trying to decipher." India is even gearing up for its first-ever Human Space mission Gaganyaan for which training processes and other procedures are currently underway. Minister Jitendra Singh said, "Constraints due to the COVID pandemic led to some disruptions in the plan for Gaganyaan but efforts are going on to stick to the timeline of around 2022." (Inputs from PTI)

Chandrayaan-3 to be launched in 2021 instead of late 2020: Government

Skyroot Aerospace, an Indian startup has become the first in the country to test-fire a homegrown upper-stage rocket engine. This is seen as a major milestone in the long-drawn process of building a space faring rocket.

Skyroot Aerospace, an Indian startup has become the first in the country to test-fire a homegrown upper-stage rocket engine. This is seen as a major milestone in the long-drawn process of building a space faring rocket. A typical rocket consists of two or more stages, each of which would have its own engines(either single or packed in a cluster). Simply put, a rocket is a combination of multiple engines(stages) that are vertically stacked. While the company has tested the upper-most stage engine, the initial stage engines are being manufactured. If all goes well, the company is looking forward to a maiden launch by December 2021, with the support and guidance of the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO). To understand the significance of this test and throw light on the fledgling aerospace startup’s rocket launch plans, WION spoke to team Skyroot WION: Tell us more about the recent engine test. Which rocket variant is this engine meant for and what fuel does this engine use ? How much thrust does this engine generate? Skyroot: We have planned three rockets - Vikram I,II &III, the name is a tribute to ISRO founder Vikram Sarabhai. The current engine is a meant to be the final stage of the four-stage rocket Vikram I. Vikram I is to be powered by 3 stages of solid-fueled engines and the final stage, which we have currently tested is a liquid-fueled one. We have named this engine Raman, as a tribute to Nobel laureate Sir C.V. Raman. The Raman engine is powered by UDMH and NTO liquid fuels and a cluster of 4 engines would generate 3.4kN thrust. WION: Any specific reasons on why this particular fuel combination was chosen over the others ? Skyroot: UDMH and NTO were chosen as they are earth-storable liquids. Using this fuel and our engine we can switch on and off multiple times. The ability to re-start any number of times provides the option of launching multiple satellites in different orbits. WION: Raman is one engine that goes into the final stage. What about the readiness of the first three stages ? Skyroot: The first three stage engines are under different stages of manufacturing and we hope to test two of them in about six months time. WION: What about the intended payload capacity of the three rockets that your team is working on ? Skyroot: Vikram I is meant to lift 225 kg to 500 km Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit(SSPO) and 315 kg to 45º inclination 500 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Vikram II is designed for 410 kg to 500 km SSPO and 520 kg to 45º inclination 500km LEO. In case of Vikram III we are looking at 580 kg to 500 km SSPO and 720 kg to 45º inclination 500 km LEO. WION: What would be your USP given that ISRO’s latest rocket Small Satellite Launch Vehicle(SSLV) also caters to a similar (sub 500-750kg) payload segment ? Skyroot: When compared to the SSLV rocket, our vehicle is even smaller. We can only compare vehicles of a similar size category, as the price per Kg of payload becomes cheaper with rockets getting bigger. We can confidently say that in the small vehicles segment, we can offer the best and most competitive prices once we get into mass production. As all our 3 variants get operational, we can also offer a significant reduction in per kg cost. WION: Testing rocket engines, sourcing components and preparing them for launch requires expensive infrastructure. How are you managing ? Skyroot: We have some basic facilities of our own and the rest are to be provided by ISRO. In terms of procuring components, there is a reasonably well developed infrastructure in India, thanks to ISRO. We are able to source majority of our components from various vendors and MSMEs within India. As manufacturing costs are relatively low in India, our overall development cost comes down. WION: ISRO needed over two decades to master their most reliable rocket engine - Vikas. How is a startup able to do the same in lesser time, so much so that a December 2021 launch is envisioned? Skyroot: Although we started off in 2018, we have had a head-start because there are ISRO veterans helping us, besides Indians who have worked in this field in foreign countries. Basically the scale and thrust of our engines are lesser than the ones being used at ISRO. We have also been trying new technologies such as 3-D printing in fabricating the engines. This has nearly reduced the overall mass by 50%, and reduced total number of components & lead time by 80%. WION: 3-D printing is majorly used in India for plastics, how do you think this would fare for metals and alloys. Especially in terms of its efficiency in manufacturing rocket-engine components ? Skyroot: Besides metals we are also using special materials in the 3-D printing process and the Vikram engine has come out as designed and is highly efficient. Though uncommon in India, 3-D printing using metals is widely used in the international market and carious components used for space projects are 3-D printed. We are looking forward to 3-D printing the entire Cryogenic engine to be used in our Vikram-2 rocket. WION: In terms of vehicle assembly, launch operations and post-launch tracking and telemetry, how would you manage and which facilities would you be using ? Skyroot: For Launch pad and Mission control we would be making use of ISRO facilities, preferably the new launch pad for SSLV that is coming up. But that depends on the timeline of when the pad will be ready and when our rocket will be ready. It is upto ISRO to determine the cost that would be incurred for providing us these facilities for launch, currently ISRO charges us a nominal amount for the testing that our equipment undergoes. WION: Testing and Launch operations are very costly and involve expensive infrastructure. How would liabilities be covered in case of mishaps and what about the quantum of damages that would be sought (if any) ? Skyroot: Given that insurance is available for all these components and processes, of course liabilities are going to be covered by insurance. But even otherwise, prior to every single test there is a board of approval that does several check before granting permission. After the board grants the go-ahead, then any test has a fair chance. Of course, in case of damage there will be payments that one party would have to make to the other and insurance would also be covering a portion. We look forward In-SPACe playing a key role in making Insurance (if/when needed) accessible at affordable premiums for the NewSpace startups. WION: How are things looking on the funding side ? Your ambitious goals require copious bankrolling. Are people willing to invest given the post-Covid economic scenario ? Skyroot: We have received an initial funding of Rs.31.5cr and are expecting to receive Rs.90cr over the next one year. There are big names that wish to invest in space technology and we are confident about it. WION: How is In-SPACe (Govt of India) supporting your activity ? Is the 18% GST incurred by an Indian satellite company to launch on a private Indian rocket a hinderance ? Will satellite makers not go abroad and launch? Skyroot: In-SPACe is intended to offer single-window clearance for testing, launching, licensing and other aspects. We hope it will enable us to use the facilities. The 18% GST applies for any domestic service transaction irrespective of industry. A major pain point for NewSpace startups is the incurred 18% additional “upfront” cost which will locked up in GST credits. The company can only make use of GST credits only once we start making sizable revenues. This problem applies to even developmental costs incurred .For example, Several crores of developmental/procurement costs we incur till we operationalize commercially, bears the brunt of GST. Ideally, capital-intensive hardware/Space startups like us should be given GST incentive in pre-revenue phases. WION: Rocket science involves people from all scientific disciplines, tell us about the people in your team and the disciplines they cover. Skyroot: CEO -Pawan Kumar Chandana and COO - Naga Bharath Daka are Post graduates from IIT and had worked with ISRO on rocket mechanical systems and flight computer, avionics respectively. Currently we are a team of 40 and the fields of expertise are- Electronics, propulsion, guidance, navigation, control, structure etc. But we do outsource quite a bit of our work and that would mean that we have over 100 people working for us in all. But as we near launch, we’d certainly grow bigger as a team. WION: Can we expect your proposed maiden launch by December 2021 to carry a dummy payload or live satellite(s)? Skyroot: Depending on demand, that is something we’ll decide about 6 months prior to launch.

With ISRO assistance, India’s Skyroot Aerospace aims maiden rocket launch by Dec-2021

“I pay more than Rs.4 crore in taxes, you can assume that my money, paid as tax, is being used for the space programme” Dr Vikram Sarabhai, among India’s top scientists, institution-builders and industrialists had reportedly said, half-jokingly in the 1960s. This was during the initial phases of discussion about the budget of the Indian Space Programme. The statement was reportedly in response to a professor who asked Sarabhai about why he was spending taxpayers money on space science, which was barely known in India. This was as a time when hardly a decade had passed since the country’s independence. Such an incident was recalled in a commemorative webinar hosted by Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, which Sarabhai had founded in his youth. &nbsp;

Ahead of the 101st Birth Anniversary of Dr Vikram Sarabhai (Aug 12th, 1919), PRL held a virtual webinar that saw the participation of Former ISRO Chairmen and the senior staff of PRL, besides Environmentalist Kartikeya Sarabhai(Vikram’s son). 
&nbsp; 
Known as the ‘Cradle of Space Sciences’ in India, PRL was said to be envisioned, conceptualized by Sarabhai when he was a student, in the UK, aged 23. Eventually, the PRL was set up in 1947, when Sarabhai was 28 years of age. PRL is one among the 35 institutes/entities that Sarabhai set up in his lifetime spanning a little over five decades. Today, As a unit of Department of Space, Government of India, PRL carries out fundamental research in selected areas of Physics, Space &amp; Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics &amp; Solar Physics, and Planetary &amp; Geo-Sciences. ISRO, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, National Institute of Design among others were some of the enduring institutions he built.&nbsp;

Speaking at the event, Dr A.S. Kiran Kumar, Former Chairman, ISRO mentioned about the ISRO founder’s ability to build institutions that spanned across domains such as science and technology, management, among others. He urged everyone to remember the contributions of the great son of the soil and requested the scientific community to re-dedicate themselves towards the cause of taking India to great heights.&nbsp;

In his address, Former ISRO Chairman Dr Kasturirangan fondly recalled his interaction with the ISRO founder, reminiscing about how he had been interviewed by Dr.Vikram himself, for a job at PRL and how he finally ended up working there and later at ISRO. “Dr. Sarabhai had a way of testing people’s resolve by asking specific questions and not glossing over the subject. After he understood the candidate, he would spell out his vision and explain his ideas. He would make even those who are very junior to him feel at ease by establishing a personal connect” Kasturirangan said.&nbsp;

It was discussed that Vikram always envisioned about the future that lay far ahead, while also making plans for attaining certain long term goals, that seemed impossible at first. Vikram used to be in touch with the top talent in the diverse fields of science and technology during his annual visits to universities in the US and Europe. He used to often urge Indian talent to return to the country and work on exciting new projects at home, some of which included ISRO, some centres at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research among others.&nbsp;

On one instance, Vikram had persuaded a young U.R. Rao (later to be ISRO Chairman) to reject an offer from Berkeley University and stay in India to work for ISRO, by telling him that “there are many things we can do in this country and that there was nothing like being a pioneer in India”. Vikram’s persuasive, scientific arguments backed by his vision are what led to several young scientists having joined ISRO, during its nascent stages. Vikram had even arranged for various batches of young ISRO scientists to be trained at foreign space facilities, to ensure that they could return home and replicate similar systems here and build India’s space programme from scratch.&nbsp;

 
“When Dr. Sarabhai was the Chairman of ISRO and AEC (Atomic Energy Commission) he had laid the foundation for what premier science agencies must do in the coming years. When it came to Atomic energy he gave direction to projects such as Heavy water reactor, fast breeder reactor, Variable energy cyclotron. For ISRO which was still developing, he envisioned navigation, remote sensing and communication satellites” Dr Kasturirangan recalled.&nbsp;

Vikram Sarabhai’s son, Environmental Educator Kartikeya Sarabhai expressed gratitude and happiness on being to listen to so many eminent persons about their interactions with and fond memories of Vikram Sarabhai. Touching upon how his grandparents had home-schooled his father, uncles and aunts, Kartikeya spoke of how their family believed in every child is like a unique seed with its potential. “The parents and teachers are like gardeners, they can nature and support the growth,” he says.&nbsp;

Reminiscing about a photograph in which Vikram is seen explaining the contents of a book to his two children, Kartikeya said that their father was trying to instil interest in them by explaining planetary science from a science journal. Referring to PRL as their father’s first ‘Karmabhoomi’, Kartikeya talks about his father’s style of institution-building - dream big, create the basic DNA, people and the organization grows. He also makes a mention of Vikram’s management style which involved Horizontal control systems that focussed on team building and individual building, over vertical control systems.&nbsp;

“If I finally did retire, I would prefer to teach science to children” Kartikeya quoted his father as having said.&nbsp;

Born in a family of wealthy industrialists, Vikram was the sixth among eight children and was inclined towards science and the arts from a very young age. Growing up in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in the decades that led to India’s independence, Vikram Sarabhai and his family were deeply influenced by the freedom movement and also had the Who’s Who of the country paying regular, friendly visits to their 21-acre palatial residence. &nbsp;

After completing his undergraduate studies in Physics and Mathematics from Cambridge, he worked on his postgraduate research and PhD thesis on cosmic rays under Nobel laureate Sir C.V. Raman at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. He was also a regular at the leading scientific institutions, seminars in the world, where he kept abreast of the cutting-edge developments in the diverse fields of his interest.&nbsp;

Vikram Sarabhai lived a busy life, often flying to multiple cities in a day and multiple countries in a week, holding meetings with scientists, government officials, and the biggest names in the respective domains, with the aim of institution-building, which would eventually lead to India’s progress in space technology, among other fields.&nbsp;

The ISRO founder who lived an extremely active lifestyle died a mysterious death at the age of 52(on December 30th 1971), during his overnight stay at a hotel, in Kerala’s capital Thiruvananthapuram, where he stayed regularly during visits. It is said that despite the hotel staff having made repeated attempts to ring the bell, the routine early-riser had not responded, and appeared to be asleep. That’s when the room was opened with a spare key and the Doctor who had arrived declared that Vikram had probably died a few hours ago. Vikram had meetings until 10 pm the previous night and was expected to be up at 6 am for a swim at the beach.&nbsp;

Describing Vikram’s death as ‘heroic’, his friend and Japanese Space technologist had written that ‘his ability went beyond his living power’. &nbsp;

“I pay more than Rs.4 crore in taxes, you can assume that my money, paid as tax, is being used for the space programme” Dr Vikram Sarabhai, among India’s top scientists, institution-builders and industrialists had reportedly said, half-jokingly in the 1960s.

“I pay more than Rs.4 crore in taxes, you can assume that my money, paid as tax, is being used for the space programme” Dr Vikram Sarabhai, among India’s top scientists, institution-builders and industrialists had reportedly said, half-jokingly in the 1960s. This was during the initial phases of discussion about the budget of the Indian Space Programme. The statement was reportedly in response to a professor who asked Sarabhai about why he was spending taxpayers money on space science, which was barely known in India. This was as a time when hardly a decade had passed since the country’s independence. Such an incident was recalled in a commemorative webinar hosted by Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, which Sarabhai had founded in his youth. Ahead of the 101st Birth Anniversary of Dr Vikram Sarabhai (Aug 12th, 1919), PRL held a virtual webinar that saw the participation of Former ISRO Chairmen and the senior staff of PRL, besides Environmentalist Kartikeya Sarabhai(Vikram’s son). Known as the ‘Cradle of Space Sciences’ in India, PRL was said to be envisioned, conceptualized by Sarabhai when he was a student, in the UK, aged 23. Eventually, the PRL was set up in 1947, when Sarabhai was 28 years of age. PRL is one among the 35 institutes/entities that Sarabhai set up in his lifetime spanning a little over five decades. Today, As a unit of Department of Space, Government of India, PRL carries out fundamental research in selected areas of Physics, Space & Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics & Solar Physics, and Planetary & Geo-Sciences. ISRO, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, National Institute of Design among others were some of the enduring institutions he built. Speaking at the event, Dr A.S. Kiran Kumar, Former Chairman, ISRO mentioned about the ISRO founder’s ability to build institutions that spanned across domains such as science and technology, management, among others. He urged everyone to remember the contributions of the great son of the soil and requested the scientific community to re-dedicate themselves towards the cause of taking India to great heights. In his address, Former ISRO Chairman Dr Kasturirangan fondly recalled his interaction with the ISRO founder, reminiscing about how he had been interviewed by Dr.Vikram himself, for a job at PRL and how he finally ended up working there and later at ISRO. “Dr. Sarabhai had a way of testing people’s resolve by asking specific questions and not glossing over the subject. After he understood the candidate, he would spell out his vision and explain his ideas. He would make even those who are very junior to him feel at ease by establishing a personal connect” Kasturirangan said. It was discussed that Vikram always envisioned about the future that lay far ahead, while also making plans for attaining certain long term goals, that seemed impossible at first. Vikram used to be in touch with the top talent in the diverse fields of science and technology during his annual visits to universities in the US and Europe. He used to often urge Indian talent to return to the country and work on exciting new projects at home, some of which included ISRO, some centres at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research among others. On one instance, Vikram had persuaded a young U.R. Rao (later to be ISRO Chairman) to reject an offer from Berkeley University and stay in India to work for ISRO, by telling him that “there are many things we can do in this country and that there was nothing like being a pioneer in India”. Vikram’s persuasive, scientific arguments backed by his vision are what led to several young scientists having joined ISRO, during its nascent stages. Vikram had even arranged for various batches of young ISRO scientists to be trained at foreign space facilities, to ensure that they could return home and replicate similar systems here and build India’s space programme from scratch. “When Dr. Sarabhai was the Chairman of ISRO and AEC (Atomic Energy Commission) he had laid the foundation for what premier science agencies must do in the coming years. When it came to Atomic energy he gave direction to projects such as Heavy water reactor, fast breeder reactor, Variable energy cyclotron. For ISRO which was still developing, he envisioned navigation, remote sensing and communication satellites” Dr Kasturirangan recalled. Vikram Sarabhai’s son, Environmental Educator Kartikeya Sarabhai expressed gratitude and happiness on being to listen to so many eminent persons about their interactions with and fond memories of Vikram Sarabhai. Touching upon how his grandparents had home-schooled his father, uncles and aunts, Kartikeya spoke of how their family believed in every child is like a unique seed with its potential. “The parents and teachers are like gardeners, they can nature and support the growth,” he says. Reminiscing about a photograph in which Vikram is seen explaining the contents of a book to his two children, Kartikeya said that their father was trying to instil interest in them by explaining planetary science from a science journal. Referring to PRL as their father’s first ‘Karmabhoomi’, Kartikeya talks about his father’s style of institution-building - dream big, create the basic DNA, people and the organization grows. He also makes a mention of Vikram’s management style which involved Horizontal control systems that focussed on team building and individual building, over vertical control systems. “If I finally did retire, I would prefer to teach science to children” Kartikeya quoted his father as having said. Born in a family of wealthy industrialists, Vikram was the sixth among eight children and was inclined towards science and the arts from a very young age. Growing up in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in the decades that led to India’s independence, Vikram Sarabhai and his family were deeply influenced by the freedom movement and also had the Who’s Who of the country paying regular, friendly visits to their 21-acre palatial residence. After completing his undergraduate studies in Physics and Mathematics from Cambridge, he worked on his postgraduate research and PhD thesis on cosmic rays under Nobel laureate Sir C.V. Raman at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. He was also a regular at the leading scientific institutions, seminars in the world, where he kept abreast of the cutting-edge developments in the diverse fields of his interest. Vikram Sarabhai lived a busy life, often flying to multiple cities in a day and multiple countries in a week, holding meetings with scientists, government officials, and the biggest names in the respective domains, with the aim of institution-building, which would eventually lead to India’s progress in space technology, among other fields. The ISRO founder who lived an extremely active lifestyle died a mysterious death at the age of 52(on December 30th 1971), during his overnight stay at a hotel, in Kerala’s capital Thiruvananthapuram, where he stayed regularly during visits. It is said that despite the hotel staff having made repeated attempts to ring the bell, the routine early-riser had not responded, and appeared to be asleep. That’s when the room was opened with a spare key and the Doctor who had arrived declared that Vikram had probably died a few hours ago. Vikram had meetings until 10 pm the previous night and was expected to be up at 6 am for a swim at the beach. Describing Vikram’s death as ‘heroic’, his friend and Japanese Space technologist had written that ‘his ability went beyond his living power’.

