Indian Space Agency ISRO conducted a crucial cryogenic rocket engine test. The indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine takes India a step closer to executing its third lunar mission Chandrayaan 3.

Cryogenic engine for ISRO's third lunar mission

The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission.

The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. It powers the top-most and third stage of India's heaviest rocket LVM3.

Liquid-fuelled engines that are meant for the flight are test fired on the ground and then cleaned and assembled onto a rocket, unlike solid-fuelled engines where only a single and complete burn is possible.&nbsp;

A cryogenic engine is powered by super-cooled gases, which are in liquid form. The engine's combustion chamber burns liquid hydrogen (maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and liquid oxygen (maintained at minus 183degrees Celsius) and this is a very efficient combination of fuels as it provides more thrust per kilogram of fuel it uses, when compared with other fuels. The hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidiser) combination is also an environment-friendly option, as opposed to gasoline fuels.&nbsp;

In the initial portion of the flight, the first-stage 'S200' and second-stage 'L110' of the LVM3 rocket will take the Chandryaan-3 spacecraft off the ground and into space. Thereafter, the CE-20 will be responsible for further accelerating the Chandryaan-3 module in space and ejecting it into an 'Earth parking orbit', where the spacecraft rotates around the earth with extreme variations in its distance to earth.

Roughly, the spacecraft would be more than 45,000km away from Earth at its farthest point in the orbit (apogee) and 180km away from Earth in its closest point in orbit(perigee). From there on, the Chandrayaan-3 module would use its on-board propulsion to perform orbit raising manoeuvres to progressively move further away from earth and be captured by Lunar gravity and finally attempt a Lunar landing.

Regarding the latest test, ISRO said that it was carried out at&nbsp;the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, in Tamil Nadu.

"The hot test was carried out for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High-Altitude Test Facility. All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions" it added.

Further, the cryogenic engine will be integrated with&nbsp;propellant tanks, stage structures, and associated fluid lines to prepare the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage.

ISRO refers to the Chandrayaan-3 launch mission as LVM3-M4, indicating the fact that it is the fourth operational launch of the LVM3, which is India's heaviest and largest rocket.

The maiden operational launch of LVM3 was Chandrayaan-2 in 2019 after the rocket flew on its second operational and maiden commercial mission in October 2022, ferrying 36 satellites for UK-based firm OneWeb.

LVM3-M3, the third operational launch of LVM3, will be carried out for OneWeb in March 2023, following which the Chandryaan-3 will be carried out in the second half of this year or by early 2024. The Chandrayaan-3 flight will be the seventh launch mission of LVM3.

As per ISRO's nomenclature, a brand-new rocket undergoes a handful of developmental flights (denoted by a 'D' prefix along with a launch number) and based on the successful outcome of those, the vehicle is declared operational and then performs routine missions (denoted by the 'M' prefix along with a launch number).

The three-stage LVM3 rocket weighs close to 650 tons at lift-off and the vehicle is powered by solid, liquid and cryogenic fuels, in the same order.&nbsp;

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The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre.

The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. It powers the top-most and third stage of India's heaviest rocket LVM3. Liquid-fuelled engines that are meant for the flight are test fired on the ground and then cleaned and assembled onto a rocket, unlike solid-fuelled engines where only a single and complete burn is possible. A cryogenic engine is powered by super-cooled gases, which are in liquid form. The engine's combustion chamber burns liquid hydrogen (maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and liquid oxygen (maintained at minus 183degrees Celsius) and this is a very efficient combination of fuels as it provides more thrust per kilogram of fuel it uses, when compared with other fuels. The hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidiser) combination is also an environment-friendly option, as opposed to gasoline fuels. In the initial portion of the flight, the first-stage 'S200' and second-stage 'L110' of the LVM3 rocket will take the Chandryaan-3 spacecraft off the ground and into space. Thereafter, the CE-20 will be responsible for further accelerating the Chandryaan-3 module in space and ejecting it into an 'Earth parking orbit', where the spacecraft rotates around the earth with extreme variations in its distance to earth. Roughly, the spacecraft would be more than 45,000km away from Earth at its farthest point in the orbit (apogee) and 180km away from Earth in its closest point in orbit(perigee). From there on, the Chandrayaan-3 module would use its on-board propulsion to perform orbit raising manoeuvres to progressively move further away from earth and be captured by Lunar gravity and finally attempt a Lunar landing. Regarding the latest test, ISRO said that it was carried out at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, in Tamil Nadu. "The hot test was carried out for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High-Altitude Test Facility. All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions" it added. Further, the cryogenic engine will be integrated with propellant tanks, stage structures, and associated fluid lines to prepare the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage. ISRO refers to the Chandrayaan-3 launch mission as LVM3-M4, indicating the fact that it is the fourth operational launch of the LVM3, which is India's heaviest and largest rocket. The maiden operational launch of LVM3 was Chandrayaan-2 in 2019 after the rocket flew on its second operational and maiden commercial mission in October 2022, ferrying 36 satellites for UK-based firm OneWeb. LVM3-M3, the third operational launch of LVM3, will be carried out for OneWeb in March 2023, following which the Chandryaan-3 will be carried out in the second half of this year or by early 2024. The Chandrayaan-3 flight will be the seventh launch mission of LVM3. As per ISRO's nomenclature, a brand-new rocket undergoes a handful of developmental flights (denoted by a 'D' prefix along with a launch number) and based on the successful outcome of those, the vehicle is declared operational and then performs routine missions (denoted by the 'M' prefix along with a launch number). The three-stage LVM3 rocket weighs close to 650 tons at lift-off and the vehicle is powered by solid, liquid and cryogenic fuels, in the same order. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

