A medicine similar to the ones used in skinny jab could help&nbsp;slow the progression of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, research says.

More than 10 million people around the world are living with Parkinson’s – a condition where the brain slowly loses nerve cells, leading to issues with mobility, balance, and memory, among other things, according to the Parkinson’s Foundation.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/james-webb-captures-creation-of-third-world-and-birth-of-moons-400-light-years-away-707585">James Webb captures creation of 'third world' and birth of moons 400 light-years away</a>

In recent years glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (or GLP-1R agonists) have caused excitement, with one such drug, a type 2 diabetes medication called exenatide, found to help slow the progression of motor symptoms in a small group of people.&nbsp;Pow researchers say another such drug, a type 2 diabetes medication called lixisenatide, appears to do the same, supporting the theory that Parkinson’s could be associated with insulin resistance in the brain.

Prof Wassilios Meissner, of University hospital of Bordeaux, a principal investigator of the study, said the results were motivating.

“We have to stay careful about all the understanding and about applicability at the present stage, but it is really a very, very clear and strong signal we have never seen except in the exenatide trial,” he said.

Researchers from France write in the New England Journal of Medicine how they divided 156 individuals with recent Parkinson's disease diagnosis into two equal-sized groups.

Each group received their regular Parkinson's medicine, but one also received a daily injection of lixisenatide, and the other received a placebo.

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Before, during and after the study, participants underwent a test of their motor symptoms and were given a score on a disease-severity scale.

The results show that after 12 months, those given lixisenatide showed basically no progression of motor problems, and those given the placebo showed worsening symptoms, dropping around three points on the 132-point assessment scale – a modest difference, yet thought to be clinically meaningful.

The difference continued two months after the trial stopped and other Parkinson’s medications were halted overnight.

As per the researchers, lixisenatide shields the brain from neuronal death in addition to reducing symptoms. However, there was a disadvantage as&nbsp;13 per cent of those who took lixisenatide reported vomiting, and approximately half of those who received it reported feeling nauseated.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mystery-behind-being-left-handed-is-linked-to-rare-genetic-variants-in-a-new-study-707156">What makes some people left-handed? A study tries to unravel the reasons</a>

The researchers say that further efforts and more research is now required to determine whether lixisenatide actually slows the course of the disease, whether the benefits last longer or even get better if the medication is taken for longer, what the ideal dosage is, and whether the medication would be beneficial to patients with Parkinson's disease at other stages.

(With inputs from agencies)

A medicine similar to the ones used in skinny jab could help slow the progression of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, research says. More than 10 million people around the world are living with Parkinson’s – a condition where the brain slowly loses nerve cells, leading to issues with mobility, balance, and memory, among other things, according to the Parkinson’s Foundation.

A medicine similar to the ones used in skinny jab could help slow the progression of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, research says. More than 10 million people around the world are living with Parkinson’s – a condition where the brain slowly loses nerve cells, leading to issues with mobility, balance, and memory, among other things, according to the Parkinson’s Foundation. Also read: James Webb captures creation of 'third world' and birth of moons 400 light-years away In recent years glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (or GLP-1R agonists) have caused excitement, with one such drug, a type 2 diabetes medication called exenatide, found to help slow the progression of motor symptoms in a small group of people. Pow researchers say another such drug, a type 2 diabetes medication called lixisenatide, appears to do the same, supporting the theory that Parkinson’s could be associated with insulin resistance in the brain. Prof Wassilios Meissner, of University hospital of Bordeaux, a principal investigator of the study, said the results were motivating. “We have to stay careful about all the understanding and about applicability at the present stage, but it is really a very, very clear and strong signal we have never seen except in the exenatide trial,” he said. Researchers from France write in the New England Journal of Medicine how they divided 156 individuals with recent Parkinson's disease diagnosis into two equal-sized groups. Each group received their regular Parkinson's medicine, but one also received a daily injection of lixisenatide, and the other received a placebo. Also read: Scientific accident results in creation of six-legged mouse without genitals Before, during and after the study, participants underwent a test of their motor symptoms and were given a score on a disease-severity scale. The results show that after 12 months, those given lixisenatide showed basically no progression of motor problems, and those given the placebo showed worsening symptoms, dropping around three points on the 132-point assessment scale – a modest difference, yet thought to be clinically meaningful. The difference continued two months after the trial stopped and other Parkinson’s medications were halted overnight. As per the researchers, lixisenatide shields the brain from neuronal death in addition to reducing symptoms. However, there was a disadvantage as 13 per cent of those who took lixisenatide reported vomiting, and approximately half of those who received it reported feeling nauseated. Also read: What makes some people left-handed? A study tries to unravel the reasons The researchers say that further efforts and more research is now required to determine whether lixisenatide actually slows the course of the disease, whether the benefits last longer or even get better if the medication is taken for longer, what the ideal dosage is, and whether the medication would be beneficial to patients with Parkinson's disease at other stages. (With inputs from agencies)

Diabetes drug may slow Parkinson's disease, says new research

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies.&nbsp;

Notably, supernovae are incredibly powerful and energetic explosions that occur at the end of a massive star's life cycle.

When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it can no longer support itself against its own gravitational collapse. This collapse triggers an event which results in a supernova.

With every cosmic burst, stars unleash torrents of energy. This could range from gamma rays to cosmic rays.

The explosions of massive stars are rare occurrences in the cosmos. However, when they do happen, they unravel a surprising display of energy.

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With an estimated frequency of one supernova per 50 years, and considering the vast expanse of the universe containing about 100 billion galaxies, a supernova erupts somewhere in the universe approximately every hundredth of a second, a report said.&nbsp;

<h2>Gamma rays emitted during explosion of stars&nbsp;</h2>

These stellar explosions emit high-energy radiation in the form of gamma rays. These gamma rays are invisible to the human eye due to their extremely short wavelengths.

Due to their high energy, gamma rays can easily penetrate through most materials, including skin and tissue. This effect poses health risks to living organisms if exposure is prolonged or intense.

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Although supernovae in our own Milky Way galaxy are infrequent, a handful have occurred close enough to Earth to be documented in historical records.

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For instance, in 185 AD, an unexpected star appeared in the sky. It was likely the result of a supernova event.
</section>

In a similar fashion, in 1006 AD, a brilliant star exploded. It was later identified as a supernova located 7,200 light years away.

Another occurrence was witnessed in 1054 AD&nbsp;when Chinese astronomers spotted a star visible even during daylight. It was the explosion of a supernova situated 6,500 light years from Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies.

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies. Notably, supernovae are incredibly powerful and energetic explosions that occur at the end of a massive star's life cycle. When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it can no longer support itself against its own gravitational collapse. This collapse triggers an event which results in a supernova. With every cosmic burst, stars unleash torrents of energy. This could range from gamma rays to cosmic rays. The explosions of massive stars are rare occurrences in the cosmos. However, when they do happen, they unravel a surprising display of energy. Also Read | Denisovans DNA shows connection with 'dragon man' 100,000 years ago With an estimated frequency of one supernova per 50 years, and considering the vast expanse of the universe containing about 100 billion galaxies, a supernova erupts somewhere in the universe approximately every hundredth of a second, a report said. Gamma rays emitted during explosion of stars These stellar explosions emit high-energy radiation in the form of gamma rays. These gamma rays are invisible to the human eye due to their extremely short wavelengths. Due to their high energy, gamma rays can easily penetrate through most materials, including skin and tissue. This effect poses health risks to living organisms if exposure is prolonged or intense. Also Read | Scientists identify remains of George Washington's family members using advanced DNA technology Although supernovae in our own Milky Way galaxy are infrequent, a handful have occurred close enough to Earth to be documented in historical records. Watch | Solar eclipse: Canada's Niagara declares state of emergency × For instance, in 185 AD, an unexpected star appeared in the sky. It was likely the result of a supernova event. In a similar fashion, in 1006 AD, a brilliant star exploded. It was later identified as a supernova located 7,200 light years away. Another occurrence was witnessed in 1054 AD when Chinese astronomers spotted a star visible even during daylight. It was the explosion of a supernova situated 6,500 light years from Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Are exploding stars cosmic hazards lurking in the universe?

We already know Artificial Intelligence can be biased, a number of recent incidents have shown as much. But, exactly how biased can technology be?

As per a new study: Very. A study used AI to analyse social media to see whether the technology can pick up signs of depression from posts made online. The results speak volumes.

<h2>Biased AI</h2>

The analyses found that while artificial intelligence (AI) can detect signs of depression in white Americans through social media use, it may not be as effective for Black individuals. In fact, it was three times less predictive when applied to Facebook posts by Black people, as compared to those by White people.

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"Race seems to have been especially neglected in work on language-based assessment of mental illness," wrote the authors of the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

<h2>Research methodology: 'I' talk</h2>

For their research, they used an "off the shelf" AI toll to analyse the language of 868 volunteers, including equal numbers of Black and white adults with similar demographics like age and gender.

Participants were also asked to complete a depression screening questionnaire commonly used by healthcare providers.

As per previous research on social media posts, those individuals who frequently use first-person pronouns like I, me and mine, and certain words or terms that can be considered self-deprecating are more at risk of depression.

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Interestingly, the study revealed that the use of first-person pronouns and self-deprecating language was linked to depression only in white individuals.&nbsp;

Study co-author Sharath Chandra Guntuku said that they "were surprised that these language associations found in numerous prior studies didn't apply across the board."

While he acknowledged that social media data alone cannot diagnose depression, he said it could aid in risk assessment for individuals or communities.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

We already know Artificial Intelligence can be biased, a number of recent incidents have shown as much. But, exactly how biased can technology be? As per a new study: Very.