'Visionary, scientist, industrialist, institution builder': Remembering Dr Vikram Sarabhai on his 101st anniversary

Four Indian astronauts who are training in Russia to conduct India's first manned space mission have successfully completed their training, Roscosmos reported on Thursday night.

The training individuals are four pilots of Indian Air Force (IAF). The astronauts are being considered for India's first manned space mission, which had an initial possible launch date of 2022, which may now be delayed to the ongoing pandemic. The training is taking place at&nbsp;Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Moscow.

The astronauts passed a test in short-term weightless mode aboard the IL-76MDK special laboratory in June in Moscow. Later, in July, they were trained to lift aboard a helicopter while evacuating from the descent module landing point.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-should-focus-on-protecting-economy-says-ex-rbi-governor-318737">Also read|&nbsp;India should focus on protecting economy, says ex-RBI governor</a>

The astronauts were in good health and determined to continue their training, it said. "To date, Indian cosmonauts have completed training on crew actions in the event of an abnormal descent module landing: in wooded and marshy areas in winter (completed in February 2020), on the water surface (completed in June 2020), in the steppe in summer (completed in July 2020)," Glavkosmos,&nbsp;a subsidiary of Russian space organisation Roscosmos said.

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The Indian cosmonauts are undergoing training at the GCTC following the courses of the space training program and of the systems of the Soyuz MS spacecraft — <a href="https://t.co/Q9vw69Ezre">https://t.co/Q9vw69Ezre</a> 
 
🧑‍🚀🇮🇳 All of the Indian cosmonauts are in good health and are determined to continue training <a href="https://t.co/SieXQN0hkT">pic.twitter.com/SieXQN0hkT</a>
— РОСКОСМОС (@roscosmos) <a href="https://twitter.com/roscosmos/status/1291387344852070412?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 6, 2020</a></blockquote>
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"The GCTC instructors praise the effort and high motivation of the Indian cosmonauts. They also note their extremely serious and very professional attitude to the training process," it added.

The programme also included training in a centrifuge and in a hyperbaric chamber to prepare their organisms for sustaining spaceflight factors, such as G-force, hypoxia and pressure drops, it said, adding that these training are to be held in the near future.

After the astronauts complete the training — which is due to be over in the first half of 2021 — the four candidates will be given module-specific training by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in India.

Four Indian astronauts who are training in Russia to conduct India's first manned space mission have successfully completed their training, Roscosmos reported on Thursday night.

Four Indian astronauts who are training in Russia to conduct India's first manned space mission have successfully completed their training, Roscosmos reported on Thursday night. The training individuals are four pilots of Indian Air Force (IAF). The astronauts are being considered for India's first manned space mission, which had an initial possible launch date of 2022, which may now be delayed to the ongoing pandemic. The training is taking place at Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Moscow. The astronauts passed a test in short-term weightless mode aboard the IL-76MDK special laboratory in June in Moscow. Later, in July, they were trained to lift aboard a helicopter while evacuating from the descent module landing point. Also read| India should focus on protecting economy, says ex-RBI governor The astronauts were in good health and determined to continue their training, it said. "To date, Indian cosmonauts have completed training on crew actions in the event of an abnormal descent module landing: in wooded and marshy areas in winter (completed in February 2020), on the water surface (completed in June 2020), in the steppe in summer (completed in July 2020)," Glavkosmos, a subsidiary of Russian space organisation Roscosmos said. The Indian cosmonauts are undergoing training at the GCTC following the courses of the space training program and of the systems of the Soyuz MS spacecraft — https://t.co/Q9vw69Ezre 🧑‍🚀🇮🇳 All of the Indian cosmonauts are in good health and are determined to continue training pic.twitter.com/SieXQN0hkT — РОСКОСМОС (@roscosmos) August 6, 2020 × "The GCTC instructors praise the effort and high motivation of the Indian cosmonauts. They also note their extremely serious and very professional attitude to the training process," it added. The programme also included training in a centrifuge and in a hyperbaric chamber to prepare their organisms for sustaining spaceflight factors, such as G-force, hypoxia and pressure drops, it said, adding that these training are to be held in the near future. After the astronauts complete the training — which is due to be over in the first half of 2021 — the four candidates will be given module-specific training by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in India.

Astronauts for India's first manned space mission, Gangayaan, complete training in Russia

Shanmuga Subramanian, a Chennai-based techie and space enthusiast who was credited by NASA, late last year for spotting the debris of India's Chandrayaan 2 moon probe, Vikram lander, which crash landed near the south pole of the moon, has come up with his latest find.

This time he claims to have possibly spotted the skeleton of the Vikram lander and also the pragyaan rover that might have rolled out onto the lunar surface. The claim is based on a similar method he had employed for the earlier find, by studying and comparing open source moon images shared by NASA. After having written to both ISRO and NASA, he is enthusiastically hoping for the best.&nbsp;

Shanmuga Subramanian told WION that his earlier find was of the debris (perhaps a part of the payload that the vikram lander was carrying on-board) from the crash landing, as also acknowledged by NASA.

But this time around, he's likely to have located the outer shell of the Vikram lander and also the pragyan rover which has rolled out onto the lunar surface. He has also tweeted out images of his possible find and mailed them to ISRO and NASA, who would be the best authorities to judge and confirm the possible find. &nbsp;

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Chandrayaan2's Pragyan "ROVER" intact on Moon's surface &amp; has rolled out few metres from the skeleton Vikram lander whose payloads got disintegrated due to rough landing | More details in below tweets <a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/VikramLander?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#VikramLander</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PragyanRover?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#PragyanRover</a> (1/4) <a href="https://t.co/iKSHntsK1f">pic.twitter.com/iKSHntsK1f</a>
— Shan (Shanmuga Subramanian) (@Ramanean) <a href="https://twitter.com/Ramanean/status/1289405848821800965?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 1, 2020</a></blockquote>
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When asked about what led him to embark on this tedious search again, he says he was spending the recent weeks trying to locate other debris on the moon such as the first-ever probe sent by the erstwhile Soviet union.&nbsp;

"Using an open-source NASA software I've been looking at various regions in-depth. The area was around where the earlier debris was spotted was also of particular interest" he told WION.&nbsp;

He says that the most interesting aspect was a few images clicked by NASA in January, that were made publicly available in May.&nbsp;

"This image was more illuminated due to the then prevailing lighting conditions in that region and enabled me to spot much more. Generally that region is poorly lit. My latest find ( possibly vikram lander and pragyan rover) is around 500-700 meters towards the right of &nbsp;the debris that I located last year" he says.&nbsp;

The image he has tweeted out has markings that point to the objects that are suspected to be the vikram lander, the pragyan rover and also the possible tracks of the rover.&nbsp;

Leaving it upto ISRO to confirm, Subramanian suspects that the wheeled rover might have eventually rolled out from the lander after the crash landing.

"May be it was pre-programmed to roll out or maybe the lander received ISRO's command to roll our the rover. The lander and rover may have been communicating &nbsp;back and forth. But, perhaps this could have been a case of one-way communication. While the lander and rover could communicate, &nbsp;it was perhaps not able to relay the signals back to Earth after the harsh landing" he says.&nbsp;

WION also got the receipt of Subramanian's e-mail confirmed from ISRO chairman Dr.K.Sivan. "He has sent us the image and we have shared it with our experts for analysis" Dr. Sivan told WION.&nbsp;

India's second moon-probe Chandrayaan 2 was launched on July 22nd last year and had attempted a moon-landing on September 7th. However, the much anticipated landing happened to end-up in a crash landing, after ISRO lost contact with the vikram lander, barely at an altitude of 2.1km from the lunar surface.

India is also working on chandrayaan 3, the country's thrid moon probe, and it is expected to be launched sometime in 2021.&nbsp;

Shanmuga Subramanian, a Chennai-based techie and space enthusiast who was credited by NASA, late last year for spotting the debris of India's Chandrayaan 2 moon probe, Vikram lander, which crash landed near the south pole of the moon, has come up with his latest find.

Shanmuga Subramanian, a Chennai-based techie and space enthusiast who was credited by NASA, late last year for spotting the debris of India's Chandrayaan 2 moon probe, Vikram lander, which crash landed near the south pole of the moon, has come up with his latest find. This time he claims to have possibly spotted the skeleton of the Vikram lander and also the pragyaan rover that might have rolled out onto the lunar surface. The claim is based on a similar method he had employed for the earlier find, by studying and comparing open source moon images shared by NASA. After having written to both ISRO and NASA, he is enthusiastically hoping for the best. Shanmuga Subramanian told WION that his earlier find was of the debris (perhaps a part of the payload that the vikram lander was carrying on-board) from the crash landing, as also acknowledged by NASA. But this time around, he's likely to have located the outer shell of the Vikram lander and also the pragyan rover which has rolled out onto the lunar surface. He has also tweeted out images of his possible find and mailed them to ISRO and NASA, who would be the best authorities to judge and confirm the possible find. Chandrayaan2's Pragyan "ROVER" intact on Moon's surface & has rolled out few metres from the skeleton Vikram lander whose payloads got disintegrated due to rough landing | More details in below tweets @isro #Chandrayaan2 #VikramLander #PragyanRover (1/4) pic.twitter.com/iKSHntsK1f — Shan (Shanmuga Subramanian) (@Ramanean) August 1, 2020 × When asked about what led him to embark on this tedious search again, he says he was spending the recent weeks trying to locate other debris on the moon such as the first-ever probe sent by the erstwhile Soviet union. "Using an open-source NASA software I've been looking at various regions in-depth. The area was around where the earlier debris was spotted was also of particular interest" he told WION. He says that the most interesting aspect was a few images clicked by NASA in January, that were made publicly available in May. "This image was more illuminated due to the then prevailing lighting conditions in that region and enabled me to spot much more. Generally that region is poorly lit. My latest find ( possibly vikram lander and pragyan rover) is around 500-700 meters towards the right of the debris that I located last year" he says. The image he has tweeted out has markings that point to the objects that are suspected to be the vikram lander, the pragyan rover and also the possible tracks of the rover. Leaving it upto ISRO to confirm, Subramanian suspects that the wheeled rover might have eventually rolled out from the lander after the crash landing. "May be it was pre-programmed to roll out or maybe the lander received ISRO's command to roll our the rover. The lander and rover may have been communicating back and forth. But, perhaps this could have been a case of one-way communication. While the lander and rover could communicate, it was perhaps not able to relay the signals back to Earth after the harsh landing" he says. WION also got the receipt of Subramanian's e-mail confirmed from ISRO chairman Dr.K.Sivan. "He has sent us the image and we have shared it with our experts for analysis" Dr. Sivan told WION. India's second moon-probe Chandrayaan 2 was launched on July 22nd last year and had attempted a moon-landing on September 7th. However, the much anticipated landing happened to end-up in a crash landing, after ISRO lost contact with the vikram lander, barely at an altitude of 2.1km from the lunar surface. India is also working on chandrayaan 3, the country's thrid moon probe, and it is expected to be launched sometime in 2021.

Vikram lander and Pragyan rover spotted? Techie awaits ISRO, NASA nod

India's Chandrayaan-2 mission has marked one year of its launch by GSLV MkIII-M1 and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has said that all of its payloads are performing well.&nbsp;

On July 22, 2019, ISRO launched the GSLV MkIII-M1 carrying Chandrayaan-2 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. It kept revolving around the Earth's orbit for 23 days and on August 14 that craft commenced its journey to the moon.&nbsp;

The Chandrayaan-2 entered the Lumar orbit on August 20, 2019.&nbsp;

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> 
Have a look of 3D view of a crater imaged by TMC-2 of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a>. TMC-2 provides images at 5m spatial resolution &amp; stereo triplets (fore, nadir and aft views) for preparing DEM of the complete lunar surface. 
 
For more details visit <a href="https://t.co/urlZqzg3Gw">https://t.co/urlZqzg3Gw</a> <a href="https://t.co/VBvUeH1L8s">pic.twitter.com/VBvUeH1L8s</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1194590582678491137?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 13, 2019</a></blockquote>
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On Tuesday, India's space agency confirmed that all eight payloads on Chandrayaan-2 were performing well and global mapping of the lunar surface and polar coverage are being carried out as per the mission plan.&nbsp;

In a statement, ISRO said: "Extensive data has been acquired from Chandrayaan-2 payloads and parameters are being derived for (i) presence of water-ice in the polar regions, (ii) X-ray based and Infrared spectroscopic mineral information and (iii) mid and high latitude presence of Argon-40, a condensable gas on the Moon which gets released internally by the radioactive decay of 40 K."

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a>’s DF-SAR is designed to produce greater details about the morphology and ejecta materials of impact craters on the lunar surface. Have a look of initial images and observations made by DF-SAR 
 
For more details please visit: <a href="https://t.co/1j7SBcXIpl">https://t.co/1j7SBcXIpl</a> <a href="https://t.co/SEHukoYJMV">pic.twitter.com/SEHukoYJMV</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1186640693323862016?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 22, 2019</a></blockquote>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> 
Have a look at the images taken by <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a>'s Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC). 
For more images please visit <a href="https://t.co/YBjRO1kTcL">https://t.co/YBjRO1kTcL</a> <a href="https://t.co/K4INnWKbaM">pic.twitter.com/K4INnWKbaM</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1180145587863220225?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 4, 2019</a></blockquote>
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Initially, ISRO was planning to release the major findings from Chandrayaan-2 science experiments at the Annual Lunar Planetary Science Conference in March 2020 but it was called off due to coronavirus. Now, the data will be released in October wherein details for accessing the data will be provided, it said.&nbsp;

The Orbiter carrying Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) has clicked 22 orbit images of lunar surface consisting of nearly 1056 sq. km area and is also used to characterise landing sites for future missions.&nbsp;

India's Chandrayaan-2 mission has marked one year of its launch by GSLV MkIII-M1 and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has said that all of its payloads are performing well.

India's Chandrayaan-2 mission has marked one year of its launch by GSLV MkIII-M1 and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has said that all of its payloads are performing well. On July 22, 2019, ISRO launched the GSLV MkIII-M1 carrying Chandrayaan-2 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. It kept revolving around the Earth's orbit for 23 days and on August 14 that craft commenced its journey to the moon. The Chandrayaan-2 entered the Lumar orbit on August 20, 2019. #ISRO Have a look of 3D view of a crater imaged by TMC-2 of #Chandrayaan2. TMC-2 provides images at 5m spatial resolution & stereo triplets (fore, nadir and aft views) for preparing DEM of the complete lunar surface. For more details visit https://t.co/urlZqzg3Gw pic.twitter.com/VBvUeH1L8s — ISRO (@isro) November 13, 2019 × On Tuesday, India's space agency confirmed that all eight payloads on Chandrayaan-2 were performing well and global mapping of the lunar surface and polar coverage are being carried out as per the mission plan. In a statement, ISRO said: "Extensive data has been acquired from Chandrayaan-2 payloads and parameters are being derived for (i) presence of water-ice in the polar regions, (ii) X-ray based and Infrared spectroscopic mineral information and (iii) mid and high latitude presence of Argon-40, a condensable gas on the Moon which gets released internally by the radioactive decay of 40 K." #ISRO#Chandrayaan2’s DF-SAR is designed to produce greater details about the morphology and ejecta materials of impact craters on the lunar surface. Have a look of initial images and observations made by DF-SAR For more details please visit: https://t.co/1j7SBcXIpl pic.twitter.com/SEHukoYJMV — ISRO (@isro) October 22, 2019 × #ISRO Have a look at the images taken by #Chandrayaan2's Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC). For more images please visit https://t.co/YBjRO1kTcL pic.twitter.com/K4INnWKbaM — ISRO (@isro) October 4, 2019 × Initially, ISRO was planning to release the major findings from Chandrayaan-2 science experiments at the Annual Lunar Planetary Science Conference in March 2020 but it was called off due to coronavirus. Now, the data will be released in October wherein details for accessing the data will be provided, it said. The Orbiter carrying Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) has clicked 22 orbit images of lunar surface consisting of nearly 1056 sq. km area and is also used to characterise landing sites for future missions.

