India's moon mission, Chandrayaan-3, and Russia's Luna-25 are both set to attempt a soft landing on the lunar south pole in the coming days. The two missions would not interfere with each other as they have different landing areas planned, according to the Russian Space Agency, ROSCOMS.

India’s Chandrayaan-3 in faceoff with Russia’s Luna-25 for unchartered lunar south pole

Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 race to the Moon

A day after developing technical difficulties, Russia's Luna-25 probe has crashed into the Moon, informed&nbsp;Russia's space agency Roscosmos on Sunday (August 20). The Luna-25 probe was the first Russian Moon mission in nearly 50 years.&nbsp;

Roscosmos said the probe crashed into the lunar surface after it spun into an uncontrolled orbit. The agency added there had&nbsp;been&nbsp;an "abnormal situation" during a manoeuvre earlier.

<h2>What happened to the probe?</h2>

Preliminary investigations showed that the lander "has&nbsp;ceased to exist following a collision with the Moon's surface". The scientists at the agency have started a probe to determine the cause of the crash.&nbsp;&nbsp;

"During the operation, an emergency situation occurred on board the automatic station, which did not allow the manoeuvre to be performed with the specified parameters,"&nbsp; Roscosmos wrote in an update on Telegram.

"The management team is currently analysing the situation."

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/russias-luna-25-encounters-glitch-in-pre-moon-landing-move-627083">Also read |&nbsp;Russia's Luna-25 encounters glitch in pre-moon landing manoeuvre</a>

The lunar probe was expected to remain on the lunar surface for an entire year to perform critical scientific tasks of&nbsp;collecting samples and conducting soil analysis. The lander had as many as eight different science instruments on it.&nbsp;However, given the inherent risks associated with lunar landings, it was always going to be a tough task to execute the perfect soft landing.&nbsp;

Notably, on Saturday (August 19),&nbsp;Roscosmos reported that an "emergency" situation arose during a manoeuvre executed by the probe. The unforeseen event occurred during a crucial thrust operation aimed at transferring the probe onto its pre-landing orbit. The agency added that communication with Luna-25 was lost at 2:57 pm (1157 GMT) on the same day.&nbsp;

<h2>When was the probe launched?</h2>

Luna-25 was launched on August 10&nbsp; from the Vostochny Cosmodrome, in&nbsp;Russia's Far East region and reached the lunar orbit six days later.&nbsp;The probe was due to touch down near the lunar South Pole on Monday (August 20).

After the crash, Russian social media platforms are rife with speculations as users&nbsp;came up with their own theories regarding the crash. Notably,&nbsp;Roscosmos had initially cooperated with&nbsp;the European Space Agency (ESA) on the&nbsp;lunar programme. However, after President Vladimir Putin announced the invasion of Ukraine, ESA pulled out of the project and ditched Moscow.&nbsp;

Also watch |&nbsp;Chandrayaan-3: India's Lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon

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After Luna's demise, all eyes have turned to India's Chandrayaan-3 mission, whose Vikram lander is expected to land close to Luna's landing site on Wednesday (August 23) at 18:03 hours Indian Standard Time (IST).&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies) 
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A day after developing technical difficulties, Russia's Luna-25 probe has crashed into the Moon, informed Russia's space agency Roscosmos on Sunday (August 20). The Luna-25 probe was the first Russian Moon mission in nearly 50 years.

A day after developing technical difficulties, Russia's Luna-25 probe has crashed into the Moon, informed Russia's space agency Roscosmos on Sunday (August 20). The Luna-25 probe was the first Russian Moon mission in nearly 50 years. Roscosmos said the probe crashed into the lunar surface after it spun into an uncontrolled orbit. The agency added there had been an "abnormal situation" during a manoeuvre earlier. What happened to the probe? Preliminary investigations showed that the lander "has ceased to exist following a collision with the Moon's surface". The scientists at the agency have started a probe to determine the cause of the crash. "During the operation, an emergency situation occurred on board the automatic station, which did not allow the manoeuvre to be performed with the specified parameters," Roscosmos wrote in an update on Telegram. "The management team is currently analysing the situation." Also read | Russia's Luna-25 encounters glitch in pre-moon landing manoeuvre The lunar probe was expected to remain on the lunar surface for an entire year to perform critical scientific tasks of collecting samples and conducting soil analysis. The lander had as many as eight different science instruments on it. However, given the inherent risks associated with lunar landings, it was always going to be a tough task to execute the perfect soft landing. Notably, on Saturday (August 19), Roscosmos reported that an "emergency" situation arose during a manoeuvre executed by the probe. The unforeseen event occurred during a crucial thrust operation aimed at transferring the probe onto its pre-landing orbit. The agency added that communication with Luna-25 was lost at 2:57 pm (1157 GMT) on the same day. When was the probe launched? Luna-25 was launched on August 10 from the Vostochny Cosmodrome, in Russia's Far East region and reached the lunar orbit six days later. The probe was due to touch down near the lunar South Pole on Monday (August 20). After the crash, Russian social media platforms are rife with speculations as users came up with their own theories regarding the crash. Notably, Roscosmos had initially cooperated with the European Space Agency (ESA) on the lunar programme. However, after President Vladimir Putin announced the invasion of Ukraine, ESA pulled out of the project and ditched Moscow. Also watch | Chandrayaan-3: India's Lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon After Luna's demise, all eyes have turned to India's Chandrayaan-3 mission, whose Vikram lander is expected to land close to Luna's landing site on Wednesday (August 23) at 18:03 hours Indian Standard Time (IST). (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Luna-25 crashes into moon; Russia’s lunar mission ends

Russia's Luna-25 first moon mission in 47 years crashed on the moon's surface.

Luna-25 crashes on to lunar surface, India's spacecraft to land on Aug 23 evening

Russian space agency Roscosmos reported that an "emergency" situation arose during a manoeuvre executed by Russia's Luna-25 probe as it prepared for its Moon landing. This unforeseen event occurred during a crucial thrust operation aimed at transferring the probe onto its pre-landing orbit.

Earlier in the week, Russia marked a significant milestone with the successful placement of its Luna-25 lander into the Moon's orbit. This mission is particularly noteworthy as it represents Russia's first lunar mission in nearly half a century. The launch took place from the Vostochny cosmodrome in the Russian Far East, as reported by AFP.

<h2>Landing uncertainty</h2>

Roscosmos has not specified whether this unexpected incident will affect the scheduled landing, which is currently scheduled on Monday, in the vicinity north of the Boguslawsky crater located on the lunar south pole.

<h2>Risk and uncertainty in lunar missions</h2>

In June, Roscosmos chief Yuri Borisov conveyed to President Vladimir Putin the inherent risks associated with lunar missions. These missions carry an estimated success probability of around 70 per cent, underlining the complex and challenging nature of lunar exploration.

The Luna-25 probe is slated to remain on the Moon for an entire year, during which it will undertake the crucial tasks of collecting samples and conducting soil analysis. Cameras installed on the lander have already captured distant images of both Earth and the Moon from space.