ISRO successfully test fires cryogenic engine that will help Chandryaan-3 begin journey to Moon

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), on Sunday (February 19) announced that its soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3’s lander has successfully undergone the EMI-EMC (Electro-Magnetic Interference/Electro-Magnetic Compatibility) test. It was conducted at the U R Rao Satellite Centre in the Indian city of Bengaluru between January 31 and February 2, said a statement by the national space agency, on Sunday (February 19).&nbsp;

Why is this test important?

The EMI-EMC test is conducted prior to satellite missions which ensures the functionality of the satellite subsystems in space as well as their compatibility with the expected electromagnetic levels. “This test is a major milestone in the realization of the satellites,” said ISRO.&nbsp;

Highlighting the importance of the test, ISRO explained that since Chandrayaan-3 is an interplanetary mission has three major modules, the Propulsion module, Lander module, and Rover. It added, the mission’s complexity calls for establishing radio-frequency (RF) communication links between the modules.&nbsp;

What happened during the test?

The Chandrayaan-3 lander EMI/EC test included launcher compatibility, antenna polarization of all RF systems, standalone auto compatibility tests for orbital and powered descent mission phases, and lander and rover compatibility tests for the post-landing mission phase were ensured, said the statement. The ISRO said that the performance of the lander’s system was satisfactory.&nbsp;

About Chandrayaan-3&nbsp;

The Chandrayaan-3 mission will follow Chandrayan-2 and demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface, the Indian space agency had said previously. It will comprise a lander and rover configuration and will be launched by GSLV MkIII from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, an island off the Bay of Bengal coast and dubbed as the spaceport of India.&nbsp;

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration to 100 km of the Moon’s orbit and will also study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from there with the help of Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload. However, the final launch date of the mission is yet to be announced but is said to be towards the second or third quarter of this year.&nbsp;

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), on Sunday (February 19) announced that its soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3’s lander has successfully undergone the EMI-EMC (Electro-Magnetic Interference/Electro-Magnetic Compatibility) test.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), on Sunday (February 19) announced that its soon-to-be third mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-3’s lander has successfully undergone the EMI-EMC (Electro-Magnetic Interference/Electro-Magnetic Compatibility) test. It was conducted at the U R Rao Satellite Centre in the Indian city of Bengaluru between January 31 and February 2, said a statement by the national space agency, on Sunday (February 19). Why is this test important? The EMI-EMC test is conducted prior to satellite missions which ensures the functionality of the satellite subsystems in space as well as their compatibility with the expected electromagnetic levels. “This test is a major milestone in the realization of the satellites,” said ISRO. Highlighting the importance of the test, ISRO explained that since Chandrayaan-3 is an interplanetary mission has three major modules, the Propulsion module, Lander module, and Rover. It added, the mission’s complexity calls for establishing radio-frequency (RF) communication links between the modules. What happened during the test? The Chandrayaan-3 lander EMI/EC test included launcher compatibility, antenna polarization of all RF systems, standalone auto compatibility tests for orbital and powered descent mission phases, and lander and rover compatibility tests for the post-landing mission phase were ensured, said the statement. The ISRO said that the performance of the lander’s system was satisfactory. About Chandrayaan-3 The Chandrayaan-3 mission will follow Chandrayan-2 and demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface, the Indian space agency had said previously. It will comprise a lander and rover configuration and will be launched by GSLV MkIII from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, an island off the Bay of Bengal coast and dubbed as the spaceport of India. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration to 100 km of the Moon’s orbit and will also study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from there with the help of Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload. However, the final launch date of the mission is yet to be announced but is said to be towards the second or third quarter of this year.