We already know Artificial Intelligence can be biased, a number of recent incidents have shown as much. But, exactly how biased can technology be? As per a new study: Very. A study used AI to analyse social media to see whether the technology can pick up signs of depression from posts made online. The results speak volumes. Biased AI The analyses found that while artificial intelligence (AI) can detect signs of depression in white Americans through social media use, it may not be as effective for Black individuals. In fact, it was three times less predictive when applied to Facebook posts by Black people, as compared to those by White people. Also read | Delving deep: Earth's crust holds more water than its ice caps, reveals study "Race seems to have been especially neglected in work on language-based assessment of mental illness," wrote the authors of the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Research methodology: 'I' talk For their research, they used an "off the shelf" AI toll to analyse the language of 868 volunteers, including equal numbers of Black and white adults with similar demographics like age and gender. Participants were also asked to complete a depression screening questionnaire commonly used by healthcare providers. As per previous research on social media posts, those individuals who frequently use first-person pronouns like I, me and mine, and certain words or terms that can be considered self-deprecating are more at risk of depression. Also read | First Neuralink patient heard about brain implant through drunken phone call from friend Interestingly, the study revealed that the use of first-person pronouns and self-deprecating language was linked to depression only in white individuals. Study co-author Sharath Chandra Guntuku said that they "were surprised that these language associations found in numerous prior studies didn't apply across the board." While he acknowledged that social media data alone cannot diagnose depression, he said it could aid in risk assessment for individuals or communities. (With inputs from agencies)

New study reveals AI's hidden bias in screening depression in Black people

We've all grown up hearing that Earth is a blue planet, with the majority of its surface — a whopping 71 per cent or three quarters — covered with water.

But, is there any water in Earth's crust? If so, how much water lies underground?&nbsp;

<h2>Underground water</h2>

Yes, as per a 2021 study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, there is more water underground or under the earth's surface than in the planet's ice caps and glaciers.

This underground water is held in soil or in pores in rocks, and the amount there is may shock you.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/role-reversal-humans-to-blame-shocking-study-reveals-humans-infect-animals-twice-as-much-704746">We are the infectors: Humans pass on viruses to animals twice than the other way around!</a>

Talking to Live Science, Grant Ferguson, a hydrogeologist at the University of Saskatchewan and lead author of the 2021 study, revealed that the Earth's crust holds approximately 43.9 million cubic kilometres (10.5 million cubic miles) of water.

In comparison, Antarctica's ice contains about 6.5 million cubic miles (27 million cubic km) of water, Greenland's ice holds around 720,000 cubic miles (3 million cubic km). Additionally, glaciers outside Antarctica and Greenland have about 38,000 cubic miles (158,000 cubic km) of water.

Nevertheless, the oceans on Earth's surface remain the planet's largest water reservoir, holding approximately 312 million cubic miles (1.3 billion cubic km) of water.&nbsp;

Now we know that after oceans, groundwater is the Earth's largest water reservoir.

The 2021 study has expanded previous estimates by considering groundwater within the upper 6.2 miles (9.98 kilometres) of Earth's crust, including sedimentary rocks, which are more porous than crystalline rocks. With this, our previous estimates of groundwater have more than doubled from about 2 million cubic miles (8.5 million cubic km) to 4.9 million cubic miles (20.3 million cubic km).&nbsp;

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This new estimate, as per Live Science, is nearly as large as the 5.7 million cubic miles (23.6 million cubic km) calculated for shallow groundwater.&nbsp;

<h2>Why does this matters?</h2>

The deeper groundwater, which is mostly salty, is isolated from the rest of the planet's water and as per the scientists, has been trapped for extraordinarily long spans of time in some places. This, as per Ferguson, can offer valuable insights into Earth's history.

"We know very little about these waters at depths greater than a few kilometres, making it a frontier area for science," he said. Furthermore, he said that the water may support microbial ecosystems that are still active today, which can help ascertain how life evolved on Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

We've all grown up hearing that Earth is a blue planet, with the majority of its surface — a whopping 71 per cent or three quarters — covered with water. But, is there any water in Earth's crust?

We've all grown up hearing that Earth is a blue planet, with the majority of its surface — a whopping 71 per cent or three quarters — covered with water. But, is there any water in Earth's crust? If so, how much water lies underground? Underground water Yes, as per a 2021 study published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, there is more water underground or under the earth's surface than in the planet's ice caps and glaciers. This underground water is held in soil or in pores in rocks, and the amount there is may shock you. Also read | We are the infectors: Humans pass on viruses to animals twice than the other way around! Talking to Live Science, Grant Ferguson, a hydrogeologist at the University of Saskatchewan and lead author of the 2021 study, revealed that the Earth's crust holds approximately 43.9 million cubic kilometres (10.5 million cubic miles) of water. In comparison, Antarctica's ice contains about 6.5 million cubic miles (27 million cubic km) of water, Greenland's ice holds around 720,000 cubic miles (3 million cubic km). Additionally, glaciers outside Antarctica and Greenland have about 38,000 cubic miles (158,000 cubic km) of water. Nevertheless, the oceans on Earth's surface remain the planet's largest water reservoir, holding approximately 312 million cubic miles (1.3 billion cubic km) of water. Now we know that after oceans, groundwater is the Earth's largest water reservoir. The 2021 study has expanded previous estimates by considering groundwater within the upper 6.2 miles (9.98 kilometres) of Earth's crust, including sedimentary rocks, which are more porous than crystalline rocks. With this, our previous estimates of groundwater have more than doubled from about 2 million cubic miles (8.5 million cubic km) to 4.9 million cubic miles (20.3 million cubic km). Also read | Time to stop in 2029? Melting polar ice slows Earth's rotation, scientists warn... This new estimate, as per Live Science, is nearly as large as the 5.7 million cubic miles (23.6 million cubic km) calculated for shallow groundwater. Why does this matters? The deeper groundwater, which is mostly salty, is isolated from the rest of the planet's water and as per the scientists, has been trapped for extraordinarily long spans of time in some places. This, as per Ferguson, can offer valuable insights into Earth's history. "We know very little about these waters at depths greater than a few kilometres, making it a frontier area for science," he said. Furthermore, he said that the water may support microbial ecosystems that are still active today, which can help ascertain how life evolved on Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Delving deep: Earth's crust holds more water than its ice caps, reveals study

It is a well-established fact that some of the deadliest diseases that have afflicted humans actually originated from pathogens that leapt from animals to humans.&nbsp;

For instance, the virus behind AIDS originated from chimpanzees, and even COVID-19 that forced people the world over to isolate for almost two years is believed to have come from bats. However, a new study has revealed that this transmission is not a one-way street and humans may be responsible for infecting animals more than they infect us.

<h2>Astonishing study findings</h2>

Analysing millions of viral genome sequences, scientists found that humans actually pass on more viruses to animals—about twice as many—as they receive from them.

The study published in the journal Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution, as per a Reuters report, examined nearly 12 million virus genomes and identified almost 3,000 instances of viruses crossing the species barrier.&nbsp;

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Around 79 per cent of these transmissions or about 4/5th were instances of a virus moving from one animal species to another, while the remaining 21 per cent involved humans.&nbsp;

Surprisingly, within this 21 per cent, 64 per cent (around 2/3rd) were human-to-animal transmissions (anthroponosis), and only 36 per cent were animal-to-human transmissions (zoonosis).

<h2>Which animals do humans make sick?</h2>

Human infections were found to plague a variety of animal species, including pets like cats and dogs, domesticated animals like pigs, horses, and cattle, birds like chickens and ducks, primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and howler monkeys. Infections also plagued other wild animals like raccoons, the black-tufted marmoset, and the African soft-furred mouse.

What's more!&nbsp;Wild animals, in particular, were more likely to experience human-to-animal transmission.

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Cedric Tan, lead author of the study and a doctoral student in computational biology at the University College London Genetics Institute, noted, "This really highlights our enormous impact on the environment and the animals around us."

<h2>How infections cross species barriers</h2>

Humans and animals host countless microbes that can jump to another species through close contact.&nbsp;

The study examined viral transmissions involving all vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Tan explained, "Viruses can jump between different species via the same modes of transmission that apply to humans, including direct contact with infected fluids, or getting bitten by other species, amongst others."

"However, before a virus can jump into a new host, it must either already possess the biological toolkit, or acquire host-specific adaptations, to enter the cells of the new host species and exploit their resources," he added.

Francois Balloux, director of the UCL Genetics Institute and study co-author, added, "The vast majority of pathogens circulating in humans have been acquired from animals at some point in time."

He added that many species-to-species transmissions are inconsequential, and "lead nowhere". However, in other cases, "the virus can start circulating, causing a disease outbreak, an epidemic, a pandemic or even establishes itself into an endemic pathogen."&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

It is a well-established fact that some of the deadliest diseases that have afflicted humans actually originated from pathogens that leapt from animals to humans.

It is a well-established fact that some of the deadliest diseases that have afflicted humans actually originated from pathogens that leapt from animals to humans. For instance, the virus behind AIDS originated from chimpanzees, and even COVID-19 that forced people the world over to isolate for almost two years is believed to have come from bats. However, a new study has revealed that this transmission is not a one-way street and humans may be responsible for infecting animals more than they infect us. Astonishing study findings Analysing millions of viral genome sequences, scientists found that humans actually pass on more viruses to animals—about twice as many—as they receive from them. The study published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, as per a Reuters report, examined nearly 12 million virus genomes and identified almost 3,000 instances of viruses crossing the species barrier. Also read | Microplastics found in soil dating back to ancient times in shocking discovery Around 79 per cent of these transmissions or about 4/5th were instances of a virus moving from one animal species to another, while the remaining 21 per cent involved humans. Surprisingly, within this 21 per cent, 64 per cent (around 2/3rd) were human-to-animal transmissions (anthroponosis), and only 36 per cent were animal-to-human transmissions (zoonosis). Which animals do humans make sick? Human infections were found to plague a variety of animal species, including pets like cats and dogs, domesticated animals like pigs, horses, and cattle, birds like chickens and ducks, primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and howler monkeys. Infections also plagued other wild animals like raccoons, the black-tufted marmoset, and the African soft-furred mouse. What's more! Wild animals, in particular, were more likely to experience human-to-animal transmission. Also read | Asian hornets can be "absolutely catastrophic" for consumers in UK, says bug expert Cedric Tan, lead author of the study and a doctoral student in computational biology at the University College London Genetics Institute, noted, "This really highlights our enormous impact on the environment and the animals around us." How infections cross species barriers Humans and animals host countless microbes that can jump to another species through close contact. The study examined viral transmissions involving all vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Tan explained, "Viruses can jump between different species via the same modes of transmission that apply to humans, including direct contact with infected fluids, or getting bitten by other species, amongst others." "However, before a virus can jump into a new host, it must either already possess the biological toolkit, or acquire host-specific adaptations, to enter the cells of the new host species and exploit their resources," he added. Francois Balloux, director of the UCL Genetics Institute and study co-author, added, "The vast majority of pathogens circulating in humans have been acquired from animals at some point in time." He added that many species-to-species transmissions are inconsequential, and "lead nowhere". However, in other cases, "the virus can start circulating, causing a disease outbreak, an epidemic, a pandemic or even establishes itself into an endemic pathogen." (With inputs from agencies)

We are the infectors: Humans pass on viruses to animals twice than the other way around!