Also watch |&nbsp;Chandrayaan-3: India's Lunar lander Vikram inches closer to moon

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<h2>Russia's lunar aspirations</h2>

This mission aligns with Russia's broader ambition to revive and expand upon the pioneering achievements of the Soviet Union's space programme. This aspiration comes at a time when the future of Russia's longstanding space cooperation with Western nations appears uncertain due to geopolitical tensions stemming from the conflict in Ukraine.

Russia has expressed its determination to forge ahead with its lunar plans, independent of Western cooperation. This resolve is evident as the European Space Agency announced its decision not to engage in joint missions with Moscow, citing concerns over Russia’s actions in Ukraine.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/as-chandrayaan-3-approaches-moon-chandrayaan-2-lends-helping-hand-627038">As Chandrayaan-3 approaches Moon, Chandrayaan-2 lends helping hand</a>

The incident during the Luna-25 mission underscores the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with lunar exploration, as nations worldwide strive to unlock the mysteries of Earth's celestial neighbour while navigating complex geopolitical dynamics on our own planet.

(With inputs from agencies)

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Russian space agency Roscosmos reported that an "emergency" situation arose during a manoeuvre executed by Russia's Luna-25 probe as it prepared for its Moon landing.

Russian space agency Roscosmos reported that an "emergency" situation arose during a manoeuvre executed by Russia's Luna-25 probe as it prepared for its Moon landing. This unforeseen event occurred during a crucial thrust operation aimed at transferring the probe onto its pre-landing orbit. Earlier in the week, Russia marked a significant milestone with the successful placement of its Luna-25 lander into the Moon's orbit. This mission is particularly noteworthy as it represents Russia's first lunar mission in nearly half a century. The launch took place from the Vostochny cosmodrome in the Russian Far East, as reported by AFP. Landing uncertainty Roscosmos has not specified whether this unexpected incident will affect the scheduled landing, which is currently scheduled on Monday, in the vicinity north of the Boguslawsky crater located on the lunar south pole. Risk and uncertainty in lunar missions In June, Roscosmos chief Yuri Borisov conveyed to President Vladimir Putin the inherent risks associated with lunar missions. These missions carry an estimated success probability of around 70 per cent, underlining the complex and challenging nature of lunar exploration. The Luna-25 probe is slated to remain on the Moon for an entire year, during which it will undertake the crucial tasks of collecting samples and conducting soil analysis. Cameras installed on the lander have already captured distant images of both Earth and the Moon from space. Also watch | Chandrayaan-3: India's Lunar lander Vikram inches closer to moon Russia's lunar aspirations This mission aligns with Russia's broader ambition to revive and expand upon the pioneering achievements of the Soviet Union's space programme. This aspiration comes at a time when the future of Russia's longstanding space cooperation with Western nations appears uncertain due to geopolitical tensions stemming from the conflict in Ukraine. Russia has expressed its determination to forge ahead with its lunar plans, independent of Western cooperation. This resolve is evident as the European Space Agency announced its decision not to engage in joint missions with Moscow, citing concerns over Russia’s actions in Ukraine. Also read | As Chandrayaan-3 approaches Moon, Chandrayaan-2 lends helping hand The incident during the Luna-25 mission underscores the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with lunar exploration, as nations worldwide strive to unlock the mysteries of Earth's celestial neighbour while navigating complex geopolitical dynamics on our own planet. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Russia's Luna-25 encounters glitch in pre-moon landing manoeuvre

Chandrayaan-3 mission achieved a major milestone when its Lander Module carrying the rover inside successfully separated from the Propulsion Module on Thursday. Now the historic mission has embarked on its final journey where Lander Module comprising the lander Vikram and rover Pragyan is now ready to be lowered to an orbit that takes it closer to the moon's surface. The soft landing on the lunar south pole is scheduled at 5.47 pm on 23 August.

Chandrayaan's evolution: ISRO reveals what went wrong and what's been fixed

India's third lunar mission is inching closer to the Moon's little-explored south pole where it aims to set down a lander and rover on 23 August.

Chandrayaan-3: India's Lunar lander Vikram inches closer to moon

Churning out top scientific talent for 11 years, the government-run Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) in Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram has contributed more than 1,300 scientists and engineers to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).&nbsp;

Functioning as an autonomous body under the Department of Space, Government of India, IIST is the first of its kind in the country and offers high-quality education at the undergraduate, graduate, doctoral and post-doctoral levels in areas with a special focus on space sciences, space technology and space applications.

Stepping into its 16th year, the IIST held its 11th Convocation on Friday (August 18).

On Friday, a total of 275 students conferred their degrees at the Institute, which comprises B.Tech, M.Tech and PhDs. The Convocation was presided over by top officials from the Indian space sector – Dr. B N Suresh, Chancellor, IIST, Dr. K Radhakrishnan, Member Space Commission and former Chairman ISRO, Dr. S Somanath, Chairman ISRO, Dr. V Narayanan, Director ISRO, LPSC, Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director IIST&amp;VSSC, among others.&nbsp;

Speaking at the event, Chairman ISRO, Dr. S. Somanath highlighted the top priorities of ISRO – reliably increase the throughput of production of rockets and satellites to meet market demand;&nbsp;reduce the cost of access to space;&nbsp;work on re-usable vertical take-off and landing rockets;&nbsp;build intelligent rockets and satellites; build more powerful rockets based on methane-liquid oxygen engines; and build multi-purpose spacecraft with miniaturised electronics and advanced technology.&nbsp;

He also touched upon the role of IIST in fostering the research and development culture in ISRO and transitioning the space agency to perform more technology development activities aimed at the future. “IIST is an integral part of ISRO and is the research canvas of ISRO” he urged the students and faculty to use the ISRO labs and centres for their research work.&nbsp;

As part of its International partnerships, IIST collaborates with the California Institute of Technology, the University of Colorado, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, the University of Surrey (UK), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Institute of Astronomy – University of Cambridge, Niigata University Japan and ISAE-SUPAERO France.&nbsp;

The main objectives of collaboration through the MoU mode is to provide for an exchange of students and faculty; initiate joint research on mutually accepted areas; and provide fellowships for training and research at doctoral and post-doctoral levels. 
 
Addressing the graduating students, Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, former chairman of ISRO, shared his vision that IIST alumni must help ISRO leap forward and harness the resources of the Moon and Mars and help India play an active role in the interplanetary society that is expected to take shape by 2047.&nbsp;

Sharing the IIT model of industry-academia collaboration, he pointed out how industry experts with 15 years or more experience could join academia and teach there by taking us the role of Professor of Practice. Likewise, those who are in academia as professors or assistant professors could also take up roles in related industries as a vice-president or general manager and contribute to that sector.

