India's Chandrayaan-3 on three spacecraft is inching closer to the surface of the Moon. It is nearly three days away from attempting a soft landing near the Lunar South Pole.

India: Chandrayaan-3 three days away from Moon landing near unexplored South pole | LIVE discussion

The distance between the Earth and Moon is more than 238,855 miles (384,400 km), it could take approximately 2.6 seconds for two-way radio communication to travel that far. That's the kind of lag that the ISRO Mission Operations team at the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bengaluru, would be facing while transmitting and receiving signals to and from the Chandrayaan-3 lander that's circling the Moon.

Given that India has the advantage of having two crafts—Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module—circling the Moon, ISRO would be using one of them as a backup/emergency communication link.&nbsp;

ISRO has designed and developed the Chandrayaan-3 'Vikram' lander in a way that permits the lander craft to directly communicate with the stations back on Earth. In fact, the 26-kg Pragyan rover would also be depending on the lander craft for all its communication with the ground stations back on Earth.

The rover would also receive its commands to perform experiments and traverse the lunar surface, via the lander. However, ISRO has a contingency plan, in case direct communication between the lander and earth station is not possible. That's where the predecessor mission Chandrayaan-2 comes into play.&nbsp;

<h2>5 things that can go wrong at the last moment before Chandrayaan-3’s landing</h2>

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ISRO Chandrayaan-2 (its Vikram lander) failed to make a lunar soft-landing on September 7, 2019. However, the orbiter from the Chandrayaan-2 mission continues to circle the Moon and carry out its functions, as it contains adequate fuel to remain in its orbit for almost eight years, as estimated by ISRO in 2019.

Therefore, ISRO is using the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter as a backup communication link between its Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander and the ground stations. Simply put, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter would act as an intermediary between the lander and the ground stations.&nbsp;

"Welcome, buddy!’ Ch-2 orbiter formally welcomed Ch-3 LM. Two-way communication between the two is established. MOX has now more routes to reach the LM" ISRO posted on X on Monday afternoon.

This tweet explains that ISRO has established contact with the lander via the propulsion module and tested out its emergency communication method.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-lander-establishes-connection-with-special-buddy-ahead-of-historic-lunar-landing-627556">Chandrayaan-3 lander establishes connection with special 'buddy' ahead of historic lunar landing</a>

It must be remembered that the Chandrayaan-3 lander module is circling the Moon in a 25kmx134km orbit, which is its final pre-landing orbit. As it circles the moon, the lander module is testing out is various systems and sensors. This includes altimeters, laser doppler velocimeters, on-board cameras etc.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-2-days-to-go-heres-how-to-live-stream-chandrayaan-3s-soft-landing-on-moon-627445">Chandrayaan-3: Two days to go! Here's how to livestream Chandrayaan-3's soft landing on moon</a>

These sensors are best tested and calibrated when they are at an appropriate altitude from the moon. Hence, ISRO is making all preparations in the run-up to its lunar landing process (powered descent) that is scheduled to commence at 5.45pm (IST) on Wednesday.

In 19 minutes, the craft will reduce its horizontal velocity and vertical velocity, thereby slowing down from a few kilometres/second velocity to 1meter/second landing velocity.

ISRO has made the craft and its landing legs to withstand landing impacts of 2meters/second.&nbsp;

All eyes are on the India’s lunar landing, as Russia's Luna-25, which was meant to land on August 21, failed to make the descent after its manoeuvre to reach its final pre-landing orbit had gone wrong.

The Russian space agency, Roscosmos, officially announced the crash-landing and eventual loss of its craft, which is Russia's maiden standalone lunar mission.

However, the erstwhile Soviet Union has done dozens of Lunar missions, including sample return missions, the last of which was done in 1976.&nbsp;

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The distance between the Earth and Moon is more than 238,855 miles (384,400 km), it could take approximately 2.6 seconds for two-way radio communication to travel that far.

The distance between the Earth and Moon is more than 238,855 miles (384,400 km), it could take approximately 2.6 seconds for two-way radio communication to travel that far. That's the kind of lag that the ISRO Mission Operations team at the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bengaluru, would be facing while transmitting and receiving signals to and from the Chandrayaan-3 lander that's circling the Moon. Given that India has the advantage of having two crafts—Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module—circling the Moon, ISRO would be using one of them as a backup/emergency communication link. ISRO has designed and developed the Chandrayaan-3 'Vikram' lander in a way that permits the lander craft to directly communicate with the stations back on Earth. In fact, the 26-kg Pragyan rover would also be depending on the lander craft for all its communication with the ground stations back on Earth. The rover would also receive its commands to perform experiments and traverse the lunar surface, via the lander. However, ISRO has a contingency plan, in case direct communication between the lander and earth station is not possible. That's where the predecessor mission Chandrayaan-2 comes into play. 5 things that can go wrong at the last moment before Chandrayaan-3’s landing ISRO Chandrayaan-2 (its Vikram lander) failed to make a lunar soft-landing on September 7, 2019. However, the orbiter from the Chandrayaan-2 mission continues to circle the Moon and carry out its functions, as it contains adequate fuel to remain in its orbit for almost eight years, as estimated by ISRO in 2019. Therefore, ISRO is using the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter as a backup communication link between its Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander and the ground stations. Simply put, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter would act as an intermediary between the lander and the ground stations. "Welcome, buddy!’ Ch-2 orbiter formally welcomed Ch-3 LM. Two-way communication between the two is established. MOX has now more routes to reach the LM" ISRO posted on X on Monday afternoon. This tweet explains that ISRO has established contact with the lander via the propulsion module and tested out its emergency communication method. Also read | Chandrayaan-3 lander establishes connection with special 'buddy' ahead of historic lunar landing It must be remembered that the Chandrayaan-3 lander module is circling the Moon in a 25kmx134km orbit, which is its final pre-landing orbit. As it circles the moon, the lander module is testing out is various systems and sensors. This includes altimeters, laser doppler velocimeters, on-board cameras etc. Also read | Chandrayaan-3: Two days to go! Here's how to livestream Chandrayaan-3's soft landing on moon These sensors are best tested and calibrated when they are at an appropriate altitude from the moon. Hence, ISRO is making all preparations in the run-up to its lunar landing process (powered descent) that is scheduled to commence at 5.45pm (IST) on Wednesday. In 19 minutes, the craft will reduce its horizontal velocity and vertical velocity, thereby slowing down from a few kilometres/second velocity to 1meter/second landing velocity. ISRO has made the craft and its landing legs to withstand landing impacts of 2meters/second. All eyes are on the India’s lunar landing, as Russia's Luna-25, which was meant to land on August 21, failed to make the descent after its manoeuvre to reach its final pre-landing orbit had gone wrong. The Russian space agency, Roscosmos, officially announced the crash-landing and eventual loss of its craft, which is Russia's maiden standalone lunar mission. However, the erstwhile Soviet Union has done dozens of Lunar missions, including sample return missions, the last of which was done in 1976. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

How will communication link between Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and Chandrayaan-3 lander help ISRO?

India: Chandrayaan-3 maps landing spots on moon, ISRO begins landing countdown

Indian actor Prakash Raj has always been a vocal critic of the current Indian government but his post on the country’s latest moon mission has triggered many netizens. His post on Chandrayaan-3 has not gone down well with people who think his sarcastic jibe is in “poor taste” and “insensitive”.&nbsp;

Prakash Raj shared the post on microblogging site, X, formerly known as Twitter. He captioned the post, "BREAKING NEWS:- First picture coming from the Moon by #VikramLander Wowww #justasking," with a cartoon of a man pouring tea.&nbsp;

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BREAKING NEWS:- 
First picture coming from the Moon by <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/VikramLander?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#VikramLander</a> Wowww <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/justasking?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#justasking</a> <a href="https://t.co/RNy7zmSp3G">pic.twitter.com/RNy7zmSp3G</a>
— Prakash Raj (@prakashraaj) <a href="https://twitter.com/prakashraaj/status/1693280942012698805?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 20, 2023</a></blockquote>
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<h2>What the Internet thinks of his post</h2>

Netizens termed the post “insensitive” and derogatory for the Indian scientists who are responsible for India’s historic moon mission.

One user wrote, "Chandrayaan-3 is something the whole of India must be proud of, irrespective of political ideology. Know the boundary between political vs national trolling.”

Another wrote, "There is a difference between hating someone and hating your country. So sad to see this state of yours!"

Another person commented, "This is tragically sad. The work of ISRO and Chandrayaan-3 are one of those rare things which ignites sparks of unity, passion and optimism in a billion hearts. If you can't celebrate that, then your hate for an individual is more intense than your love for the nation.”