In a groundbreaking discovery, microplastics have been detected in ancient soil samples for the first time. This discovery can potentially reshape how we preserve archaeological treasures.

<h2>The finding</h2>

Researchers from the University of York have found microplastics in soil samples dating back to the first or second century CE, from layers more than 23 feet (7.01 metres) deep. This finding challenges the assumption of pristine archaeological deposits.

The study, published in Science of the Total Environment, identified 16 different microplastic polymer types in contemporary and archived soil samples, said the United Kingdom-based university in a statement.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/charon-plutos-planetary-bestie-goes-viral-as-nasa-shares-stunning-snapshot-703738">Charon, Pluto’s planetary bestie goes viral as NASA shares stunning snapshot</a>

<h2>What are microplastics?</h2>

Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic, smaller than five millimetres (0.2 inches), which form as larger plastics break down, either by chemically degrading or physically wearing down into smaller pieces.&nbsp;

These were commonly used in beauty products until about 2020, said the researchers.

While the environmental and health effects of microplastics have raised concerns, this study also suggests they could prompt a rethink in archaeology.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-burstcube-satellite-set-to-study-short-gamma-ray-bursts-703776">NASA’s shoebox-sized ‘BurstCube’ satellite set to study short gamma-ray bursts</a>

<h2>Microplastics: a cause for concern</h2>

In recent years, there have been widespread concerns about microplastics in the environment and their impact on human health. This study, as per CNN, suggests that microplastics could also radically force a change in the entire field of archaeology.

Preserving archaeological remains in situ has been the norm, but microplastic contamination could compromise their scientific value and&nbsp;trigger a potential shift in preservation strategies.

John Schofield, a professor at the University of York, noted the significance of the findings, and said, "This feels like an important moment, confirming what we should have expected: that what were previously thought to be pristine archaeological deposits, ripe for investigation, are in fact contaminated with plastics, and that this includes deposits sampled and stored in the late 1980s."

"We are familiar with plastics in the oceans and in rivers. But here we see our historic heritage incorporating toxic elements. To what extent this contamination compromises the evidential value of these deposits, and their national importance, is what we’ll try to find out next," he added.

David Jennings, chief executive of York Archaeology, explained the potential consequences of microplastic contamination on organic remains, such as those found at Coppergate in York.

"Our best-preserved remains—for example, the Viking finds at Coppergate (in the city of York)— were in a consistent anaerobic waterlogged environment for over 1000 years, which preserved organic materials incredibly well," he said.

"The presence of microplastics can and will change the chemistry of the soil, potentially introducing elements which will cause the organic remains to decay. If that is the case, preserving archaeology in situ may no longer be appropriate."

(With inputs from agencies)

In a groundbreaking discovery, microplastics have been detected in ancient soil samples for the first time. This discovery can potentially reshape how we preserve archaeological treasures.

In a groundbreaking discovery, microplastics have been detected in ancient soil samples for the first time. This discovery can potentially reshape how we preserve archaeological treasures. The finding Researchers from the University of York have found microplastics in soil samples dating back to the first or second century CE, from layers more than 23 feet (7.01 metres) deep. This finding challenges the assumption of pristine archaeological deposits. The study, published in Science of the Total Environment, identified 16 different microplastic polymer types in contemporary and archived soil samples, said the United Kingdom-based university in a statement. Also read | Charon, Pluto’s planetary bestie goes viral as NASA shares stunning snapshot What are microplastics? Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic, smaller than five millimetres (0.2 inches), which form as larger plastics break down, either by chemically degrading or physically wearing down into smaller pieces. These were commonly used in beauty products until about 2020, said the researchers. While the environmental and health effects of microplastics have raised concerns, this study also suggests they could prompt a rethink in archaeology. Also read | NASA’s shoebox-sized ‘BurstCube’ satellite set to study short gamma-ray bursts Microplastics: a cause for concern In recent years, there have been widespread concerns about microplastics in the environment and their impact on human health. This study, as per CNN, suggests that microplastics could also radically force a change in the entire field of archaeology. Preserving archaeological remains in situ has been the norm, but microplastic contamination could compromise their scientific value and trigger a potential shift in preservation strategies. John Schofield, a professor at the University of York, noted the significance of the findings, and said, "This feels like an important moment, confirming what we should have expected: that what were previously thought to be pristine archaeological deposits, ripe for investigation, are in fact contaminated with plastics, and that this includes deposits sampled and stored in the late 1980s." "We are familiar with plastics in the oceans and in rivers. But here we see our historic heritage incorporating toxic elements. To what extent this contamination compromises the evidential value of these deposits, and their national importance, is what we’ll try to find out next," he added. David Jennings, chief executive of York Archaeology, explained the potential consequences of microplastic contamination on organic remains, such as those found at Coppergate in York. "Our best-preserved remains—for example, the Viking finds at Coppergate (in the city of York)— were in a consistent anaerobic waterlogged environment for over 1000 years, which preserved organic materials incredibly well," he said. "The presence of microplastics can and will change the chemistry of the soil, potentially introducing elements which will cause the organic remains to decay. If that is the case, preserving archaeology in situ may no longer be appropriate." (With inputs from agencies)

Microplastics found in soil dating back to ancient times in shocking discovery

Data centre giant Equinix is facing a storm after short seller Hindenburg research released a report accusing the company of manipulating its accounting metrics. Hindenburg alleges Equinix inflated its key profitability metric, adjusted funds from operations (AFFO), by at least 22% in 2023. Watch to know more!

Hindenburg research alleges accounting manipulation by Equinix

A team of researchers from the University of Michigan and Jiangnan University in Wuxi, China, have created nanoparticles that can fight against different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

This discovery has the potential to improve the efficacy of existing COVID-19 treatments. The results of the study were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal.

<h2>Why need a new treatment? Current challenges with COVID-19 treatments</h2>

Despite being effective, mRNA vaccines do not give total protection from COVID-19 as it can still affect vaccinated individuals, especially the elderly. Emerging strains of the virus pose ongoing challenges, necessitating frequent updates to vaccines to maintain their efficacy. Professor Nicholas Kotov from the University of Michigan told Phys Org, "Our immune system needs time to generate antibodies, which may be too late for some people."&nbsp;While Pfizer's Paxlovid antiviral pill has shown promising results, it may not be suitable for all patients, particularly those with cardiovascular issues.

<h2>How do nanoparticles work against COVID variants?</h2>

The nanoparticles target the twist in spike proteins, known as chirality, allowing them to interact with various coronaviruses. The nanoparticles' left-handed twist matches the left-handed twist of virus proteins, enhancing their binding and reducing the ability of&nbsp;virus to infect cells.

<h2>How did nanoparticle treatment do in initial testing?</h2>

Tests on mice infected with different strains of pseudoviruses showed promising results, with the treatment clearing 95 per cent of the viruses from their lungs. 
 
Researchers aim to investigate the safety and longevity of these nanoparticles in humans through further studies. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, as well as the Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials, were also a part of this research. 
 
This study is a breakthrough in the field of medical science as it presents a promising avenue for combating COVID-19. With further research and enhancements, nanoparticles can contribute significantly to global efforts in managing and preventing the spread of COVID-19. 
 
(With inputs from agencies)

A team of researchers from the University of Michigan and Jiangnan University in Wuxi, China, have created nanoparticles that can fight against different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

A team of researchers from the University of Michigan and Jiangnan University in Wuxi, China, have created nanoparticles that can fight against different strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This discovery has the potential to improve the efficacy of existing COVID-19 treatments. The results of the study were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal. Why need a new treatment? Current challenges with COVID-19 treatments Despite being effective, mRNA vaccines do not give total protection from COVID-19 as it can still affect vaccinated individuals, especially the elderly. Emerging strains of the virus pose ongoing challenges, necessitating frequent updates to vaccines to maintain their efficacy. Professor Nicholas Kotov from the University of Michigan told Phys Org, "Our immune system needs time to generate antibodies, which may be too late for some people." While Pfizer's Paxlovid antiviral pill has shown promising results, it may not be suitable for all patients, particularly those with cardiovascular issues. How do nanoparticles work against COVID variants? The nanoparticles target the twist in spike proteins, known as chirality, allowing them to interact with various coronaviruses. The nanoparticles' left-handed twist matches the left-handed twist of virus proteins, enhancing their binding and reducing the ability of virus to infect cells. How did nanoparticle treatment do in initial testing? Tests on mice infected with different strains of pseudoviruses showed promising results, with the treatment clearing 95 per cent of the viruses from their lungs. Researchers aim to investigate the safety and longevity of these nanoparticles in humans through further studies. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, as well as the Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials, were also a part of this research. This study is a breakthrough in the field of medical science as it presents a promising avenue for combating COVID-19. With further research and enhancements, nanoparticles can contribute significantly to global efforts in managing and preventing the spread of COVID-19. (With inputs from agencies)

Researchers develop nanoparticles that target multiple COVID variants: A breakthrough in fighting the virus

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago.&nbsp;

<h2>About the newly identified aetosaurs</h2>

Aetosaurs, according to the study published in The Anatomical Record, came in various shapes and sizes. Today, their fossils are found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia.