India: ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 successfully undergoes key test ensuring it can function in space

India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 is almost ready, the satellite has been fully integrated and its ruggedisation tests have been completed, Dr.S.Somanath, Chairman, Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) said.

He added that the launch would have to be carried out during a specific launch window (timeline) and the best suited opportunity would be between June and July 2023.&nbsp;The mission would be carried out by India's heaviest rocket, the&nbsp;Launch Vehicle Mark-3&nbsp;(LVM3).&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-space-agency-isro-trains-31-foreign-engineers-in-nanosatellite-building-547145">Indian Space agency ISRO trains 31 foreign engineers in nanosatellite building</a>

Somanath, who also serves as Secretary, Department of Space, mentioned that the mission goals of Chandryaan-3 are the same as that of its predecessor mission Chandrayaan-2 which was launched in 2019.

Speaking at the Indian Science Congress, he said that the primary objective is to carry out a safe Lunar landing and ensure that the on-board rover can exit the lander and travel on the Lunar surface.

WATCH |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/india75-isro-indias-mighty-space-story-506859">ISRO — India's mighty space story</a>

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While the lander would probe the Lunar soil and perform atmospheric experiments, the rover would move around the Lunar surface to perform scientific tasks.&nbsp;

In 2019, the Chandryaan-2 mission could not&nbsp;make a controlled Lunar landing (it had crash landed). Following this, ISRO took multiple measures to ensure that the third Lunar mission could accomplish what its predecessor couldn't do. These measures include software changes, changes in the propulsion system, new sensors, ruggedisation to handle unexpected situations and failures. All these efforts will&nbsp;enhance the reliability of this mission, Somanath said.

Notably, the Chandrayaan-3 mission will only be carrying a Lunar lander and rover, unlike its predecessor which carried an orbiter, lander and rover.

According to ISRO, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is functional and continues to perform its imaging and remote sensing role from an altitude of 100kms above Lunar surface.&nbsp;

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India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 is almost ready, the satellite has been fully integrated and its ruggedisation tests have been completed, Dr.S.Somanath, Chairman, Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) said.

India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 is almost ready, the satellite has been fully integrated and its ruggedisation tests have been completed, Dr.S.Somanath, Chairman, Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) said. He added that the launch would have to be carried out during a specific launch window (timeline) and the best suited opportunity would be between June and July 2023. The mission would be carried out by India's heaviest rocket, the Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3). ALSO READ | Indian Space agency ISRO trains 31 foreign engineers in nanosatellite building Somanath, who also serves as Secretary, Department of Space, mentioned that the mission goals of Chandryaan-3 are the same as that of its predecessor mission Chandrayaan-2 which was launched in 2019. Speaking at the Indian Science Congress, he said that the primary objective is to carry out a safe Lunar landing and ensure that the on-board rover can exit the lander and travel on the Lunar surface. WATCH | ISRO — India's mighty space story × While the lander would probe the Lunar soil and perform atmospheric experiments, the rover would move around the Lunar surface to perform scientific tasks. In 2019, the Chandryaan-2 mission could not make a controlled Lunar landing (it had crash landed). Following this, ISRO took multiple measures to ensure that the third Lunar mission could accomplish what its predecessor couldn't do. These measures include software changes, changes in the propulsion system, new sensors, ruggedisation to handle unexpected situations and failures. All these efforts will enhance the reliability of this mission, Somanath said. Notably, the Chandrayaan-3 mission will only be carrying a Lunar lander and rover, unlike its predecessor which carried an orbiter, lander and rover. According to ISRO, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is functional and continues to perform its imaging and remote sensing role from an altitude of 100kms above Lunar surface. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 almost ready, launch in June-July: ISRO Chairman

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up to launch its third Lunar exploration mission Chandrayaan-3. In a written reply, India's Minister of State for Science and Technology informed the parliament about the mission's timeline.

India reveals timeline for its third Lunar mission 'Chandrayaan-3'

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up to launch its third Lunar exploration mission Chandrayaan-3. The mission will be launched in August 2022. India's Minister of State for Science and Technology told this to the Indian Parliament in a written reply. He was responding to a question about the status of the mission.