Chandrayaan-3 was launched into space by the LVM3 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota on July 14 and entered lunar orbit on August 5. It is expected to make a soft landing on the Moon on August 23.

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Indian actor Prakash Raj has always been a vocal critic of the current Indian government but his post on the country’s latest moon mission has triggered many netizens.

Indian actor Prakash Raj has always been a vocal critic of the current Indian government but his post on the country’s latest moon mission has triggered many netizens. His post on Chandrayaan-3 has not gone down well with people who think his sarcastic jibe is in “poor taste” and “insensitive”. Prakash Raj shared the post on microblogging site, X, formerly known as Twitter. He captioned the post, "BREAKING NEWS:- First picture coming from the Moon by #VikramLander Wowww #justasking," with a cartoon of a man pouring tea. BREAKING NEWS:- First picture coming from the Moon by #VikramLander Wowww #justasking pic.twitter.com/RNy7zmSp3G — Prakash Raj (@prakashraaj) August 20, 2023 × What the Internet thinks of his post Netizens termed the post “insensitive” and derogatory for the Indian scientists who are responsible for India’s historic moon mission. One user wrote, "Chandrayaan-3 is something the whole of India must be proud of, irrespective of political ideology. Know the boundary between political vs national trolling.” Another wrote, "There is a difference between hating someone and hating your country. So sad to see this state of yours!" Another person commented, "This is tragically sad. The work of ISRO and Chandrayaan-3 are one of those rare things which ignites sparks of unity, passion and optimism in a billion hearts. If you can't celebrate that, then your hate for an individual is more intense than your love for the nation.” Chandrayaan-3 was launched into space by the LVM3 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota on July 14 and entered lunar orbit on August 5. It is expected to make a soft landing on the Moon on August 23. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Internet slams actor Prakash Raj for joking about India's moon mission Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is just two days away from the lunar landing. There are a few things that could go wrong with the Chandrayaan-3's lander at the very last moment. Here are a few of them:

5 things that can go wrong at the last moment before Chandrayaan-3’s landing

Chandrayaan-3 is expected to land on the lunar surface around August 23 after completing a 40-day journey. On the other hand, Luna-25 is expected to land on the moon around August 21, two days ahead of Chandrayaan-3. However, both missions will attempt to land on the lunar south pole.

India: Chandrayaan-3 completes 33 days, race to lunar South Pole enters final leg

As India celebrates its 77th independence Day. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) celebrates its 54th founding day. The ISRO has taken the dreams of Indians into space and the Indian flag to the moon and the Mars.

ISRO Foundation Day: ISRO formally established on 15th August 1969 | India News | WION

On Sunday, the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft successfully inserted itself into the lunar orbit. Between August 23 and 24, the mission will safely land close to the Moon's under-explored south pole. The Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft has been being propelled by ISRO into ever-distancer orbits since its launch on July 14.

India: Chandrayaan-3 craft completes 30 days in space

India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft has moved closer to the moon after performing its third lunar orbit reduction. This means that the craft has been gradually moved from a highly-elliptical orbit (174 km x 1437 km) to a near-circular orbit (150km x 177km) around the Moon.

India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft has moved closer to the moon after performing its third lunar orbit reduction. This means that the craft has been gradually moved from a highly-elliptical orbit (174 km x 1437 km) to a near-circular orbit (150km x 177km) around the Moon. In an elliptical orbit, there is a huge difference between the craft's nearest point to the moon (perilune) and farthest point to the moon (apolune). In a near-circular orbit, there is a very minor difference between perilune and apolune. "Orbit circularisation phase commences. Precise maneuvre performed today has achieved a near-circular orbit of 150 km x 177 km. The next operation is planned for August 16, 2023, around 0830 hrs IST," ISRO posted on X, formerly known as Twitter. ISRO's next target is to bring the craft to a circular orbit where the craft is 100 km above the lunar surface. This is what ISRO calls the orbit circularisation phase. When this orbit is achieved, the spacecraft will be at a constant 100 km distance above the moon, at any period of time in that orbit. "When the craft is circling around the moon, a command is issued to re-orient the craft by 180 degrees. This re-orientation will ensure that the craft's engine(s) can be used as a brake. Such engine firings are known as retro-firings. In retro-firing, the engine is not pushing the craft forward. Instead, it is pushing the craft in a direction opposite to its original direction of movement and it will slow down the craft," Dr Mylswamy Annadurai, former director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, explained to WION. When the craft was circling the earth, commands were issued to fire the engines and push the craft further away from the earth (orbit-raising manoeuvres). In those cases, the engine was fired to propel the craft forward and impart more velocity to it. In retro-firing (opposite firing), the engine firing is done in an opposite direction, thereby reducing the velocity of the craft and lowering its orbit. These are the fundamental differences between orbit-raising manoeuvres and orbit-reduction manoeuvres. Also read: ISRO releases video of the moon captured by Chandrayaan-3 as it enters lunar orbit The journey so far Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July 14 from India's spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. 16 minutes after lift-off, the craft was placed in a highly elliptical orbit around the Earth. Thereafter, by performing five engine burns on as many occasions, the craft gradually raised its orbit and slingshot itself further away from Earth, while continuing to remain in the home planet's orbit. On the intervening night of July 31 and August 1, Chandrayaan-3 performed its Trans-Lunar injection burn. By this long-duration firing of its engines, the craft was pushed out of Earth's gravitational influence and hurled towards lunar gravitational influence. On August 6, the spacecraft performed its maiden Lunar orbit reduction manoeuvre. The second Lunar orbit reduction happened on August 9. Watch | Chandrayaan-3 now within moon's gravitational orbit | India | ISRO × The journey that lies ahead ISRO has said that the fourth orbit reduction manoeuvre is scheduled for 8:30 am IST, August 16. "At the time of the lander separating from the propulsion module, the craft will be in a 100 km x100 km orbit. Many systems that are required to work for landing will be utilised and tested at that point. The craft will be in the orbital phase for 4-5 days," Dr M. Sankaran, director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, told WION. "So, we will carry out tests of the various systems. Four 800N throttleable engines (that are meant to help in slowing down the craft for landing) have to be test fired in different combinations, sensors on the lander will be oriented towards the propulsion module and tested for various performance parameters by getting a reflection back from it." By the time the engine testing is complete, the craft will be brought to a 100 km x 30 km orbit, he added. Also read | ISRO releases majestic images of Earth and Moon captured by Chandrayaan-3 Thereafter, a process of Rough braking, Attitude hold, fine braking, and velocity reduction would be carried out in the run-up to the lunar landing. ISRO has planned the Lunar landing at 5:47 pm IST on August 23. ISRO Chairman Dr S Somnath has assured that the Vikram lander will be able to make a soft landing on the Moon's surface, come August 23. He added that the landing is certain even if all the sensors and two of its engines do not work. The Vikram lander is expected to descend on the moon on August 23. "If everything fails, if all the sensors fail, nothing works, still it (Vikram) will make a landing. That's how it has been designed -- provided that the propulsion system works well," Somnath said. Objectives of Chandrayaan-3 India's third lunar spacecraft comprises a propulsion module, lander and rover. The combined mass of them is 3.9 tonnes. The key goal of the craft is to perform a lunar soft-landing and perform in-situ analysis near 70 degrees latitude of the Lunar surface. The mission is expected to last 14 Earth days or one lunar day, during which the six-wheeled rover and the lander will perform their respective experiments. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Explained | Chandrayaan-3 is just 150km above lunar surface. What does it mean?

Russia is launching its first lunar landing spacecraft in 47 years as it races to be the first power to make a soft landing on the south pole of the moon which may hold significant deposits of water ice. The Russian lunar mission, the first since 1976, is racing against India which sent up its Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander last month.

Gravitas: Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 race to the moon

Here, we bring you the news that is trending across WION's social media platforms - Chandrayaan-3 has a rival as Russia plans its first lunar lander, Russia rolls out new history book to convince pupils on Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Exiled Afghan journalist changing lives: One story at a time.