The newly identified aetosaur species – likely omnivorous ancestors of the carnivore modern crocodiles – is named Garzapelta muelleri by the researchers.&nbsp;

The name “Garza” comes from Garza County in northwest Texas, where the fossil was found, and “pelta” is Latin for shield, while the species name “muelleri” honours the palaeontologist who originally discovered it, Bill Mueller.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-debate-over-origin-of-alien-debris-after-startling-claim-700181">Scientists debate over origin of 'alien' debris after startling claim</a>

The study published, earlier this year, centres around the suit of armour – called a carapace. Scientists typically use bony plates – also known as osteoderms – that make up aetosaur armour to identify the different species but typically don’t find many fossil skeletons to work with. &nbsp;

However, in this case, the scientists found 70 per cent of the fossil which covered each major region of the body.&nbsp;

“We have elements from the back of the neck and shoulder region all the way to the tip of the tail,” said William Reyes a doctoral student at the UT’s Jackson School of Geoscience who led the research, in a statement.&nbsp;

The Garzapelta lived around 215 million years ago and had a lot more armour. “Take a crocodile from modern day, and turn it into an armadillo,” Reyes said.&nbsp;

<h2>What did the researchers find?</h2>

The osteoderms would be embedded directly into the skin and fitted together like a mosaic. However, their bony exterior was not the only protection they had against predators as Garzapelta’s sides were flanked by curved spikes.&nbsp;

The researchers noted that spikes on Garzapelta were not unique and similar ones were found on another aetosaur species but surprisingly the two were only distantly related.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ancient-humans-were-on-brink-of-climate-extinction-900000-years-ago-studies-reveal-how-they-escaped-701655">Climate change reduced ancient humans to mere 1,300 people some 900,000 years ago</a>

According to Reyes, there are a number of distinct features that marked Garzapelta as a new species from how the plates fit together to unique bumps and ridges on the bones.&nbsp;

However, it was only after the researchers determined that the spikes evolved independently that they were able to ascertain that Garzapelta would best fit among other aetosaur species.&nbsp;

Notably, the fossil had been sitting on a shelf for around 30 years or so before Reyes encountered it during a visit to the Texas Tech University fossil collections.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies) 
&nbsp;

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago.

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago. About the newly identified aetosaurs Aetosaurs, according to the study published in The Anatomical Record, came in various shapes and sizes. Today, their fossils are found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia. The newly identified aetosaur species – likely omnivorous ancestors of the carnivore modern crocodiles – is named Garzapelta muelleri by the researchers. The name “Garza” comes from Garza County in northwest Texas, where the fossil was found, and “pelta” is Latin for shield, while the species name “muelleri” honours the palaeontologist who originally discovered it, Bill Mueller. Also Read | Scientists debate over origin of 'alien' debris after startling claim The study published, earlier this year, centres around the suit of armour – called a carapace. Scientists typically use bony plates – also known as osteoderms – that make up aetosaur armour to identify the different species but typically don’t find many fossil skeletons to work with. However, in this case, the scientists found 70 per cent of the fossil which covered each major region of the body. “We have elements from the back of the neck and shoulder region all the way to the tip of the tail,” said William Reyes a doctoral student at the UT’s Jackson School of Geoscience who led the research, in a statement. The Garzapelta lived around 215 million years ago and had a lot more armour. “Take a crocodile from modern day, and turn it into an armadillo,” Reyes said. What did the researchers find? The osteoderms would be embedded directly into the skin and fitted together like a mosaic. However, their bony exterior was not the only protection they had against predators as Garzapelta’s sides were flanked by curved spikes. The researchers noted that spikes on Garzapelta were not unique and similar ones were found on another aetosaur species but surprisingly the two were only distantly related. Also Read | Climate change reduced ancient humans to mere 1,300 people some 900,000 years ago According to Reyes, there are a number of distinct features that marked Garzapelta as a new species from how the plates fit together to unique bumps and ridges on the bones. However, it was only after the researchers determined that the spikes evolved independently that they were able to ascertain that Garzapelta would best fit among other aetosaur species. Notably, the fossil had been sitting on a shelf for around 30 years or so before Reyes encountered it during a visit to the Texas Tech University fossil collections. (With inputs from agencies)

Newly identified ‘heavily armoured’ crocodile ancestor walked the Earth before dinosaurs

A new study published in the Lancet indicates that the global burden of neurological conditions has increased dramatically, emerging as the leading cause of ill health since 2021.

<h2>Disturbing findings of the study</h2>

The research revealed that the number of people suffering from neurological disorders has increased dramatically over the past three decades. The report states that around 3.4 billion individuals (43 per cent of the world’s population) were affected in 2021.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-spot-black-hole-devouring-star-at-close-proximity-to-earth-700055">Scientists spot black hole devouring star at close proximity to Earth</a>

According to the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors study, this increase is responsible for a significant increase in total disability, illness, and premature death linked with 37 neurological conditions. This led to more than an 18 per cent rise from about 375 million years in 1990 to 443 million years of healthy life lost in&nbsp;2021.

In a statement responding to the results of this study, WHO chief Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said, "Neurological conditions cause great suffering to the individuals and families they affect, and rob communities and economies of human capital."

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-warn-of-great-swarm-of-underwater-earthquakes-with-at-least-200-hitting-in-an-hour-700012">Scientists record 'great swarm' of underwater earthquakes that can soon trigger a volcano</a>

"This study should serve as an urgent call to action to scale up targeted interventions to allow the growing number of people living with neurological conditions to access the quality care, treatment, and rehabilitation they need. It is more important than ever to ensure brain health is better understood, valued and protected, from early childhood to later life," he added.

<h2>What causes these issues?</h2>

Scientists say that the reasons more people have these problems are manifold: population increase, people living longer, pollution, obesity, diets etc.

Strokes affect more people than any other neurological concerns. Other big issues are infections like meningitis and epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, babies with brain injuries at birth, premature babies with nerve complications, nerve damage from diabetes, autism, and cancers of the nervous system.

In 2021, the most common nerve issues were tension headaches and migraines, impacting around two billion people and 1.1 billion, respectively.

The study, for the first time, also examined neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and neurological disorders in children. It found that these disorders accounted for 80 million years of healthy life or approximately a fifth of the total lost worldwide in 2021.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study published in the Lancet indicates that the global burden of neurological conditions has increased dramatically, emerging as the leading cause of ill health since 2021.

A new study published in the Lancet indicates that the global burden of neurological conditions has increased dramatically, emerging as the leading cause of ill health since 2021. Disturbing findings of the study The research revealed that the number of people suffering from neurological disorders has increased dramatically over the past three decades. The report states that around 3.4 billion individuals (43 per cent of the world’s population) were affected in 2021. Also read | Scientists spot black hole devouring star at close proximity to Earth According to the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors study, this increase is responsible for a significant increase in total disability, illness, and premature death linked with 37 neurological conditions. This led to more than an 18 per cent rise from about 375 million years in 1990 to 443 million years of healthy life lost in 2021. In a statement responding to the results of this study, WHO chief Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said, "Neurological conditions cause great suffering to the individuals and families they affect, and rob communities and economies of human capital." Also read | Scientists record 'great swarm' of underwater earthquakes that can soon trigger a volcano "This study should serve as an urgent call to action to scale up targeted interventions to allow the growing number of people living with neurological conditions to access the quality care, treatment, and rehabilitation they need. It is more important than ever to ensure brain health is better understood, valued and protected, from early childhood to later life," he added. What causes these issues? Scientists say that the reasons more people have these problems are manifold: population increase, people living longer, pollution, obesity, diets etc. Strokes affect more people than any other neurological concerns. Other big issues are infections like meningitis and epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, babies with brain injuries at birth, premature babies with nerve complications, nerve damage from diabetes, autism, and cancers of the nervous system. In 2021, the most common nerve issues were tension headaches and migraines, impacting around two billion people and 1.1 billion, respectively. The study, for the first time, also examined neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and neurological disorders in children. It found that these disorders accounted for 80 million years of healthy life or approximately a fifth of the total lost worldwide in 2021. (With inputs from agencies)

Neurological disorders skyrocketing globally, study reveals shocking data

Scientists in Switzerland are inducing hallucinations in Parkinson's patients using robots to improve the disease treatment methods.

Researchers use robots in Parkinson's study

Face-drenching licks by dogs feel delightful to dog owners. While some push their pooches away, others positively indulge in their pet's affection. It's a heartwarming scene but not the healthiest thing for the dog owner.

Face-drenching licks by dogs feel delightful to dog owners. While some push their pooches away, others positively indulge in their pet's affection. It's a heartwarming scene but not the healthiest thing for the dog owner. In an article published in The Conversation, Jacqueline Boyd, a senior lecturer in Animal Science at Nottingham Trent University, describes how a dog's way of showing affection by licking can do more harm than good. Licking is a crucial action for dogs. When a dog licks its mouth repeatedly, it could be a slight sign of stress or fear. They also use lip-licking as a behavioural response to their owner's emotional state. They lick their lips more frequently when they see angry faces. Almost all canine owners report being licked on their face by their dog. However, for people who are immunocompromised, have open wounds, or have a dog that has a track record of eating faeces, it's best to avoid face licks. According to Boyd, a dog's mouth has several microorganisms that are low risk for humans. However, there are rare cases when certain infections can pass from dogs to humans by bites, licks or scratches. For instance, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a bacteria found in the mouths of up to 75 per cent of otherwise healthy dogs and cats, can cause life-threatening sepsis. Other microbes like Pasteurella multocida can also spread by contact with dog saliva, resulting in meningitis. Antibiotic resistance has become a concerning global health challenge. Canine saliva can also be a potential source of bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes. ALSO READ | Scientists develop recyclable ‘water batteries’ that never explode A German study of 2,800 hospital patients and their companion animals in 2023 proved "that the sharing of multidrug-resistant organisms between companion animals and their owners is possible." However, the study identified only a handful of cases. Thus, the researchers concluded that "cat or dog ownership isn't a significant risk factor for multidrug-resistant organism colonisation in hospital patients." In the past, animal saliva has been used for wound healing, with some dogs specially trained to lick open wounds. However, there's no strong evidence which shows that allowing animals, especially dogs, to lick wounds will help them heal. Having a dog can have healing effects on your mental health. However, allowing animals to lick open wounds can put the owner at an increased risk of infection. (With inputs from agencies)

Pet owners beware! Allowing your dog to lick your face can be unhealthy and even fatal

As per new evidence, mammals are not the only type of animals that produce milk, one amphibian that looks more like a worm also exhibits this behaviour.&nbsp;

Caecilians, a type of amphibian—like frogs and salamanders — are limbless creatures that release a milk-like substance for their young.