Chandrayaan-2 mapping lunar surface as per mission plan: ISRO

July 18 in history: Appointment of Kim Jong-un as North Korea's leader and more

Just a couple of days after the cabinet decision to allow reform in India’s Space sector and the briefing by the ISRO Chairman, many Indian start-ups have expressed interest in participating in space-based activities, said ISRO Chairman DR. K. Sivan. He added that&nbsp;so far there were no requests from the big players, but he was hoping to get some proposals from them.&nbsp;

Addressing journalists over a virtual press conference, Dr. Sivan said that ISRO roughly had a 3 per cent share of the $350USD global space economy. He shared a split-up of the global space economy, saying that 48&nbsp;per cent of the share went to ground equipment, 45 per cent to space applications, whereas launch vehicles and satellites comprised of only 2 per cent&nbsp;and 5 per cent respectively.&nbsp;

“Under the present situation, ISRO has reached its limit on providing our services due to manpower limitations and we can’t scale up more than 3 per cent market share. That’s why we need private players to get involved and that will also boost market share when they diversify into many services,” Dr. Sivan told WION.&nbsp;

Presently, the Indian government funds projects (satellites and rocket launches), and ISRO executes these missions and owns the satellites. ISRO’s space-based services and transponders are then leased to private companies for DTH and other broadcast and&nbsp;communication purposes. However,&nbsp;the new reforms are aimed at allowing private companies to build their own satellite, launch it and also earn more revenue from leasing and its end-to-end operations.&nbsp;

Given that there are various upcoming big-ticket missions such as Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-3, SSLV, Aditya L1 etc., he said that there could be a clear picture on when these missions could be completed&nbsp;after the lockdown and COVID-19 situation improves.&nbsp;

“All out projects are affected due to lockdown. Design and development is under our control and happens within ISRO centers with minimal staff as per local restrictions. But the manufacturing happens across 500 big, small and medium industries across India. Due to the current situation, manufacturing activities are not taking place and hardware cannot be supplied to us. Even our scientists can't travel across India due to the restrictions. A true impact assessment will be available only after normalcy resumes,” he said.&nbsp;

On the aspect of private participation in current missions, Dr. Sivan said that the private players can develop certain technologies for the Human Spaceflight programme and the future missions by seeking details and applying on the ISRO website.&nbsp;

When asked about India’s second spaceport that is getting ready at Kulasekarapattinam in southern state Tamil Nadu, he said that it would be similar to the existing one at Sriharikota, but the location of the second launchpad offered advantages for polar launches. Currently, the land acquisition process is happening for the second launch pad and the acquired land is to be handed over to the Department of Space.&nbsp;

“Sriharikota launch pads are ideal for Eastward launches, but are not so ideal for southward launches for Polar (PSLV, SSLV Missions). When we launch southwards from Sriharikota, there is a landmass below, and also further down south we have Sri Lanka. Usually, we launch polar missions towards the south-east, then negotiate Sri Lankan landmass and then proceed further south. This leads to more fuel being spent for the maneuver and it affects the payload capacity of small rockets. But from the Kulasekarapattinam launchpad, we can directly launch southwards,"&nbsp;Dr. Sivan explained.&nbsp;

Regarding the newly announced vertical called INSPACe, under the Deportment of Space, he said that they aimed to have a technical person (scientist) as its head, rather than a bureaucrat. INSPACe is meant to enable private players to participate in end-trend space activities by coordinating with them, conducting assessments and providing necessary approvals.&nbsp;

Just a couple of days after the cabinet decision to allow reform in India’s Space sector and the briefing by the ISRO Chairman, many Indian start-ups have expressed interest in participating in space-based activities, said ISRO Chairman DR.

Just a couple of days after the cabinet decision to allow reform in India’s Space sector and the briefing by the ISRO Chairman, many Indian start-ups have expressed interest in participating in space-based activities, said ISRO Chairman DR. K. Sivan. He added that so far there were no requests from the big players, but he was hoping to get some proposals from them. Addressing journalists over a virtual press conference, Dr. Sivan said that ISRO roughly had a 3 per cent share of the $350USD global space economy. He shared a split-up of the global space economy, saying that 48 per cent of the share went to ground equipment, 45 per cent to space applications, whereas launch vehicles and satellites comprised of only 2 per cent and 5 per cent respectively. “Under the present situation, ISRO has reached its limit on providing our services due to manpower limitations and we can’t scale up more than 3 per cent market share. That’s why we need private players to get involved and that will also boost market share when they diversify into many services,” Dr. Sivan told WION. Presently, the Indian government funds projects (satellites and rocket launches), and ISRO executes these missions and owns the satellites. ISRO’s space-based services and transponders are then leased to private companies for DTH and other broadcast and communication purposes. However, the new reforms are aimed at allowing private companies to build their own satellite, launch it and also earn more revenue from leasing and its end-to-end operations. Given that there are various upcoming big-ticket missions such as Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-3, SSLV, Aditya L1 etc., he said that there could be a clear picture on when these missions could be completed after the lockdown and COVID-19 situation improves. “All out projects are affected due to lockdown. Design and development is under our control and happens within ISRO centers with minimal staff as per local restrictions. But the manufacturing happens across 500 big, small and medium industries across India. Due to the current situation, manufacturing activities are not taking place and hardware cannot be supplied to us. Even our scientists can't travel across India due to the restrictions. A true impact assessment will be available only after normalcy resumes,” he said. On the aspect of private participation in current missions, Dr. Sivan said that the private players can develop certain technologies for the Human Spaceflight programme and the future missions by seeking details and applying on the ISRO website. When asked about India’s second spaceport that is getting ready at Kulasekarapattinam in southern state Tamil Nadu, he said that it would be similar to the existing one at Sriharikota, but the location of the second launchpad offered advantages for polar launches. Currently, the land acquisition process is happening for the second launch pad and the acquired land is to be handed over to the Department of Space. “Sriharikota launch pads are ideal for Eastward launches, but are not so ideal for southward launches for Polar (PSLV, SSLV Missions). When we launch southwards from Sriharikota, there is a landmass below, and also further down south we have Sri Lanka. Usually, we launch polar missions towards the south-east, then negotiate Sri Lankan landmass and then proceed further south. This leads to more fuel being spent for the maneuver and it affects the payload capacity of small rockets. But from the Kulasekarapattinam launchpad, we can directly launch southwards," Dr. Sivan explained. Regarding the newly announced vertical called INSPACe, under the Deportment of Space, he said that they aimed to have a technical person (scientist) as its head, rather than a bureaucrat. INSPACe is meant to enable private players to participate in end-trend space activities by coordinating with them, conducting assessments and providing necessary approvals.

Indian start-ups sent requests after private sector allowed in space: ISRO

Permitting the entry of private players in space projects appears to be the new way to ensure efficiency and optimum utilisation of resources

Space X's&nbsp;Falcon 9 is the first privately-built rocket by Elon Musk's Tesla.

It's&nbsp;historic launch took two NASA&nbsp;astronauts to the International Space Station from&nbsp;the&nbsp;Complex 39-A at Cape Canaveral in Florida.

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Also see:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/spacex-astronauts-land-safely-at-international-space-station-for-nasa-302267">SpaceX astronauts land safely at International Space Station for NASA</a>

The launch last month marked a significant shift in space exploration. For the first time ever, NASA&nbsp;allowed a private player a glimpse beyond the Earth's orbit.

Indian Space Research Organisation has taken its first big step in a similar&nbsp;direction. The Indian government has set-up two bodies that will assist ISRO&nbsp;to facilitate private participation.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/private-players-welcome-in-indias-space-journey-but-isro-needs-an-organizational-revamp-to-focus-on-rd-301484">Private players welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to focus on R&amp;D</a>

ISRO's programs are hailed across the world for running on a shoe-string budget. The Mars mission is staggeringly cheap by western standards.

India is already the global launchpad for small and light satellites. Given the low-budget and limited workforce, routine work hampers advanced research into inter-planetary and human space flight missions.This the big frontier that ISRO&nbsp;needs to&nbsp;conquer.

They were involved earlier as well but in a different capacity.

ISRO&nbsp;has tie-ups with around 150 private firms which are&nbsp;exclusive suppliers to India's space programs.

Now, private players can start building and launching satellites as well. This is an extension of India's aim to become self-reliant.

The sphere of space exploration required special attention as ISRO&nbsp;is fully dependent on two launch vehicles in the PSLV&nbsp;and GSLV&nbsp;series which&nbsp;were conceptualised back in the 1970s and 1980s.

In the last 27 years, ISRO&nbsp;has not been able to develop more powerful propulsion engines. India still uses a French engine to launch its own satellites.

For a manned mission, ISRO&nbsp;needs to improve the payload capacity, which needs an engine that will thrust India to greater heights.

Therefore, the government has decided to open up India's space sector and giving it more time to carry out cutting-edge research.

Also see:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/how-chinas-beidou-geo-tracker-satellite-will-take-on-us-owned-gps-307986">How China's Beidou geo-tracker satellite will take on US-owned GPS</a>

Leading space explorers such as US, China and the European space agency are encouraging private participation. But the US&nbsp;took the giant leap when it allowed its space agency NASA to collaborate with Elon Musk's Space X.

From Richard Branson to Jeff Bezos, billionaires are creating their own space companies.

A few days ago, China launched its final Beidou satellite. The deployment of china's global navigation system is complete. A network of 35 satellites&nbsp;will power China's own gps system.

Following the border conflict with China,&nbsp; ISRO's services are&nbsp;required to refine India's satellites for the military.

With this opening of the space sector, routine satellite launches can be left to private players.

Permitting the entry of private players in space projects appears to be the new way to ensure efficiency and optimum utilisation of resources Space X's Falcon 9 is the first privately-built rocket by Elon Musk's Tesla.

Permitting the entry of private players in space projects appears to be the new way to ensure efficiency and optimum utilisation of resources Space X's Falcon 9 is the first privately-built rocket by Elon Musk's Tesla. It's historic launch took two NASA astronauts to the International Space Station from the Complex 39-A at Cape Canaveral in Florida. × Also see: SpaceX astronauts land safely at International Space Station for NASA The launch last month marked a significant shift in space exploration. For the first time ever, NASA allowed a private player a glimpse beyond the Earth's orbit. Indian Space Research Organisation has taken its first big step in a similar direction. The Indian government has set-up two bodies that will assist ISRO to facilitate private participation. Also read: Private players welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to focus on R&D ISRO's programs are hailed across the world for running on a shoe-string budget. The Mars mission is staggeringly cheap by western standards. India is already the global launchpad for small and light satellites. Given the low-budget and limited workforce, routine work hampers advanced research into inter-planetary and human space flight missions.This the big frontier that ISRO needs to conquer. They were involved earlier as well but in a different capacity. ISRO has tie-ups with around 150 private firms which are exclusive suppliers to India's space programs. Now, private players can start building and launching satellites as well. This is an extension of India's aim to become self-reliant. The sphere of space exploration required special attention as ISRO is fully dependent on two launch vehicles in the PSLV and GSLV series which were conceptualised back in the 1970s and 1980s. In the last 27 years, ISRO has not been able to develop more powerful propulsion engines. India still uses a French engine to launch its own satellites. For a manned mission, ISRO needs to improve the payload capacity, which needs an engine that will thrust India to greater heights. Therefore, the government has decided to open up India's space sector and giving it more time to carry out cutting-edge research. Also see: How China's Beidou geo-tracker satellite will take on US-owned GPS Leading space explorers such as US, China and the European space agency are encouraging private participation. But the US took the giant leap when it allowed its space agency NASA to collaborate with Elon Musk's Space X. From Richard Branson to Jeff Bezos, billionaires are creating their own space companies. A few days ago, China launched its final Beidou satellite. The deployment of china's global navigation system is complete. A network of 35 satellites will power China's own gps system. Following the border conflict with China, ISRO's services are required to refine India's satellites for the military. With this opening of the space sector, routine satellite launches can be left to private players.

Permitting entry of private players in space projects is new way to ensure efficiency

A day after India’s Union Cabinet, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved setting up of IN-SPACe (<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/in-space-is-isros-extended-arm-to-encourage-private-participation-308273">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre</a>), ISRO Chairman Dr K. Sivan elaborated on the vision and the way ahead.&nbsp;

WION had earlier reported about how Private players were welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to enhance focus on R&amp;D.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/private-players-welcome-in-indias-space-journey-but-isro-needs-an-organizational-revamp-to-focus-on-rd-301484">Also read:&nbsp;Private players welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to focus on R&amp;D</a>

In a televised address, Dr Sivan said that, as India transits into a new space era start-ups and private industries are enabled to play a significant role in the space sector. “Private companies can play a bigger role than just supply of parts and components. They will be enabled to perform end-to-end space services, from building and launching rockets and satellites to owning satellites and providing space-based services. These activities will be open to big and small industries, start-ups and academia”, he said.

While adding that the IN_SPACe board may take 3-6 months to become operational, Dr Sivan said that Private companies could apply even now for different functions and get their requests processed in fast-track mode. He also said that the existing policies would be modified to make this system function effectively to provide fair and equitable space for Private enterprises.&nbsp;

In an Exclusive Interview, Dr Sivan, Chairman ISRO &amp; Secretary Department of Space shared the vision behind the reforms that are being rolled out and elaborated on the progress of various current and future missions.&nbsp;

WION: Currently private players manufacture and supply components for our rockets and satellites, but what is your long-term vision and when can they perform end-to-end operations?&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: As you said private players are supplying components and modules. But space activities involves making the rockets, spacecraft, providing services and other things. This reform that we are talking about is enabling them to carry out space activities such as rocket-building, satellite building, owning spacecraft and providing services. That is the vision and purpose of this reform.&nbsp;

WION: By when are we expecting this to materialize, because this seems to be a long term plan, as also the Minister had specified yesterday.&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: We are providing the platform for the private players to do the work. When and how they will be able to come into these activities, we have to wait and see. Already some start-ups have been working on these activities.

WION: Space is one field that involves extremely high investment, high risk and also the return on investment is quite slow. How do you think our private sector and start-ups will be able to match up to this level of investment?

Dr Sivan: They (private players) have to take high risks. For high investment, we are supporting them in this aspect by allowing them to share our facilities. So they need not establish high-cost facilities on their own. That way some easing of the burden will be there. Regarding the return of investment, there are some sectors that offer a lot of return, such as applications, ground-segment of satellites. Returns may be very small in rockets or spacecraft and they are risky also. I am sure that the private sector will take care of all these things and do the needful to become entrepreneurs in this area.&nbsp;

WION: Many decades from now, when this vision becomes a reality, are we looking at ISRO purely focusing on R&amp;D and routine launch operations being outsourced to private companies?&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: This plan is not about giving any work of ISRO to private companies. We must keep in mind that we are allowing private people to do the job, it is not that some job of ISRO is removed and given to private players. Industries will be enabled to carry out these activities and ISRO will continue its duties. ISRO will have to spend more time and energy on advanced technology development, advanced missions and national missions, in addition to existing duties. We are asking industry to get involved in space activities and that is our vision.&nbsp;

WION: Is this reform an attempt to replicate a Western model of a Military-Industry-Academia nexus? Because, that is what led to success of their space programmes?

Dr Sivan: Definitely it will finally involve the industries to get more and more involvement in the activities and these reforms will pave the way for that.&nbsp;

WION: Would ISRO be charging the private industries for offering them training and resources? How will this be worked out?

Dr Sivan: It may be charged basis only, but specifics such as how much would be charged, would be decided on a case-to-case basis.&nbsp;

WION: In the case of rocket launches by private firms, will private companies be operating the entire launch apparatus or will they hand over complete rockets for ISRO to do the launching?&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: We have to see their requests, what they are expecting us to share and contribute. We need to discuss that aspect and it is all based on their requests. We will decide based on what they (industry) come up with.&nbsp;

WION: There are apprehensions raised about sensitive, dual-use nature of rocket and specifically launch vehicle technology. How are we going to deal with it as very few countries have this technology?

Dr Sivan: One of the directorates as a part of IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) will be Safety and Security, legal directorates. We are thinking of 5 directorates in total such as, technical, safety&amp;security, legal, monitoring and promotion. These directorates will take care of all the aspects that we are referring to.&nbsp;

WION: When it comes to having launches by private firms, we should be having multiple contingency plans in place. Rocket science is risky and there could be mishaps. Who takes up responsibility in such cases?&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: That is the discretion of the particular arm called IN-SPACe and they have to have a mechanism. We will also be having the Space Act Bill and that will define the responsibilities.&nbsp;

WION: Pertaining to the development of India’s Semi-Cryogenic engine, how far have we come and how many years until we have a more powerful engine? Will private players be allowed to build sophisticated components such as thrusters and engines?

Dr Sivan: Private players will definitely be allowed to build rocket engines, but it requires a lot of investment. If they are ready to do it, we welcome them to invest work on the task. ISRO’s Semi-cryogenic engine development is going on and soon we will be getting the test results. Because of the lockdown and Covid-19 scenario, our activities were affected for some time. I’m sure that things will be relaxed and in better shape after some time.&nbsp;

WION: We are curious to know how India’s top scientists are perhaps working from home during these unprecedented times. How much is ISRO able to WFH, without the labs and equipment?

Dr Sivan: Our activities involve many things including software development, documentation, review, and lab-work among others. Many activities such as reviewing, designing, documentation etc we could easily work from home. Once the partial unlock began, we start making use of our labs also.&nbsp;

WION: 2020-21 is a busy year for ISRO with a lot of big-ticket projects. We have Chandrayaan 3, Gaganyaan, Aditya L1, and NI-SAR. How are we going to catch up once normalcy resumes?

Dr Sivan: It is a difficult question. We need to pick up the pace, once the situation becomes normal. We will work out a strategy and wait for things to become normal.&nbsp;

WION: Around November 2019, ISRO had a record 3 launches in a span of 35 days. Do you think we will scale up the capability to that limit hereafter?

Dr Sivan: Definitely, always we have been making records and here also we will do it.&nbsp;

WION: We are talking about the vision of Self-reliant India. When can we expect Indian rockets to compete in the big league of rockets and lift over 10tons to geostationary orbit?&nbsp;

Dr Sivan: Rocket development requires and huge investment and another testing.&nbsp;

If private players are willing to invest such money, we welcome them to produce huge rockets. Otherwise, ISRO has a plan to develop huge rockets that are meant to launch the heavy payload.

WION: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) was to make its debut this year. In what stage is the SSLV project and when can we expect the launch?

Dr Sivan: We are very close to achieving the mission, but we are waiting for Covid-19 and its related issues to come to a better situation.

A day after India’s Union Cabinet, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved setting up of IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre), ISRO Chairman Dr K.