Chandrayaan-3 has a rival | Exiled Afghan journalist changing lives

India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, took another step forward on Saturday after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)&nbsp;announced that it had successfully entered the moon’s orbit.&nbsp;

<h2>ISRO releases video of the moon</h2>

At present, the craft is circling the moon in a highly elliptical orbit. The&nbsp;Indian space agency, on Sunday (August 6), released a video captured during the&nbsp;Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI)&nbsp;on X, formerly known as Twitter,&nbsp;that took place a day prior. 
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The Moon, as viewed by <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan3?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan3</a> spacecraft during Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) on August 5, 2023.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> <a href="https://t.co/xQtVyLTu0c">pic.twitter.com/xQtVyLTu0c</a>
— LVM3-M4/CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION (@chandrayaan_3) <a href="https://twitter.com/chandrayaan_3/status/1688215948531015681?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 6, 2023</a></blockquote>
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The video was released a day after the completion of a critical manoeuvre, LOI, with which Chandrayaan-3 was successfully inserted into a lunar orbit.&nbsp;

It is a significant milestone for the Indian space programme, that all Indian Lunar crafts Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Chandrayaan-2 (2019) and the ongoing Chandrayaan-3, have flawlessly entered into an orbit around the moon.

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/with-chandrayaan-3-entering-lunar-orbit-all-indian-lunar-crafts-have-circled-the-moon-622761">With Chandrayaan-3 entering Lunar orbit, all Indian Lunar crafts have circled the moon</a> 
 
Chandrayaan-3 successfully completes&nbsp;orbit reduction manoeuvre 
 
In an update about the mission, ISRO took to X and also said, "The spacecraft successfully underwent a planned orbit reduction manoeuvre. The retro-firing of engines brought it closer to the Moon's surface, now to 170 km x 4313 km."&nbsp;

It added, "The next operation to further reduce the orbit is scheduled for August 9, 2023, between 13:00 and 14:00 hrs. IST." 
 
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Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 
The spacecraft successfully underwent a planned orbit reduction maneuver. The retrofiring of engines brought it closer to the Moon's surface, now to 170 km x 4313 km. 
 
The next operation to further reduce the orbit is scheduled for August 9, 2023, between… <a href="https://t.co/e17kql5p4c">pic.twitter.com/e17kql5p4c</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 6, 2023</a></blockquote>
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&nbsp;

<h2>Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)</h2>

In the late hours of July 31, the craft performed Trans-Lunar injection (TLI), a long-duration firing of its engines, and began a journey that pushed it out of Earth’s gravitational influence and towards Lunar gravitational influence.&nbsp;

Speaking to WION about the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI), Dr Mylswamy Annadurai (Retd), Former Director of India’s UR Rao Satellite Centre, said, “During the Lunar orbit insertion, the craft will reach the vicinity of the moon and within the Lunar gravitational influence. Thereafter, it would fire its onboard engines to slow itself down and get captured into Lunar orbit. Then, it would begin to circle the moon in a highly elliptical orbit.”&nbsp;

During the first weeks of August, the spacecraft is set to complete five to six orbits around the moon before a precise landing site on the moon’s south pole area is determined.

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-successfully-enters-moons-orbit-isro-622730">Chandrayaan-3 successfully inserted into Moon’s orbit, under lunar gravity now: ISRO</a>

<h2>About the Chandrayaan-3 mission</h2>

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July&nbsp;14 from India’s spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota and is expected to make a soft landing near the Lunar south pole at around 70 degrees latitude, by the end of August. A&nbsp;successful Lunar soft landing would make India the fourth nation to do so&nbsp;after Russia, the United States and China.&nbsp;

India’s third moon mission spacecraft has covered over three lakh kilometres between Earth and Moon. It had completed its orbits around the Earth on August 1 when it embarked on its trans-lunar journey.

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp; 
 
 
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India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, took another step forward on Saturday after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that it had successfully entered the moon’s orbit.

India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, took another step forward on Saturday after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that it had successfully entered the moon’s orbit. ISRO releases video of the moon At present, the craft is circling the moon in a highly elliptical orbit. The Indian space agency, on Sunday (August 6), released a video captured during the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) on X, formerly known as Twitter, that took place a day prior. The Moon, as viewed by #Chandrayaan3 spacecraft during Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) on August 5, 2023.#ISRO pic.twitter.com/xQtVyLTu0c — LVM3-M4/CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION (@chandrayaan_3) August 6, 2023 × The video was released a day after the completion of a critical manoeuvre, LOI, with which Chandrayaan-3 was successfully inserted into a lunar orbit. It is a significant milestone for the Indian space programme, that all Indian Lunar crafts Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Chandrayaan-2 (2019) and the ongoing Chandrayaan-3, have flawlessly entered into an orbit around the moon. ALSO READ | With Chandrayaan-3 entering Lunar orbit, all Indian Lunar crafts have circled the moon Chandrayaan-3 successfully completes orbit reduction manoeuvre In an update about the mission, ISRO took to X and also said, "The spacecraft successfully underwent a planned orbit reduction manoeuvre. The retro-firing of engines brought it closer to the Moon's surface, now to 170 km x 4313 km." It added, "The next operation to further reduce the orbit is scheduled for August 9, 2023, between 13:00 and 14:00 hrs. IST." Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The spacecraft successfully underwent a planned orbit reduction maneuver. The retrofiring of engines brought it closer to the Moon's surface, now to 170 km x 4313 km. The next operation to further reduce the orbit is scheduled for August 9, 2023, between… pic.twitter.com/e17kql5p4c — ISRO (@isro) August 6, 2023 × Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) In the late hours of July 31, the craft performed Trans-Lunar injection (TLI), a long-duration firing of its engines, and began a journey that pushed it out of Earth’s gravitational influence and towards Lunar gravitational influence. Speaking to WION about the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI), Dr Mylswamy Annadurai (Retd), Former Director of India’s UR Rao Satellite Centre, said, “During the Lunar orbit insertion, the craft will reach the vicinity of the moon and within the Lunar gravitational influence. Thereafter, it would fire its onboard engines to slow itself down and get captured into Lunar orbit. Then, it would begin to circle the moon in a highly elliptical orbit.” During the first weeks of August, the spacecraft is set to complete five to six orbits around the moon before a precise landing site on the moon’s south pole area is determined. ALSO READ | Chandrayaan-3 successfully inserted into Moon’s orbit, under lunar gravity now: ISRO About the Chandrayaan-3 mission Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July 14 from India’s spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota and is expected to make a soft landing near the Lunar south pole at around 70 degrees latitude, by the end of August. A successful Lunar soft landing would make India the fourth nation to do so after Russia, the United States and China. India’s third moon mission spacecraft has covered over three lakh kilometres between Earth and Moon. It had completed its orbits around the Earth on August 1 when it embarked on its trans-lunar journey. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

WATCH | ISRO releases video of the moon captured by Chandrayaan-3 as it enters lunar orbit

India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, is one step closer to a lunar landing after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), announced that it has successfully entered the moon’s orbit, on Saturday (August 5).&nbsp;

<h2>ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 mission update</h2>

The announcement was made by the Indian space agency on X, formerly known as Twitter where it wrote: “‘MOX, ISTRAC, this is Chandrayaan-3. I am feeling lunar gravity’. Chandrayaan-3 has been successfully inserted into the lunar orbit.”

It added, “A retro-burning at the Perilune was commanded from the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The next operation - reduction of orbit – is scheduled for Aug 6, 2023, around 23:00 Hrs. IST.”

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Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 
“MOX, ISTRAC, this is Chandrayaan-3. I am feeling lunar gravity 🌖” 
🙂 
 
Chandrayaan-3 has been successfully inserted into the lunar orbit. 
 
A retro-burning at the Perilune was commanded from the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), ISTRAC, Bengaluru. 
 
The next… <a href="https://t.co/6T5acwiEGb">pic.twitter.com/6T5acwiEGb</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687829587018100736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 5, 2023</a></blockquote>
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The step marks the completion of a critical manoeuvre Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI), with this, Chandrayaan 3 has been successfully inserted into a lunar orbit. The next lunar bound orbit manoeuvre is scheduled for tomorrow (August 6) around 11:00 pm (local time), said ISRO.&nbsp;

The health of spacecraft is constantly being monitored by the MOX, at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in the Indian city of Bengaluru. ISRO reported that all systems are healthy.&nbsp;

<h2>Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)</h2>

In the late hours of July 31, the craft performed Trans-Lunar injection (TLI), a long-duration firing of its engines and began a journey that pushed it out of Earth’s gravitational influence and towards Lunar gravitational influence.&nbsp;

Speaking to WION about the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI), Dr Mylswamy Annadurai (Retd), Former Director of India’s UR Rao Satellite Centre, said “During the Lunar orbit insertion, the craft will reach the vicinity of the moon and within the Lunar gravitational influence. Thereafter, it would fire its onboard engines to slow itself down and get captured into Lunar orbit. Then, it would begin to circle the moon in a highly-elliptical orbit.”&nbsp;

During the first weeks of August, the spacecraft is set to complete five to six orbits around the moon before a precise landing site on the moon’s south pole area is determined. 
 