<h2>Full of surprises</h2>

As per a new study published on Thursday (Mar 7), Caecilians are full of surprises.&nbsp;

The paper explains that in a manner somewhat similar to mammals, the ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) produces a milk-like substance to feed their young.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ancient-love-preserved-termites-found-frozen-in-amber-while-mating-38mn-years-ago-697969">Ancient love preserved: Termites found frozen in amber while mating 38mn years ago</a>

Remarkably, the hungry hatchlings seem to beg their mother to release more milk—a type of behaviour that has never been observed in amphibians before.

<h2>How was this discovery made?</h2>

A BBC series Life in Cold Blood gets the credit for this discovery. Using an endoscopic camera, the team filming this show captured a ringed caecilian female and her offspring.

They observed the offspring getting into a frenzy of sorts at one point. This was a feeding frenzy, where the young ones tore at their mother's whitish outer skin layer that was only there in breeding females.&nbsp;

Scientists discovered that the skin was extremely nutritious and had proteins and fats.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/major-breakthrough-in-elephant-stem-cell-can-help-in-de-extinction-of-woolly-mammoth-697564">Resurrecting the woolly mammoth: Scientists report major stem cell breakthrough in elephants</a>

"We were so intrigued by this that we didn't pay much attention to the other behaviours we saw," said study co-author Marta Antoniazzi of the Butantan Institute.&nbsp;

However, over time, they realised that one mouthful of the nutritious skin can't sustain the caecilian offspring for long. This made them focus on another phenomenon.

"The babies' heads were close to the female’s cloacal opening all the time," says study co-author herpetologist Carlos Jared of the Butantan Institute in Brazil.

"Some even put their heads inside and seemed very excited," he added.

Comparing the intestines, bladders, cloacae, and oviducts of females with and without offspring, study co-author Pedro Mailho-Fontana of the Butantan Institute found that some large oviducts produce a milky substance that is rich in sugars and fatty acids. This also occurs in humans and cows.

Similar to mammals, young caecilians also seemed to have a method to encourage their mothers to release the milk.

"This behaviour seems akin to begging in birds, which, to my knowledge, had not been documented in caecilians before," says herpetologist Marcel Kouete of the Florida Museum of Natural History, who was not involved in the study but also works on caecilians. "This is pretty cool to learn," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

As per new evidence, mammals are not the only type of animals that produce milk, one amphibian that looks more like a worm also exhibits this behaviour. Caecilians, a type of amphibian—like frogs and salamanders — are limbless creatures that release a milk-like substance for their young.

As per new evidence, mammals are not the only type of animals that produce milk, one amphibian that looks more like a worm also exhibits this behaviour. Caecilians, a type of amphibian—like frogs and salamanders — are limbless creatures that release a milk-like substance for their young. Full of surprises As per a new study published on Thursday (Mar 7), Caecilians are full of surprises. The paper explains that in a manner somewhat similar to mammals, the ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) produces a milk-like substance to feed their young. Also read | Ancient love preserved: Termites found frozen in amber while mating 38mn years ago Remarkably, the hungry hatchlings seem to beg their mother to release more milk—a type of behaviour that has never been observed in amphibians before. How was this discovery made? A BBC series Life in Cold Blood gets the credit for this discovery. Using an endoscopic camera, the team filming this show captured a ringed caecilian female and her offspring. They observed the offspring getting into a frenzy of sorts at one point. This was a feeding frenzy, where the young ones tore at their mother's whitish outer skin layer that was only there in breeding females. Scientists discovered that the skin was extremely nutritious and had proteins and fats. Also read | Resurrecting the woolly mammoth: Scientists report major stem cell breakthrough in elephants "We were so intrigued by this that we didn't pay much attention to the other behaviours we saw," said study co-author Marta Antoniazzi of the Butantan Institute. However, over time, they realised that one mouthful of the nutritious skin can't sustain the caecilian offspring for long. This made them focus on another phenomenon. "The babies' heads were close to the female’s cloacal opening all the time," says study co-author herpetologist Carlos Jared of the Butantan Institute in Brazil. "Some even put their heads inside and seemed very excited," he added. Comparing the intestines, bladders, cloacae, and oviducts of females with and without offspring, study co-author Pedro Mailho-Fontana of the Butantan Institute found that some large oviducts produce a milky substance that is rich in sugars and fatty acids. This also occurs in humans and cows. Similar to mammals, young caecilians also seemed to have a method to encourage their mothers to release the milk. "This behaviour seems akin to begging in birds, which, to my knowledge, had not been documented in caecilians before," says herpetologist Marcel Kouete of the Florida Museum of Natural History, who was not involved in the study but also works on caecilians. "This is pretty cool to learn," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists discover a snake-like amphibian that produces milk for its young

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago. Led by Auburn University Assistant Professor Nobuaki Mizumoto, an international team of researchers unveiled their findings on this rare fossilised pair encased in amber.&nbsp;Amber is a fossilised tree resin, typically found in deposits ranging from millions to tens of millions of years old.&nbsp;

The insects believed to be engaged in a tandem run, were perfectly preserved in their mating position within the ancient tree sap turned into amber over millennia.

The tandem run mating position is a behaviour observed in certain insect species, including termites. It involves two mating individuals maintaining head-to-abdomen contact while moving together, often in a coordinated manner.

During a tandem run, the mating pair typically explores their surroundings, often in search of a suitable nest location or food source. This behaviour is important for reproduction and colony establishment in termites.

Mizumoto while highlighting the importance of such discoveries, stated, "Amber provides one of the most detailed and vivid records of extinct life." However, he cautioned that fossilisation processes could potentially distort the true nature of past organisms.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/james-webb-space-telescope-probes-binary-asteroid-system-mors-somnus-in-kuiper-belt-to-know-neptunes-past-697855">James Webb Space Telescope probes binary asteroid system Mors-Somnus in Kuiper Belt to know Neptune's past</a>

To validate their findings, the team conducted experiments replicating the immobilisation&nbsp;process in a laboratory setting using modern-day termites.

Mizumoto explained, "We found that the posture of the fossilized pair matches trapped tandems and differs from untrapped tandems. Thus, the fossilised pair likely is a tandem running pair, representing the first direct evidence of the mating behaviour of extinct termites."

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/microplastics-and-nanoplastics-in-the-human-body-can-cause-heart-attacks-strokes-and-cancer-studies-reveal-697650">Microplastics and nanoplastics in the human body can cause heart attacks, strokes and cancer, studies reveal</a>

Their groundbreaking research, published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pointed at the ancient mating rituals of termites. The fossilised pair, identified as Electrotermes affinis, offered a unique glimpse into a long-extinct species' behaviour and lifestyle.

Watch | Top AI tools increase worries of deep fakes ahead of elections: Study

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The fossil's journey to scientific scrutiny began when co-author Ales&nbsp;Bucek stumbled upon it for sale online. Recognising its scientific value, Bucek acquired the fossil, which is now housed at the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic.

(With inputs from agencies)

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago.

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago. Led by Auburn University Assistant Professor Nobuaki Mizumoto, an international team of researchers unveiled their findings on this rare fossilised pair encased in amber. Amber is a fossilised tree resin, typically found in deposits ranging from millions to tens of millions of years old. The insects believed to be engaged in a tandem run, were perfectly preserved in their mating position within the ancient tree sap turned into amber over millennia. The tandem run mating position is a behaviour observed in certain insect species, including termites. It involves two mating individuals maintaining head-to-abdomen contact while moving together, often in a coordinated manner. During a tandem run, the mating pair typically explores their surroundings, often in search of a suitable nest location or food source. This behaviour is important for reproduction and colony establishment in termites. Mizumoto while highlighting the importance of such discoveries, stated, "Amber provides one of the most detailed and vivid records of extinct life." However, he cautioned that fossilisation processes could potentially distort the true nature of past organisms. Also Read | James Webb Space Telescope probes binary asteroid system Mors-Somnus in Kuiper Belt to know Neptune's past To validate their findings, the team conducted experiments replicating the immobilisation process in a laboratory setting using modern-day termites. Mizumoto explained, "We found that the posture of the fossilized pair matches trapped tandems and differs from untrapped tandems. Thus, the fossilised pair likely is a tandem running pair, representing the first direct evidence of the mating behaviour of extinct termites." Also Read | Microplastics and nanoplastics in the human body can cause heart attacks, strokes and cancer, studies reveal Their groundbreaking research, published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pointed at the ancient mating rituals of termites. The fossilised pair, identified as Electrotermes affinis, offered a unique glimpse into a long-extinct species' behaviour and lifestyle. Watch | Top AI tools increase worries of deep fakes ahead of elections: Study × The fossil's journey to scientific scrutiny began when co-author Ales Bucek stumbled upon it for sale online. Recognising its scientific value, Bucek acquired the fossil, which is now housed at the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. (With inputs from agencies)

Ancient love preserved: Termites found frozen in amber while mating 38mn years ago

Consuming the antibiotic doxycycline after sex can significantly reduce the chances of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STI) like chlamydia or early syphilis, a study revealed.