A day after India’s Union Cabinet, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved setting up of IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre), ISRO Chairman Dr K. Sivan elaborated on the vision and the way ahead. WION had earlier reported about how Private players were welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to enhance focus on R&D. Also read: Private players welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to focus on R&D In a televised address, Dr Sivan said that, as India transits into a new space era start-ups and private industries are enabled to play a significant role in the space sector. “Private companies can play a bigger role than just supply of parts and components. They will be enabled to perform end-to-end space services, from building and launching rockets and satellites to owning satellites and providing space-based services. These activities will be open to big and small industries, start-ups and academia”, he said. While adding that the IN_SPACe board may take 3-6 months to become operational, Dr Sivan said that Private companies could apply even now for different functions and get their requests processed in fast-track mode. He also said that the existing policies would be modified to make this system function effectively to provide fair and equitable space for Private enterprises. In an Exclusive Interview, Dr Sivan, Chairman ISRO & Secretary Department of Space shared the vision behind the reforms that are being rolled out and elaborated on the progress of various current and future missions. WION: Currently private players manufacture and supply components for our rockets and satellites, but what is your long-term vision and when can they perform end-to-end operations? Dr Sivan: As you said private players are supplying components and modules. But space activities involves making the rockets, spacecraft, providing services and other things. This reform that we are talking about is enabling them to carry out space activities such as rocket-building, satellite building, owning spacecraft and providing services. That is the vision and purpose of this reform. WION: By when are we expecting this to materialize, because this seems to be a long term plan, as also the Minister had specified yesterday. Dr Sivan: We are providing the platform for the private players to do the work. When and how they will be able to come into these activities, we have to wait and see. Already some start-ups have been working on these activities. WION: Space is one field that involves extremely high investment, high risk and also the return on investment is quite slow. How do you think our private sector and start-ups will be able to match up to this level of investment? Dr Sivan: They (private players) have to take high risks. For high investment, we are supporting them in this aspect by allowing them to share our facilities. So they need not establish high-cost facilities on their own. That way some easing of the burden will be there. Regarding the return of investment, there are some sectors that offer a lot of return, such as applications, ground-segment of satellites. Returns may be very small in rockets or spacecraft and they are risky also. I am sure that the private sector will take care of all these things and do the needful to become entrepreneurs in this area. WION: Many decades from now, when this vision becomes a reality, are we looking at ISRO purely focusing on R&D and routine launch operations being outsourced to private companies? Dr Sivan: This plan is not about giving any work of ISRO to private companies. We must keep in mind that we are allowing private people to do the job, it is not that some job of ISRO is removed and given to private players. Industries will be enabled to carry out these activities and ISRO will continue its duties. ISRO will have to spend more time and energy on advanced technology development, advanced missions and national missions, in addition to existing duties. We are asking industry to get involved in space activities and that is our vision. WION: Is this reform an attempt to replicate a Western model of a Military-Industry-Academia nexus? Because, that is what led to success of their space programmes? Dr Sivan: Definitely it will finally involve the industries to get more and more involvement in the activities and these reforms will pave the way for that. WION: Would ISRO be charging the private industries for offering them training and resources? How will this be worked out? Dr Sivan: It may be charged basis only, but specifics such as how much would be charged, would be decided on a case-to-case basis. WION: In the case of rocket launches by private firms, will private companies be operating the entire launch apparatus or will they hand over complete rockets for ISRO to do the launching? Dr Sivan: We have to see their requests, what they are expecting us to share and contribute. We need to discuss that aspect and it is all based on their requests. We will decide based on what they (industry) come up with. WION: There are apprehensions raised about sensitive, dual-use nature of rocket and specifically launch vehicle technology. How are we going to deal with it as very few countries have this technology? Dr Sivan: One of the directorates as a part of IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) will be Safety and Security, legal directorates. We are thinking of 5 directorates in total such as, technical, safety&security, legal, monitoring and promotion. These directorates will take care of all the aspects that we are referring to. WION: When it comes to having launches by private firms, we should be having multiple contingency plans in place. Rocket science is risky and there could be mishaps. Who takes up responsibility in such cases? Dr Sivan: That is the discretion of the particular arm called IN-SPACe and they have to have a mechanism. We will also be having the Space Act Bill and that will define the responsibilities. WION: Pertaining to the development of India’s Semi-Cryogenic engine, how far have we come and how many years until we have a more powerful engine? Will private players be allowed to build sophisticated components such as thrusters and engines? Dr Sivan: Private players will definitely be allowed to build rocket engines, but it requires a lot of investment. If they are ready to do it, we welcome them to invest work on the task. ISRO’s Semi-cryogenic engine development is going on and soon we will be getting the test results. Because of the lockdown and Covid-19 scenario, our activities were affected for some time. I’m sure that things will be relaxed and in better shape after some time. WION: We are curious to know how India’s top scientists are perhaps working from home during these unprecedented times. How much is ISRO able to WFH, without the labs and equipment? Dr Sivan: Our activities involve many things including software development, documentation, review, and lab-work among others. Many activities such as reviewing, designing, documentation etc we could easily work from home. Once the partial unlock began, we start making use of our labs also. WION: 2020-21 is a busy year for ISRO with a lot of big-ticket projects. We have Chandrayaan 3, Gaganyaan, Aditya L1, and NI-SAR. How are we going to catch up once normalcy resumes? Dr Sivan: It is a difficult question. We need to pick up the pace, once the situation becomes normal. We will work out a strategy and wait for things to become normal. WION: Around November 2019, ISRO had a record 3 launches in a span of 35 days. Do you think we will scale up the capability to that limit hereafter? Dr Sivan: Definitely, always we have been making records and here also we will do it. WION: We are talking about the vision of Self-reliant India. When can we expect Indian rockets to compete in the big league of rockets and lift over 10tons to geostationary orbit? Dr Sivan: Rocket development requires and huge investment and another testing. If private players are willing to invest such money, we welcome them to produce huge rockets. Otherwise, ISRO has a plan to develop huge rockets that are meant to launch the heavy payload. WION: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) was to make its debut this year. In what stage is the SSLV project and when can we expect the launch? Dr Sivan: We are very close to achieving the mission, but we are waiting for Covid-19 and its related issues to come to a better situation.

ISRO welcomes Private Cos in Space Research, they have to take risks and get returns: Dr K Sivan

In a recent press conference, India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaraman announced that the Private sector will be a co-traveller in India’s Space journey. The announcement was made as a part of Policy reforms to fast-track Investment effort towards Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). But beyond the participation of private players and industry partners, ISRO needs much more impetus from within and outside in order to establish itself as a big player in the highly-competitive 21st-century Global market.&nbsp;

Today, ISRO is fully dependent on two launch vehicles in the PSLV and GSLV series, both of which were conceptualized back in the 1970s and 80s. While ISRO has innovated and performed inter-planetary, deep space exploration missions with these(lesser-power) rockets, India is nowhere near self-reliance in terms of launch capability. It is lamentable, that in the last 27 years our Space agency hasn’t developed an engine(fuelled by earth-storable propellants) that is more powerful than the Vikas Engine, which was based on the French Viking engine.&nbsp;

India still pays for the French Rocket Ariane V to launch our own satellites that weigh over 4-tons. This highlights the pressing need for more powerful&nbsp;high-thrust liquid propulsion engines and cryogenic engines that can improve the payload capacity of our rockets, especially at a time when India is aiming for manned missions(Gaganyaan).&nbsp;

For perspective, the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket (their smallest) can lift twice as much payload as India’s most powerful rocket the GSLV Mark III. SpaceX most powerful rocket Falcon Heavy can lift six times as much payload as the Mark III. So when foreign customers approach ISRO, it is only for launching the smallest of their satellites, most of which are built by start-ups and students. Launching such small payloads does bring in revenue, but this amounts to hardly anything. ISRO’s share of the $350billion global space market is barely 2per cent.

“Private participation is welcome in production of existing rocket engines and in providing propellants, but ISRO must strictly remain focused on Research and Development. ISRO can keep the R&amp;D of launch vehicles and thrusters with itself, due to the sensitive nature of the technology. However, we must also urgently develop launch vehicles with a payload capacity of at least 10-12 tons(thrice as much as current limit) to meet our national requirement”, S. Nambi Narayanan, Retd. Project Director 2nd, 4th stage of PSLV, Cryogenic Engine told WION.

In terms of satellites, ISRO has been designing and fabricating a wide range of them that are being used for communication, imaging, weather monitoring, remote-sensing, strategic purposes etc. However, this is also a field that can be thrown open to the private sector in a bigger way. It could mean allowing private players to conduct home-grown research and development in satellite technology and also the capability of building them indigenously based on the requirements of various agencies. Also, ISRO would need to start building state-of-the-art satellites that can also be sold to foreign customers. Presently, ISRO is only launching foreign satellites for a cost, but there’s a considerable market in fabricating satellites for customers.

“Now we have engineers from the private sector who are trained by ISRO for integrating satellites and manufacturing hardware. They take part in testing and qualifying the hardware. While ISRO has the facility to build 20 satellites simultaneously, we don’t have the required manpower and that’s where private talent can come in. We should have a scenario where private players can build satellites as per the needs of foreign customers”, Dr.Mylswamy Annadurai, Retd. Director, U.R. Rao Satellite Centre and Project Director Chandrayaan 1 told WION.

Given the large number of Indian agencies using ISRO satellites and their data, a system could be evolved where specific, mission-oriented satellites are launched based on the needs of the user. The user agency must also have the freedom to choose a private or an ISRO facility to fabricate the satellite on a payment basis. This would avoid the under-utilization of satellites arising from poor inter-agency coordination.

It is said that ISRO’s first launch from Sriharikota this year, that was slated for March 5th had to be called off as the user agency, the ground interface was not prepared to utilize the data that would be provided by the satellite. Earth Observation satellite GISAT-1 was to be launched into Geostationary orbit by the GSLV Mark-II rocket. Likewise, the GSAT-11, which is among the heaviest satellites built by ISRO is said to be unused since its launch in late 2018, as the ground interface and user-agencies weren’t prepared.

“Operating satellites require excellent communications, ground stations and other infrastructure. Development of grounds stations, terminals and software are also a big avenue for the private sector to explore. The competition arising from ideas, innovation and talent of the private sector is required to shake the inertia of ISRO” Dr Annadurai added.&nbsp;

If we are to envision rocket launches by private industries from ISRO’s spaceport, then the country needs to revisit and update its age-old Space laws which were drafted two decades ago. There must also be a clear Space Policy that outlines what is ISRO’s mission and the plan for future deep-space exploration. Additional regulatory guidelines are also needed to codify the responsibilities of every participating agency and private industry.&nbsp;

“Let’s say, God forbid, something goes wrong in a launch (in which a private player has a major role), who would take responsibility? There are liabilities involved and who would pay? There are so many commitments involved and our country would be answerable for any damage that may arise. We can’t point fingers after a mishap, we must proactively get a detailed framework”, Dr G. Madhavan Nair, Retd. Chairman, ISRO told WION.

Given the nature of space science where investments are high return are gradual, our policymakers must keep in mind that a considerable level of hand-holding would be necessary when throwing the doors open for private industries. However, for reasons unknown, ISRO to has not ben very enthused about allowing major private participation so far.&nbsp;

“Considering the Indian scenario, replicating the US model of total privatization would be irrelevant, as US firms are military-funded and we in India don’t have a worthy aerospace industry. However, like Europe, we can have government funding, along with industry support.” Dr Nair added.&nbsp;

Looking at post-launch, the commercial utility of communication satellites need to be explored further. It’s not just about private firms fabricating, assembling and launching satellites, but providing satellite communication services must be looked into. These services include leasing transponders for TV broadcasting, broadband services and many other ways of generating income.

Dr Annadurai says that this field has immense potential if we clear some hurdles. “The key issue is managing the vital frequency spectrum and this must be addressed by our policymakers. Young talent with fresh ideas from the private industry can infuse innovative solutions for effective use of communications frequencies thereby bringing greater connectivity speeds that can enable a truly Digital India. Policy on the usage of remote sensing satellite data would also draw more private players into space-tech” he added.

There is also a further need to re-organize ISRO’s activities from within, in order to achieve operational efficiency. This would mean keeping the routine tasks such as rocket launching, tracking and station-keeping of satellites under one division. Perhaps, in the long run, when the true potential of private industry has been unlocked, these tasks could also be handed over to the private sector, thus enabling ISRO to focus on the core task of Research and development.&nbsp;

When we consider that ISRO was officially instituted in 1969 (at the start, in 1962 it was called INCOSPAR), the same year when America put a man on the moon, we must take pride in the fact that we have come thus far. ISRO must also be lauded for developing several critical technologies indigenously, but ISRO must not rest on its laurels. India’s formidable foundation and experience in space technology need to be fine-tuned for the 21st-century requirements, where foreign private companies are making rapid strides, not only in rocket-launching but also in private space travel and deep-space exploration. A good start for ISRO would be to immediately develop a higher-thrust liquid engine (propelled by Earth-Storable liquids) and a cryogenic engine for itself, besides state-of-the-art satellites that can compete in the international market.

In a recent press conference, India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaraman announced that the Private sector will be a co-traveller in India’s Space journey. The announcement was made as a part of Policy reforms to fast-track Investment effort towards Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India).

In a recent press conference, India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaraman announced that the Private sector will be a co-traveller in India’s Space journey. The announcement was made as a part of Policy reforms to fast-track Investment effort towards Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). But beyond the participation of private players and industry partners, ISRO needs much more impetus from within and outside in order to establish itself as a big player in the highly-competitive 21st-century Global market. Today, ISRO is fully dependent on two launch vehicles in the PSLV and GSLV series, both of which were conceptualized back in the 1970s and 80s. While ISRO has innovated and performed inter-planetary, deep space exploration missions with these(lesser-power) rockets, India is nowhere near self-reliance in terms of launch capability. It is lamentable, that in the last 27 years our Space agency hasn’t developed an engine(fuelled by earth-storable propellants) that is more powerful than the Vikas Engine, which was based on the French Viking engine. India still pays for the French Rocket Ariane V to launch our own satellites that weigh over 4-tons. This highlights the pressing need for more powerful high-thrust liquid propulsion engines and cryogenic engines that can improve the payload capacity of our rockets, especially at a time when India is aiming for manned missions(Gaganyaan). For perspective, the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket (their smallest) can lift twice as much payload as India’s most powerful rocket the GSLV Mark III. SpaceX most powerful rocket Falcon Heavy can lift six times as much payload as the Mark III. So when foreign customers approach ISRO, it is only for launching the smallest of their satellites, most of which are built by start-ups and students. Launching such small payloads does bring in revenue, but this amounts to hardly anything. ISRO’s share of the $350billion global space market is barely 2per cent. “Private participation is welcome in production of existing rocket engines and in providing propellants, but ISRO must strictly remain focused on Research and Development. ISRO can keep the R&D of launch vehicles and thrusters with itself, due to the sensitive nature of the technology. However, we must also urgently develop launch vehicles with a payload capacity of at least 10-12 tons(thrice as much as current limit) to meet our national requirement”, S. Nambi Narayanan, Retd. Project Director 2nd, 4th stage of PSLV, Cryogenic Engine told WION. In terms of satellites, ISRO has been designing and fabricating a wide range of them that are being used for communication, imaging, weather monitoring, remote-sensing, strategic purposes etc. However, this is also a field that can be thrown open to the private sector in a bigger way. It could mean allowing private players to conduct home-grown research and development in satellite technology and also the capability of building them indigenously based on the requirements of various agencies. Also, ISRO would need to start building state-of-the-art satellites that can also be sold to foreign customers. Presently, ISRO is only launching foreign satellites for a cost, but there’s a considerable market in fabricating satellites for customers. “Now we have engineers from the private sector who are trained by ISRO for integrating satellites and manufacturing hardware. They take part in testing and qualifying the hardware. While ISRO has the facility to build 20 satellites simultaneously, we don’t have the required manpower and that’s where private talent can come in. We should have a scenario where private players can build satellites as per the needs of foreign customers”, Dr.Mylswamy Annadurai, Retd. Director, U.R. Rao Satellite Centre and Project Director Chandrayaan 1 told WION. Given the large number of Indian agencies using ISRO satellites and their data, a system could be evolved where specific, mission-oriented satellites are launched based on the needs of the user. The user agency must also have the freedom to choose a private or an ISRO facility to fabricate the satellite on a payment basis. This would avoid the under-utilization of satellites arising from poor inter-agency coordination. It is said that ISRO’s first launch from Sriharikota this year, that was slated for March 5th had to be called off as the user agency, the ground interface was not prepared to utilize the data that would be provided by the satellite. Earth Observation satellite GISAT-1 was to be launched into Geostationary orbit by the GSLV Mark-II rocket. Likewise, the GSAT-11, which is among the heaviest satellites built by ISRO is said to be unused since its launch in late 2018, as the ground interface and user-agencies weren’t prepared. “Operating satellites require excellent communications, ground stations and other infrastructure. Development of grounds stations, terminals and software are also a big avenue for the private sector to explore. The competition arising from ideas, innovation and talent of the private sector is required to shake the inertia of ISRO” Dr Annadurai added. If we are to envision rocket launches by private industries from ISRO’s spaceport, then the country needs to revisit and update its age-old Space laws which were drafted two decades ago. There must also be a clear Space Policy that outlines what is ISRO’s mission and the plan for future deep-space exploration. Additional regulatory guidelines are also needed to codify the responsibilities of every participating agency and private industry. “Let’s say, God forbid, something goes wrong in a launch (in which a private player has a major role), who would take responsibility? There are liabilities involved and who would pay? There are so many commitments involved and our country would be answerable for any damage that may arise. We can’t point fingers after a mishap, we must proactively get a detailed framework”, Dr G. Madhavan Nair, Retd. Chairman, ISRO told WION. Given the nature of space science where investments are high return are gradual, our policymakers must keep in mind that a considerable level of hand-holding would be necessary when throwing the doors open for private industries. However, for reasons unknown, ISRO to has not ben very enthused about allowing major private participation so far. “Considering the Indian scenario, replicating the US model of total privatization would be irrelevant, as US firms are military-funded and we in India don’t have a worthy aerospace industry. However, like Europe, we can have government funding, along with industry support.” Dr Nair added. Looking at post-launch, the commercial utility of communication satellites need to be explored further. It’s not just about private firms fabricating, assembling and launching satellites, but providing satellite communication services must be looked into. These services include leasing transponders for TV broadcasting, broadband services and many other ways of generating income. Dr Annadurai says that this field has immense potential if we clear some hurdles. “The key issue is managing the vital frequency spectrum and this must be addressed by our policymakers. Young talent with fresh ideas from the private industry can infuse innovative solutions for effective use of communications frequencies thereby bringing greater connectivity speeds that can enable a truly Digital India. Policy on the usage of remote sensing satellite data would also draw more private players into space-tech” he added. There is also a further need to re-organize ISRO’s activities from within, in order to achieve operational efficiency. This would mean keeping the routine tasks such as rocket launching, tracking and station-keeping of satellites under one division. Perhaps, in the long run, when the true potential of private industry has been unlocked, these tasks could also be handed over to the private sector, thus enabling ISRO to focus on the core task of Research and development. When we consider that ISRO was officially instituted in 1969 (at the start, in 1962 it was called INCOSPAR), the same year when America put a man on the moon, we must take pride in the fact that we have come thus far. ISRO must also be lauded for developing several critical technologies indigenously, but ISRO must not rest on its laurels. India’s formidable foundation and experience in space technology need to be fine-tuned for the 21st-century requirements, where foreign private companies are making rapid strides, not only in rocket-launching but also in private space travel and deep-space exploration. A good start for ISRO would be to immediately develop a higher-thrust liquid engine (propelled by Earth-Storable liquids) and a cryogenic engine for itself, besides state-of-the-art satellites that can compete in the international market.