In this crucial operation, the spacecraft’s velocity was reduced, allowing the Moon’s gravitational field to capture it into a stable lunar orbit. The spacecraft is now expected to revolve around the Moon in an elliptical orbit, with further manoeuvres planned to gradually decrease its altitude in the following days.

<h2>About the Chandrayaan-3 mission</h2>

Chandrayaan-3 is expected to make a soft landing near the Lunar south pole at around 70 degrees latitude. Performing a successful Lunar soft landing would make India the fourth nation to do so, after Russia, the United States and China.&nbsp;

ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 is meant to land a few hundred kilometres away from the Moon’s south pole – a region that has also largely remained unexplored, owing to the near-nil sunlight illumination there. However, it is believed that many mysteries of the Moon could be unravelled by performing in-situ probing of this region.&nbsp; 
 
Launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 14 July, 2023, aboard the LVM-3 rocket, Chandrayaan-3 has covered over three lakh kilometres between Earth and Moon. It had completed its orbits around the Earth on August 1 when it embarked on its trans-lunar journey. 
 
ISRO scientists now have to demonstrate the capability for a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, following the challenges faced during the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. 
 
(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp; 
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India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, is one step closer to a lunar landing after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), announced that it has successfully entered the moon’s orbit, on Saturday (August 5).

India’s third moon mission’s spacecraft, Chandrayaan-3, is one step closer to a lunar landing after the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), announced that it has successfully entered the moon’s orbit, on Saturday (August 5). ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 mission update The announcement was made by the Indian space agency on X, formerly known as Twitter where it wrote: “‘MOX, ISTRAC, this is Chandrayaan-3. I am feeling lunar gravity’. Chandrayaan-3 has been successfully inserted into the lunar orbit.” It added, “A retro-burning at the Perilune was commanded from the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The next operation - reduction of orbit – is scheduled for Aug 6, 2023, around 23:00 Hrs. IST.” Chandrayaan-3 Mission: “MOX, ISTRAC, this is Chandrayaan-3. I am feeling lunar gravity 🌖” 🙂 Chandrayaan-3 has been successfully inserted into the lunar orbit. A retro-burning at the Perilune was commanded from the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), ISTRAC, Bengaluru. The next… pic.twitter.com/6T5acwiEGb — ISRO (@isro) August 5, 2023 × The step marks the completion of a critical manoeuvre Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI), with this, Chandrayaan 3 has been successfully inserted into a lunar orbit. The next lunar bound orbit manoeuvre is scheduled for tomorrow (August 6) around 11:00 pm (local time), said ISRO. The health of spacecraft is constantly being monitored by the MOX, at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in the Indian city of Bengaluru. ISRO reported that all systems are healthy. Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) In the late hours of July 31, the craft performed Trans-Lunar injection (TLI), a long-duration firing of its engines and began a journey that pushed it out of Earth’s gravitational influence and towards Lunar gravitational influence. Speaking to WION about the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI), Dr Mylswamy Annadurai (Retd), Former Director of India’s UR Rao Satellite Centre, said “During the Lunar orbit insertion, the craft will reach the vicinity of the moon and within the Lunar gravitational influence. Thereafter, it would fire its onboard engines to slow itself down and get captured into Lunar orbit. Then, it would begin to circle the moon in a highly-elliptical orbit.” During the first weeks of August, the spacecraft is set to complete five to six orbits around the moon before a precise landing site on the moon’s south pole area is determined. In this crucial operation, the spacecraft’s velocity was reduced, allowing the Moon’s gravitational field to capture it into a stable lunar orbit. The spacecraft is now expected to revolve around the Moon in an elliptical orbit, with further manoeuvres planned to gradually decrease its altitude in the following days. About the Chandrayaan-3 mission Chandrayaan-3 is expected to make a soft landing near the Lunar south pole at around 70 degrees latitude. Performing a successful Lunar soft landing would make India the fourth nation to do so, after Russia, the United States and China. ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 is meant to land a few hundred kilometres away from the Moon’s south pole – a region that has also largely remained unexplored, owing to the near-nil sunlight illumination there. However, it is believed that many mysteries of the Moon could be unravelled by performing in-situ probing of this region. Launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 14 July, 2023, aboard the LVM-3 rocket, Chandrayaan-3 has covered over three lakh kilometres between Earth and Moon. It had completed its orbits around the Earth on August 1 when it embarked on its trans-lunar journey. ISRO scientists now have to demonstrate the capability for a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, following the challenges faced during the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Chandrayaan-3 successfully inserted into Moon’s orbit, under lunar gravity now: ISRO

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India's third lunar, Chandrayaan-3, has performed a crucial maneuver in space - this is known as a trans lunar injection. The Indian Space Agencies to perform this maneuver during the intervening hour of Monday and Tuesday.

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO shares major update, spacecraft now on direct path to moon

Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft completed its fifth and final orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing), on Tuesday (July 25) said the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In the upcoming days, the spacecraft is expected to shift to an Earth-to-Moon trajectory where it will eventually enter lunar orbit.&nbsp;

<h2>ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 mission update</h2>

ISRO took to Twitter and said, “The orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The spacecraft is expected to attain an orbit of 127609 km x 236 km. The achieved orbit will be confirmed after the observations.”&nbsp;

The Indian space agency also announced that the next firing of the TransLunar Injection (TLI) is planned for 1 August, 2023 between 12:00 am and 1:00 am (local time).&nbsp;

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Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 
 
The orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. 
 
The spacecraft is expected to attain an orbit of 127609 km x 236 km. The achieved orbit will be confirmed after the observations. 
 
The next… <a href="https://t.co/LYb4XBMaU3">pic.twitter.com/LYb4XBMaU3</a>
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 25, 2023</a></blockquote>
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&nbsp;

<h2>About the Chandrayaan-3 mission</h2>

On July 14, India launched its third lunar mission from Satish Dhawan Space Station in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota, where it began its 3,84,000 kilometres from Earth to the Moon. In about 40 days Chandrayaan-3&nbsp;is expected to make a soft landing at 5:47 pm (local time) on August 23. 
 
ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-update-10-days-after-launch-chandrayaan-3-soon-to-escape-earths-orbit-618944">Chandrayaan-3 update: 10 days after launch, Chandrayaan-3 to escape Earth's orbit soon</a> 
 
Chandrayaan-3 is expected to reach the Moon’s South Pole. which is a less explored location that could potentially yield valuable scientific data, for a soft landing with a lander and a rover. If successful, India would be the fourth nation after the United States, Russia and China, to perform a soft landing on the Moon.&nbsp;

ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 is meant to land a few hundred kilometres away from the Moon’s south pole – a region that has also largely remained unexplored, owing to the near-nil sunlight illumination there. However, it is believed that many mysteries of the Moon could be unravelled by performing in-situ probing of this region.&nbsp; 
 
ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/indias-chandrayaan-3-to-make-lunar-landing-on-august-23-615703">India's Chandrayaan-3 to make lunar landing on August 23. Here’s what will happen next</a> 
 
In case things don’t go as planned and there is a delay in the landing, ISRO also has the option of allowing the spacecraft to circle the Moon and carry out the landing at the break of the following lunar dawn (which could be almost a month after the intended landing date of August 23).

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp; 
 
 
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Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft completed its fifth and final orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing), on Tuesday (July 25) said the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft completed its fifth and final orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing), on Tuesday (July 25) said the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In the upcoming days, the spacecraft is expected to shift to an Earth-to-Moon trajectory where it will eventually enter lunar orbit. ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 mission update ISRO took to Twitter and said, “The orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The spacecraft is expected to attain an orbit of 127609 km x 236 km. The achieved orbit will be confirmed after the observations.” The Indian space agency also announced that the next firing of the TransLunar Injection (TLI) is planned for 1 August, 2023 between 12:00 am and 1:00 am (local time). Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The spacecraft is expected to attain an orbit of 127609 km x 236 km. The achieved orbit will be confirmed after the observations. The next… pic.twitter.com/LYb4XBMaU3 — ISRO (@isro) July 25, 2023 × About the Chandrayaan-3 mission On July 14, India launched its third lunar mission from Satish Dhawan Space Station in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota, where it began its 3,84,000 kilometres from Earth to the Moon. In about 40 days Chandrayaan-3 is expected to make a soft landing at 5:47 pm (local time) on August 23. ALSO READ | Chandrayaan-3 update: 10 days after launch, Chandrayaan-3 to escape Earth's orbit soon Chandrayaan-3 is expected to reach the Moon’s South Pole. which is a less explored location that could potentially yield valuable scientific data, for a soft landing with a lander and a rover. If successful, India would be the fourth nation after the United States, Russia and China, to perform a soft landing on the Moon. ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 is meant to land a few hundred kilometres away from the Moon’s south pole – a region that has also largely remained unexplored, owing to the near-nil sunlight illumination there. However, it is believed that many mysteries of the Moon could be unravelled by performing in-situ probing of this region. ALSO READ | India's Chandrayaan-3 to make lunar landing on August 23. Here’s what will happen next In case things don’t go as planned and there is a delay in the landing, ISRO also has the option of allowing the spacecraft to circle the Moon and carry out the landing at the break of the following lunar dawn (which could be almost a month after the intended landing date of August 23). (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Chandrayaan-3 successfully completes final Earth orbit-raising manoeuvre: ISRO