Consuming the antibiotic doxycycline after sex can significantly reduce the chances of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STI) like chlamydia or early syphilis, a study revealed. According to the findings presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Denver, a single dose of the widely used antibiotic doxycycline taken after sexual intercourse has reduced the incidences of chlamydia and early syphilis among gay and bisexual men and transgender women by half in San Francisco, California. Researchers gave a supply of the antibiotic to gay and bisexual men and transgender women who had a history of STIs or multiple sex partners and asked them to consume two 100-milligramme pills within 72 hours of unprotected sex. This strategy is known as doxy-PEP, short for doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis. The new cases of chlamydia and early syphilis dropped over about a year in the city. Dr Hyman Scott, medical director at the San Francisco Department of Public Health, said, "It's not subtle, it is very fast and we're seeing the beginning of it, not the end. This is what we want for STI prevention." ALSO READ | Babies born during COVID-19 pandemic show ‘fascinating’ biological alterations, says study However, the evidence supports the doxycycline case only in gay and bisexual men and transgender women. Dr Jonathan Mermin, director of the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said, "The majority of STIs in the United States occur in cisgender women. Studies of whether doxy-PEP works in cisgender women should be implemented as quickly as possible." CDC will release the final guidelines for doxy-PEP in the next few months, Dr Mermin said. While cases of chlamydia and early syphilis decreased in gay and bisexual men and transgender women, the cases of chlamydia steadily increased in cisgender women. "The fact that we did not see declines in STIs in other populations not recommended for doxy, specifically cis women, strengthens the conclusion that the decline in chlamydia and early syphilis cases is related to doxy-PEP rollout," said Madeline Sankaran, an epidemiologist at the San Francisco Department of Public Health who presented the findings. Although the findings seem promising, Dr Merimin warned that the 2022 outbreak of mpox may have skewed them, as, during the period, high-risk groups reduced sexual activities. The rates of gonorrhoea did not see any significant changes, he added. (With inputs from agencies)

A single dose of THIS antibiotic can help prevent syphilis, other STIs: US study

Fibre is primarily needed to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course &amp; Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals.&nbsp;

The study, led by Dr Mary Ni Lochlainn from the Department of Twin Research, has unveiled the cognitive benefits of incorporating a daily fibre supplement into the diets of individuals over 60. The study suggested that "inducing gut microbiota changes may alter both muscle physiology and cognitive behaviour. Gut microbiota may play a role in both anabolic resistance of older muscle, and cognition."

"We are excited to see these changes in just 12 weeks. This holds huge promise for enhancing brain health and memory in our aging population. Unlocking the secrets of the gut-brain axis could offer new approaches for living more healthily for longer," Dr Ni Lochlainn reportedly said.

The study, conducted at TwinsUK, the UK's largest adult twin registry based at King's College London, aimed to explore the impact of two commonly available plant fibre supplements, inulin and FOS, on both muscle health and brain function.

Researchers enlisted 36 pairs of twin pairs, totaling 72 participants, aged over 60 for the double-blind trial. Each twin pair was randomised&nbsp;to receive either placebo or prebiotic daily.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/in-a-two-minute-hunt-a-lone-orca-kills-a-great-white-shark-warns-of-ecological-shift-video-695810">In a two-minute hunt, a lone orca kills a great white shark, warns of ecological shift: Video</a>

The researchers found that the fibre supplement led to changes in the participants' gut microbiome composition. This was especially seen with an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium.&nbsp;

While the supplements showed no significant effect on muscle strength, they demonstrated remarkable improvements in cognitive function, as evidenced by better performance in memory tests associated with early signs of Alzheimer's disease.

The&nbsp;finding highlighted the potential of these inexpensive and readily available supplements in combating age-related cognitive decline.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/solar-eclipse-2024-all-you-need-to-know-about-astronomical-event-in-the-us-india-when-and-how-to-watch-695807">Solar Eclipse 2024: All you need to know about astronomical event in the US &amp; India - when and how to watch</a>

"These plant fibres, which are cheap and available over the counter, could benefit a wide group of people in these cash-strapped times. They are safe and acceptable too. Our next task is to see whether these effects are sustained over longer periods and in larger groups of people," Professor Steves reportedly said optimistically.

Watch | More than a billion people worldwide are obese: Study

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Moreover, the study's remote design showcased the feasibility of conducting trials in older adults without the need for extensive travel or hospital visits, offering hope for enhancing the quality of life for ageing populations worldwide.

(With inputs from agencies)

Fibre is primarily needed to maintain good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course & Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals.

Fibre is primarily needed to maintain good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course & Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals. The study, led by Dr Mary Ni Lochlainn from the Department of Twin Research, has unveiled the cognitive benefits of incorporating a daily fibre supplement into the diets of individuals over 60. The study suggested that "inducing gut microbiota changes may alter both muscle physiology and cognitive behaviour. Gut microbiota may play a role in both anabolic resistance of older muscle, and cognition." "We are excited to see these changes in just 12 weeks. This holds huge promise for enhancing brain health and memory in our aging population. Unlocking the secrets of the gut-brain axis could offer new approaches for living more healthily for longer," Dr Ni Lochlainn reportedly said. The study, conducted at TwinsUK, the UK's largest adult twin registry based at King's College London, aimed to explore the impact of two commonly available plant fibre supplements, inulin and FOS, on both muscle health and brain function. Researchers enlisted 36 pairs of twin pairs, totaling 72 participants, aged over 60 for the double-blind trial. Each twin pair was randomised to receive either placebo or prebiotic daily. Also Read | In a two-minute hunt, a lone orca kills a great white shark, warns of ecological shift: Video The researchers found that the fibre supplement led to changes in the participants' gut microbiome composition. This was especially seen with an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium. While the supplements showed no significant effect on muscle strength, they demonstrated remarkable improvements in cognitive function, as evidenced by better performance in memory tests associated with early signs of Alzheimer's disease. The finding highlighted the potential of these inexpensive and readily available supplements in combating age-related cognitive decline. Also Read | Solar Eclipse 2024: All you need to know about astronomical event in the US & India - when and how to watch "These plant fibres, which are cheap and available over the counter, could benefit a wide group of people in these cash-strapped times. They are safe and acceptable too. Our next task is to see whether these effects are sustained over longer periods and in larger groups of people," Professor Steves reportedly said optimistically. Watch | More than a billion people worldwide are obese: Study × Moreover, the study's remote design showcased the feasibility of conducting trials in older adults without the need for extensive travel or hospital visits, offering hope for enhancing the quality of life for ageing populations worldwide. (With inputs from agencies)

Daily fibre supplement may boost brain function in people over 60: Study

Even as Artificial Intelligence has become an integral part of our lives, the question of how to effectively communicate with AI chatbots continues to constantly puzzle and frustrate people.

However, a recent study aimed at refining prompts given to a chatbot model revealed a surprising finding: Star Trek may hold the key.

<h2>'Live long, and prosper'</h2>

Rick Battle and Teja Gollapudi from software firm VMware in California, the authors of the study found that asking an AI chatbot to speak as if it were on Star Trek significantly improved its ability to solve basic maths problems.

The study, which was first reported by New Scientist and published on arXiv, aimed to study the impact of "positive thinking" prompts on AI chatbot performance.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/goodnight-odie-wonky-us-moon-lander-odysseus-goes-dark-with-power-banks-depleted-695405">'Goodnight Odie': Wonky US Moon lander Odysseus goes dark with power banks depleted</a>

The machine learning authors observed that the quality of chatbot responses is heavily influenced by the nature of the prompts given to them, a phenomenon not entirely understood.

"It's both surprising and irritating that trivial modifications to the prompt can exhibit such dramatic swings in performance," said the stud authors as reported by Business Insider.

<h2>Study methodology</h2>

The study involved feeding three Large Language Models (LLM) with 60 human-written prompts, encouraging positive thinking. These prompts were then used to guide the AI in solving grade-school-level maths problems, with the quality of the output determining the success of the prompts.

The results showed that automatic optimisation consistently outperformed handwritten prompts, indicating that machine-learning models are more adept at crafting prompts for themselves than humans. However, positive statements in the prompts yielded unexpected results, such as one AI's improved performance when prompted with a Star Trek-themed statement.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/obesity-epidemic-on-the-rise-more-than-1-million-afflicted-around-the-world-695365">Obesity 'epidemic' on the rise, more than 1 billion afflicted around the world</a>

Study authors say they did not aim to expose the AI model as a Trekkie or a fan of Star Trek. However, one of the best-performing prompts was: "System Message: Command, we need you to plot a course through this turbulence and locate the source of the anomaly. Use all available data and your expertise to guide us through this challenging situation."

The researchers highlighted that while the model's proficiency in mathematical reasoning seemed to be enhanced by expressing an affinity for Star Trek, this doesn't mean the AI should be asked to speak like a Starfleet commander.

Instead, it underscores the complex interplay of factors that influence AI performance.

Catherine Flick from Staffordshire University emphasised that AI models are essentially black boxes, making it challenging to understand their decision-making process.&nbsp;

"One thing is for sure: the model is not a Trekkie," said Flick.

"It doesn't 'understand' anything better or worse when preloaded with the prompt, it just accesses a different set of weights and probabilities for acceptability of the outputs than it does with the other prompts," she added.

So, how does one write the perfect prompt? Study author Rick Battle suggests letting the model generate its own prompts rather than hand-writing them.

(With inputs from agencies)

Even as Artificial Intelligence has become an integral part of our lives, the question of how to effectively communicate with AI chatbots continues to constantly puzzle and frustrate people.