He said that realisation of Chandrayaan-3 is in progress based on analysis of learnings from Chandrayaan-2 mission.

"Many related hardware and their special tests are successfully completed, the Launch is scheduled for August 2022" he added. 
&nbsp; 
Following a lull in launch activity during two years of the pandemic, India has now planned for 19 missions in calendar year of 2022. The minister said that these would include eight launch vehicle missions, seven spacecraft (satellite) missions and four technology demonstration missions.

Notably, in a recent webinar, DR AS Kiran Kumar, former chairman of ISRO had explained that Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 and is meant to demonstrate lunar landing and roving capability. He said that the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft would consist of a lander and rover carried on a propulsion module. He also added that the factors that led to unsuccessful Lunar landing of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were being taken care of in the latest mission.

About scientific payloads that are being carried on-board the lander and rover, he said, "The payloads on lander are Langmuir probe, Chandra's Surface Thermo Physical Experiment (ChaSTE) and Instrument for Lunar seismic activity (ILSA). The rover payloads are Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown spectroscope (LIBS)."

The former Chairman also elaborated that the Chandrayaan-3 lander is planned to perform an in-situ ChaSTE experiment of surface and sub-surface measurements of temperature.

It is meant to help understand the thermal exchange and physical properties of the uppermost Lunar soil. A thermal probe of 10cm length would be deployed on the Lunar surface to perform the experiment. On the uniqueness of the mission, he said that it was the only instrument in contact with Lunar surface/ subsurface and that is was the first-ever in-situ thermal measurement of the Lunar High Altitude region.

India's Lunar exploration journey began with a maiden mission Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and a second mission in 2019. While the 2008 mission was a success, the 2019 mission Chandrayaan-2 failed to land successfully on the Lunar surface. As of today, only an orbiter from this mission continues to circle the moon and is expected to perform remote sensing and mapping operations and relay the data back to earth for the next few years. However, the lander and the rover it contained perished on impact with the lunar surface, after the crash landing.

Around 2024-25, India and Japan are expected to launch a joint Lunar mission dubbed as 'LUPEX' or Lunar Polar Exploration Mission. This probe is meant to land at the Lunar South pole with a rover that weighs upto 350kg.&nbsp;

This rover is expected to carry science experiments made by Indian and Japanese teams and conduct in-situ sample analysis. This mission is expected to have a life of upto 6 months. The details regarding this mission that is in the planning stage were revealed by Dr Kiran Kumar, in the webinar.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up to launch its third Lunar exploration mission Chandrayaan-3. The mission will be launched in August 2022.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is gearing up to launch its third Lunar exploration mission Chandrayaan-3. The mission will be launched in August 2022. India's Minister of State for Science and Technology told this to the Indian Parliament in a written reply. He was responding to a question about the status of the mission. He said that realisation of Chandrayaan-3 is in progress based on analysis of learnings from Chandrayaan-2 mission. "Many related hardware and their special tests are successfully completed, the Launch is scheduled for August 2022" he added. Following a lull in launch activity during two years of the pandemic, India has now planned for 19 missions in calendar year of 2022. The minister said that these would include eight launch vehicle missions, seven spacecraft (satellite) missions and four technology demonstration missions. Notably, in a recent webinar, DR AS Kiran Kumar, former chairman of ISRO had explained that Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 and is meant to demonstrate lunar landing and roving capability. He said that the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft would consist of a lander and rover carried on a propulsion module. He also added that the factors that led to unsuccessful Lunar landing of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were being taken care of in the latest mission. About scientific payloads that are being carried on-board the lander and rover, he said, "The payloads on lander are Langmuir probe, Chandra's Surface Thermo Physical Experiment (ChaSTE) and Instrument for Lunar seismic activity (ILSA). The rover payloads are Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown spectroscope (LIBS)." The former Chairman also elaborated that the Chandrayaan-3 lander is planned to perform an in-situ ChaSTE experiment of surface and sub-surface measurements of temperature. It is meant to help understand the thermal exchange and physical properties of the uppermost Lunar soil. A thermal probe of 10cm length would be deployed on the Lunar surface to perform the experiment. On the uniqueness of the mission, he said that it was the only instrument in contact with Lunar surface/ subsurface and that is was the first-ever in-situ thermal measurement of the Lunar High Altitude region. India's Lunar exploration journey began with a maiden mission Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and a second mission in 2019. While the 2008 mission was a success, the 2019 mission Chandrayaan-2 failed to land successfully on the Lunar surface. As of today, only an orbiter from this mission continues to circle the moon and is expected to perform remote sensing and mapping operations and relay the data back to earth for the next few years. However, the lander and the rover it contained perished on impact with the lunar surface, after the crash landing. Around 2024-25, India and Japan are expected to launch a joint Lunar mission dubbed as 'LUPEX' or Lunar Polar Exploration Mission. This probe is meant to land at the Lunar South pole with a rover that weighs upto 350kg. This rover is expected to carry science experiments made by Indian and Japanese teams and conduct in-situ sample analysis. This mission is expected to have a life of upto 6 months. The details regarding this mission that is in the planning stage were revealed by Dr Kiran Kumar, in the webinar.