India’s third lunar mission, Chandryaan-3 performed its third orbit-raising manoeuvre successfully on July 18. The India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said on Tuesday that the unmanned moon mission, which was launched on July 14 was “on schedule”, gradually increasing the altitude of the spacecraft.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-at-least-15-killed-as-power-transformer-explodes-in-uttarakhand-617380">India: At least 15 killed as power transformer explodes in Uttarakhand</a>

“The mission is on schedule. The third orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The next firing is planned for July 20, 2023, between 2 and 3 pm IST,” the ISRO said in an update on Tuesday.&nbsp;

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Chandrayaan-3 Mission: 
The mission is on schedule. 
 
The third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. 
 
The next firing is planned for July 20, 2023, between 2 and 3 pm IST.
— ISRO (@isro) <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681236337024974850?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 18, 2023</a></blockquote>
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After Tuesday’s firing, the spacecraft has attained a 51400 km x 228 km orbit, as planned, the ISRO added. The first and second orbit-raising manoeuvres were conducted on Saturday and Monday respectively by scientists at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC).&nbsp;

<h2>Chandrayaan-3: What’s next now?</h2>

The scientists will continue to conduct several orbit-raising manoeuvres till July 31 before the spacecraft begins its journey towards the Moon, which is called the trans-lunar insertion phase. This phase will take place on August 1.&nbsp;

The separation of propulsion and the Lander will take place on August 17, while the spacecraft is expected to make a soft landing on the south polar region of the moon at 5:47 pm on August 23.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/jammu-kashmir-two-terrorists-killed-in-infiltration-bid-8-killed-this-week-617332">Jammu &amp; Kashmir: Two terrorists killed in infiltration bid, 8 killed this week</a>

The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carrying a Rover within it will be carried into an orbit around the moon by the propulsion module. After a while, the Lander will separate from the module and will attempt to make a soft landing on the lunar south, which is of great interest as it has many permanently shadowed craters which could contain water ice and precious minerals.&nbsp;

<h2>Chandrayaan-3’s voyage so far</h2>

July 14- Chandrayaan-3 launched at 2:35 pm on Friday from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.&nbsp;

July 15- First orbit-raising manoeuvre was successfully performed at ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. Spacecraft in 41762 km * 173 orbit.&nbsp;

July 17- Second orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound apogee firing) is performed successfully. The spacecraft is now in 41603 km x 226 km orbit.

July 18- The mission is on schedule. The third orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The spacecraft has attained a 51400 km x 228 km orbit, as planned. 
 
(With inputs from agencies) 
 
 
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India’s third lunar mission, Chandryaan-3 performed its third orbit-raising manoeuvre successfully on July 18. The India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said on Tuesday that the unmanned moon mission, which was launched on July 14 was “on schedule”, gradually increasing the altitude of the spacecraft.

India’s third lunar mission, Chandryaan-3 performed its third orbit-raising manoeuvre successfully on July 18. The India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said on Tuesday that the unmanned moon mission, which was launched on July 14 was “on schedule”, gradually increasing the altitude of the spacecraft. Also Read | India: At least 15 killed as power transformer explodes in Uttarakhand “The mission is on schedule. The third orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The next firing is planned for July 20, 2023, between 2 and 3 pm IST,” the ISRO said in an update on Tuesday. Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The mission is on schedule. The third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The next firing is planned for July 20, 2023, between 2 and 3 pm IST. — ISRO (@isro) July 18, 2023 × After Tuesday’s firing, the spacecraft has attained a 51400 km x 228 km orbit, as planned, the ISRO added. The first and second orbit-raising manoeuvres were conducted on Saturday and Monday respectively by scientists at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC). Chandrayaan-3: What’s next now? The scientists will continue to conduct several orbit-raising manoeuvres till July 31 before the spacecraft begins its journey towards the Moon, which is called the trans-lunar insertion phase. This phase will take place on August 1. The separation of propulsion and the Lander will take place on August 17, while the spacecraft is expected to make a soft landing on the south polar region of the moon at 5:47 pm on August 23. Also Read | Jammu & Kashmir: Two terrorists killed in infiltration bid, 8 killed this week The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carrying a Rover within it will be carried into an orbit around the moon by the propulsion module. After a while, the Lander will separate from the module and will attempt to make a soft landing on the lunar south, which is of great interest as it has many permanently shadowed craters which could contain water ice and precious minerals. Chandrayaan-3’s voyage so far July 14- Chandrayaan-3 launched at 2:35 pm on Friday from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. July 15- First orbit-raising manoeuvre was successfully performed at ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. Spacecraft in 41762 km * 173 orbit. July 17- Second orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound apogee firing) is performed successfully. The spacecraft is now in 41603 km x 226 km orbit. July 18- The mission is on schedule. The third orbit-raising manoeuvre (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. The spacecraft has attained a 51400 km x 228 km orbit, as planned. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Chandrayaan-3 update: ISRO successfully performs third orbit-raising manoeuvre

The Indian space agency Israel is not the only one tracking and interacting with the Chandrayaan 3 spacecraft; several other international space agencies are also doing the same as the ship is travelling at high speeds around the Earth on its 40-day journey to the Moon.

Space agencies of US, Europe and Australia track ISRO's spacecraft

The Indian Space Agency is currently taking frequent efforts to direct the ship farther away from the earth and towards the moon while India's third lunar spacecraft, Chandrayaan 3, is on its journey to the moon. The spacecraft is healthy and functioning flawlessly.

Explained: Why does Chandrayaan-3 need 40-days to get to the moon?

India aims to explore the universe. With the successful launch of Chandrayaan-3. ISRO is set to carry out another mission 'GAGANYAAN'. Gaganyaan is India's first manned mission to the space.

After the launch of Chandrayaan-3, ISRO set to conduct another mission for Gaganyaan

India's Lunar Spacecraft Chandrayaan-3 which commenced its journey at 2:35pm on 14th July 2023, is expected to cover the 3,84,000kms earth-moon distance in about 40days and make a Lunar soft-landing at 17:47hrs or 5:47pm Indian time on August 23rd. In his post-launch media interaction, ISRO Chairman, Dr. S.Somanath revealed this date and time, referring to it as the targeted landing time, if all went well. With a mission life of one Lunar day(14 earth days), Chandrayaan-3 is meant to land near the Lunar south pole(approximately at 80degrees latitude).

Chandrayaan-3 launch: ISRO to explore dark side of moon

As India launches Chandrayaan-3, there has been an extreme flood alert in the national capital Delhi. Last night, the river Yamuna reached an all-time high of 208.6 metres. Water has now started to recede, but several key areas of Delhi remain flooded. Why is this happening? Molly Gambhir tells you more.

Gravitas: As India aims for the moon, what's happening in Delhi?

India's Chandrayaan-3 is on its way to the moon, 4 years after Chandrayaan-2 lost contact minutes before landing. With the latest lunar mission, India could become the fourth country to soft land on the moon, also the first to land on the moon's south pole.

Gravitas: Chandrayaan-3: The story of India's journey to the moon

It is one of India's most ambitious space missions the race to land on the moon on Friday and India made history by joining the elite space Club of Nations to land on the lunar surface.