Even as Artificial Intelligence has become an integral part of our lives, the question of how to effectively communicate with AI chatbots continues to constantly puzzle and frustrate people. However, a recent study aimed at refining prompts given to a chatbot model revealed a surprising finding: Star Trek may hold the key. 'Live long, and prosper' Rick Battle and Teja Gollapudi from software firm VMware in California, the authors of the study found that asking an AI chatbot to speak as if it were on Star Trek significantly improved its ability to solve basic maths problems. The study, which was first reported by New Scientist and published on arXiv, aimed to study the impact of "positive thinking" prompts on AI chatbot performance. Also read | 'Goodnight Odie': Wonky US Moon lander Odysseus goes dark with power banks depleted The machine learning authors observed that the quality of chatbot responses is heavily influenced by the nature of the prompts given to them, a phenomenon not entirely understood. "It's both surprising and irritating that trivial modifications to the prompt can exhibit such dramatic swings in performance," said the stud authors as reported by Business Insider. Study methodology The study involved feeding three Large Language Models (LLM) with 60 human-written prompts, encouraging positive thinking. These prompts were then used to guide the AI in solving grade-school-level maths problems, with the quality of the output determining the success of the prompts. The results showed that automatic optimisation consistently outperformed handwritten prompts, indicating that machine-learning models are more adept at crafting prompts for themselves than humans. However, positive statements in the prompts yielded unexpected results, such as one AI's improved performance when prompted with a Star Trek-themed statement. Also read | Obesity 'epidemic' on the rise, more than 1 billion afflicted around the world Study authors say they did not aim to expose the AI model as a Trekkie or a fan of Star Trek. However, one of the best-performing prompts was: "System Message: Command, we need you to plot a course through this turbulence and locate the source of the anomaly. Use all available data and your expertise to guide us through this challenging situation." The researchers highlighted that while the model's proficiency in mathematical reasoning seemed to be enhanced by expressing an affinity for Star Trek, this doesn't mean the AI should be asked to speak like a Starfleet commander. Instead, it underscores the complex interplay of factors that influence AI performance. Catherine Flick from Staffordshire University emphasised that AI models are essentially black boxes, making it challenging to understand their decision-making process. "One thing is for sure: the model is not a Trekkie," said Flick. "It doesn't 'understand' anything better or worse when preloaded with the prompt, it just accesses a different set of weights and probabilities for acceptability of the outputs than it does with the other prompts," she added. So, how does one write the perfect prompt? Study author Rick Battle suggests letting the model generate its own prompts rather than hand-writing them. (With inputs from agencies)

'Live long and prosper': Star Trek may hold the key to effectively communicating with AI chatbots

Scientists might soon be able to create disease-resistant orange hybrids that taste as good as the originals. According to a study published in the journal Science Advances, chemical analysis has revealed 26 compounds responsible for the distinctive flavour of oranges.

Scientists might soon be able to create disease-resistant orange hybrids that taste as good as the originals. According to a study published in the journal Science Advances, chemical analysis has revealed 26 compounds responsible for the distinctive flavour of oranges. In the last few decades, huanglongbing, a citrus greening disease, has heavily impacted the global production of citrus fruits. The HLB bacteria which causes this disease infects most citrus cultivars, species, hybrids and even some citrus relatives. Due to this, the fruit bears no value as they have a poor size and quality. Moreover, there's no cure for the disease, and rapid tree removal is the only prevention. Anne Plotto of the United States Horticultural Research Laboratory in Florida told the New Scientist that this disease has particularly affected the production of oranges. "Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) exhibits limited genetic diversity and high susceptibility to Huanglongbing (HLB)," the study said. Plotto and her team wanted to find out whether it was possible to generate orange hybrids resistant to the citrus greening disease while maintaining the signature flavour of oranges. ALSO READ | 7,300-year-old underwater volcano eruption emerges as largest in history, reveals new study The research team analysed 179 juice specimens from a range of citruses. These included oranges, mandarins (Citrus reticulata), trifoliate oranges (Citrus trifoliata) and other hybrids. Moreover, trained citrus testers also tried each juice sample and ranked these on how they tasted like orange juice. The study revealed that juices with the most prominent orange flavour contained all 26 specific compounds. Seven of these compounds are known as esters. They appeared to be the prime components in differentiating the taste of oranges and mandarins. When Plotto and her colleagues conducted a genetic analysis of the citrus fruits, they found a gene responsible for producing these seven esters. They dubbed it C. sinensis alcohol acyltransferase 1. The study mentioned, "Its activity was validated through overexpression assays. Phylogeny revealed the functional allele was inherited from pummelo. A SNP-based DNA marker in the coding region accurately predicted phenotypes." "This gene is expressed much more in the cultivars that produce a lot of esters," said team member Zhen Fan. According to Plotto, the study could eventually help create disease-tolerant hybrids with a rich orange flavour. "The findings could be used to screen citrus hybrid seedlings for desired orange flavour at an early stage, instead of waiting 10 to 15 years for the tree to bear fruits," she added. (With inputs from agencies)

Why do oranges taste the way they do? Researchers have finally broken it down

Recent research led by Scott B. Hansen, Ph.D., at The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation &amp; Technology, sheds light on the unexpected involvement of cholesterol in pain perception.

Published in the scientific journal eLife, the study delves into how physical pressure on cells can diminish pain signals, while excessive cholesterol clumps in cell membranes could disrupt this crucial process.

Hansen, an associate professor of molecular medicine at The Wertheim UF Scripps Institute, underscored the significance of their findings, stating, "Excess cholesterol is a feature in many diseases and disorders, including diabetes and diseases of ageing. This could be one explanation for why we see more chronic pain in these groups."

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/low-speech-speed-not-limited-vocabulary-indicates-aging-brain-health-study-694565">Indicator of ageing brain? Slow speech, yes! The struggle to find the right words, no!</a>

The research marks a pivotal milestone by unveiling the intricate role of cell membrane lipids in transmitting electrical pulses following pressure and force, elucidating the pathway of pain signals from injury sites to the brain.

Hansen said, "It looks like the lipids can be added to that list," referring to the conventional understanding that only proteins possess structures with function.

Advanced microscopy techniques reveal that cell membranes are not mere fatty sacs but assemblies of sensors, cholesterol clumps, channels, and receptors held together by precisely arranged fat molecules.

Hansen explained, "It wasn’t known that those fats might play a role in pain signalling."

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/antarctica-lost-ice-equivalent-to-the-size-of-turkey-in-last-three-years-scientists-694460">Antarctica lost ice cover equivalent to the size of Turkey in last three years: Scientists</a>

The study highlighted how membrane lipids sense force, converting it into signals that activate the body's pain-relieving responses, thereby diminishing pain severity, provided there is no interference.

Watch | International Polar Bear Day: Scientists to study cubs tucked up in their dens

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By understanding how inflammation may affect membrane cholesterol structure, especially in brain cells, the research opens avenues for investigating the pain-inflammation link and developing novel pain therapeutics.

Hansen concluded, "Understanding what factors set the threshold for pain is an important step toward that goal."

(With inputs from agencies)

Recent research led by Scott B. Hansen, Ph.D., at The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, sheds light on the unexpected involvement of cholesterol in pain perception.

Recent research led by Scott B. Hansen, Ph.D., at The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, sheds light on the unexpected involvement of cholesterol in pain perception. Published in the scientific journal eLife, the study delves into how physical pressure on cells can diminish pain signals, while excessive cholesterol clumps in cell membranes could disrupt this crucial process. Hansen, an associate professor of molecular medicine at The Wertheim UF Scripps Institute, underscored the significance of their findings, stating, "Excess cholesterol is a feature in many diseases and disorders, including diabetes and diseases of ageing. This could be one explanation for why we see more chronic pain in these groups." Also Read | Indicator of ageing brain? Slow speech, yes! The struggle to find the right words, no! The research marks a pivotal milestone by unveiling the intricate role of cell membrane lipids in transmitting electrical pulses following pressure and force, elucidating the pathway of pain signals from injury sites to the brain. Hansen said, "It looks like the lipids can be added to that list," referring to the conventional understanding that only proteins possess structures with function. Advanced microscopy techniques reveal that cell membranes are not mere fatty sacs but assemblies of sensors, cholesterol clumps, channels, and receptors held together by precisely arranged fat molecules. Hansen explained, "It wasn’t known that those fats might play a role in pain signalling." Also Read | Antarctica lost ice cover equivalent to the size of Turkey in last three years: Scientists The study highlighted how membrane lipids sense force, converting it into signals that activate the body's pain-relieving responses, thereby diminishing pain severity, provided there is no interference. Watch | International Polar Bear Day: Scientists to study cubs tucked up in their dens × By understanding how inflammation may affect membrane cholesterol structure, especially in brain cells, the research opens avenues for investigating the pain-inflammation link and developing novel pain therapeutics. Hansen concluded, "Understanding what factors set the threshold for pain is an important step toward that goal." (With inputs from agencies)

Your cholesterol level has a link to how you feel physical pain. Here is how

In the North Sea's depths, small depressions, seemingly formed by leaking methane, have puzzled researchers for years. However, recent findings propose an unexpected explanation: these pits might be the handiwork of foraging porpoises, challenging long-held assumptions about the sea's geological features.

<h2>Methane pits no more</h2>

As per a Live Science report, Geoscientist Jens Schneider von Deimling of Kiel University initially doubted the methane theory, given the North Sea's porous, sandy floor and strong currents, which inhibit methane accumulation.

"I didn't really see any mechanisms that accumulate methane," he said.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/quite-the-photographer-us-lunar-spacecraft-odysseus-shares-new-pictures-it-is-expected-to-go-dark-soon-694602">'Quite the photographer': US lunar spacecraft Odysseus shares new pictures; it is expected to go dark soon</a>

Subsequent research expeditions confirmed his suspicions. Mapping studies using a sub-bottom echo sounder — a form of sonar that bounces sound off the seafloor to image the shallow subsurface — led to the conclusion that the pits' formation was not methane-related.

"We mined thousands of miles of data for shallow gas, and simply didn't find that," explained Schneider von Deimling.

To investigate further, researchers employed a high-resolution multi-beam echo sounder, allowing detailed scrutiny of the pits' shape. They discovered that the pits were not conical, as expected with methane leaks, but rather maintained a consistent depth of 4.3 inches (10.92 centimetres), but of varying widths.

<h2>Why is this important?</h2>

Schneider von Deimling's collaboration with biologists studying harbour porpoises provided a breakthrough. These porpoises, known for scouring the seafloor for buried sand eels, overlapped with the pit locations. Subsequent oceanographic data analysis and echo sounder surveys confirmed this correlation, suggesting that the pits were porpoise-created and later shaped by ocean currents.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/abandoned-pipelines-pose-threat-of-releasing-toxins-into-north-sea-scientists-issue-warning-693452">Abandoned pipelines pose threat of releasing toxins into North Sea, scientists issue warning</a>

While photographic proof of porpoise digging remains elusive due to murky waters and the "pretty shy" harbour porpoise, the study's interdisciplinary approach sheds light on animal behaviour and its impact on seafloor morphology. Understanding the origin of seafloor pits is crucial for identifying submarine hazards, such as those related to tectonic activity, where methane seepage pits may indicate fault lines.