Referring to how 80 per cent of medical equipment in use in India is being imported, he urged the students to use the know-how and know-why of the space medicine and medical engineering aspects of India’s astronaut mission ‘Gaganyaan,’ for the benefit of the common man.&nbsp; 
 
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Churning out top scientific talent for 11 years, the government-run Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) in Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram has contributed more than 1,300 scientists and engineers to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Churning out top scientific talent for 11 years, the government-run Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) in Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram has contributed more than 1,300 scientists and engineers to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Functioning as an autonomous body under the Department of Space, Government of India, IIST is the first of its kind in the country and offers high-quality education at the undergraduate, graduate, doctoral and post-doctoral levels in areas with a special focus on space sciences, space technology and space applications. Stepping into its 16th year, the IIST held its 11th Convocation on Friday (August 18). On Friday, a total of 275 students conferred their degrees at the Institute, which comprises B.Tech, M.Tech and PhDs. The Convocation was presided over by top officials from the Indian space sector – Dr. B N Suresh, Chancellor, IIST, Dr. K Radhakrishnan, Member Space Commission and former Chairman ISRO, Dr. S Somanath, Chairman ISRO, Dr. V Narayanan, Director ISRO, LPSC, Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director IIST&VSSC, among others. Speaking at the event, Chairman ISRO, Dr. S. Somanath highlighted the top priorities of ISRO – reliably increase the throughput of production of rockets and satellites to meet market demand; reduce the cost of access to space; work on re-usable vertical take-off and landing rockets; build intelligent rockets and satellites; build more powerful rockets based on methane-liquid oxygen engines; and build multi-purpose spacecraft with miniaturised electronics and advanced technology. He also touched upon the role of IIST in fostering the research and development culture in ISRO and transitioning the space agency to perform more technology development activities aimed at the future. “IIST is an integral part of ISRO and is the research canvas of ISRO” he urged the students and faculty to use the ISRO labs and centres for their research work. As part of its International partnerships, IIST collaborates with the California Institute of Technology, the University of Colorado, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, the University of Surrey (UK), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Institute of Astronomy – University of Cambridge, Niigata University Japan and ISAE-SUPAERO France. The main objectives of collaboration through the MoU mode is to provide for an exchange of students and faculty; initiate joint research on mutually accepted areas; and provide fellowships for training and research at doctoral and post-doctoral levels. Addressing the graduating students, Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, former chairman of ISRO, shared his vision that IIST alumni must help ISRO leap forward and harness the resources of the Moon and Mars and help India play an active role in the interplanetary society that is expected to take shape by 2047. Sharing the IIT model of industry-academia collaboration, he pointed out how industry experts with 15 years or more experience could join academia and teach there by taking us the role of Professor of Practice. Likewise, those who are in academia as professors or assistant professors could also take up roles in related industries as a vice-president or general manager and contribute to that sector. Referring to how 80 per cent of medical equipment in use in India is being imported, he urged the students to use the know-how and know-why of the space medicine and medical engineering aspects of India’s astronaut mission ‘Gaganyaan,’ for the benefit of the common man. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

India: In 11 years, more than 1,300 graduates from govt-run IIST have joined ISRO

India is set to make history. With the launch of the country's third moon mission. Chandrayaan-3 is heading towards the moon. But how much do these moon missions cost?

Chandrayaan-3:  The cost of ISRO's Chandrayaan missions compared

Indian firm Agnikul Cosmos is on its way to becoming the first in the country to privately design, develop and launch a liquid-fuelled rocket.

Liquid-fuelled rockets are much more complicated to design and build, when compared to solid-fuelled rockets.

Agnikul is targeting to launch their maiden rocket known as 'Agnibaan SOrTeD' (SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator) within a few weeks, the firm said.

Suborbital launches are meant to take the vehicle to the earth's upper atmosphere and not venture into space. Suborbital launches are the preferred method for startups to test and validate their maiden rocket, related sub-systems and thereby progress to more ambitious launch vehicle projects.

According to the firm, 'Agnibaan SOrTeD' is a single-stage launch vehicle driven by Agnikul’s patented Agnilet engine- an entirely 3D-printed, single-piece, 6kN semi-cryogenic engine.

Unlike traditional (solid-fuelled) sounding rockets that launch from guide rails, Agnibaan SOrTeD will lift off vertically and follow a predetermined trajectory while performing a precisely orchestrated set of manoeuvres during flight, they added.&nbsp;

In the presence of ISRO and IN-SPACe officials, members of the Agnikul team unveiled their launch vehicle at Agnikul's Mission Control Centre (AMCC), in the Indian Government-run spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Notably, Agnikul also has India's first private rocket launch pad, housed within the same campus.

“Delighted to see the progress Agnikul team has made so far. They have our best wishes to have a successful first flight and further activities”, said A. Rajarajan, Director of SDSC-SHAR, at the event where the vehicle was unveiled.

According to&nbsp;Srinath Ravichandran, co-founder and CEO of Agnikul, this upcoming suborbital launch is meant to validate Agnikul's proprietary autopilot, navigation, and guidance algorithms and the capability of their launchpad to undertake more complex missions.

Moin SPM, co-founder and COO of Agnikul, said, “Building a launch vehicle entails the integration of diverse systems, and coming together of various teams spanning different disciplines uniting towards a common goal. This vehicle standing on the launchpad is a testament of everyone’s hard work in the team.”

Agnikul was established in 2017 by Srinath Ravichandran, Moin SPM, and Prof. SR Chakravarthy, who hail from IIT Madras.

The firm’s primary objective is to democratise space exploration by making it both accessible and cost-effective.

The firm had been targeting a maiden launch by September 2022, but owing to the complexities and engineering sophistication involved in kerosene-liquid oxygen rockets, the firm has overshot their initial target by a year.

Notably, this will be the first kerosene-liquid oxygen (semi-cryogenic) rocket to be designed, developed and launched from India.

Meanwhile, the Indian space agency ISRO is also testing its own semi-cryogenic engine, but its engine is exponentially more powerful and sophisticated than that of the private firm.

ISRO's SCE-2000 is meant to significantly enhance the lifting power of India's LVM3 rocket.

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Indian firm Agnikul Cosmos is on its way to becoming the first in the country to privately design, develop and launch a liquid-fuelled rocket. Liquid-fuelled rockets are much more complicated to design and build, when compared to solid-fuelled rockets.