Chandrayaan 3 Launch: Spacecraft will attempt Lunar soft landing on August 23  | ISRO

The Chairman of the Indian space agency has confirmed that the Chandrayaan-3 launch would happen as planned at 2:35pm, Friday, 14th July, from the Indian spaceport at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

The Chairman of the Indian space agency has confirmed that the Chandrayaan-3 launch would happen as planned at 2:35pm, Friday, 14th July, from the Indian spaceport at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Chairman Somanath and the top officials of ISRO have been reviewing the launch preparation activities from the spaceport, since Wednesday. He made the announcement while speaking to the media at the Changalamman Devi temple near the spaceport, where he offered prayers ahead of the launch. The countdown for the high-profile launch mission commenced at 1:00pm IST on Thursday. On Thursday noon, Somanath and officials from the spaceport presented holy offerings at the temple and offered prayers. "The Chandrayaan-3 launch is at 2:35pm tomorrow, our strong and big rocket LVM3 will launch this mission. Tomorrow, Chandrayaan-3 will start its long journey and orbit the Earth, thereafter it will slowly travel to the moon over the next 30 days. If all goes well, we are looking at a Lunar soft-landing around 23rd August or in the following days" he said. Watch this report: × Speaking about the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions, he said that the maiden Indian moon mission had lived for more than six months and found the presence of water on the moon, whereas the Chandrayaan-2 mission found water (in liquid state) on the moon and even confirmed it. He said that each of the previous missions was successful in its own way. "I need the blessings of Changalamma Devi (the temple's presiding deity), so I came here for praying for the success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission" he said. Earlier in the day, a team of officials from the ISRO headquarters had offered prayers at the revered Venkateshwara Swami temple (commonly known as Tirupati temple) at Tirumala. While executing important missions space agencies and their teams follow a lucky charm or a tradition that is inspired by their respective cultures. For example, ahead of a mission, NASA-JPL teams exchange jars of 'lucky peanuts' and consume them during the mission. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Chandrayaan-3 launch: ISRO chief says if all goes well, lunar landing on August 23

All eyes are set on the launch of Chandrayaan-3. ISRO will go ahead with the launch on July 14. World aspires for the success of India's ambitious moon mission. The US is keen to reap the advantages of this historic lunar voyage.

How the US plans to benefit from India's Chandrayaan-3

India aims for the moon again. ISRO is all set for the launch of Chandrayaan-3. The Chandrayaan-3 is set for a launch on July 14. However, there is a slight change in plans. Instead of a success-based design like in Chandrayaan-2. ISRO opts for a failure-based design. But what's the reason?

Why ISRO opted for a 'failure-based design' in Chandrayaan-3

India is all set to go back to the moon, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is leaving no stone unturned to the moon with Chandrayaan 3 launch. The tentative launch date is July 13th.

India aims for the moon again: ISRO says Chandrayaan 3 good to go | India News | WION

The countdown for ISRO's (Indian Space reserach Organisation) GSLV F12/NVS-01 launch mission commenced at 7:12 am Sunday, ahead of the lift-off that is scheduled for 10:42 am Monday, WION has learnt. The countdown is the final phase prior to launch where the launch vehicle's liquid and cryogenic fuels are filled and the final health checks of crucial systems are carried out.

The GSLV rocket that stands tall at the second launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, is meant to place a 2,332 kg navigation satellite NVS-01 into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). The GTO is a temporary parking orbit, into which the satellite will be hurled by the rocket. There on, the satellite will independently use its onboard propulsion systems to perform orbit-raising maneuvres and reach its intended orbit.&nbsp;

This will be the Indian space agency ISRO's fourth launch mission of the calendar year 2023. Thus far in 2023, ISRO has launched its smallest rocket SSLV, the most-flown workhorse rocket PSLV and the heaviest rocket LVM3. Monday's launch will add the GSLV to the list — marking the launch of all four operational vehicles of ISRO in a short span of four months.&nbsp;

NVS-01 is the first in the series of second-generation navigation satellites built by ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. At present, India uses its Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) series of satellites for civilian and defence navigation, positioning, and timing services in the Indian mainland and even 1500 km beyond India's borders.&nbsp;

"NVS series of satellites will sustain and augment the NavIC with enhanced features. This series incorporates L1 band signals additionally to widen the services. For the first time, an indigenous atomic clock will be flown in NVS-01," ISRO said.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/india-reveals-timeline-for-its-third-lunar-mission-chandrayaan-3-450390">WATCH | India reveals timeline for its third Lunar mission 'Chandrayaan-3'</a>

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Atomic clocks are highly precise timekeeping instruments that are placed within satellites. They offer measurements of time that are precise down to a billionth of a second (nanosecond). Such precision is crucial because they help in offering accurate positioning services.

While using satellite-based positioning and navigation services, our position (of the GPS receiver) is determined concerning its distance from multiple satellites. When such a calculation happens, the distance value is obtained by multiplying the time (taken for signal to travel) and the speed of the signal (almost similar to the speed of light). In such cases, (when large values are being multiplied) even a variation of a billionth of a second can lead to an inaccurate distance value (by a few metrrs or tens of metres). Hence it is necessary to have atomic clocks that can work for several years without even nanosecond-level errors in timekeeping.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science-technology/exclusive-chandrayaan-3-spacecraft-arrives-at-indias-spaceport-in-preparation-for-july-launch-597257">ALSO READ |&nbsp;Exclusive: Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft arrives at India's spaceport in preparation for July launch</a>

Earlier, the NavIC series of satellites were known as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System). It provides two types of services&nbsp;— Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. According to ISRO, some of the applications of the IRNSS/NavIC system are terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management and precise timing. According to ISRO, NavIC SPS signals are interoperable with other global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals such as - GPS, Glonass, Galileo, and BeiDou.

<h2>ISRO's NavIC satellites</h2>

ISRO's current series of eight NavIC satellites were placed in orbit in a phased manner between the years 2013 and 2018 using PSLV rockets. All satellites in the first-generation NavIC series weighed 1,425 kg and carried foreign-origin atomic clocks. All IRNSS/NavIC series satellites carried two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload.&nbsp;

The navigation payload transmits signals for the determination of position, velocity and time. Rubidium atomic clocks are part of the navigation payload of the satellite. The ranging payload of these satellites consists of a C-band transponder which facilitates accurate determination of the range of the satellite.&nbsp; 
 
&nbsp;

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The countdown for ISRO's (Indian Space reserach Organisation) GSLV F12/NVS-01 launch mission commenced at 7:12 am Sunday, ahead of the lift-off that is scheduled for 10:42 am Monday, WION has learnt.

The countdown for ISRO's (Indian Space reserach Organisation) GSLV F12/NVS-01 launch mission commenced at 7:12 am Sunday, ahead of the lift-off that is scheduled for 10:42 am Monday, WION has learnt. The countdown is the final phase prior to launch where the launch vehicle's liquid and cryogenic fuels are filled and the final health checks of crucial systems are carried out. The GSLV rocket that stands tall at the second launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, is meant to place a 2,332 kg navigation satellite NVS-01 into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). The GTO is a temporary parking orbit, into which the satellite will be hurled by the rocket. There on, the satellite will independently use its onboard propulsion systems to perform orbit-raising maneuvres and reach its intended orbit. This will be the Indian space agency ISRO's fourth launch mission of the calendar year 2023. Thus far in 2023, ISRO has launched its smallest rocket SSLV, the most-flown workhorse rocket PSLV and the heaviest rocket LVM3. Monday's launch will add the GSLV to the list — marking the launch of all four operational vehicles of ISRO in a short span of four months. NVS-01 is the first in the series of second-generation navigation satellites built by ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. At present, India uses its Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) series of satellites for civilian and defence navigation, positioning, and timing services in the Indian mainland and even 1500 km beyond India's borders. "NVS series of satellites will sustain and augment the NavIC with enhanced features. This series incorporates L1 band signals additionally to widen the services. For the first time, an indigenous atomic clock will be flown in NVS-01," ISRO said. WATCH | India reveals timeline for its third Lunar mission 'Chandrayaan-3' × Atomic clocks are highly precise timekeeping instruments that are placed within satellites. They offer measurements of time that are precise down to a billionth of a second (nanosecond). Such precision is crucial because they help in offering accurate positioning services. While using satellite-based positioning and navigation services, our position (of the GPS receiver) is determined concerning its distance from multiple satellites. When such a calculation happens, the distance value is obtained by multiplying the time (taken for signal to travel) and the speed of the signal (almost similar to the speed of light). In such cases, (when large values are being multiplied) even a variation of a billionth of a second can lead to an inaccurate distance value (by a few metrrs or tens of metres). Hence it is necessary to have atomic clocks that can work for several years without even nanosecond-level errors in timekeeping. ALSO READ | Exclusive: Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft arrives at India's spaceport in preparation for July launch Earlier, the NavIC series of satellites were known as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System). It provides two types of services — Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. According to ISRO, some of the applications of the IRNSS/NavIC system are terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management and precise timing. According to ISRO, NavIC SPS signals are interoperable with other global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals such as - GPS, Glonass, Galileo, and BeiDou. ISRO's NavIC satellites ISRO's current series of eight NavIC satellites were placed in orbit in a phased manner between the years 2013 and 2018 using PSLV rockets. All satellites in the first-generation NavIC series weighed 1,425 kg and carried foreign-origin atomic clocks. All IRNSS/NavIC series satellites carried two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload. The navigation payload transmits signals for the determination of position, velocity and time. Rubidium atomic clocks are part of the navigation payload of the satellite. The ranging payload of these satellites consists of a C-band transponder which facilitates accurate determination of the range of the satellite. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Countdown starts for ISRO’s navigation satellite launch; lift-off at 10:42 am Monday

The spacecraft that the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) hopes to land on the moon later this year, has been wheeled into the country's spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, WION has learnt.