India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 slated for August 2022 launch

Over the next decade, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is targeting several advanced capabilities including a heavy-lift launch vehicle that can carry upto 16-ton payloads to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, said ISRO chief Dr K Sivan. The capacity of heavy-lift vehicle will be four times the current lift capability of GSLV-MK3. In addition to this, ISRO is also aiming to develop partially, fully reusable launch vehicles.

In his address to the students and faculty of UPES University, on 'Future of Aerospace and Avionics in India', he spoke on ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 (Moon mission 3) and also the ambitious human spaceflight programme (Gaganyaan).&nbsp;

“We have identified, understood the deficiencies of Chandrayaan-2 and taken corrective measures for the next mission, which we are planning for launch within first half of 2022. Gaganyaan design is in the final stages and project realization has started, all efforts are on for first unmanned mission trial by this year end,” he said.

Elaborating ISRO’s plans for upcoming year and near future, he said that payload capability to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) will be increased to 5 tons (an increase from the current 4 tons) using a semi-cryogenic engine on the existing GSLV Mk3 rocket. Semi-cryo engines burn rocket-grade kerosene and liquid oxygen. Such engines are powerful, environmental friendly and cost-effective.&nbsp;

Sivan also mentioned the need for more powerful booster stages (that power the rocket at lift-off), adding that a more powerful 2000N liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was a work in progress.&nbsp;

The Indian space agency is also making a switch towards environmental-friendly rocket fuels by working on liquid oxygen-methane and similar green propellants.&nbsp; 
Engines powered by methane and liquid oxygen (MethaLOX in short) are widely used in reusable rockets as methane is a clean-burning fuel that leaves no residue, as opposed to kerosene. Clean burning ensures that the engines can be re-used many times with less or no refurbishment.

“For satellites, we are in the final stages of developing a 300mN high-thrust electric propulsion system. This will eliminate use of chemical fuels in satellites and result in lighter satellites by saving on fuel weight” Sivan said.&nbsp;

He added that India’s first test facility for a Semi-cryogenic engine is expected to be ready by later this year and that India had formulated a rocket grade kerosene that they call ISROsene(to fuel the semi-cryo engines), which was formulated using the help of Indian industry. ISRO is also working with industry partners on the long-term production capability of this fuel.&nbsp;

Inviting academia and industry to ideate and provide payloads for India’s second Mars Mission Mangalyaan-2, Sivan said that the second Mars mission project was in its definition stage.

Over the next decade, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is targeting several advanced capabilities including a heavy-lift launch vehicle that can carry upto 16-ton payloads to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, said ISRO chief Dr K Sivan.