Private players welcome in India’s Space journey, but ISRO needs an organizational revamp to focus on R&D

The launch of ISRO’s GSLV-F10 rocket carrying the geo-imaging satellite GISAT-1, that was scheduled for 5:43 pm, Thursday, has been postponed by ISRO due to technical reasons.

The launch of ISRO’s GSLV-F10 rocket carrying the geo-imaging satellite GISAT-1, that was scheduled for 5:43 pm, Thursday, has been postponed by ISRO due to technical reasons. ISRO has said that a revised launch date would be announced in due course. The GSLV rocket will be carrying what ISRO calls a state-of-the-art agile Earth Observation Satellite into Geo Stationary Transfer Orbit(GTO), which is 36,000km at its farthest point from earth and 170km at its nearest point to earth. After it is placed in GTO, the satellite would be issued a series of commands to fire its Liquid Apogee Motor(LAM) for a few sequential burns, until it is placed in Geostationary orbit (GEO) of 36000km circular from where the satellite would be seen stationary to all the points from the earth. According to ISRO, the satellite is meant to provide near real-time imaging of a large region of interest at frequent intervals, quick monitoring of natural disasters, episodic events and also obtain spectral signatures for agriculture, forestry, mineralogy, disaster warning, cloud properties, snow& glaciers and oceanography. While conventionally, earth-observation satellites are placed in Low-Earth orbit (between 500 and 2000kms), to ensure high-resolution imagery, better capabilities, it is pertinent to note that ISRO’s latest agile earth-observation satellite is to be placed in 36,000kms away. The GEO orbit is generally meant for Communication Satellites that are required to relay signals across a vast landmass. Being placed in the 36,000km circular orbit would also mean that the 2268kg GISAT-1 is beyond the range of Anti-satellite missiles. ISRO veterans explained to WION the objectives behind placing GISAT-1 at the higher-than-usual GEO Orbit Padma Shri. Dr Mylswamy Annadurai, Programme Director Chandrayaan 1 and Mangalyaan, Vice President TN State Council for Science and Technology WION: What are the reasons for placing earth-observation satellites in GEO? Dr Mylswamy Annadurai: Satellites in Low earth orbit can only click an image of a particular spot only 2-3 times a day, when they make a pass, but satellites in geostationary orbit (In sync with the movement of the earth) can constantly monitor a vast area. When a satellite is placed in GEO, it can click pictures of a particular spot in India or any spot that is visible to it, almost 24/7. WION: Will image quality not be adversely affected due to the 36000km distance? Dr Mylswamy Annadurai: It is true that the resolution and quality of an image would be affected due to the 36,000km orbit at which the satellite is placed, but besides optical cameras, we can also use other infrared-based imaging sensors that are part of the satellite. WION: Are there other Indian satellites apart from communication satellites that are placed in GEO? Dr Mylswamy Annadurai: Some of our earlier satellites such as Kalpana, INSAT 3D and INSAT 3DR can click images 24/7. INSAT 3D and 3DR are utilized for communication, monitoring climate, environment and for a disaster management system and are placed in GSO. These are the satellites that help us track changing weather patterns every 15 minutes. While the earlier ones were multi-purpose satellites, the current satellite GISAT-1 is a more advanced version dedicated mainly to earth observation and can give higher resolution images and incorporates a different kind of technology. WION: Please tell us more about how the new technology changes the functionality of the satellite? Dr Mylswamy Annadurai: Some of our earlier generations of satellites like INSAT series had a scanning mirror in them, that moved east-west in a sweeping motion as a part of the image capturing process. However, since the satellites were also used for communications purposes(and are required to moving in such a way that it appears fixed over a particular spot above the equator), the satellite was only moving on its GEO (in sync with the angular velocity of the earth). But since the GISAT is dedicated mainly for different kinds of earth observation, the satellite itself can rotate on an east-west, north-south axis to enable imaging of a specific region. In layman’s terms, it's like tilting a handheld camera and moving it for getting the best shot. Padma Vibhushan. Dr. G. Madhavan Nair, Former Chairman, ISRO WION: Please tell us about some of the real-world applications of the GISAT -1? Dr. G. Madhavan Nair: Say we have a natural calamity in a particular region or a region that has to be monitored, we can issue commands for the satellite to point towards that specific region, or a weather pattern such as a cyclone and look at it in more detail. Low earth orbit satellites can give us better quality pictures, but they can make a pass only every 110minutes or so. But in the case of GISAT, we can continuously observe the area. So if a region is affected by forest fires or floods, we will know it near-real-time and (if required) can deploy the satellites in Low Earth Orbit to click high-resolution pictures to improve our awareness of the situation. ISRO calls it the first state-of-the-art Agile earth observation satellite from Geostationary orbit. Why? Dr. G. Madhavan Nair: As far as India is concerned this is the first-of-its-kind satellite. Basically this is a technology breakthrough as it requires a very powerful telescope and very sensitive imaging sensors which we have developed indigenously. We have been working on this technology for some time.

ISRO’s earth observation satellite GISAT-1 can keep 24/7 watch on Indian subcontinent  

India's biennial DefExpo has started in Lucknow on Wednesday and this is perhaps one of the largest defence expos that India has ever organised.

More than one thousand companies are there. For the sake of comparison — the last edition had 700 odd companies — it was held in Chennai.

This time, defence ministers from 38 countries are attending. 172 foreign companies are making their pitch-- last time, there were 160 but — the emphasis is not on foreign companies.

It's on the Indian ones. The idea is to showcase India. The theme is India — an emerging defence manufacturing hub.

More than 800 Indian defence companies are participating. Companies like the Mahindra group, Adani defence aerospace, Hinduja group and reliance defence also have experience in building defence equipment.

But India is far from a manufacturing hub, much less for defence. Make in India for the defence was a great idea. But it has failed to take off.

As of December, last year projects worth more than Rs 3.5 lakh crore had not been cleared. This includes contracts for fighter jets, infantry combat vehicles, transport aircraft and more.

They are all stuck at different stages. Some of them are just waiting for a final contract to launch production.So no major "Make in India" defence project has taken off in the last six years.

According to experts, Indian defence companies are not yet ready to take up big-ticket projects. Bureaucratic delays and long processes are holding back defence deals.&nbsp;

There is also a fund crunch. India's defence budget got a marginal increase of nine per cent this year. But, most of it goes towards paying pensions and salaries of personnel.

The armed forces might not have enough money left to pursue modernization plans.This, in turn, impacts the Indian government's plans to push more indigenous defence projects.

India's biennial DefExpo has started in Lucknow on Wednesday and this is perhaps one of the largest defence expos that India has ever organised. More than one thousand companies are there.

India's biennial DefExpo has started in Lucknow on Wednesday and this is perhaps one of the largest defence expos that India has ever organised. More than one thousand companies are there. For the sake of comparison — the last edition had 700 odd companies — it was held in Chennai. This time, defence ministers from 38 countries are attending. 172 foreign companies are making their pitch-- last time, there were 160 but — the emphasis is not on foreign companies. It's on the Indian ones. The idea is to showcase India. The theme is India — an emerging defence manufacturing hub. More than 800 Indian defence companies are participating. Companies like the Mahindra group, Adani defence aerospace, Hinduja group and reliance defence also have experience in building defence equipment. But India is far from a manufacturing hub, much less for defence. Make in India for the defence was a great idea. But it has failed to take off. As of December, last year projects worth more than Rs 3.5 lakh crore had not been cleared. This includes contracts for fighter jets, infantry combat vehicles, transport aircraft and more. They are all stuck at different stages. Some of them are just waiting for a final contract to launch production.So no major "Make in India" defence project has taken off in the last six years. According to experts, Indian defence companies are not yet ready to take up big-ticket projects. Bureaucratic delays and long processes are holding back defence deals. There is also a fund crunch. India's defence budget got a marginal increase of nine per cent this year. But, most of it goes towards paying pensions and salaries of personnel. The armed forces might not have enough money left to pursue modernization plans.This, in turn, impacts the Indian government's plans to push more indigenous defence projects.

Defence Expo 2020 showcases India's potential to become a manufacturing hub

India is eyeing defence export of&nbsp;$5 billion in the next five years, Prime Minister <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/latest-india-news-narendra-modi-arrives-in-lucknow-to-inaugurate-defence-expo-2020-today-278838">Narendra Modi</a> said on Wednesday, highlighting the measures taken by his government to boost manufacturing and woo investors to set up a base in the country.

Inaugurating the 11th edition of <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/latest-india-news-narendra-modi-arrives-in-lucknow-to-inaugurate-defence-expo-2020-today-278838">DefExpo</a>, Modi said a country of the size of India cannot entirely depend on imports and added the number of defence licenses issued in the last five years has risen to 460 from 210 in 2014, the year he first came to power.

Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/latest-india-news-narendra-modi-arrives-in-lucknow-to-inaugurate-defence-expo-2020-today-278838">Narendra Modi arrives in Lucknow to inaugurate Defence Expo 2020 today</a>

India is building several defence equipment like artillery guns, aircraft carriers, submarines, light-combat aircraft, and combat helicopters, he said.

"Our mantra is Make in India, for India, for the world. In 2014 the export of defence equipment from India was about Rs 2,000 crore. In the last 2 years, it has gone up to Rs 17,000 crore.

In the next five years our target is export of $5 billion, which is about Rs 35,000 crore," the prime minister said.

India is not only a major market globally but a vast opportunity for the world as well, he said, asserting that Uttar Pradesh is going to be one of the biggest defence manufacturing hubs in India. 
Lack of proper policy initiative in the last several decades made India the biggest importer of defence platforms, he added.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/latest-india-news-we-want-to-make-india-a-defence-manufacturing-hub-rajnath-singh-278846">We want to make India a defence manufacturing hub: Rajnath Singh</a>

Modi cited misuse of technology, terrorism and cyber threat as challenges facing the world and said defence forces are eyeing new technology considering new threats. India is not behind others, he added.

He said a roadmap had been finalised to use application of artificial intelligence in defence sector.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/opinions-blogs/union-budget-2020-defence-sector-needs-more-money-for-modernisation-278261">Budget 2020: Here's what's in store for the Defence sector</a>

The prime minister said the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff and the Department of Military Affairs will boost the overall defence production.

"We are going to enhance our presence in the outer space in coming years," he said, adding that the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/drdo-carries-out-a-dozen-successful-summer-trials-of-nag-anti-tank-missile-237212">DRDO</a> is putting up effective protection for India's assets in outer space created by <a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/india-in-space-timeline-271560">ISRO</a>.

"Our defence preparedness is not aimed at any country as India is a reliable contributor to world peace. It's our responsibility to ensure security of not only India but countries in the neighbourhood as well," he said.

He invited foreign defence manufacturers to "come and invest in India.&nbsp;

India is eyeing defence export of $5 billion in the next five years, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on Wednesday, highlighting the measures taken by his government to boost manufacturing and woo investors to set up a base in the country.

India is eyeing defence export of $5 billion in the next five years, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on Wednesday, highlighting the measures taken by his government to boost manufacturing and woo investors to set up a base in the country. Inaugurating the 11th edition of DefExpo, Modi said a country of the size of India cannot entirely depend on imports and added the number of defence licenses issued in the last five years has risen to 460 from 210 in 2014, the year he first came to power. Also read: Narendra Modi arrives in Lucknow to inaugurate Defence Expo 2020 today India is building several defence equipment like artillery guns, aircraft carriers, submarines, light-combat aircraft, and combat helicopters, he said. "Our mantra is Make in India, for India, for the world. In 2014 the export of defence equipment from India was about Rs 2,000 crore. In the last 2 years, it has gone up to Rs 17,000 crore. In the next five years our target is export of $5 billion, which is about Rs 35,000 crore," the prime minister said. India is not only a major market globally but a vast opportunity for the world as well, he said, asserting that Uttar Pradesh is going to be one of the biggest defence manufacturing hubs in India. Lack of proper policy initiative in the last several decades made India the biggest importer of defence platforms, he added. Also read: We want to make India a defence manufacturing hub: Rajnath Singh Modi cited misuse of technology, terrorism and cyber threat as challenges facing the world and said defence forces are eyeing new technology considering new threats. India is not behind others, he added. He said a roadmap had been finalised to use application of artificial intelligence in defence sector. Also read: Budget 2020: Here's what's in store for the Defence sector The prime minister said the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff and the Department of Military Affairs will boost the overall defence production. "We are going to enhance our presence in the outer space in coming years," he said, adding that the DRDO is putting up effective protection for India's assets in outer space created by ISRO. "Our defence preparedness is not aimed at any country as India is a reliable contributor to world peace. It's our responsibility to ensure security of not only India but countries in the neighbourhood as well," he said. He invited foreign defence manufacturers to "come and invest in India.

Our target is $5 billion of defence export in next five years: Narendra Modi

Setting the example of the <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/we-expect-chandrayaan-3-to-be-a-success-isro-chief-k-sivan-to-wion-274078">Chandrayaan-2</a> launch, Prime Minister <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/pariksha-pe-charcha-30-will-take-place-today-at-talkatora-stadium-new-delhi-275365">Narendra Modi </a>on Monday exhorted the students of the nation to never be disheartened by the setbacks in life as ''every failure is a step towards success.''

In his address at the third edition of '<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-interact-with-students-teachers-on-monday-275334">Pariksha Pe Charcha 2020</a>' programme, the Prime Minister revealed that he was advised to not go to the Chandrayaan 2 launch as it did not have an absolute guarantee of success, but he felt he needed to be there for motivation.

"Motivation and demotivation are very common in life. Everyone goes through these feelings. In this regard, I can never forget my visit to ISRO during Chandrayaan 2," PM Modi said.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/new-lunar-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-launch-in-november-2020-isro-271367">India to launch Chandrayaan-3 in November 2020: ISRO&nbsp;chief K Sivan</a>

"Some people had told me not to attend the launch event saying 'there is no surety, what if it fails'. I told them that is the reason I must be there," he said.

"A temporary setback doesn't mean success is not waiting. In fact, a setback may mean the best is yet to come," Modi added.

The Prime Minister was responding to a question by a student on what to do if the board exams put the students' mood off.

Expanding on the same, PM Modi recalled an incident from the cricketing world, when a stunning partnership of 386 runs between former Indian cricketers <a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/rahul-dravid-turns-47-lets-re-live-the-era-of-the-wall-273568">Rahul Dravid</a> and <a href="https://www.wionews.com/sports/anil-kumble-perfect-candidate-to-become-national-selector-says-virender-sehwag-244626">Anil Kumble</a> against Australia saved the sinking Indian side in the second innings.

Also see:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/rahul-dravid-turns-47-lets-re-live-the-era-of-the-wall-273568">Rahul Dravid turns 47: Let's re-live the era of 'The Wall</a>

The Prime Minister began his address by describing 'Pariksha Pe Charcha' as a programme which is much closer to his heart than any other.

"As Prime Minister, one gets to attend numerous types of programme. Each of them provides a new set of experiences. But, if someone asks me what is that one programme that touches your heart the most, I would say it is this one."

Modi displayed his grasp on social media and said he wants his 'Pariksha Pe Charcha' interaction with students to be without any filter, a terminology often used on platforms to denote unedited posts and candid conversations.

"We start our conversation. Today's trend is #withoutfilter. We will have talk like you (students) talk to your friends. We will talk in a light <a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/tiger-shroff-rahul-bose-raise-environmental-societal-issues-in-mumbai-marathon-275225">environment</a>," Modi said, adding, "We may even make mistakes. And, in my case, if I make a mistake the friends in the media will love it too".

During his interaction, the Prime Minister pitched for the Central government's 'Make in India' initiative, asking students to do their bid in strengthening the country's economy by buying Indian-made products.

"Can we decide that by 2022 when the nation would mark 75 years of independence we will all buy everything that's India made? We will promote 'Make In India'. This will help our economy. This will strengthen our country," Modi said.

"There are a lot of things that we as citizens can do for the development of our country. We shouldn't let water flow needlessly. We mustn't use electricity more than we need," he added.

The Prime Minister said that he hopes that the young generation would take it upon themselves to act on some of the <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/citizenship-not-just-about-rights-but-duties-towards-society-too-cji-bobde-275191">Fundamental Duties</a> enshrined in the Constitution.

"Today, I am talking to students who would be playing a key role in India's development in 2047, when we mark a hundred years since independence. I hope this generation takes it upon themselves to act on some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in our <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/hope-constitution-day-reinforces-obligation-towards-upholding-constitutional-ideas-values-pm-modi-264190">Constitution</a>," Modi said.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/hope-constitution-day-reinforces-obligation-towards-upholding-constitutional-ideas-values-pm-modi-264190">Hope 'Constitution Day' reinforces obligation towards upholding constitutional ideas, values: PM Modi</a>

Modi further underscored the importance of extra-curricular activities for students, but at the same time cautioned the parents to not let the passion of students become a mere "fashion statement" for them, remarking "extra-curricular activities needn't be glamour-driven".

"Not pursuing co-curricular activities can make a person like a robot. Yes, this would require better time management. Today opportunities are many and I hope youngsters make use of them," Modi told students during 'Pariksha Pe Charcha 2020' event.

"What is not good is when the passion of the children becomes fashion statements for parents. Extra-curricular activities needn't be glamour driven. Let each child pursue what he or she likes,' he said.

The Prime Minister encouraged students to have a 'gadget-free' hour every day. "These days there is a common sight: Four members of a family are seated but each of them is on the phone. Can we think of a technology-free hour? Or, mark a space where no technology is permitted. This way, we won't get distracted by technology," he said.

Modi urged parents to not pressurise students over examinations as opportunities have now developed immensely. "Today, the world has changed a lot. The opportunities have developed immensely. The marks are not life anymore. Neither is any examination. These are just steps. First and foremost, we must accept this as a key step, but this isn't our life."

"There is an environment created that says that we should get marks first, and everything else should be done later. Parents want to motivate their kids... I will urge parents not to tell children that exams are everything," Modi explained.

Setting the example of the Chandrayaan-2 launch, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday exhorted the students of the nation to never be disheartened by the setbacks in life as ''every failure is a step towards success.