Named as Chandrayaan-3 (Sanskrit for Moon Vehicle-3), this will be India's third lunar mission and will attempt both controlled soft-landing on the lunar surface and in-situ analysis by the means of a rover.&nbsp;

In the evening hours on Friday, the slow-moving, specialised truck ferrying the spacecraft from UR Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru arrived at India's spaceport, under a security blanket.

The UR Rao Satellite Centre is where India's satellites and interplanetary probes are designed, developed and tested.

They are then trucked to the spaceport, where final integration and testing, filling of fuels are carried out, prior to launch.

Owing to the sensitive electronics and space-grade components on-board, the satellite is always placed in a clean room and transported in such conditions. A clean room is a specialised facility where the pressure, temperature and humidity are kept constant regardless of the weather outside. Clean rooms also have negligible amounts of dust particles per cubic metre of air.

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Meanwhile, fast-paced activity is underway at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre to assemble and ready India's heaviest rocket LVM3 (earlier known as Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark 3), which is meant to loft the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the earth, from where it will&nbsp;begin its weeks-long journey to the moon.

Chandrayaan-3 will be the sixth orbital flight of this rocket, which has so far delivered successes in all its missions (including two commercial missions).

In March this year, ISRO had announced that the Chandrayaan-3&nbsp;integrated spacecraft, comprising the propulsion module, lander and rover, underwent tests to check whether it can handle the excess amounts of noise and vibration that are generated at the time of the rocket's launch and flight.&nbsp;

For context, the sound emanating from the launch of the LVM3 rocket(which is meant to launch Chandrayaan-3) can be heard at least within an eight-kilometer&nbsp;radius around the launchpad.

Nestled securely in the nosecone (payload fairing) of the rocket, the spacecraft would have to operate normally even after being exposed to such noise and vibration at launch.

Though the payload fairing is adequately protected to shield the spacecraft from the harsh launch environment, it is essential to test and ensure the survivability of the spacecraft.

These tests were particularly challenging, considering the fact that the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft is a composite of three modules: Propulsion Module, Lander Module and the Rover module," ISRO had said in March. The vibration and acoustic tests carried out on the integrated spacecraft have provided sufficient confidence in the structural integrity and survivability in the launch environment, the Indian Space agency had added.&nbsp;

Earlier this year, speaking at the Indian Science Congress, Dr. S. Somanath, Chairman ISRO and Secretary, Department of Space, had said&nbsp;that the mission goals of Chandrayaan-3 are the same as that of its predecessor Chandrayaan-2 which was launched in 2019. He had said that the primary objective is to carry out a safe Lunar landing and ensure that the on-board rover can exit the lander and traverse on the Lunar surface.

In 2019, the Chandrayaan-2 mission could not make a controlled Lunar landing (it had crash landed). Following this, ISRO took multiple measures to ensure that the third Lunar mission could accomplish what its predecessor couldn't. These measures include software changes, changes in the propulsion system, new sensors, ruggedisation to handle unexpected situations and failures.&nbsp;

Notably, the Chandrayaan-3 mission will only be carrying a Lunar lander, rover and propulsion module, unlike its predecessor which carried an orbiter, lander and rover.&nbsp;According to ISRO, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is functional and continues to perform its imaging and remote sensing role from an altitude of 100kms above Lunar surface.

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The spacecraft that the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) hopes to land on the moon later this year, has been wheeled into the country's spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, WION has learnt.

The spacecraft that the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) hopes to land on the moon later this year, has been wheeled into the country's spaceport, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, WION has learnt. Named as Chandrayaan-3 (Sanskrit for Moon Vehicle-3), this will be India's third lunar mission and will attempt both controlled soft-landing on the lunar surface and in-situ analysis by the means of a rover. In the evening hours on Friday, the slow-moving, specialised truck ferrying the spacecraft from UR Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru arrived at India's spaceport, under a security blanket. The UR Rao Satellite Centre is where India's satellites and interplanetary probes are designed, developed and tested. They are then trucked to the spaceport, where final integration and testing, filling of fuels are carried out, prior to launch. Owing to the sensitive electronics and space-grade components on-board, the satellite is always placed in a clean room and transported in such conditions. A clean room is a specialised facility where the pressure, temperature and humidity are kept constant regardless of the weather outside. Clean rooms also have negligible amounts of dust particles per cubic metre of air. × Meanwhile, fast-paced activity is underway at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre to assemble and ready India's heaviest rocket LVM3 (earlier known as Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark 3), which is meant to loft the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the earth, from where it will begin its weeks-long journey to the moon. Chandrayaan-3 will be the sixth orbital flight of this rocket, which has so far delivered successes in all its missions (including two commercial missions). In March this year, ISRO had announced that the Chandrayaan-3 integrated spacecraft, comprising the propulsion module, lander and rover, underwent tests to check whether it can handle the excess amounts of noise and vibration that are generated at the time of the rocket's launch and flight. For context, the sound emanating from the launch of the LVM3 rocket(which is meant to launch Chandrayaan-3) can be heard at least within an eight-kilometer radius around the launchpad. Nestled securely in the nosecone (payload fairing) of the rocket, the spacecraft would have to operate normally even after being exposed to such noise and vibration at launch. Though the payload fairing is adequately protected to shield the spacecraft from the harsh launch environment, it is essential to test and ensure the survivability of the spacecraft. These tests were particularly challenging, considering the fact that the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft is a composite of three modules: Propulsion Module, Lander Module and the Rover module," ISRO had said in March. The vibration and acoustic tests carried out on the integrated spacecraft have provided sufficient confidence in the structural integrity and survivability in the launch environment, the Indian Space agency had added. Earlier this year, speaking at the Indian Science Congress, Dr. S. Somanath, Chairman ISRO and Secretary, Department of Space, had said that the mission goals of Chandrayaan-3 are the same as that of its predecessor Chandrayaan-2 which was launched in 2019. He had said that the primary objective is to carry out a safe Lunar landing and ensure that the on-board rover can exit the lander and traverse on the Lunar surface. In 2019, the Chandrayaan-2 mission could not make a controlled Lunar landing (it had crash landed). Following this, ISRO took multiple measures to ensure that the third Lunar mission could accomplish what its predecessor couldn't. These measures include software changes, changes in the propulsion system, new sensors, ruggedisation to handle unexpected situations and failures. Notably, the Chandrayaan-3 mission will only be carrying a Lunar lander, rover and propulsion module, unlike its predecessor which carried an orbiter, lander and rover. According to ISRO, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is functional and continues to perform its imaging and remote sensing role from an altitude of 100kms above Lunar surface. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Exclusive: Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft arrives at India's spaceport in preparation for July launch

The Indian space agency has successfully conducted a hot test of its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine for the soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is in the midst of carrying out some of the most crucial tests for the upcoming lunar mission. &nbsp;

What happened during the recent test?

The hot test for the CE-20 Cryogenic Engine which will power the Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) of the LVM3 launch vehicle during the Chandrayaan-3 mission was successfully conducted at the space agency’s Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, said ISRO.&nbsp;

The “hot test” on February 24 was done for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High Altitude Test Facility. A hot test is an assessment of an engine’s performance under conditions which are similar to when it is running in a real vehicle and checks all the parameters to ensure that the engine is working properly.&nbsp;

ALSO WATCH |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/cryogenic-engine-for-isros-third-lunar-mission-568969">Cryogenic engine for ISRO's third lunar mission</a>

“All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions,” said ISRO. The cryogenic engine will be further integrated with the propellant tanks, stage structures and associated fluid lines to realise the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage.&nbsp;

What is a cryogenic engine/cryogenic stage?