Over the next decade, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is targeting several advanced capabilities including a heavy-lift launch vehicle that can carry upto 16-ton payloads to Geostationary Transfer Orbit, said ISRO chief Dr K Sivan. The capacity of heavy-lift vehicle will be four times the current lift capability of GSLV-MK3. In addition to this, ISRO is also aiming to develop partially, fully reusable launch vehicles. In his address to the students and faculty of UPES University, on 'Future of Aerospace and Avionics in India', he spoke on ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 (Moon mission 3) and also the ambitious human spaceflight programme (Gaganyaan). “We have identified, understood the deficiencies of Chandrayaan-2 and taken corrective measures for the next mission, which we are planning for launch within first half of 2022. Gaganyaan design is in the final stages and project realization has started, all efforts are on for first unmanned mission trial by this year end,” he said. Elaborating ISRO’s plans for upcoming year and near future, he said that payload capability to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) will be increased to 5 tons (an increase from the current 4 tons) using a semi-cryogenic engine on the existing GSLV Mk3 rocket. Semi-cryo engines burn rocket-grade kerosene and liquid oxygen. Such engines are powerful, environmental friendly and cost-effective. Sivan also mentioned the need for more powerful booster stages (that power the rocket at lift-off), adding that a more powerful 2000N liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was a work in progress. The Indian space agency is also making a switch towards environmental-friendly rocket fuels by working on liquid oxygen-methane and similar green propellants. Engines powered by methane and liquid oxygen (MethaLOX in short) are widely used in reusable rockets as methane is a clean-burning fuel that leaves no residue, as opposed to kerosene. Clean burning ensures that the engines can be re-used many times with less or no refurbishment. “For satellites, we are in the final stages of developing a 300mN high-thrust electric propulsion system. This will eliminate use of chemical fuels in satellites and result in lighter satellites by saving on fuel weight” Sivan said. He added that India’s first test facility for a Semi-cryogenic engine is expected to be ready by later this year and that India had formulated a rocket grade kerosene that they call ISROsene(to fuel the semi-cryo engines), which was formulated using the help of Indian industry. ISRO is also working with industry partners on the long-term production capability of this fuel. Inviting academia and industry to ideate and provide payloads for India’s second Mars Mission Mangalyaan-2, Sivan said that the second Mars mission project was in its definition stage.

ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-new-education-policy-focuses-on-learning-than-studying-pm-modi-325703">India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi</a>

The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander. However, it will not have an orbiter like the previous Chandrayaan missions.&nbsp;

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had mentioned the plans of launching Chandrayaan-3 by the end of 2020, but coronavirus pandemic has delayed the launch of the mission.&nbsp;

On July 22, 2019, Chandrayaan-2 was launched aimed at the Moon's South Pole and on September 7, the Vikram hard landed on Moon's surface. Despite the setback, the orbiter is in working condition and can transmit data back to Earth.

According to Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (MoS) for Department of Space, Chandrayaan-1 has transmitted images suggesting Moon may be rusting along the poles.

"The sign of this finding is that even though the surface of the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks, it is not known for the presence of water and oxygen, which are the two elements needed to interact with iron to create rust," Jitendra Singh said.

This could also be a sign that the Earth's atmosphere is sheltering the moon as well, scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said. They further added, "Thus, the Chandrayaan-1 Moon data indicates that the Moon's poles are home to water, this is what the scientists are trying to decipher."

India is even gearing up for its first-ever Human Space mission Gaganyaan for which training processes and other procedures are currently underway.

Minister Jitendra Singh said, "Constraints due to the COVID pandemic led to some disruptions in the plan for Gaganyaan but efforts are going on to stick to the timeline of around 2022."

(Inputs from PTI) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020. Also read: India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander.

Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Monday said that that Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched in early 2021 instead of the second half of 2020. Also read: India's new education policy focuses on 'learning' than 'studying': PM Modi The Union Minister made this announcement adding that the latest mission to Moon will include a rover and lander. However, it will not have an orbiter like the previous Chandrayaan missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had mentioned the plans of launching Chandrayaan-3 by the end of 2020, but coronavirus pandemic has delayed the launch of the mission. On July 22, 2019, Chandrayaan-2 was launched aimed at the Moon's South Pole and on September 7, the Vikram hard landed on Moon's surface. Despite the setback, the orbiter is in working condition and can transmit data back to Earth. According to Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (MoS) for Department of Space, Chandrayaan-1 has transmitted images suggesting Moon may be rusting along the poles. "The sign of this finding is that even though the surface of the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks, it is not known for the presence of water and oxygen, which are the two elements needed to interact with iron to create rust," Jitendra Singh said. This could also be a sign that the Earth's atmosphere is sheltering the moon as well, scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said. They further added, "Thus, the Chandrayaan-1 Moon data indicates that the Moon's poles are home to water, this is what the scientists are trying to decipher." India is even gearing up for its first-ever Human Space mission Gaganyaan for which training processes and other procedures are currently underway. Minister Jitendra Singh said, "Constraints due to the COVID pandemic led to some disruptions in the plan for Gaganyaan but efforts are going on to stick to the timeline of around 2022." (Inputs from PTI)

Chandrayaan-3 to be launched in 2021 instead of late 2020: Government

With the dawn of the New Year, ISRO announced its ambitious new project Chandrayaan 3 and Gaganyaan. With Chandrayaan 3 the Indian Space Research Organisation is making its second attempt to soft-landing on the surface of the Moon. Gaganyaan is India's first manned mission and is expected to take off by 2022. WION caught up with ISRO Chief Kailasavadivoo Sivan on the latest updates. Watch this exclusive report: #WION #WIONNews #ISRO #Gaganyaan #Chandrayaan3

WION Exclusive conversation with ISRO Chief Kailasavadivoo Sivan

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed&nbsp;on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on his Independence Day Speech last year said that by 2022 India would send its astronauts to space.