Setting the example of the Chandrayaan-2 launch, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday exhorted the students of the nation to never be disheartened by the setbacks in life as ''every failure is a step towards success.'' In his address at the third edition of 'Pariksha Pe Charcha 2020' programme, the Prime Minister revealed that he was advised to not go to the Chandrayaan 2 launch as it did not have an absolute guarantee of success, but he felt he needed to be there for motivation. "Motivation and demotivation are very common in life. Everyone goes through these feelings. In this regard, I can never forget my visit to ISRO during Chandrayaan 2," PM Modi said. Also read: India to launch Chandrayaan-3 in November 2020: ISRO chief K Sivan "Some people had told me not to attend the launch event saying 'there is no surety, what if it fails'. I told them that is the reason I must be there," he said. "A temporary setback doesn't mean success is not waiting. In fact, a setback may mean the best is yet to come," Modi added. The Prime Minister was responding to a question by a student on what to do if the board exams put the students' mood off. Expanding on the same, PM Modi recalled an incident from the cricketing world, when a stunning partnership of 386 runs between former Indian cricketers Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble against Australia saved the sinking Indian side in the second innings. Also see: Rahul Dravid turns 47: Let's re-live the era of 'The Wall The Prime Minister began his address by describing 'Pariksha Pe Charcha' as a programme which is much closer to his heart than any other. "As Prime Minister, one gets to attend numerous types of programme. Each of them provides a new set of experiences. But, if someone asks me what is that one programme that touches your heart the most, I would say it is this one." Modi displayed his grasp on social media and said he wants his 'Pariksha Pe Charcha' interaction with students to be without any filter, a terminology often used on platforms to denote unedited posts and candid conversations. "We start our conversation. Today's trend is #withoutfilter. We will have talk like you (students) talk to your friends. We will talk in a light environment," Modi said, adding, "We may even make mistakes. And, in my case, if I make a mistake the friends in the media will love it too". During his interaction, the Prime Minister pitched for the Central government's 'Make in India' initiative, asking students to do their bid in strengthening the country's economy by buying Indian-made products. "Can we decide that by 2022 when the nation would mark 75 years of independence we will all buy everything that's India made? We will promote 'Make In India'. This will help our economy. This will strengthen our country," Modi said. "There are a lot of things that we as citizens can do for the development of our country. We shouldn't let water flow needlessly. We mustn't use electricity more than we need," he added. The Prime Minister said that he hopes that the young generation would take it upon themselves to act on some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Constitution. "Today, I am talking to students who would be playing a key role in India's development in 2047, when we mark a hundred years since independence. I hope this generation takes it upon themselves to act on some of the Fundamental Duties enshrined in our Constitution," Modi said. Also read: Hope 'Constitution Day' reinforces obligation towards upholding constitutional ideas, values: PM Modi Modi further underscored the importance of extra-curricular activities for students, but at the same time cautioned the parents to not let the passion of students become a mere "fashion statement" for them, remarking "extra-curricular activities needn't be glamour-driven". "Not pursuing co-curricular activities can make a person like a robot. Yes, this would require better time management. Today opportunities are many and I hope youngsters make use of them," Modi told students during 'Pariksha Pe Charcha 2020' event. "What is not good is when the passion of the children becomes fashion statements for parents. Extra-curricular activities needn't be glamour driven. Let each child pursue what he or she likes,' he said. The Prime Minister encouraged students to have a 'gadget-free' hour every day. "These days there is a common sight: Four members of a family are seated but each of them is on the phone. Can we think of a technology-free hour? Or, mark a space where no technology is permitted. This way, we won't get distracted by technology," he said. Modi urged parents to not pressurise students over examinations as opportunities have now developed immensely. "Today, the world has changed a lot. The opportunities have developed immensely. The marks are not life anymore. Neither is any examination. These are just steps. First and foremost, we must accept this as a key step, but this isn't our life." "There is an environment created that says that we should get marks first, and everything else should be done later. Parents want to motivate their kids... I will urge parents not to tell children that exams are everything," Modi explained.

Recalling Chandrayaan-2 launch, PM Modi tells students 'every failure is a step towards success'

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed&nbsp;on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on his Independence Day Speech last year said that by 2022 India would send its astronauts to space.

So what is Gaganyaan? What is the&nbsp;significance&nbsp;of the mission? This article attempts to answer all key questions related to India's ambitious new programme.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-four-astronauts-selected-to-undergo-training-in-russia-says-isro-chief-k-sivan-271425">Gaganyaan mission: Four astronauts selected to undergo training in Russia, says ISRO chief K Sivan</a>

What is Gaganyaan?&nbsp;

Gaganyaan is a crewed orbital spacecraft that is expected to take three astronauts to space for a period of seven days. For the mission, India's space agency is planning to carry out two unmanned missions in December 2020 and July 2021, followed by the manned mission by December 2021. ISRO's Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will be used for the manned space mission.

"The total fund requirement for the Gaganyaan Programme is within Rs.10,000 crore," as per a government statement. The spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300-400 km. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Why is it significant?

If India successfully sends four astronauts to space, it will be only the fourth nation to do so after the United States, China and Russia. It will re-establish India's space research position amongst giants such as the US, China and Russia, which spends way more money than India on space programmes.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/russia-to-train-four-indian-astronauts-for-gaganyaan-mission-245890">Gaganyaan mission: Russia to train 4 Indian astronauts; special ISRO unit at Moscow</a>

What is the Russian connection?

The all-weather friendship of India and Russia has also been reflected in the field of space. India's only astronaut to travel space Rakesh Sharma, also undertook his journey in Russia's Interkosmos programme. For Gaganyaan, ISRO signed an agreement with Russia's Glavkosmos to select and train Indian astronauts for the space mission. Earlier ISRO chief had said that 12 astronauts from India would go to Russia for training and four would be shortlisted. The selected astronauts will now undergo rigorous training for 15 months In India and abroad.&nbsp;

What will be the challenges encountered by astronauts to get mission ready?

The Gaganyaan crew will first undergo medical examination followed by rigorous physical training even for military personnel. The idea behind this tough training programme is to get astronauts accustomed to gravitational changes which will cause physiological alterations.

Often, astronauts face motion sickness when they experience weightlessness in the space. The changing gravity also results in fluctuations in blood circulation especially during re-entry to earth or landing which also makes astronauts unconscious due to lack of internal pressure. For the mission preparation, astronauts will be put under a centrifuge which will spin rapidly in order to adapt them for gravitational acceleration. &nbsp; &nbsp;

The astronauts will also be acquainted with life support systems, navigation and thermal controls, astronomy, and other necessary sciences if a need arose of manual intervention or emergency.

Generally, astronauts are trained for four years, but Indian space explorers would only get only two years for meeting the launch deadline.&nbsp;

What can be the impact of Gagnayaan?

The success of Gaganyaan would unlock many doors to experiment with more spaceflight missions. It will also give boost to India's ambition of setting up its own space station.&nbsp;

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan.

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on his Independence Day Speech last year said that by 2022 India would send its astronauts to space. So what is Gaganyaan? What is the significance of the mission? This article attempts to answer all key questions related to India's ambitious new programme. Also read: Gaganyaan mission: Four astronauts selected to undergo training in Russia, says ISRO chief K Sivan What is Gaganyaan? Gaganyaan is a crewed orbital spacecraft that is expected to take three astronauts to space for a period of seven days. For the mission, India's space agency is planning to carry out two unmanned missions in December 2020 and July 2021, followed by the manned mission by December 2021. ISRO's Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will be used for the manned space mission. "The total fund requirement for the Gaganyaan Programme is within Rs.10,000 crore," as per a government statement. The spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300-400 km. Why is it significant? If India successfully sends four astronauts to space, it will be only the fourth nation to do so after the United States, China and Russia. It will re-establish India's space research position amongst giants such as the US, China and Russia, which spends way more money than India on space programmes. Also read: Gaganyaan mission: Russia to train 4 Indian astronauts; special ISRO unit at Moscow What is the Russian connection? The all-weather friendship of India and Russia has also been reflected in the field of space. India's only astronaut to travel space Rakesh Sharma, also undertook his journey in Russia's Interkosmos programme. For Gaganyaan, ISRO signed an agreement with Russia's Glavkosmos to select and train Indian astronauts for the space mission. Earlier ISRO chief had said that 12 astronauts from India would go to Russia for training and four would be shortlisted. The selected astronauts will now undergo rigorous training for 15 months In India and abroad. What will be the challenges encountered by astronauts to get mission ready? The Gaganyaan crew will first undergo medical examination followed by rigorous physical training even for military personnel. The idea behind this tough training programme is to get astronauts accustomed to gravitational changes which will cause physiological alterations. Often, astronauts face motion sickness when they experience weightlessness in the space. The changing gravity also results in fluctuations in blood circulation especially during re-entry to earth or landing which also makes astronauts unconscious due to lack of internal pressure. For the mission preparation, astronauts will be put under a centrifuge which will spin rapidly in order to adapt them for gravitational acceleration. The astronauts will also be acquainted with life support systems, navigation and thermal controls, astronomy, and other necessary sciences if a need arose of manual intervention or emergency. Generally, astronauts are trained for four years, but Indian space explorers would only get only two years for meeting the launch deadline. What can be the impact of Gagnayaan? The success of Gaganyaan would unlock many doors to experiment with more spaceflight missions. It will also give boost to India's ambition of setting up its own space station.

EXPLAINED: Gaganyaan- All you need to know about India's first manned space mission

Right from its inception in the 1960s ISRO’s role has been to provide solutions to various problems at hand using space technology, and today ISRO’s high-end technology is applied to makes the life and livelihood easier for farmers, fishermen and even the common man, said former ISRO chairman Dr A.S. Kiran Kumar.&nbsp;

He was addressing students at IIT-Madras as a part of the Spotlight Lecture series that was conducted as a part of the institute’s annual Tech Fest Shaastra.

Delving into the feats that ISRO achieved during its initial years, Dr Kumar recalled the SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment which was Dr Vikram Sarabhai’s dream. It was conducted during 1975-76 using America’s Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6). SITE demonstrated the potential of satellite technology as an effective mass communication media for a developing country like India.&nbsp;

“By using a borrowed American satellite, we were able to provide then DTH-equivalent TV service to nearly 2400 villages and this was hailed as the greatest sociological experiment in the world”, he said. Developmental television programmes were beamed with the objectives in the areas of family planning, agriculture, national integration, education, teacher training, occupational skills, health and hygiene etc. Education and information inputs were provided in several languages.

Speaking of how ISRO’s first launch facility was set up at a fishing hamlet in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram in the 1960s, he recalled that the fishermen had to vacate the place when the launches used to take place. “Back then, the team assured the fisherfolk that if they vacated the place today, the whole country would benefit in the future.” &nbsp; 
“From the 1990s we have been providing information to fishermen on potential fishing zones and this was derived from remote sensing satellite data. By analyzing data on sea surface temperatures and chlorophyll and other parameters we are able to help fishermen reach the zones where there is assured fish catch. By reducing their searching time and saving fuel we are able to save their industry over Rs.15,000 crore every year.”

Currently, with India’s own navigation system the fishermen are able to receive updates in their native languages, thanks to a small battery-powered gadget fitted on their boats. When the mobile is connected to the naive gadget via Bluetooth, the location of the potential fishing zone is shared via an Application.&nbsp;

Dr Kumar says that, true to Dr Vikram Sarabhai’s vision we have made great progress in utilizing space technology for rapidly developing communication technologies, broadcast capabilities, weather forecasting, resource mapping, crop monitoring etc. ‘“There was a time when thousands of people died during cyclones, but today the casualty has come down to very few as we have satellites that can predict a high level of accuracy.”

Adding that nearly 60 government institutions have tied up with ISRO to use the data for various purposes, Dr Kumar states that India would require nearly three times as many satellites to use them to solve various problems when compared to around 55 satellites that are being presently operated.&nbsp;

“Add up all the money that we have spent on ISRO since its inception and still it would be less than the annual NASA budget”, he says about the frugal launch capability and budgetary allocation of ISRO.

He also threw light on an ISRO-NASA collaboration that came into being after India built and launched the advanced RISat (radar Imaging satellite). “NASA and ISRO are working on a 1 billion dollar project (where the US is bearing over 90pc of the cost) to build an advanced Sweep SAR(synthetic aperture radar) that can map the whole earth’s landmass is a short period of time. This collaborative NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) indicates how foreign agencies acknowledge our demonstrated capability.”

Right from its inception in the 1960s ISRO’s role has been to provide solutions to various problems at hand using space technology, and today ISRO’s high-end technology is applied to makes the life and livelihood easier for farmers, fishermen and even the common man, said former ISRO chairman Dr A.

Right from its inception in the 1960s ISRO’s role has been to provide solutions to various problems at hand using space technology, and today ISRO’s high-end technology is applied to makes the life and livelihood easier for farmers, fishermen and even the common man, said former ISRO chairman Dr A.S. Kiran Kumar. He was addressing students at IIT-Madras as a part of the Spotlight Lecture series that was conducted as a part of the institute’s annual Tech Fest Shaastra. Delving into the feats that ISRO achieved during its initial years, Dr Kumar recalled the SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment which was Dr Vikram Sarabhai’s dream. It was conducted during 1975-76 using America’s Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6). SITE demonstrated the potential of satellite technology as an effective mass communication media for a developing country like India. “By using a borrowed American satellite, we were able to provide then DTH-equivalent TV service to nearly 2400 villages and this was hailed as the greatest sociological experiment in the world”, he said. Developmental television programmes were beamed with the objectives in the areas of family planning, agriculture, national integration, education, teacher training, occupational skills, health and hygiene etc. Education and information inputs were provided in several languages. Speaking of how ISRO’s first launch facility was set up at a fishing hamlet in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram in the 1960s, he recalled that the fishermen had to vacate the place when the launches used to take place. “Back then, the team assured the fisherfolk that if they vacated the place today, the whole country would benefit in the future.” “From the 1990s we have been providing information to fishermen on potential fishing zones and this was derived from remote sensing satellite data. By analyzing data on sea surface temperatures and chlorophyll and other parameters we are able to help fishermen reach the zones where there is assured fish catch. By reducing their searching time and saving fuel we are able to save their industry over Rs.15,000 crore every year.” Currently, with India’s own navigation system the fishermen are able to receive updates in their native languages, thanks to a small battery-powered gadget fitted on their boats. When the mobile is connected to the naive gadget via Bluetooth, the location of the potential fishing zone is shared via an Application. Dr Kumar says that, true to Dr Vikram Sarabhai’s vision we have made great progress in utilizing space technology for rapidly developing communication technologies, broadcast capabilities, weather forecasting, resource mapping, crop monitoring etc. ‘“There was a time when thousands of people died during cyclones, but today the casualty has come down to very few as we have satellites that can predict a high level of accuracy.” Adding that nearly 60 government institutions have tied up with ISRO to use the data for various purposes, Dr Kumar states that India would require nearly three times as many satellites to use them to solve various problems when compared to around 55 satellites that are being presently operated. “Add up all the money that we have spent on ISRO since its inception and still it would be less than the annual NASA budget”, he says about the frugal launch capability and budgetary allocation of ISRO. He also threw light on an ISRO-NASA collaboration that came into being after India built and launched the advanced RISat (radar Imaging satellite). “NASA and ISRO are working on a 1 billion dollar project (where the US is bearing over 90pc of the cost) to build an advanced Sweep SAR(synthetic aperture radar) that can map the whole earth’s landmass is a short period of time. This collaborative NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) indicates how foreign agencies acknowledge our demonstrated capability.”

Fishermen save over Rs 15,000cr every year as ISRO tech helps locate large catch: Former Chairman Dr A S Kiran Kumar

Prime Minister <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-extends-new-year-greetings-to-bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-271462">Narendra Modi</a> on Friday said that he will always remember the manner in which the nation "celebrated science, the space program and the strengths of scientists" during the Chandrayaan-2 <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/new-lunar-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-launch-in-november-2020-isro-271367">mission</a> in September last year. 
 
"I am very happy that one of my first programmes at the start of the New Year and new decade is linked to science, technology and innovation. This programme is happening in Bengaluru, a city associated with science and innovation," Prime Minister Modi said here while addressing the 107th session of Indian Science Congress. 
 
"The last time I had come to <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-four-astronauts-selected-to-undergo-training-in-russia-says-isro-chief-k-sivan-271425">Bengaluru</a> was when the eyes of the nation were set on Chandrayaan-2. That time, the manner in which our nation celebrated science, our space program and the strengths of our scientists will always be a part of my memory," he said. 
 
He went on to add, "When we start the year 2020 with positivity and optimism of science and technology-driven development, we take one more step in fulfilling our dream." 
 
In September last year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had addressed the nation from ISRO Control Centre here, after <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-planning-to-launch-satellite-aditya-to-study-sun-pm-modi-270841">ISRO</a> lost communication with 'Vikram' lander of Chandrayaan 2 moments before it was preparing to make a soft-landing on the south pole region of the Moon. 
 
"Don't lose hope. Be courageous. There are ups and downs in life. What you all have done is not a small thing. You have done a great service to the country, science and mankind. I am with you. I wish you all the best," the Prime Minister had told the scientists.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday said that he will always remember the manner in which the nation "celebrated science, the space program and the strengths of scientists" during the Chandrayaan-2 mission in September last year.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday said that he will always remember the manner in which the nation "celebrated science, the space program and the strengths of scientists" during the Chandrayaan-2 mission in September last year. "I am very happy that one of my first programmes at the start of the New Year and new decade is linked to science, technology and innovation. This programme is happening in Bengaluru, a city associated with science and innovation," Prime Minister Modi said here while addressing the 107th session of Indian Science Congress. "The last time I had come to Bengaluru was when the eyes of the nation were set on Chandrayaan-2. That time, the manner in which our nation celebrated science, our space program and the strengths of our scientists will always be a part of my memory," he said. He went on to add, "When we start the year 2020 with positivity and optimism of science and technology-driven development, we take one more step in fulfilling our dream." In September last year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had addressed the nation from ISRO Control Centre here, after ISRO lost communication with 'Vikram' lander of Chandrayaan 2 moments before it was preparing to make a soft-landing on the south pole region of the Moon. "Don't lose hope. Be courageous. There are ups and downs in life. What you all have done is not a small thing. You have done a great service to the country, science and mankind. I am with you. I wish you all the best," the Prime Minister had told the scientists.

Nation celebrated science, space program and strength of scientists during Chandrayan mission-2: PM Modi

India in Space: ISRO's beginnings, achievements and vision 2020

This year is going to be an eventful year for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), said ISRO chairman Dr K Sivan on Wednesday, adding that four astronauts have been selected to undergo training in Russia for the Gaganyaan mission.&nbsp;

"We had good progress on Gaganyaan in 2019, many of the designs were completed. Four astronauts have been identified for the training purpose. The training for the astronauts who are from the Indian Air Force will be planned in the third week of January which will take place in Russia," said Sivan.