Indian firm Agnikul Cosmos is on its way to becoming the first in the country to privately design, develop and launch a liquid-fuelled rocket. Liquid-fuelled rockets are much more complicated to design and build, when compared to solid-fuelled rockets. Agnikul is targeting to launch their maiden rocket known as 'Agnibaan SOrTeD' (SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator) within a few weeks, the firm said. Suborbital launches are meant to take the vehicle to the earth's upper atmosphere and not venture into space. Suborbital launches are the preferred method for startups to test and validate their maiden rocket, related sub-systems and thereby progress to more ambitious launch vehicle projects. According to the firm, 'Agnibaan SOrTeD' is a single-stage launch vehicle driven by Agnikul’s patented Agnilet engine- an entirely 3D-printed, single-piece, 6kN semi-cryogenic engine. Unlike traditional (solid-fuelled) sounding rockets that launch from guide rails, Agnibaan SOrTeD will lift off vertically and follow a predetermined trajectory while performing a precisely orchestrated set of manoeuvres during flight, they added. In the presence of ISRO and IN-SPACe officials, members of the Agnikul team unveiled their launch vehicle at Agnikul's Mission Control Centre (AMCC), in the Indian Government-run spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Notably, Agnikul also has India's first private rocket launch pad, housed within the same campus. “Delighted to see the progress Agnikul team has made so far. They have our best wishes to have a successful first flight and further activities”, said A. Rajarajan, Director of SDSC-SHAR, at the event where the vehicle was unveiled. According to Srinath Ravichandran, co-founder and CEO of Agnikul, this upcoming suborbital launch is meant to validate Agnikul's proprietary autopilot, navigation, and guidance algorithms and the capability of their launchpad to undertake more complex missions. Moin SPM, co-founder and COO of Agnikul, said, “Building a launch vehicle entails the integration of diverse systems, and coming together of various teams spanning different disciplines uniting towards a common goal. This vehicle standing on the launchpad is a testament of everyone’s hard work in the team.” Agnikul was established in 2017 by Srinath Ravichandran, Moin SPM, and Prof. SR Chakravarthy, who hail from IIT Madras. The firm’s primary objective is to democratise space exploration by making it both accessible and cost-effective. The firm had been targeting a maiden launch by September 2022, but owing to the complexities and engineering sophistication involved in kerosene-liquid oxygen rockets, the firm has overshot their initial target by a year. Notably, this will be the first kerosene-liquid oxygen (semi-cryogenic) rocket to be designed, developed and launched from India. Meanwhile, the Indian space agency ISRO is also testing its own semi-cryogenic engine, but its engine is exponentially more powerful and sophisticated than that of the private firm. ISRO's SCE-2000 is meant to significantly enhance the lifting power of India's LVM3 rocket. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Agnikul Cosmos to soon launch India's first kerosene-oxygen-powered rocket

Chandrayaan-3 is on its final voyage. Vikram Lander successfully separated from the spacecraft. The lander is now on its solo journey to the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3: Challenges ahead of Vikram lander's solo journey to the Moon

Chandrayaan-3 is soon going to land on the moon. But it is not just a space mission. Chandrayaan-3's success will cemente India's cosmic rise in global space race.

Why is Chandrayaan-3's success important for India's space program?

Chandrayaan-3 is expected to land on the lunar surface around August 23 after completing a 40-day journey. On the other hand, Luna-25 is expected to land on the moon around August 21, two days ahead of Chandrayaan-3. However, both missions will attempt to land on the lunar south pole.

Chandrayaan-3 undergoes another maneuver, comes closer to Moon's surface: ISRO

India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft has moved closer to the moon after performing its third lunar orbit reduction. This means that the craft has been gradually moved from a highly-elliptical orbit (174 km x 1437 km) to a near-circular orbit (150km x 177km) around the Moon.

India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft has moved closer to the moon after performing its third lunar orbit reduction. This means that the craft has been gradually moved from a highly-elliptical orbit (174 km x 1437 km) to a near-circular orbit (150km x 177km) around the Moon. In an elliptical orbit, there is a huge difference between the craft's nearest point to the moon (perilune) and farthest point to the moon (apolune). In a near-circular orbit, there is a very minor difference between perilune and apolune. "Orbit circularisation phase commences. Precise maneuvre performed today has achieved a near-circular orbit of 150 km x 177 km. The next operation is planned for August 16, 2023, around 0830 hrs IST," ISRO posted on X, formerly known as Twitter. ISRO's next target is to bring the craft to a circular orbit where the craft is 100 km above the lunar surface. This is what ISRO calls the orbit circularisation phase. When this orbit is achieved, the spacecraft will be at a constant 100 km distance above the moon, at any period of time in that orbit. "When the craft is circling around the moon, a command is issued to re-orient the craft by 180 degrees. This re-orientation will ensure that the craft's engine(s) can be used as a brake. Such engine firings are known as retro-firings. In retro-firing, the engine is not pushing the craft forward. Instead, it is pushing the craft in a direction opposite to its original direction of movement and it will slow down the craft," Dr Mylswamy Annadurai, former director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, explained to WION. When the craft was circling the earth, commands were issued to fire the engines and push the craft further away from the earth (orbit-raising manoeuvres). In those cases, the engine was fired to propel the craft forward and impart more velocity to it. In retro-firing (opposite firing), the engine firing is done in an opposite direction, thereby reducing the velocity of the craft and lowering its orbit. These are the fundamental differences between orbit-raising manoeuvres and orbit-reduction manoeuvres. Also read: ISRO releases video of the moon captured by Chandrayaan-3 as it enters lunar orbit The journey so far Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July 14 from India's spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. 16 minutes after lift-off, the craft was placed in a highly elliptical orbit around the Earth. Thereafter, by performing five engine burns on as many occasions, the craft gradually raised its orbit and slingshot itself further away from Earth, while continuing to remain in the home planet's orbit. On the intervening night of July 31 and August 1, Chandrayaan-3 performed its Trans-Lunar injection burn. By this long-duration firing of its engines, the craft was pushed out of Earth's gravitational influence and hurled towards lunar gravitational influence. On August 6, the spacecraft performed its maiden Lunar orbit reduction manoeuvre. The second Lunar orbit reduction happened on August 9. Watch | Chandrayaan-3 now within moon's gravitational orbit | India | ISRO × The journey that lies ahead ISRO has said that the fourth orbit reduction manoeuvre is scheduled for 8:30 am IST, August 16. "At the time of the lander separating from the propulsion module, the craft will be in a 100 km x100 km orbit. Many systems that are required to work for landing will be utilised and tested at that point. The craft will be in the orbital phase for 4-5 days," Dr M. Sankaran, director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, told WION. "So, we will carry out tests of the various systems. Four 800N throttleable engines (that are meant to help in slowing down the craft for landing) have to be test fired in different combinations, sensors on the lander will be oriented towards the propulsion module and tested for various performance parameters by getting a reflection back from it." By the time the engine testing is complete, the craft will be brought to a 100 km x 30 km orbit, he added. Also read | ISRO releases majestic images of Earth and Moon captured by Chandrayaan-3 Thereafter, a process of Rough braking, Attitude hold, fine braking, and velocity reduction would be carried out in the run-up to the lunar landing. ISRO has planned the Lunar landing at 5:47 pm IST on August 23. ISRO Chairman Dr S Somnath has assured that the Vikram lander will be able to make a soft landing on the Moon's surface, come August 23. He added that the landing is certain even if all the sensors and two of its engines do not work. The Vikram lander is expected to descend on the moon on August 23. "If everything fails, if all the sensors fail, nothing works, still it (Vikram) will make a landing. That's how it has been designed -- provided that the propulsion system works well," Somnath said. Objectives of Chandrayaan-3 India's third lunar spacecraft comprises a propulsion module, lander and rover. The combined mass of them is 3.9 tonnes. The key goal of the craft is to perform a lunar soft-landing and perform in-situ analysis near 70 degrees latitude of the Lunar surface. The mission is expected to last 14 Earth days or one lunar day, during which the six-wheeled rover and the lander will perform their respective experiments. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Explained | Chandrayaan-3 is just 150km above lunar surface. What does it mean?