So what is Gaganyaan? What is the&nbsp;significance&nbsp;of the mission? This article attempts to answer all key questions related to India's ambitious new programme.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-four-astronauts-selected-to-undergo-training-in-russia-says-isro-chief-k-sivan-271425">Gaganyaan mission: Four astronauts selected to undergo training in Russia, says ISRO chief K Sivan</a>

What is Gaganyaan?&nbsp;

Gaganyaan is a crewed orbital spacecraft that is expected to take three astronauts to space for a period of seven days. For the mission, India's space agency is planning to carry out two unmanned missions in December 2020 and July 2021, followed by the manned mission by December 2021. ISRO's Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will be used for the manned space mission.

"The total fund requirement for the Gaganyaan Programme is within Rs.10,000 crore," as per a government statement. The spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300-400 km. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Why is it significant?

If India successfully sends four astronauts to space, it will be only the fourth nation to do so after the United States, China and Russia. It will re-establish India's space research position amongst giants such as the US, China and Russia, which spends way more money than India on space programmes.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/russia-to-train-four-indian-astronauts-for-gaganyaan-mission-245890">Gaganyaan mission: Russia to train 4 Indian astronauts; special ISRO unit at Moscow</a>

What is the Russian connection?

The all-weather friendship of India and Russia has also been reflected in the field of space. India's only astronaut to travel space Rakesh Sharma, also undertook his journey in Russia's Interkosmos programme. For Gaganyaan, ISRO signed an agreement with Russia's Glavkosmos to select and train Indian astronauts for the space mission. Earlier ISRO chief had said that 12 astronauts from India would go to Russia for training and four would be shortlisted. The selected astronauts will now undergo rigorous training for 15 months In India and abroad.&nbsp;

What will be the challenges encountered by astronauts to get mission ready?

The Gaganyaan crew will first undergo medical examination followed by rigorous physical training even for military personnel. The idea behind this tough training programme is to get astronauts accustomed to gravitational changes which will cause physiological alterations.

Often, astronauts face motion sickness when they experience weightlessness in the space. The changing gravity also results in fluctuations in blood circulation especially during re-entry to earth or landing which also makes astronauts unconscious due to lack of internal pressure. For the mission preparation, astronauts will be put under a centrifuge which will spin rapidly in order to adapt them for gravitational acceleration. &nbsp; &nbsp;

The astronauts will also be acquainted with life support systems, navigation and thermal controls, astronomy, and other necessary sciences if a need arose of manual intervention or emergency.

Generally, astronauts are trained for four years, but Indian space explorers would only get only two years for meeting the launch deadline.&nbsp;

What can be the impact of Gagnayaan?

The success of Gaganyaan would unlock many doors to experiment with more spaceflight missions. It will also give boost to India's ambition of setting up its own space station.&nbsp;

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan.