Cryogenics refers to the study of the change in chemical properties and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures of at least -150 degree Celsius. The engines created using this technology are among some of the most powerful ones. The cryogenic stage is a very complex system, but is more efficient and provides more thrust for every kilogram of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant rocket stages.&nbsp;

Cryogenic engines carry liquid propellants at extremely low temperatures and typically make use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). While the former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 degree Celsius. ISRO’s cryogenic stage is powered by a CE-20 engine which works with the LOX-LH2 propellants combination.&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/isro-successfully-test-fires-cryogenic-engine-that-will-help-chandryaan-3-begin-journey-to-moon-566703">ISRO successfully test fires cryogenic engine that will help Chandryaan-3 begin journey to Moon</a>

It is designed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center, in collaboration with Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO Propulsion Complex and Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The tanks can carry over 27,000 kg of fuel and fire for at least 720 seconds.&nbsp;

Cryogenic engines are highly efficient rocket propulsion systems and suitable for the upper stages of a rocket since they have a higher specific impulse (a measure of the efficiency or thrust) which enhances its payload capacity.&nbsp;

Major components of a cryogenic rocket engine include an igniter, combustion chamber (thrust chamber), fuel cryo pumps, fuel injector, oxidiser cryo pumps, gas turbine, cryo valves, regulators, fuel tanks and a rocket engine nozzle.

How does it work?

The cryogenic stage is the last stage of the launch of a space vehicle where the fuel LOX and LH2 stored using cryogenics is released from their respective tanks and are fed by individual booster pumps to the main turbopump to ensure a high flow rate of propellants into the combustion chamber.&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-why-isro-again-test-fired-its-ce-20-cryogenic-engine-ahead-of-next-flight-in-2023-529783">Explained: Why ISRO again test-fired its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine, ahead of next flight in 2023</a>

While the LH2 acts as the fuel, the LOX acts as the oxidiser which explosively reacts with the hydrogen.

In simple terms, since there is no air in space, it is impossible to burn anything. Therefore, rockets carry their own oxidiser, which when mixed with fuel, burns and produces thrust (the force which moves a rocket through the air).

Cryogenic engines: India’s ordeal and success story

Today, India is one of the only six countries including the US, France (European Space Agency), Russia, China, and Japan which have developed their own cryogenic engines.

However, the Indian journey to become a part of this exclusive group was marked by global politics and decades of hard work spearheaded by ISRO.&nbsp;

In the early 1990s, the erstwhile Soviet Union Space Agency had agreed to transfer the cryogenic technology held by the five aforementioned countries except for India.

But the US, Japan, Europe and China were against it. It was seen as an aspect of Cold War politics prevalent at the time.

Eventually, the move was blocked by the US by invoking the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) (an association to stop the proliferation of missiles that could be used for mass destruction) and imposed sanctions on both India and the Soviet Union space agencies.&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-isros-chandrayaan-3-successfully-undergoes-key-test-ensuring-it-can-function-in-space-563692">India: ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully undergoes key test ensuring it can function in space</a>

This came after the Soviet Union had reportedly said that it considered India an exception and both countries assured that the technology would not be used for the military but only for communication and weather satellites.

Years later, the then US President Bill Clinton and his Russian (since the Soviet Union had disintegrated) counterpart Boris Yeltsin came to a decision about Moscow selling seven cryogenic engines to India but not transferring the technology. &nbsp;

When ISRO was founded in 1969, it undertook the task of developing cryogenic engines.

Decades later, the Indian space agency successfully conducted its first cryogenic engine test in 2003.

However, the first successful flight was not until 2014 when the Indian space agency launched the GSLV-DF rocket powered by its indigenous-produced cryogenic engine from Sriharikota, an island off the Bay of Bengal coast and dubbed as the spaceport of the country.&nbsp; 
 
About Chandrayaan-3&nbsp;

The Chandrayaan-3 mission will follow Chandrayaan-2 and demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface, the Indian space agency had said previously. It will comprise a lander and rover configuration and will be launched by GSLV MkIII from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-third-lunar-mission-chandrayaan-3-almost-ready-launch-in-june-july-isro-chairman-549705">India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 almost ready, launch in June-July: ISRO Chairman</a>

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration to 100 km of the Moon’s orbit and will also study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from there with the help of Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload. However, the final launch date of the mission is yet to be announced but is said to be towards the second or third quarter of this year.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp; 
 
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The Indian space agency has successfully conducted a hot test of its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine for the soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is in the midst of carrying out some of the most crucial tests for the upcoming lunar mission.

The Indian space agency has successfully conducted a hot test of its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine for the soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is in the midst of carrying out some of the most crucial tests for the upcoming lunar mission. What happened during the recent test? The hot test for the CE-20 Cryogenic Engine which will power the Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) of the LVM3 launch vehicle during the Chandrayaan-3 mission was successfully conducted at the space agency’s Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, said ISRO. The “hot test” on February 24 was done for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High Altitude Test Facility. A hot test is an assessment of an engine’s performance under conditions which are similar to when it is running in a real vehicle and checks all the parameters to ensure that the engine is working properly. ALSO WATCH | Cryogenic engine for ISRO's third lunar mission “All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions,” said ISRO. The cryogenic engine will be further integrated with the propellant tanks, stage structures and associated fluid lines to realise the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage. What is a cryogenic engine/cryogenic stage? Cryogenics refers to the study of the change in chemical properties and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures of at least -150 degree Celsius. The engines created using this technology are among some of the most powerful ones. The cryogenic stage is a very complex system, but is more efficient and provides more thrust for every kilogram of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant rocket stages. Cryogenic engines carry liquid propellants at extremely low temperatures and typically make use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). While the former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 degree Celsius. ISRO’s cryogenic stage is powered by a CE-20 engine which works with the LOX-LH2 propellants combination. ALSO READ | ISRO successfully test fires cryogenic engine that will help Chandryaan-3 begin journey to Moon It is designed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Center, in collaboration with Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO Propulsion Complex and Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The tanks can carry over 27,000 kg of fuel and fire for at least 720 seconds. Cryogenic engines are highly efficient rocket propulsion systems and suitable for the upper stages of a rocket since they have a higher specific impulse (a measure of the efficiency or thrust) which enhances its payload capacity. Major components of a cryogenic rocket engine include an igniter, combustion chamber (thrust chamber), fuel cryo pumps, fuel injector, oxidiser cryo pumps, gas turbine, cryo valves, regulators, fuel tanks and a rocket engine nozzle. How does it work? The cryogenic stage is the last stage of the launch of a space vehicle where the fuel LOX and LH2 stored using cryogenics is released from their respective tanks and are fed by individual booster pumps to the main turbopump to ensure a high flow rate of propellants into the combustion chamber. ALSO READ | Explained: Why ISRO again test-fired its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine, ahead of next flight in 2023 While the LH2 acts as the fuel, the LOX acts as the oxidiser which explosively reacts with the hydrogen. In simple terms, since there is no air in space, it is impossible to burn anything. Therefore, rockets carry their own oxidiser, which when mixed with fuel, burns and produces thrust (the force which moves a rocket through the air). Cryogenic engines: India’s ordeal and success story Today, India is one of the only six countries including the US, France (European Space Agency), Russia, China, and Japan which have developed their own cryogenic engines. However, the Indian journey to become a part of this exclusive group was marked by global politics and decades of hard work spearheaded by ISRO. In the early 1990s, the erstwhile Soviet Union Space Agency had agreed to transfer the cryogenic technology held by the five aforementioned countries except for India. But the US, Japan, Europe and China were against it. It was seen as an aspect of Cold War politics prevalent at the time. Eventually, the move was blocked by the US by invoking the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) (an association to stop the proliferation of missiles that could be used for mass destruction) and imposed sanctions on both India and the Soviet Union space agencies. ALSO READ | India: ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully undergoes key test ensuring it can function in space This came after the Soviet Union had reportedly said that it considered India an exception and both countries assured that the technology would not be used for the military but only for communication and weather satellites. Years later, the then US President Bill Clinton and his Russian (since the Soviet Union had disintegrated) counterpart Boris Yeltsin came to a decision about Moscow selling seven cryogenic engines to India but not transferring the technology. When ISRO was founded in 1969, it undertook the task of developing cryogenic engines. Decades later, the Indian space agency successfully conducted its first cryogenic engine test in 2003. However, the first successful flight was not until 2014 when the Indian space agency launched the GSLV-DF rocket powered by its indigenous-produced cryogenic engine from Sriharikota, an island off the Bay of Bengal coast and dubbed as the spaceport of the country. About Chandrayaan-3 The Chandrayaan-3 mission will follow Chandrayaan-2 and demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface, the Indian space agency had said previously. It will comprise a lander and rover configuration and will be launched by GSLV MkIII from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. ALSO READ | India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 almost ready, launch in June-July: ISRO Chairman The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration to 100 km of the Moon’s orbit and will also study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from there with the help of Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload. However, the final launch date of the mission is yet to be announced but is said to be towards the second or third quarter of this year. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Explained | India: ISRO tests cryogenic engine for Chandrayaan-3. Significance and tech

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