IN PICS | Perseid meteor shower peaks, lights up skies across the world

A Virgin Galactic rocket plane made space tourism history Thursday when it carried its first group of tourists to the edge of space, 55 miles above the Earth. The passengers included a former British Olympian.

Virgin Galactic makes history with first space tourist flight

Innovation in space is reaching new heights. There is an alternative to traditional Chemical Propulsion rockets. 'SOLAR SAIL' can help explore the vast reaches of space.

What is solar sail? How can it revolutionise space travel?

The Red Planet isn't in good shape. Days are shrinking. As Mars is spinning faster. But why?

Scientists clueless as Mars is spinning faster & days are 'shrinking'

As India launches Chandrayaan 3, all eyes are on the Moon. But India is not alone in trying to conquer Earth's natural satellite. Watch the video to know more.

Amid Chandrayaan 3 launch, watch how China, Russia, and USA are vying for control of the Moon

Scientists have achieved the most precise measurement of Mars' rotation to date, unravelling the planet's enigmatic "wobble" caused by its molten core's dynamic movements.

This remarkable insight also revealed an unexpected acceleration in Mars' rotation, presenting a complex situation&nbsp;for researchers trying to find out the underlying causes behind it.

<h2>InSight lander: A witness to Mars' intricacies</h2>

The catalyst for this groundbreaking discovery was NASA's InSight lander, which spent a four-year tenure on the Martian surface before its power reserves depleted in December 2022.

During its mission, the lander collected invaluable data that offered a deeper understanding of Mars' intricate internal dynamics.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/beyond-the-stars-what-is-nasas-protocols-for-handling-deceased-astronauts-in-space-621687">Beyond the stars: What is NASA's protocol for astronauts who die in space?</a>

<h2>Rotation and interior structure experiment (RISE)</h2>

Published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06150-0.epdf?sharing_token=bzW3WFMTFPlbiQSKOZXeC9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Nu8518zKsaArvLAESaO3RedjZzSDEypmtF_MXsjctromAsjzAzRQatHLvozmIBx71q8y3Lck5HJOrfjhLieO8H2zMXYhMOGcJeJiTrbGgvo4hiV2DCDVboMBx3Rt3P3XA%3D">journal Nature</a>, a study led by researchers harnessed data from the InSight lander's Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE).

This analytical approach unveiled a startling revelation that&nbsp;Mars' rotation is undergoing an acceleration of approximately 4 milliarcseconds per year.

Despite its subtlety, this acceleration perplexes scientists, leaving them&nbsp;grappling&nbsp;with the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.

In the quest to figure out&nbsp;the cause behind Mars' acceleration, researchers have put forth several hypotheses.

<h2>But, why is Mars spinning faster?</h2>

Among these, the accumulation of ice on the polar caps and the concept of post-glacial rebound, wherein previously ice-covered landmasses rise due to released pressure, have been suggested.

This alteration in the planet's mass distribution could potentially trigger acceleration&nbsp;akin to an ice skater varying their spin speed by altering their arm position.

Also watch |&nbsp;These pictures of Earth from Mars show there's no 'Planet B' for us

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The Doppler effect, the phenomenon that causes an ambulance's siren pitch to change as it approaches or moves away, underpins a crucial aspect of this research.

Astronomers ingeniously employed this principle to gauge Mars' rotation speed. Using the Deep Space Network, scientists sent a radio signal to the InSight lander.

The signal was reflected back by the RISE instrument's radio transponder and antennae. By scrutinising minute alterations in frequency, known as Doppler shift, caused by the lander's motion, scientists could accurately deduce the planet's rotational velocity.

&nbsp;

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Scientists have achieved the most precise measurement of Mars' rotation to date, unravelling the planet's enigmatic "wobble" caused by its molten core's dynamic movements.

Scientists have achieved the most precise measurement of Mars' rotation to date, unravelling the planet's enigmatic "wobble" caused by its molten core's dynamic movements. This remarkable insight also revealed an unexpected acceleration in Mars' rotation, presenting a complex situation for researchers trying to find out the underlying causes behind it. InSight lander: A witness to Mars' intricacies The catalyst for this groundbreaking discovery was NASA's InSight lander, which spent a four-year tenure on the Martian surface before its power reserves depleted in December 2022. During its mission, the lander collected invaluable data that offered a deeper understanding of Mars' intricate internal dynamics. Also read | Beyond the stars: What is NASA's protocol for astronauts who die in space? Rotation and interior structure experiment (RISE) Published in the journal Nature, a study led by researchers harnessed data from the InSight lander's Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE). This analytical approach unveiled a startling revelation that Mars' rotation is undergoing an acceleration of approximately 4 milliarcseconds per year. Despite its subtlety, this acceleration perplexes scientists, leaving them grappling with the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. In the quest to figure out the cause behind Mars' acceleration, researchers have put forth several hypotheses. But, why is Mars spinning faster? Among these, the accumulation of ice on the polar caps and the concept of post-glacial rebound, wherein previously ice-covered landmasses rise due to released pressure, have been suggested. This alteration in the planet's mass distribution could potentially trigger acceleration akin to an ice skater varying their spin speed by altering their arm position. Also watch | These pictures of Earth from Mars show there's no 'Planet B' for us The Doppler effect, the phenomenon that causes an ambulance's siren pitch to change as it approaches or moves away, underpins a crucial aspect of this research. Astronomers ingeniously employed this principle to gauge Mars' rotation speed. Using the Deep Space Network, scientists sent a radio signal to the InSight lander. The signal was reflected back by the RISE instrument's radio transponder and antennae. By scrutinising minute alterations in frequency, known as Doppler shift, caused by the lander's motion, scientists could accurately deduce the planet's rotational velocity. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Mars' timepiece tinkered? NASA discovers faster spin, shorter days on red planet

NASA's Voyager spacecraft is exploring the ever-expanding universe. The twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are making their way through interstellar space. These spacecraft are, however, running low on energy. This raises a question: How much longer will it last?

How long will NASA's Voyager mission last?

Chandrayaan-3 is all set for lunar landing. The landing site has been changed. As ISRO pins hope on lessons from failure. ISRO has moved the landing site slightly from the previous location of Chandryaan-2.

Chandrayaan-3: What made ISRO change the landing site when compared to Chandrayaan-2?

Anastatia Mayers, an 18-year-old student at Aberdeen University and her mother&nbsp;Keisha Schahaff will become the first mother-daughter duo to go to space after they were selected for a place on&nbsp;Richard Branson's exploration company Virgin Galactic's second commercial flight in a prize draw.

Schahaff was travelling from Antigua to the UK aboard a Virgin Atlantic flight when she saw an ad about the competition. Curious about the prize,&nbsp;Schahaff entered the competition without any expectation of becoming the winner.&nbsp;

"I filled out this sweepstake and then suddenly months later I'm getting correspondences saying that you're a top 20 finalist, then a top five finalist, to becoming a winner," Schahaff was quoted as saying by BBC.&nbsp;

"Suddenly, who's walking into my yard? Richard Branson. The whole team just swarmed into my house saying 'you're the winner, you're going to space'."