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Watch | India's ISRO unveils 2020 space programme<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Gaganyaan?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Gaganyaan</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan3?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan3</a> to be launched in 2020<a href="https://twitter.com/alysonle?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@alysonle</a> elucidates <a href="https://t.co/pQXe2nKphb">pic.twitter.com/pQXe2nKphb</a>
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He also stated that Chandrayaan-3`s configuration will be almost similar to Chandrayaan-2 but will have a rover with a propulsion module.

"In Chandrayaan-2 we had orbiter, lander and rover configuration but the Chandrayaan-3 will be having a lander and rover with a propulsion module. The work is being carried out very smoothly," he said.

Sivan further added that Chandrayaan-3's lander and craft cost is approximately Rs 250 crore, whereas the launch cost will be around Rs 350 crore. So, the total cost will be around Rs 600 crore.ISRO has asked the government for Rs 14,000 crore budget for the 2020 projects.&nbsp;

"Just like last year, this year is also going to be an eventful year for ISRO. This year is going to the year of Chandrayan-3 and Gaganyaan. We have planned another satellite for this year i.e. GSAT 20. Many targets have been planned for 2020. For Gaganyan many systems need to be tested before flight. Crew training is another major activity that is going to happen this year," said Sivan.&nbsp;

Sivan further added that ISRO is planning to undertake many major projects, new developments and at the same time launch the satellites required for societal purpose as well.

This year is going to be an eventful year for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), said ISRO chairman Dr K Sivan on Wednesday, adding that four astronauts have been selected to undergo training in Russia for the Gaganyaan mission.

This year is going to be an eventful year for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), said ISRO chairman Dr K Sivan on Wednesday, adding that four astronauts have been selected to undergo training in Russia for the Gaganyaan mission. "We had good progress on Gaganyaan in 2019, many of the designs were completed. Four astronauts have been identified for the training purpose. The training for the astronauts who are from the Indian Air Force will be planned in the third week of January which will take place in Russia," said Sivan. Watch | India's ISRO unveils 2020 space programme#Gaganyaan and #Chandrayaan3 to be launched in 2020@alysonle elucidates pic.twitter.com/pQXe2nKphb — WION (@WIONews) January 1, 2020 × He also stated that Chandrayaan-3`s configuration will be almost similar to Chandrayaan-2 but will have a rover with a propulsion module. "In Chandrayaan-2 we had orbiter, lander and rover configuration but the Chandrayaan-3 will be having a lander and rover with a propulsion module. The work is being carried out very smoothly," he said. Sivan further added that Chandrayaan-3's lander and craft cost is approximately Rs 250 crore, whereas the launch cost will be around Rs 350 crore. So, the total cost will be around Rs 600 crore.ISRO has asked the government for Rs 14,000 crore budget for the 2020 projects. "Just like last year, this year is also going to be an eventful year for ISRO. This year is going to the year of Chandrayan-3 and Gaganyaan. We have planned another satellite for this year i.e. GSAT 20. Many targets have been planned for 2020. For Gaganyan many systems need to be tested before flight. Crew training is another major activity that is going to happen this year," said Sivan. Sivan further added that ISRO is planning to undertake many major projects, new developments and at the same time launch the satellites required for societal purpose as well.

Gaganyaan mission: Four astronauts selected to undergo training in Russia, says ISRO chief K Sivan

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/chandrayaan-2-a-look-at-the-past-moon-expeditions-235865">In pics: A look at the past moon expeditions</a> 
 
This comes after <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-satellite-finds-indias-vikram-moon-lander-releases-images-of-impact-site-265811">India's ambitious mission Chandrayaan-2</a>, to land on the far side of the moon, could not get through last year as Vikram Lander could not succeed.&nbsp;

The new mission will be launched to strengthen legs of the lander and will only include the lander and the rover.

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The <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a> Vikram lander has been found by our <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAMoon?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@NASAMoon</a> mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the first mosaic of the impact site <a href="https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh">https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh</a> <a href="https://t.co/jaW5a63sAf">pic.twitter.com/jaW5a63sAf</a>
— NASA (@NASA) <a href="https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1201597561720725506?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 2, 2019</a></blockquote>
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"The government has approved Chandrayan-3, the project is ongoing," Sivan said at a press conference today.

"The land acquisition for a second space port has been initiated and the port will be in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu," he said.&nbsp;

Sivan added that the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is still functioning well and will function for the next 7 years to produce scientific data.&nbsp;

"We have made good progress on Chandrayan-2, even though we could not land successfully, the orbiter is still functioning, it's going to function for the next 7 years to produce science data," he told media.&nbsp;

Sivan described 2020 as a big year -&nbsp;the year of Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan.&nbsp;

(With inputs from ANI)

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020. In pics: A look at the past moon expeditions This comes after India's ambitious mission Chandrayaan-2, to land on the far side of the moon, could not get through last year as Vikram Lander could not succeed. The new mission will be launched to strengthen legs of the lander and will only include the lander and the rover. The #Chandrayaan2 Vikram lander has been found by our @NASAMoon mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the first mosaic of the impact site https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh pic.twitter.com/jaW5a63sAf — NASA (@NASA) December 2, 2019 × "The government has approved Chandrayan-3, the project is ongoing," Sivan said at a press conference today. "The land acquisition for a second space port has been initiated and the port will be in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu," he said. Sivan added that the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is still functioning well and will function for the next 7 years to produce scientific data. "We have made good progress on Chandrayan-2, even though we could not land successfully, the orbiter is still functioning, it's going to function for the next 7 years to produce science data," he told media. Sivan described 2020 as a big year - the year of Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan. (With inputs from ANI)

India to launch Chandrayaan-3 in November 2020: ISRO chief K Sivan

Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his last <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/prime-minister-modi-urges-people-to-take-up-task-to-uplift-poor-270835">'Mann ki Baat'</a> programme of this year on Sunday said that the <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isros-fourth-spy-satellite-risat-2b-r1-provides-further-credentials-to-indias-growing-space-prominence-267838">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) is planning to launch a satellite called Aditya to study the sun.

"India is quite advanced in the field of astronomy, and we have taken path-breaking initiatives in this field. ISRO has an astronomical satellite called ASTROSAT. Moreover, they are planning to launch a satellite called Aditya, to study the sun," said Modi.

The Prime Minister further said that India has many powerful telescopes around the country including a giant meter-wave telescope near Pune and other powerful telescopes located in Kodaikkaanal, Udagamandala, Guru Shikhar and Hanle Ladakh.

"In 2016, the then Prime Minister of Belgium and I had inaugurated the 3.6-metre Devasthal optical telescope in Nainital. This is also known as Asia's largest telescope," he added.

Also Watch:&nbsp;Mann Ki Baat-&nbsp;60th episode of PM Modi's monthly radio programme

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Modi also said the citizens should strive to understand India's ancient knowledge in astronomy and modern achievements in this field.&nbsp;

He said that the young scientists in the country not only displaying a great desire to know the scientific history but also are resolute in fashioning astronomy's future.

The <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/caa-row-muslim-leaders-clerics-to-meet-pm-modi-amit-shah-270594">Prime Minister</a> also urged the listeners to develop star gazing as a hobby in order to boost the activities like rural camps and picnics. He also pressed on the need to form astronomy clubs on school and college levels.

"The planetariums in our country, in addition to increasing the understanding of the night sky, also motivate people to develop star gazing as a hobby. Many people install amateur telescopes on their balconies or terrace. Stargazing can also encourage rural camps and rural picnics," added Prime Minister Modi.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his last 'Mann ki Baat' programme of this year on Sunday said that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch a satellite called Aditya to study the sun.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his last 'Mann ki Baat' programme of this year on Sunday said that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch a satellite called Aditya to study the sun. "India is quite advanced in the field of astronomy, and we have taken path-breaking initiatives in this field. ISRO has an astronomical satellite called ASTROSAT. Moreover, they are planning to launch a satellite called Aditya, to study the sun," said Modi. The Prime Minister further said that India has many powerful telescopes around the country including a giant meter-wave telescope near Pune and other powerful telescopes located in Kodaikkaanal, Udagamandala, Guru Shikhar and Hanle Ladakh. "In 2016, the then Prime Minister of Belgium and I had inaugurated the 3.6-metre Devasthal optical telescope in Nainital. This is also known as Asia's largest telescope," he added. Also Watch: Mann Ki Baat- 60th episode of PM Modi's monthly radio programme × Modi also said the citizens should strive to understand India's ancient knowledge in astronomy and modern achievements in this field. He said that the young scientists in the country not only displaying a great desire to know the scientific history but also are resolute in fashioning astronomy's future. The Prime Minister also urged the listeners to develop star gazing as a hobby in order to boost the activities like rural camps and picnics. He also pressed on the need to form astronomy clubs on school and college levels. "The planetariums in our country, in addition to increasing the understanding of the night sky, also motivate people to develop star gazing as a hobby. Many people install amateur telescopes on their balconies or terrace. Stargazing can also encourage rural camps and rural picnics," added Prime Minister Modi.

ISRO planning to launch satellite Aditya to study sun: PM Modi

India is on its way to becoming a prominent global leader in space. 
&nbsp; 
The launch of the fourth Indian spy satellite, the RISAT-2B R1 on Wednesday provides a credential to that. 
&nbsp; 
Outer space is an extraterritorial jurisdiction zone where countries are increasingly rushing in to stake a claim, with over 2000 active satellites currently orbiting the Earth. 
&nbsp; 
A majority of these satellites belong to the United States, Russia, China and Japan, it is into this space that India has launched its latest surveillance satellite.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Last month, India's Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully launched a Cartosat which to provide the country with high-resolution imagery.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
India is focused on enhancing its military might in space to overcome the blot on Indian intelligence post the 2008 Mumbai terror attack.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
In 2009, India launched RISAT 2B which was meant to be the country's eye in the sky. Later in 2012 RISAT-1 was launched which however was not an advanced satellite.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
RISAT 2B-R1 which weighs 628 kilograms, provides India with an edge.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
The satellite has a 37-degree inclination to the Equator, giving it the capability to focus on India's border with Pakistan and China. 
&nbsp; 
RISAT-2B and its latest version are capable of detecting camouflaged military assets. At a height of 346 miles above the earth, its images can pierce clouds even during the night, it was these images that helped India strike at terror camps inside Pakistan's Balakot earlier this year. 
&nbsp; 
India has taken a big leap in space technology and countries are now approaching India to launch its satellites into space.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
The satellite launch industry is currently worth $6 billion with the US, France and Russia as its leaders and India catching up.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
India has so far launched more than 300 foreign satellites into space of 33 countries. 
&nbsp; 
The RISAT 2B-R1 is to travel with nine satellites from the US, Japan, Israel and Italy. 
&nbsp; 
For countries in a mad rush to reach space, India offers a cheap and reliable option. 
&nbsp; 
Recently India carried 104 satellites at one go which is the way to go for India's space diplomacy and one more reason for India to celebrate.

India is on its way to becoming a prominent global leader in space. The launch of the fourth Indian spy satellite, the RISAT-2B R1 on Wednesday provides a credential to that.

India is on its way to becoming a prominent global leader in space. The launch of the fourth Indian spy satellite, the RISAT-2B R1 on Wednesday provides a credential to that. Outer space is an extraterritorial jurisdiction zone where countries are increasingly rushing in to stake a claim, with over 2000 active satellites currently orbiting the Earth. A majority of these satellites belong to the United States, Russia, China and Japan, it is into this space that India has launched its latest surveillance satellite. Last month, India's Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully launched a Cartosat which to provide the country with high-resolution imagery. India is focused on enhancing its military might in space to overcome the blot on Indian intelligence post the 2008 Mumbai terror attack. In 2009, India launched RISAT 2B which was meant to be the country's eye in the sky. Later in 2012 RISAT-1 was launched which however was not an advanced satellite. RISAT 2B-R1 which weighs 628 kilograms, provides India with an edge. The satellite has a 37-degree inclination to the Equator, giving it the capability to focus on India's border with Pakistan and China. RISAT-2B and its latest version are capable of detecting camouflaged military assets. At a height of 346 miles above the earth, its images can pierce clouds even during the night, it was these images that helped India strike at terror camps inside Pakistan's Balakot earlier this year. India has taken a big leap in space technology and countries are now approaching India to launch its satellites into space. The satellite launch industry is currently worth $6 billion with the US, France and Russia as its leaders and India catching up. India has so far launched more than 300 foreign satellites into space of 33 countries. The RISAT 2B-R1 is to travel with nine satellites from the US, Japan, Israel and Italy. For countries in a mad rush to reach space, India offers a cheap and reliable option. Recently India carried 104 satellites at one go which is the way to go for India's space diplomacy and one more reason for India to celebrate.

ISRO's fourth spy satellite RISAT-2B R1 provides further credentials to India's growing space prominence

ISRO on Wednesday launched the RISTAT-2BRI satellite from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota.

RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing around 628 kgs.

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PSLVC48?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#PSLVC48</a> carrying <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/RISAT2BR1?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#RISAT2BR1</a> &amp; 9 customer satellites successfully lifts off from Sriharikota <a href="https://t.co/Y1pxI98XWg">pic.twitter.com/Y1pxI98XWg</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1204702344870449152?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 11, 2019</a></blockquote>
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The satellite will be placed into an orbit of 576 km at an inclination of 37 degrees.

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the 50th launch of ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

According to ISRO, RISAT -2BR1 will be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management.&nbsp;

Apart from the 50th launch, Wednesday's launch marks several milestones for ISRO. It is the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four strap-on motors). This will be the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th launch from the First Launchpad.

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Watch Live: Launch of RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 <a href="https://t.co/isQxtthNAR">https://t.co/isQxtthNAR</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1204695105535238144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 11, 2019</a></blockquote>
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The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors.

It is considered the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully.

The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch).&nbsp;

ISRO on Wednesday launched the RISTAT-2BRI satellite from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota. RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing around 628 kgs.

ISRO on Wednesday launched the RISTAT-2BRI satellite from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota. RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing around 628 kgs. #PSLVC48 carrying #RISAT2BR1 & 9 customer satellites successfully lifts off from Sriharikota pic.twitter.com/Y1pxI98XWg — ISRO (@isro) December 11, 2019 × The satellite will be placed into an orbit of 576 km at an inclination of 37 degrees. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the 50th launch of ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. According to ISRO, RISAT -2BR1 will be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management. Apart from the 50th launch, Wednesday's launch marks several milestones for ISRO. It is the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four strap-on motors). This will be the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th launch from the First Launchpad. Watch Live: Launch of RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 https://t.co/isQxtthNAR — ISRO (@isro) December 11, 2019 × The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors. It is considered the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully. The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch).

ISRO launches PSLV-C48 carrying RISAT-2BR1 & nine customer satellites

India's Space Research Organization (ISRO) on Wednesday<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/wion-special-isro-veterans-recall-the-workhorse-rocket-pslvs-journey-ahead-of-its-50th-launch-267529"> launched the RISAT-2BR1&nbsp;and nine&nbsp;customer</a> satellites by PSLV-C48&nbsp;from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing around 628 kgs.

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WATCH?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#WATCH</a> ISRO launches RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota; RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing about 628 kg. <a href="https://t.co/mPF2cN9Tom">pic.twitter.com/mPF2cN9Tom</a>
— ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1204701861019815939?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 11, 2019</a></blockquote>
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The satellite will be placed into an orbit of 576 km at an inclination of 37 degrees.

PSLV-C48 is carrying satellites which includes&nbsp;one from Israel, one from Italy, one from Japan and six from the USA as "co-passengers".&nbsp;

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the 50th launch of ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.&nbsp;

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Watch Live: Launch of RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 <a href="https://t.co/isQxtthNAR">https://t.co/isQxtthNAR</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1204695105535238144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 11, 2019</a></blockquote>
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Apart from the 50th launch, Wednesday's launch marks several milestones for ISRO. It is the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four strap-on motors). This will be the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th launch from the First Launchpad.

The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors.

It is considered the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully.

The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch).&nbsp;

According to ISRO,&nbsp;RISAT-2BR1 will be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

India's Space Research Organization (ISRO) on Wednesday launched the RISAT-2BR1 and nine customer satellites by PSLV-C48 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

India's Space Research Organization (ISRO) on Wednesday launched the RISAT-2BR1 and nine customer satellites by PSLV-C48 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing around 628 kgs. #WATCH ISRO launches RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota; RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing about 628 kg. pic.twitter.com/mPF2cN9Tom — ANI (@ANI) December 11, 2019 × The satellite will be placed into an orbit of 576 km at an inclination of 37 degrees. PSLV-C48 is carrying satellites which includes one from Israel, one from Italy, one from Japan and six from the USA as "co-passengers". The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the 50th launch of ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Watch Live: Launch of RISAT-2BR1 and 9 customer satellites by PSLV-C48 https://t.co/isQxtthNAR — ISRO (@isro) December 11, 2019 × Apart from the 50th launch, Wednesday's launch marks several milestones for ISRO. It is the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four strap-on motors). This will be the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th launch from the First Launchpad. The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors. It is considered the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully. The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch). According to ISRO, RISAT-2BR1 will be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management.

ISRO launches PSLVC48 carrying RISAT-2BR1 & nine customer satellites

ISRO’s most-reliable workhorse, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is gearing up to lift-off for its 50th time from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, with the launch scheduled for 3:25 pm on Wednesday. PSLV is the third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages.

The rocket’s primary payload will be an Indian Radar imaging earth observation satellite (RISAT-2BR1) weighing about 628 kg, which will be placed into a 576 km orbit. ISRO states that the RISAT -2BR1 would be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management.&nbsp;

As a part of a commercial agreement, ISRO will also be launching nine&nbsp;foreign satellites as co-passengers of the Indian satellite. The customer satellites include six&nbsp;American satellites, besides one each from Israel, Italy, and Japan.&nbsp;

Besides being the 50th launch of the PSLV, wednesday’s launch would mark several milestones for the ISRO - the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four&nbsp;strap-on motors). This will be the 75th&nbsp;launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th&nbsp;launch from the First Launchpad.

The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors.

It is considered&nbsp;the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully. The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch). In its maiden mission, there was a software error in an on-board guidance and control processor, while the 2017 failure was caused as the heat shield (the bulbous top portion that holds the satellite) had failed to separate, thus preventing the satellite from being placed in orbit.

