Published: Sep 19, 2026, 13:20 IST | Updated: Sep 19, 2026, 13:20 IST
New research led by Stanford Medicine challenges the long-held idea that the brain developed from a single ancestral system. Scientists say the human brain contains two ancient nervous systems that evolved independently before becoming integrated into one organ — one controlling vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat, and another supporting complex human abilities such as language, mathematics and abstract thought.