Schahaff said her daughter Anna looked at her and said she should be coming with her when the organisers asked who would join her in the space expedition.&nbsp;

"Anna looked at me and she says, mum if anyone's going to space with you it should be me."

Mayers said her decision to travel from the Caribbean to the UK to study at the Scottish university may have led to the opportunity to go to space.&nbsp;

"Had I not randomly chosen Aberdeen University and had we not had to take a massive detour to get my visa - we wouldn't be going to space," she said.&nbsp;

Mayers is currently studying&nbsp;philosophy and physics at the University of Aberdeen and said she was fortunate to have been given the opportunity.&nbsp;

"There's so many other people like me who want to do something involving space and don't think they have the opportunity to do that," she said.&nbsp;

"I'm proud to be part of this mission and how it will expand access for more people."

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/virgin-galactic-completes-first-commercial-rocket-plane-flight-to-space-610255">Also read |&nbsp;Virgin Galactic completes first commercial rocket plane flight to space</a>

<h2>The space flight&nbsp;</h2>

The&nbsp;Virgin Galactic 02 flight is scheduled to take off on Thursday (August 10) from New Mexico. It will be the second commercial flight by the company after the first took off in June and reached an altitude of about 85 kilometres.&nbsp;

Alongside the mother-daughter duo,&nbsp;Jon Goodwin, a former Olympic canoeist will also be joining the crew. He will also become the second person to go to space with Parkinson's disease.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/virgin-galactic-sends-first-paying-customers-to-the-edge-of-space-610319">Watch |&nbsp;Virgin Galactic sends first paying customers to the edge of space</a>

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NASA and the US&nbsp;Air Force both define an astronaut as anyone who has flown 50 miles (80 km) high or more.

Virgin Galactic has said it has already booked a backlog of some 800 customers, charging most from $250,000 to $450,000 per seat, and envisions eventually building a large enough fleet to accommodate 400 flights annually.

(With inputs from agencies)

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Anastatia Mayers, an 18-year-old student at Aberdeen University and her mother Keisha Schahaff will become the first mother-daughter duo to go to space after they were selected for a place on Richard Branson's exploration company Virgin Galactic's second commercial flight in a prize draw.

Anastatia Mayers, an 18-year-old student at Aberdeen University and her mother Keisha Schahaff will become the first mother-daughter duo to go to space after they were selected for a place on Richard Branson's exploration company Virgin Galactic's second commercial flight in a prize draw. Schahaff was travelling from Antigua to the UK aboard a Virgin Atlantic flight when she saw an ad about the competition. Curious about the prize, Schahaff entered the competition without any expectation of becoming the winner. "I filled out this sweepstake and then suddenly months later I'm getting correspondences saying that you're a top 20 finalist, then a top five finalist, to becoming a winner," Schahaff was quoted as saying by BBC. "Suddenly, who's walking into my yard? Richard Branson. The whole team just swarmed into my house saying 'you're the winner, you're going to space'." Schahaff said her daughter Anna looked at her and said she should be coming with her when the organisers asked who would join her in the space expedition. "Anna looked at me and she says, mum if anyone's going to space with you it should be me." Mayers said her decision to travel from the Caribbean to the UK to study at the Scottish university may have led to the opportunity to go to space. "Had I not randomly chosen Aberdeen University and had we not had to take a massive detour to get my visa - we wouldn't be going to space," she said. Mayers is currently studying philosophy and physics at the University of Aberdeen and said she was fortunate to have been given the opportunity. "There's so many other people like me who want to do something involving space and don't think they have the opportunity to do that," she said. "I'm proud to be part of this mission and how it will expand access for more people." Also read | Virgin Galactic completes first commercial rocket plane flight to space The space flight The Virgin Galactic 02 flight is scheduled to take off on Thursday (August 10) from New Mexico. It will be the second commercial flight by the company after the first took off in June and reached an altitude of about 85 kilometres. Alongside the mother-daughter duo, Jon Goodwin, a former Olympic canoeist will also be joining the crew. He will also become the second person to go to space with Parkinson's disease. Watch | Virgin Galactic sends first paying customers to the edge of space × NASA and the US Air Force both define an astronaut as anyone who has flown 50 miles (80 km) high or more. Virgin Galactic has said it has already booked a backlog of some 800 customers, charging most from $250,000 to $450,000 per seat, and envisions eventually building a large enough fleet to accommodate 400 flights annually. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Caribbean women to become first mother-daughter duo to go to space together

An international team of nearly 100 scientists was left perplexed after discovering the highest-energy light rays ever observed from the sun which has since created a new puzzle for the solar physicists to solve. The finding was published in Physical Review Letters after a six-year observation by more than 30 institutions across North America, Europe, and Asia.&nbsp;

<h2>The discovery</h2>

The most powerful blast of energy from the sun discovered was the first ever detection of solar gamma radiation in the teraelectronvolt (TeV) range.&nbsp;

Scientists, since the 1990s have observed that the sun emits many different kinds of high-energy radiation including gamma rays. However, the study published on Thursday showed there is much more type of light, known as gamma rays emitted by the sun at much higher energy levels than previously anticipated.

“The sun is more surprising than we knew,” said Mehr Un Nisa, a postdoctoral research associate and study co-author at Michigan State University. “We thought we had this star figured out, but that’s not the case.”&nbsp;

Notably, there were no correlations between this powerful blast of energy and heightened solar activity, in fact, the sun, as per the findings was pretty calm at the time of the detection but our current models of the sun can’t account for it. Additionally, this type of radiation doesn’t even reach the Earth’s surface but does create “telltale signatures”.&nbsp;

<h2>About the HAWC</h2>

The groundbreaking observation was made with the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) which is located on the flanks of the Sierra Negra volcano near Puebla, Mexico at an altitude of about 13,500 feet.&nbsp;

What makes the site of the discovery important is that, unlike other observatories, it works around the clock. “We now have observational techniques that weren't possible a few years ago,” said Nisa.&nbsp;

She added that in this “particular energy regime” other ground-based telescopes couldn’t look at the sun because they only work at night, but this one operates 24/7.&nbsp;

HAWC uses a network of 300 large water tanks, each filled with about 200 metric tonnes of water which is nestled between two dormant volcano peaks in Mexico over 13,000 feet above sea level.&nbsp;

Therefore, from this “vantage point,” the researchers can observe the aftermath of gamma rays that collide with Earth’s atmosphere and by doing so produce high-energy particles called air showers that are imperceptible to the naked eye.

In these interactions, the gamma-ray energy is redistributed into particle fragments and light which are observed by the HAWC.

<h2>What was found?</h2>

The recent analysis is based on the data collected between 2014 and 2021 and observed emissions ranging between 0.5 and 2.6 TeV from the sun. Notably, among the energy in different wavelengths emitted by the sun, visible light carries energy of about 1 electron volt, compared to the 1 trillion electron volts, or 1 tera electron volt (1 TeV), that was observed by Nisa and her team.&nbsp;

“After looking at six years’ worth of data, out popped this excess of gamma rays,” said the study co-author. “When we first saw it, we were like, ‘We definitely messed this up. The sun cannot be this bright at these energies’,” she added. &nbsp;

Researchers noted that not only was the energy level surprising but so was the fact that they were seeing so much of it. Therefore, for the first time, the team has shown that the energies of the sun's rays extend into the TeV range, up to nearly 10 TeV, which does appear to be the maximum.&nbsp; 
 
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An international team of nearly 100 scientists was left perplexed after discovering the highest-energy light rays ever observed from the sun which has since created a new puzzle for the solar physicists to solve.