Ahead of the milestone launch, WION spoke to ISRO veterans to understand the arduous journey, the work culture that led to the success of the PSLV and how they feel ahead of the 50th Launch:&nbsp;

 
Padma Shri&nbsp;Dr&nbsp;A Sivathanu Pillai 
Core team member in SLV-3 and PSLV Configuration&nbsp;

<img alt="A Sivathanu Pillai | Image courtesy: Twitter user @orfonline" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c217b344-150b-4c47-baca-d76e83364e87" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Pillaiiii_1.jpg" />

WION: Kindly tell us about what led to the planning and development of PSLV and the evolution it underwent.

Pillai: It was after the successful launch of SLV-3E2, India’s first experimental satellite launch vehicle in July 1980 that three groups were formed and PSLV was formed as one study group, with Dr Srinivasan as the head.&nbsp; When we had shared the configuration with Satish Dhawan, he was unhappy with it and wanted out to be more reliable. He had envisioned that the PSLV would become the workhorse rocket and later we could go for the GSLV with a cryogenic engine. Initially, the rocket was 400 ton and with big strap-on motors, but as he was apprehensive of strap-on, a new configuration was evolved without strap-ons and with increased reliability. Then we decided to use high-strength maraging steel that was available in the USA and Japan. We decided to develop the material and DRDO developed it and transferred the technology to Midhra Dhatu Nigam (MIDHANI) for production. This ensured that the weight of the rocket was reduced from 400 odd tons to 175 tons. It was in 1982 that the PLSV project was approved and its development began, our first flight in 1993 was not successful, but thereafter the PSLV started its successful run.&nbsp;

 
Padma Bhushan S&nbsp;Nambi Narayanan 
Project Director Second Stage of PSLV -Vikas Engine (later member associate project director of PSLV, GSLV)
<img alt="S Nambi Narayanan | Image courtesy: Twitter user @IndianExpress" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="801fdd47-2f5a-4e4f-833b-6a4d4eb768b1" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Nambiiii.jpg" />
WION: How does it feel ahead of the 50th PSLV launch?&nbsp;

Narayanan: Actually I am very happy, it is much more than that, I feel really elated. The credit goes to the team of engineers who have worked day and night. But many members of our team are not with us anymore and it's sad that they are not here to see it.&nbsp;

WION: What’s the secret behind the PSLV and its above 95% success rate?&nbsp;

Narayanan: The PSLV rocket and its Vikas Engine have built-in reliability and that is one reason it has worked flawlessly. We jointly developed the liquid-engine Vikas with France (the French call it Viking -3), but we made a better system than they themselves made.&nbsp;

WION: You have constantly batted for a liquid-propellant engine over a solid-propellant engine during the PSLV development phase. Why?

Narayanan: A liquid engine can be stopped and restarted during tests and flights(ensuring better fuel efficiency), whereas a solid engine can’t be stopped after being ignited. Liquid propellant engines can be tweaked and upgraded for different uses. A liquid engine can control the flight of the rocket using gimbaling, whereas a solid engine requires external control systems which incur more cost and additional weight.&nbsp; There was always a competition between the teams working on solid and liquid propulsion. Solid took the lead as all our systems were using solid fuels, liquid systems never existed and many felt it was difficult or impossible.&nbsp; PSLV configurations were discussed without the liquid engine and it was meant to be all solid. However, with the solid engine the required payload couldn’t be achieved during the tests. Finally, the then director of VSSC Dr&nbsp;Brahm Prakash told Dr&nbsp;Satish Dhawan - “Satish this won’t work without liquid, we need a liquid system whether we like it or not”.

WION: While the French named their Engine Viking, what made us select ‘Vikas’?&nbsp;

Narayanan: Vikas means development in Sanskrit, but I had seen another adapted anagram in the name. For me, Vikas stood for Vikram A Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Programme. He was my Guru and leader and we won’t have another leader like him. from the very first flight till date, it is the very same Vikas engine that powers the second stage of the PSLV.

 
Padma Vibhushan&nbsp;Dr&nbsp;G Madhavan Nair&nbsp; 
Project Director PSLV and Former Chairman, ISRO

<img alt="G Madhavan Nair | Image courtesy: Twitter user @NDTV" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="92f51c26-04f3-4ff7-8a00-34f9f414a1a2" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Nairrrr_0.jpg" />

WION: How do you see the significance of PSLV in our Space programme?

Nair: PSLV is the workhorse launcher it has been performing consistently well, we are proud that we are having the 50th launch. PSLV has ushered the new era of large rocket systems in India. It is a result of a decade-long toil of over 3000 scientists and engineers who had worked in the mid-80s. International customers come to us for the low cost and high reliability of our vehicle (which is better than the global standard). Only the French Ariane Rocket is comparable with ours in terms of reliability. We are proud that India has got such a possession&nbsp;

WION: You were the Project Director of the PSLV during its maiden launch. Kindly share your memories

Nair: Dr Srinivsasn was the chief designer of this rocket, sadly he didn’t live to see the launch. He handed over the reins to me, I am proud that I could complete it and give it to the country. During our first launch in 1993, we had a snag and the mission failed, but we were successful within one year. We had the benefit of experience gained from other launch vehicles and our entire technology was homegrown without own Liquid Engine - Vikas. Even the more powerful launcher GSLV uses several modules that we developed at that time.&nbsp;

WION: Please Tell us about the organisational culture of ISRO and how various domain experts work together?&nbsp;

Nair: ISRO has tremendous strength in terms of multi-disciplinary teams working together and we maintain the culture established by our founder Vikram Sarabhai where freedom is granted and people are encouraged to come up with new ideas. Dr&nbsp;Abdul Kalam brought people together from various fields in science and technology and integrated the efforts. Most organizations don’t succeed as teams from different disciplines can’t work together.&nbsp;

 
Padma Shri Dr&nbsp;Mylswamy Annadurai 
Program Director Chandrayaan 1 and Mangalyaan
<img alt="Mylswamy Annaduarai | Image courtesy: Twitter user @ShahNawazKhanMM" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="12b9f5ed-1957-4ff9-9cb0-bdf83f732a36" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Annaduraiiii.jpg" />
WION: Kindly tell us about the PSLV’s versatility as a launcher&nbsp;

Annadurai: By definition, the PSLV is a polar satellite launch vehicle meant to launch into Low Earth Orbit(below 2000km), but due to the confidence in its configuration it has been configured to put heavier payloads into orbit. In Chandrayaan 1 we used the PSLV to carry the probe to Geosynchronous Transfer orbit (above 35000km). Likewise, for the Mars Orbiter Mission, we launched the probe into the Highly elliptical earth orbit. We use the PSLV in various configurations including the core-alone configuration and with either two, four or six strap-on boosters for heavier payloads. So depending on the payloads, we are able to customize the launcher. We have mastered the technology of launching multiple small satellites using the PSLV and hold the record for 104 satellites in a single launch. We can also launch different satellites into different orbits using a single rocket. Depending on the mission requirements engine re-starts can be done.&nbsp; PSLV is the one that gave us a face for commercial launches and by meeting the requirements completely it gives confidence to the customers. This makes it a unique launch vehicle when you compare in the world in this class (carrying payloads from 600kg-1.7 tons)

ISRO’s most-reliable workhorse, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is gearing up to lift-off for its 50th time from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, with the launch scheduled for 3:25 pm on Wednesday.

ISRO’s most-reliable workhorse, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is gearing up to lift-off for its 50th time from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, with the launch scheduled for 3:25 pm on Wednesday. PSLV is the third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages. The rocket’s primary payload will be an Indian Radar imaging earth observation satellite (RISAT-2BR1) weighing about 628 kg, which will be placed into a 576 km orbit. ISRO states that the RISAT -2BR1 would be used for agriculture, forestry and disaster management. As a part of a commercial agreement, ISRO will also be launching nine foreign satellites as co-passengers of the Indian satellite. The customer satellites include six American satellites, besides one each from Israel, Italy, and Japan. Besides being the 50th launch of the PSLV, wednesday’s launch would mark several milestones for the ISRO - the second flight of PSLV in 'QL' configuration (with four strap-on motors). This will be the 75th launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 37th launch from the First Launchpad. The PSLV is a four-stage rocket with the first stage and third stage using solid-propellant rocket motors, whereas the second a fourth stage use liquid-propellant rocket motors. It is considered the most reliable launch vehicle of ISRO as it has flown 47 of its 49 missions successfully. The only failures of missions involving the PSLV rocket occurred in 1993 (first launch) and 2017 (41st launch). In its maiden mission, there was a software error in an on-board guidance and control processor, while the 2017 failure was caused as the heat shield (the bulbous top portion that holds the satellite) had failed to separate, thus preventing the satellite from being placed in orbit. Ahead of the milestone launch, WION spoke to ISRO veterans to understand the arduous journey, the work culture that led to the success of the PSLV and how they feel ahead of the 50th Launch: Padma Shri Dr A Sivathanu Pillai Core team member in SLV-3 and PSLV Configuration WION: Kindly tell us about what led to the planning and development of PSLV and the evolution it underwent. Pillai: It was after the successful launch of SLV-3E2, India’s first experimental satellite launch vehicle in July 1980 that three groups were formed and PSLV was formed as one study group, with Dr Srinivasan as the head. When we had shared the configuration with Satish Dhawan, he was unhappy with it and wanted out to be more reliable. He had envisioned that the PSLV would become the workhorse rocket and later we could go for the GSLV with a cryogenic engine. Initially, the rocket was 400 ton and with big strap-on motors, but as he was apprehensive of strap-on, a new configuration was evolved without strap-ons and with increased reliability. Then we decided to use high-strength maraging steel that was available in the USA and Japan. We decided to develop the material and DRDO developed it and transferred the technology to Midhra Dhatu Nigam (MIDHANI) for production. This ensured that the weight of the rocket was reduced from 400 odd tons to 175 tons. It was in 1982 that the PLSV project was approved and its development began, our first flight in 1993 was not successful, but thereafter the PSLV started its successful run. Padma Bhushan S Nambi Narayanan Project Director Second Stage of PSLV -Vikas Engine (later member associate project director of PSLV, GSLV) WION: How does it feel ahead of the 50th PSLV launch? Narayanan: Actually I am very happy, it is much more than that, I feel really elated. The credit goes to the team of engineers who have worked day and night. But many members of our team are not with us anymore and it's sad that they are not here to see it. WION: What’s the secret behind the PSLV and its above 95% success rate? Narayanan: The PSLV rocket and its Vikas Engine have built-in reliability and that is one reason it has worked flawlessly. We jointly developed the liquid-engine Vikas with France (the French call it Viking -3), but we made a better system than they themselves made. WION: You have constantly batted for a liquid-propellant engine over a solid-propellant engine during the PSLV development phase. Why? Narayanan: A liquid engine can be stopped and restarted during tests and flights(ensuring better fuel efficiency), whereas a solid engine can’t be stopped after being ignited. Liquid propellant engines can be tweaked and upgraded for different uses. A liquid engine can control the flight of the rocket using gimbaling, whereas a solid engine requires external control systems which incur more cost and additional weight. There was always a competition between the teams working on solid and liquid propulsion. Solid took the lead as all our systems were using solid fuels, liquid systems never existed and many felt it was difficult or impossible. PSLV configurations were discussed without the liquid engine and it was meant to be all solid. However, with the solid engine the required payload couldn’t be achieved during the tests. Finally, the then director of VSSC Dr Brahm Prakash told Dr Satish Dhawan - “Satish this won’t work without liquid, we need a liquid system whether we like it or not”. WION: While the French named their Engine Viking, what made us select ‘Vikas’? Narayanan: Vikas means development in Sanskrit, but I had seen another adapted anagram in the name. For me, Vikas stood for Vikram A Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Programme. He was my Guru and leader and we won’t have another leader like him. from the very first flight till date, it is the very same Vikas engine that powers the second stage of the PSLV. Padma Vibhushan Dr G Madhavan Nair Project Director PSLV and Former Chairman, ISRO WION: How do you see the significance of PSLV in our Space programme? Nair: PSLV is the workhorse launcher it has been performing consistently well, we are proud that we are having the 50th launch. PSLV has ushered the new era of large rocket systems in India. It is a result of a decade-long toil of over 3000 scientists and engineers who had worked in the mid-80s. International customers come to us for the low cost and high reliability of our vehicle (which is better than the global standard). Only the French Ariane Rocket is comparable with ours in terms of reliability. We are proud that India has got such a possession WION: You were the Project Director of the PSLV during its maiden launch. Kindly share your memories Nair: Dr Srinivsasn was the chief designer of this rocket, sadly he didn’t live to see the launch. He handed over the reins to me, I am proud that I could complete it and give it to the country. During our first launch in 1993, we had a snag and the mission failed, but we were successful within one year. We had the benefit of experience gained from other launch vehicles and our entire technology was homegrown without own Liquid Engine - Vikas. Even the more powerful launcher GSLV uses several modules that we developed at that time. WION: Please Tell us about the organisational culture of ISRO and how various domain experts work together? Nair: ISRO has tremendous strength in terms of multi-disciplinary teams working together and we maintain the culture established by our founder Vikram Sarabhai where freedom is granted and people are encouraged to come up with new ideas. Dr Abdul Kalam brought people together from various fields in science and technology and integrated the efforts. Most organizations don’t succeed as teams from different disciplines can’t work together. Padma Shri Dr Mylswamy Annadurai Program Director Chandrayaan 1 and Mangalyaan WION: Kindly tell us about the PSLV’s versatility as a launcher Annadurai: By definition, the PSLV is a polar satellite launch vehicle meant to launch into Low Earth Orbit(below 2000km), but due to the confidence in its configuration it has been configured to put heavier payloads into orbit. In Chandrayaan 1 we used the PSLV to carry the probe to Geosynchronous Transfer orbit (above 35000km). Likewise, for the Mars Orbiter Mission, we launched the probe into the Highly elliptical earth orbit. We use the PSLV in various configurations including the core-alone configuration and with either two, four or six strap-on boosters for heavier payloads. So depending on the payloads, we are able to customize the launcher. We have mastered the technology of launching multiple small satellites using the PSLV and hold the record for 104 satellites in a single launch. We can also launch different satellites into different orbits using a single rocket. Depending on the mission requirements engine re-starts can be done. PSLV is the one that gave us a face for commercial launches and by meeting the requirements completely it gives confidence to the customers. This makes it a unique launch vehicle when you compare in the world in this class (carrying payloads from 600kg-1.7 tons)

WION Special: ISRO veterans recall the workhorse rocket PSLV’s journey ahead of its 50th launch

After the successful launch of Cartosat 3 on November 27, ISRO is launching RISAT-2BR1 on Wednesday, an indigenous designed and developed, radar imaging, earth observation satellite, weighing 628kgs.&nbsp;RISAT-2BR1 will be placed in an orbit of 576 kms at an inclination of 37 degrees, from PSLV C48, (in its QL variant with 4 strap on motors). This is the landmark 50th mission of PSLV. &nbsp;

RISAT-2BR1 is a part of the RISAT series of X Band all-weather, all-terrain earth observation satellites in 2D/3D, with defence grade sensors, the first of the series was RISAT, made by IAI, equipped with TecSAR, in X band and launched in April 2009 due to the Mumbai 26/11 incident in 2008.&nbsp;

In May this year, ISRO had launched 615 kg RISAT-2B, on board the PSLV. The launch of RISAT-2B1 will be followed by another radar imaging satellite RISAT-2BR2.&nbsp;

RISAT-2BR1, is an X-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) with radial rib reflector 3.6-metre mesh antenna. RISAT-2BR1 has a powerful 0.35m resolution, which means that two objects separated by 0.35m distance can be distinctly identified.&nbsp;

It will provide multi-spectral detailed images of Earth's surface in 2D/3D and shall enhance the surveillance capabilities of the armed forces, for land and maritime border security. &nbsp;&nbsp;

The orbit of RISAT-2BR1, which is an inclined 37 degrees to the equator, will allow for greater revisit rates on the area of interest in the Indian subcontinent. This elevation does not enable global surveillance. Rather, the satellite's gaze will be fixed on the Indian subcontinent.&nbsp;

The X Band SAR enables the satellite to provide, continuous all-weather, all-terrain earth observation and imagery, cutting through the clouds and darkness, which is critical for surveillance and intelligence for the armed forces for prevention of any hostile activity including infiltrations and also provide inputs for the planning of strategic operations.&nbsp;

Apart from defence applications, this satellite will also support agriculture, forestry, disaster management.&nbsp;

(Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL)&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

After the successful launch of Cartosat 3 on November 27, ISRO is launching RISAT-2BR1 on Wednesday, an indigenous designed and developed, radar imaging, earth observation satellite, weighing 628kgs.

After the successful launch of Cartosat 3 on November 27, ISRO is launching RISAT-2BR1 on Wednesday, an indigenous designed and developed, radar imaging, earth observation satellite, weighing 628kgs. RISAT-2BR1 will be placed in an orbit of 576 kms at an inclination of 37 degrees, from PSLV C48, (in its QL variant with 4 strap on motors). This is the landmark 50th mission of PSLV. RISAT-2BR1 is a part of the RISAT series of X Band all-weather, all-terrain earth observation satellites in 2D/3D, with defence grade sensors, the first of the series was RISAT, made by IAI, equipped with TecSAR, in X band and launched in April 2009 due to the Mumbai 26/11 incident in 2008. In May this year, ISRO had launched 615 kg RISAT-2B, on board the PSLV. The launch of RISAT-2B1 will be followed by another radar imaging satellite RISAT-2BR2. RISAT-2BR1, is an X-band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) with radial rib reflector 3.6-metre mesh antenna. RISAT-2BR1 has a powerful 0.35m resolution, which means that two objects separated by 0.35m distance can be distinctly identified. It will provide multi-spectral detailed images of Earth's surface in 2D/3D and shall enhance the surveillance capabilities of the armed forces, for land and maritime border security. The orbit of RISAT-2BR1, which is an inclined 37 degrees to the equator, will allow for greater revisit rates on the area of interest in the Indian subcontinent. This elevation does not enable global surveillance. Rather, the satellite's gaze will be fixed on the Indian subcontinent. The X Band SAR enables the satellite to provide, continuous all-weather, all-terrain earth observation and imagery, cutting through the clouds and darkness, which is critical for surveillance and intelligence for the armed forces for prevention of any hostile activity including infiltrations and also provide inputs for the planning of strategic operations. Apart from defence applications, this satellite will also support agriculture, forestry, disaster management. (Disclaimer: The opinions expressed above are the personal views of the author and do not reflect the views of ZMCL)

RISAT-2BR1: India's newest 'eye in the sky' will boost nation's surveillance capabilities

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