The whole nation felt the pain when Chandrayaan-2's lander crashed on the lunar surface just moments before it was about to create history. This New Year, however, ISRO chief K Sivan once again gave Indians a reason to rejoice when he announced that four astronauts have been shortlisted for India's first manned space mission Gaganyaan. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on his Independence Day Speech last year said that by 2022 India would send its astronauts to space. So what is Gaganyaan? What is the significance of the mission? This article attempts to answer all key questions related to India's ambitious new programme. Also read: Gaganyaan mission: Four astronauts selected to undergo training in Russia, says ISRO chief K Sivan What is Gaganyaan? Gaganyaan is a crewed orbital spacecraft that is expected to take three astronauts to space for a period of seven days. For the mission, India's space agency is planning to carry out two unmanned missions in December 2020 and July 2021, followed by the manned mission by December 2021. ISRO's Geo-Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will be used for the manned space mission. "The total fund requirement for the Gaganyaan Programme is within Rs.10,000 crore," as per a government statement. The spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300-400 km. Why is it significant? If India successfully sends four astronauts to space, it will be only the fourth nation to do so after the United States, China and Russia. It will re-establish India's space research position amongst giants such as the US, China and Russia, which spends way more money than India on space programmes. Also read: Gaganyaan mission: Russia to train 4 Indian astronauts; special ISRO unit at Moscow What is the Russian connection? The all-weather friendship of India and Russia has also been reflected in the field of space. India's only astronaut to travel space Rakesh Sharma, also undertook his journey in Russia's Interkosmos programme. For Gaganyaan, ISRO signed an agreement with Russia's Glavkosmos to select and train Indian astronauts for the space mission. Earlier ISRO chief had said that 12 astronauts from India would go to Russia for training and four would be shortlisted. The selected astronauts will now undergo rigorous training for 15 months In India and abroad. What will be the challenges encountered by astronauts to get mission ready? The Gaganyaan crew will first undergo medical examination followed by rigorous physical training even for military personnel. The idea behind this tough training programme is to get astronauts accustomed to gravitational changes which will cause physiological alterations. Often, astronauts face motion sickness when they experience weightlessness in the space. The changing gravity also results in fluctuations in blood circulation especially during re-entry to earth or landing which also makes astronauts unconscious due to lack of internal pressure. For the mission preparation, astronauts will be put under a centrifuge which will spin rapidly in order to adapt them for gravitational acceleration. The astronauts will also be acquainted with life support systems, navigation and thermal controls, astronomy, and other necessary sciences if a need arose of manual intervention or emergency. Generally, astronauts are trained for four years, but Indian space explorers would only get only two years for meeting the launch deadline. What can be the impact of Gagnayaan? The success of Gaganyaan would unlock many doors to experiment with more spaceflight missions. It will also give boost to India's ambition of setting up its own space station.

EXPLAINED: Gaganyaan- All you need to know about India's first manned space mission

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan started the New Year with good news. He announced in a media briefing that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020.

ISRO to launch Chandrayaan-3 in November 2020

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/chandrayaan-2-a-look-at-the-past-moon-expeditions-235865">In pics: A look at the past moon expeditions</a> 
 
This comes after <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-satellite-finds-indias-vikram-moon-lander-releases-images-of-impact-site-265811">India's ambitious mission Chandrayaan-2</a>, to land on the far side of the moon, could not get through last year as Vikram Lander could not succeed.&nbsp;

The new mission will be launched to strengthen legs of the lander and will only include the lander and the rover.

<div class="ui-state-default" contenteditable="false">
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-lang="en">
The <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Chandrayaan2?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Chandrayaan2</a> Vikram lander has been found by our <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAMoon?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@NASAMoon</a> mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the first mosaic of the impact site <a href="https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh">https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh</a> <a href="https://t.co/jaW5a63sAf">pic.twitter.com/jaW5a63sAf</a>
— NASA (@NASA) <a href="https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1201597561720725506?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 2, 2019</a></blockquote>
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"The government has approved Chandrayan-3, the project is ongoing," Sivan said at a press conference today.

"The land acquisition for a second space port has been initiated and the port will be in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu," he said.&nbsp;

Sivan added that the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is still functioning well and will function for the next 7 years to produce scientific data.&nbsp;

"We have made good progress on Chandrayan-2, even though we could not land successfully, the orbiter is still functioning, it's going to function for the next 7 years to produce science data," he told media.&nbsp;

Sivan described 2020 as a big year -&nbsp;the year of Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan.&nbsp;

(With inputs from ANI)

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief K Sivan on Wednesday started the New Year with good news, stating that India's new lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 will be launched later this year in November 2020. In pics: A look at the past moon expeditions This comes after India's ambitious mission Chandrayaan-2, to land on the far side of the moon, could not get through last year as Vikram Lander could not succeed. The new mission will be launched to strengthen legs of the lander and will only include the lander and the rover. The #Chandrayaan2 Vikram lander has been found by our @NASAMoon mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the first mosaic of the impact site https://t.co/GA3JspCNuh pic.twitter.com/jaW5a63sAf — NASA (@NASA) December 2, 2019 × "The government has approved Chandrayan-3, the project is ongoing," Sivan said at a press conference today. "The land acquisition for a second space port has been initiated and the port will be in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu," he said. Sivan added that the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is still functioning well and will function for the next 7 years to produce scientific data. "We have made good progress on Chandrayan-2, even though we could not land successfully, the orbiter is still functioning, it's going to function for the next 7 years to produce science data," he told media. Sivan described 2020 as a big year - the year of Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan. (With inputs from ANI)

India to launch Chandrayaan-3 in November 2020: ISRO chief K Sivan

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