An international team of nearly 100 scientists was left perplexed after discovering the highest-energy light rays ever observed from the sun which has since created a new puzzle for the solar physicists to solve. The finding was published in Physical Review Letters after a six-year observation by more than 30 institutions across North America, Europe, and Asia. The discovery The most powerful blast of energy from the sun discovered was the first ever detection of solar gamma radiation in the teraelectronvolt (TeV) range. Scientists, since the 1990s have observed that the sun emits many different kinds of high-energy radiation including gamma rays. However, the study published on Thursday showed there is much more type of light, known as gamma rays emitted by the sun at much higher energy levels than previously anticipated. “The sun is more surprising than we knew,” said Mehr Un Nisa, a postdoctoral research associate and study co-author at Michigan State University. “We thought we had this star figured out, but that’s not the case.” Notably, there were no correlations between this powerful blast of energy and heightened solar activity, in fact, the sun, as per the findings was pretty calm at the time of the detection but our current models of the sun can’t account for it. Additionally, this type of radiation doesn’t even reach the Earth’s surface but does create “telltale signatures”. About the HAWC The groundbreaking observation was made with the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC) which is located on the flanks of the Sierra Negra volcano near Puebla, Mexico at an altitude of about 13,500 feet. What makes the site of the discovery important is that, unlike other observatories, it works around the clock. “We now have observational techniques that weren't possible a few years ago,” said Nisa. She added that in this “particular energy regime” other ground-based telescopes couldn’t look at the sun because they only work at night, but this one operates 24/7. HAWC uses a network of 300 large water tanks, each filled with about 200 metric tonnes of water which is nestled between two dormant volcano peaks in Mexico over 13,000 feet above sea level. Therefore, from this “vantage point,” the researchers can observe the aftermath of gamma rays that collide with Earth’s atmosphere and by doing so produce high-energy particles called air showers that are imperceptible to the naked eye. In these interactions, the gamma-ray energy is redistributed into particle fragments and light which are observed by the HAWC. What was found? The recent analysis is based on the data collected between 2014 and 2021 and observed emissions ranging between 0.5 and 2.6 TeV from the sun. Notably, among the energy in different wavelengths emitted by the sun, visible light carries energy of about 1 electron volt, compared to the 1 trillion electron volts, or 1 tera electron volt (1 TeV), that was observed by Nisa and her team. “After looking at six years’ worth of data, out popped this excess of gamma rays,” said the study co-author. “When we first saw it, we were like, ‘We definitely messed this up. The sun cannot be this bright at these energies’,” she added. Researchers noted that not only was the energy level surprising but so was the fact that they were seeing so much of it. Therefore, for the first time, the team has shown that the energies of the sun's rays extend into the TeV range, up to nearly 10 TeV, which does appear to be the maximum. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Scientists surprised after detecting ‘highest-energy light’ from the sun

Chandrayaan-3 is all set to explore the lunar surface. Other missions are in the queue as well.

Chandrayaan-3: Which other upcoming space missions will explore the moon's surface after ISRO?

The Perseid meteor shower greets stargazers every year from mid-July to late August. This year, the shower will be active between July 17 and August 24. It will peak on August 12 and 13.

How to spot this year Perseid meteor shower wherever you are

The endeavour of sending human beings into the vast expanse of space is an unparalleled feat, fraught with challenges and dangers.

Over the span of just over six decades, space exploration has claimed the lives of 20 individuals. While this number might seem surprisingly low given the complexity of human spaceflight, NASA's ambitious plans to revisit the Moon by 2025 and set foot on Mars in the next decade, alongside the rise of commercial spaceflight, hint at an evolving landscape where the spectre&nbsp;of mortality looms, as reported by the Conversation.&nbsp;

<h2>Managing mortality in Earth's orbit and lunar proximity</h2>

In the event of a fatality during a low-Earth-orbit mission or on the moon, pragmatic solutions are in place. Swift return mechanisms, such as capsules or crew expeditions, ensure the body's return to Earth within hours or days. In these scenarios, the emphasis is on crew safety and operational protocols rather than body preservation.

Yet, the prospect of an astronaut's demise en route to Mars presents unique challenges. The vast distances and inability to pivot back towards Earth demand novel solutions. A deceased astronaut's body would likely journey back to Earth alongside the surviving crew after the mission's culmination, possibly years later. During this time, the body could be preserved within the spacecraft, leveraging controlled environmental conditions to slow decomposition.

Also watch |&nbsp;40-60 % Cloudzy's business malicious in nature: Report

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Stepping into the void of space sans a protective spacesuit is a chilling demise. Instantaneous death would occur due to the vacuum's toll on breathing and the boiling of bodily fluids. Similar fates await those who venture unprotected onto the lifeless terrains of the Moon and Mars, their thin or nonexistent atmospheres condemning them to suffocation and the unsettling spectacle of boiling blood.

<h2>Confronting mortality on alien ground: Mars' surface</h2>

Suppose an astronaut met their end on Mars' surface. Traditional methods of disposal would be fraught with issues, such as energy-intensive cremation and contaminating burials. A pragmatic approach involves preserving the body within a specialised bag until its eventual return to Earth.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/french-startup-will-take-to-take-people-to-space-in-a-balloon-heres-how-590070">French startup will take people to space in a balloon. Here's how</a>

The challenge of handling death in space transcends mere logistical concerns. Supporting the grieving crew and families on Earth is as vital as managing the physical remains. As humanity contemplates colonising distant worlds, including the Moon, Mars, and perhaps even planets beyond our solar system, meticulous planning and comprehensive protocols will be indispensable in addressing this grim eventuality.

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The endeavour of sending human beings into the vast expanse of space is an unparalleled feat, fraught with challenges and dangers. Over the span of just over six decades, space exploration has claimed the lives of 20 individuals.

The endeavour of sending human beings into the vast expanse of space is an unparalleled feat, fraught with challenges and dangers. Over the span of just over six decades, space exploration has claimed the lives of 20 individuals. While this number might seem surprisingly low given the complexity of human spaceflight, NASA's ambitious plans to revisit the Moon by 2025 and set foot on Mars in the next decade, alongside the rise of commercial spaceflight, hint at an evolving landscape where the spectre of mortality looms, as reported by the Conversation. Managing mortality in Earth's orbit and lunar proximity In the event of a fatality during a low-Earth-orbit mission or on the moon, pragmatic solutions are in place. Swift return mechanisms, such as capsules or crew expeditions, ensure the body's return to Earth within hours or days. In these scenarios, the emphasis is on crew safety and operational protocols rather than body preservation. Yet, the prospect of an astronaut's demise en route to Mars presents unique challenges. The vast distances and inability to pivot back towards Earth demand novel solutions. A deceased astronaut's body would likely journey back to Earth alongside the surviving crew after the mission's culmination, possibly years later. During this time, the body could be preserved within the spacecraft, leveraging controlled environmental conditions to slow decomposition. Also watch | 40-60 % Cloudzy's business malicious in nature: Report Stepping into the void of space sans a protective spacesuit is a chilling demise. Instantaneous death would occur due to the vacuum's toll on breathing and the boiling of bodily fluids. Similar fates await those who venture unprotected onto the lifeless terrains of the Moon and Mars, their thin or nonexistent atmospheres condemning them to suffocation and the unsettling spectacle of boiling blood. Confronting mortality on alien ground: Mars' surface Suppose an astronaut met their end on Mars' surface. Traditional methods of disposal would be fraught with issues, such as energy-intensive cremation and contaminating burials. A pragmatic approach involves preserving the body within a specialised bag until its eventual return to Earth. Also read | French startup will take people to space in a balloon. Here's how The challenge of handling death in space transcends mere logistical concerns. Supporting the grieving crew and families on Earth is as vital as managing the physical remains. As humanity contemplates colonising distant worlds, including the Moon, Mars, and perhaps even planets beyond our solar system, meticulous planning and comprehensive protocols will be indispensable in addressing this grim eventuality. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Beyond the stars: What is NASA's protocol for astronauts who die in space?

Amidst fears that the Voyager 2 is lost forever, NASA, after days of nerve-wracking silence, has finally heard a "heartbeat signal" from the almost five-decades-old space probe.

Just two weeks back, flight controllers accidentally sent a wrong command that tilted&nbsp;the spacecraft's antenna away from the Earth and severed contact. This situation, as per the news agency AFP, was not expected to be resolved until the spacecraft conducted an automated re-orientation manoeuvre on October 15.&nbsp;

<h2>Everything can change in a "heartbeat"</h2>

As the space agency actively searched for any stray signals from Voyager 2, NASA's Deep Space Network, which is an international array of giant radio antennas, picked up a "heartbeat signal," that signals that the 46-year-old spacecraft is operating and is well, project manager Suzanne Dodd told AFP.

The last-ditch effort to establish contact "was successful in that we see the 'heartbeat' signal from the spacecraft," said Dodd, adding "So we know the spacecraft is alive and operating. This buoyed our spirits."

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/technology/one-wrong-command-and-nasas-voyager-2-goes-dark-in-intersteller-space-621337">One wrong command and NASA's Voyager 2 goes dark in interstellar space</a>

She said that the team is "now generating a new command to attempt to point the spacecraft antenna towards Earth."

However, as per her,&nbsp;there is only a "low probability" it will work, but given that the automated re-orientation manoeuvre is months away, the NASA team will continue its attempts to rectify the situation.

<h2>Voyager 2 and human history</h2>

The probe was launched in 1977 to explore the outer planets and serve as a beacon of humanity to life "out there". Its current position, as per AFP, is "well beyond our solar system" at more than 12.3 billion miles or 19.9 kilometres from Earth.

Before leaving our solar system, Voyager 2 explored Jupiter and Saturn and also achieved the feat of becoming the only spacecraft (so far) to visit Uranus and Neptune.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-mysterious-planet-may-be-lurking-around-in-our-solar-system-621243">A mysterious planet may be lurking around in our solar system</a>

The spacecraft and its predecessor, the Voyager 1 — which was humankind's first spacecraft to enter the interstellar medium and is currently some 15 billion miles from Earth — carry "Golden Records", which convey humanity's story to the extraterrestrial world.

Both aircraft carry 12-inch, gold-plated copper disks which have on them encoded images of life on Earth, and music and sounds that can be played using an included stylus.&nbsp;

Alongside this, they carry a map of our solar system, a piece of uranium that serves as a radioactive clock allowing recipients to date the spaceship's launch, and symbolic instructions that convey how to play the record.

(With inputs from agencies)

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Amidst fears that the Voyager 2 is lost forever, NASA, after days of nerve-wracking silence, has finally heard a "heartbeat signal" from the almost five-decades-old space probe.

Amidst fears that the Voyager 2 is lost forever, NASA, after days of nerve-wracking silence, has finally heard a "heartbeat signal" from the almost five-decades-old space probe. Just two weeks back, flight controllers accidentally sent a wrong command that tilted the spacecraft's antenna away from the Earth and severed contact. This situation, as per the news agency AFP, was not expected to be resolved until the spacecraft conducted an automated re-orientation manoeuvre on October 15. Everything can change in a "heartbeat" As the space agency actively searched for any stray signals from Voyager 2, NASA's Deep Space Network, which is an international array of giant radio antennas, picked up a "heartbeat signal," that signals that the 46-year-old spacecraft is operating and is well, project manager Suzanne Dodd told AFP. The last-ditch effort to establish contact "was successful in that we see the 'heartbeat' signal from the spacecraft," said Dodd, adding "So we know the spacecraft is alive and operating. This buoyed our spirits." Also read | One wrong command and NASA's Voyager 2 goes dark in interstellar space She said that the team is "now generating a new command to attempt to point the spacecraft antenna towards Earth." However, as per her, there is only a "low probability" it will work, but given that the automated re-orientation manoeuvre is months away, the NASA team will continue its attempts to rectify the situation. Voyager 2 and human history The probe was launched in 1977 to explore the outer planets and serve as a beacon of humanity to life "out there". Its current position, as per AFP, is "well beyond our solar system" at more than 12.3 billion miles or 19.9 kilometres from Earth. Before leaving our solar system, Voyager 2 explored Jupiter and Saturn and also achieved the feat of becoming the only spacecraft (so far) to visit Uranus and Neptune. Also read | A mysterious planet may be lurking around in our solar system The spacecraft and its predecessor, the Voyager 1 — which was humankind's first spacecraft to enter the interstellar medium and is currently some 15 billion miles from Earth — carry "Golden Records", which convey humanity's story to the extraterrestrial world. Both aircraft carry 12-inch, gold-plated copper disks which have on them encoded images of life on Earth, and music and sounds that can be played using an included stylus. Alongside this, they carry a map of our solar system, a piece of uranium that serves as a radioactive clock allowing recipients to date the spaceship's launch, and symbolic instructions that convey how to play the record. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

After nerve-wracking silence, NASA finally hears 'heartbeat' of Voyager 2

Moon is the next stop for Chandrayaan-3. After more than two weeks of revolving around Earth. Completing five orbit-raising manoeuvres. Chandrayaan-3 is heading towards moon.

Chandrayaan-3: What's next after successful TransLunar Injection?

Russia reaches out to its long-standing partners. Russia’s space agency has extended an offer to the BRICS. The BRICS has been offered to participate in the construction of a joint module for its planned orbital space station. While Russia is keeping an eye on major contributions from China & India.

Russia proposes a strange offer to BRICS nations, makes a special room for China and India

ISRO has successfully carried out its second launch mission this month: Seven Singaporean polar satellites have been successfully placed in orbit.

ISRO successfully launches Singapore's earth observing satellite

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