This study's results suggest that the potential long-term geological impact of large animals on seafloor evolution may be bigger than previous assumptions.

(With inputs from agencies)

In the North Sea's depths, small depressions, seemingly formed by leaking methane, have puzzled researchers for years. However, recent findings propose an unexpected explanation: these pits might be the handiwork of foraging porpoises, challenging long-held assumptions about the sea's geological features.

In the North Sea's depths, small depressions, seemingly formed by leaking methane, have puzzled researchers for years. However, recent findings propose an unexpected explanation: these pits might be the handiwork of foraging porpoises, challenging long-held assumptions about the sea's geological features. Methane pits no more As per a Live Science report, Geoscientist Jens Schneider von Deimling of Kiel University initially doubted the methane theory, given the North Sea's porous, sandy floor and strong currents, which inhibit methane accumulation. "I didn't really see any mechanisms that accumulate methane," he said. Also read | 'Quite the photographer': US lunar spacecraft Odysseus shares new pictures; it is expected to go dark soon Subsequent research expeditions confirmed his suspicions. Mapping studies using a sub-bottom echo sounder — a form of sonar that bounces sound off the seafloor to image the shallow subsurface — led to the conclusion that the pits' formation was not methane-related. "We mined thousands of miles of data for shallow gas, and simply didn't find that," explained Schneider von Deimling. To investigate further, researchers employed a high-resolution multi-beam echo sounder, allowing detailed scrutiny of the pits' shape. They discovered that the pits were not conical, as expected with methane leaks, but rather maintained a consistent depth of 4.3 inches (10.92 centimetres), but of varying widths. Why is this important? Schneider von Deimling's collaboration with biologists studying harbour porpoises provided a breakthrough. These porpoises, known for scouring the seafloor for buried sand eels, overlapped with the pit locations. Subsequent oceanographic data analysis and echo sounder surveys confirmed this correlation, suggesting that the pits were porpoise-created and later shaped by ocean currents. Also read | Abandoned pipelines pose threat of releasing toxins into North Sea, scientists issue warning While photographic proof of porpoise digging remains elusive due to murky waters and the "pretty shy" harbour porpoise, the study's interdisciplinary approach sheds light on animal behaviour and its impact on seafloor morphology. Understanding the origin of seafloor pits is crucial for identifying submarine hazards, such as those related to tectonic activity, where methane seepage pits may indicate fault lines. This study's results suggest that the potential long-term geological impact of large animals on seafloor evolution may be bigger than previous assumptions. (With inputs from agencies)

'Porpoise-ful' mistake: Porpoises, not methane, may be responsible for mysterious pits in North Sea

Does how much binge-watching you do have anything to do with how much you pee at night? Turns out the perfect way to unwind may be why you're not getting quality sleep.&nbsp;

As per new research published in the journal Neurourology and Urodynamics, a team of researchers from China have concluded that a high majority of people who binge-watch suffer from nocturia — the need to wake up and urinate two or more times a night.

<h2>The research</h2>

The team analysed the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's data from 2011 to 2016. Focusing on 13,294 participants aged 20 and older, they found that 32 per cent reported experiencing nocturia.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/can-adhd-traits-actually-have-evolutionary-benefits-new-study-reveals-groundbreaking-data-692367">Can ADHD traits actually have evolutionary benefits? New study reveals groundbreaking data</a>

After adjusting for factors like age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, education level, and diabetes status, the researchers discovered that the risk of nocturia was 48 per cent higher for those individuals who watched five or more hours of TV or videos per day compared to those who watched less than an hour.

"To our understanding, this study represents the first exploration of the correlation between TV and/or video viewing time and nocturia," said the researchers, as reported by The Guardian.

<h2>How can binge-watching cause someone to pee?</h2>

While the exact link between watching TV and nocturia remains unclear, the researchers suggested several possible explanations. They noted that extended periods of watching TV have been linked to a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which happens to be a known risk factor for nocturia.&nbsp;

Additionally, sedentary behaviour associated with TV watching can lead to fluid retention in the legs, which may also contribute to nocturia.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/martians-wanted-nasa-is-looking-for-volunteers-to-live-in-a-mars-simulator-for-a-year-692066">‘Martians wanted’: NASA is looking for volunteers to live in a Mars simulator for a year</a>

The researchers also pointed out that TV watching often coincides with increased fluid intake.

"Moreover, TV watching typically aligns with beverage consumption, leading to an elevated fluid intake," they said. As per the researchers, TV viewing may also lead to neurological disorders that could trigger bladder dysfunction, and TV watching may affect sleep duration or quality.

"And a decrease in sleep quality is closely linked to experiencing nocturia."

Although the study has its limitations, including its reliance on self-reported data for TV-watching habits and the inability to prove cause and effect, the researchers suggest that healthcare professionals should inform patients about the potential health risks of prolonged TV watching.

"Increasing public awareness of this potential health risk encourages individuals to be more mindful of their TV and/or video time," they write.

(With inputs from agencies)

Does how much binge-watching you do have anything to do with how much you pee at night? Turns out the perfect way to unwind may be why you're not getting quality sleep.

Does how much binge-watching you do have anything to do with how much you pee at night? Turns out the perfect way to unwind may be why you're not getting quality sleep. As per new research published in the journal Neurourology and Urodynamics, a team of researchers from China have concluded that a high majority of people who binge-watch suffer from nocturia — the need to wake up and urinate two or more times a night. The research The team analysed the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's data from 2011 to 2016. Focusing on 13,294 participants aged 20 and older, they found that 32 per cent reported experiencing nocturia. Also read | Can ADHD traits actually have evolutionary benefits? New study reveals groundbreaking data After adjusting for factors like age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, education level, and diabetes status, the researchers discovered that the risk of nocturia was 48 per cent higher for those individuals who watched five or more hours of TV or videos per day compared to those who watched less than an hour. "To our understanding, this study represents the first exploration of the correlation between TV and/or video viewing time and nocturia," said the researchers, as reported by The Guardian. How can binge-watching cause someone to pee? While the exact link between watching TV and nocturia remains unclear, the researchers suggested several possible explanations. They noted that extended periods of watching TV have been linked to a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which happens to be a known risk factor for nocturia. Additionally, sedentary behaviour associated with TV watching can lead to fluid retention in the legs, which may also contribute to nocturia. Also read | ‘Martians wanted’: NASA is looking for volunteers to live in a Mars simulator for a year The researchers also pointed out that TV watching often coincides with increased fluid intake. "Moreover, TV watching typically aligns with beverage consumption, leading to an elevated fluid intake," they said. As per the researchers, TV viewing may also lead to neurological disorders that could trigger bladder dysfunction, and TV watching may affect sleep duration or quality. "And a decrease in sleep quality is closely linked to experiencing nocturia." Although the study has its limitations, including its reliance on self-reported data for TV-watching habits and the inability to prove cause and effect, the researchers suggest that healthcare professionals should inform patients about the potential health risks of prolonged TV watching. "Increasing public awareness of this potential health risk encourages individuals to be more mindful of their TV and/or video time," they write. (With inputs from agencies)

Are your TV habits keeping you up at night? Study links binge-watching to frequent night-time urination

Bats, notorious carriers of deadly zoonotic diseases are everyone's nightmare, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as per recent research, they may also hold the key to understanding viral immunity.

A recent study by a Texas A&amp;M research team, published in the journal Cell Genomics, has revealed that certain bat species are naturally protected against the viruses they harbour — Ebola, COVID-19 etc. This, they reason is due to bats' unique immune genes, which are exchanged during seasonal mating swarms.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/are-your-tv-habits-keeping-you-up-at-night-study-links-binge-watching-to-frequent-night-time-urination-692418">Are your TV habits keeping you up at night? Study links binge-watching&nbsp;to&nbsp;frequent night time urination</a>

<h2>Evolutionary wonders</h2>

Dr Nicole Foley who along with Dr William Murphy, from the Texas A&amp;M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS), spearheaded the research said: "Understanding how bats have evolved viral tolerance may help us learn how humans can better fight emerging diseases."

They believe that studying bats' viral tolerance could be crucial in preventing future global pandemics. Foley explains, "As genomicists, our work often lays the groundwork for research by scientists who study virus transmission directly. They may be developing vaccines for diseases or monitoring vulnerable animal populations. We all depend on each other to stay ahead of the next pandemic," she added.&nbsp;

"Several bat species are tolerant of viruses that are detrimental to human health, which means they become reservoirs for disease — they carry the viruses, but crucially they don't develop symptoms," noted Foley.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/can-adhd-traits-actually-have-evolutionary-benefits-new-study-reveals-groundbreaking-data-692367">Can ADHD traits be a superpower? New study reveals they have evolutionary benefits</a>

To unravel the mystery of bat immunity, the researchers focused on Myotis bats, a vast genus with over 140 species worldwide. These bats engage in swarming behaviour during mating.

"You can think of swarming behaviour like a social gathering; there’s lots of flight activity, increased communication and interspecies mingling; for bats, it's not unlike going to a club," said Foley.

However, the more than 100 species of the Myotis bat pose a challenge, as similar appearances and frequent hybridisation make species identification difficult.

Foley and Murphy, along with international partners from Ireland, France and Switzerland, sequenced the genomes of 60 Myotis bat species to map their evolutionary tree and identify genes involved in disease immunity.

<h2>Amazing find</h2>

Surprisingly, the researchers found that immune genes were among the most exchanged between species during swarming.&nbsp;

Foley explains that swarming may have evolved "to promote hybridisation, which helps spread beneficial immune gene variants more widely throughout the population."

This discovery raises new questions about the role of hybridisation in mammalian evolution. They are now investigating other instances of hybridisation in mammals to understand its impact on evolutionary history and genome organisation.

(With inputs from agencies)

Bats, notorious carriers of deadly zoonotic diseases are everyone's nightmare, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as per recent research, they may also hold the key to understanding viral immunity.

Bats, notorious carriers of deadly zoonotic diseases are everyone's nightmare, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as per recent research, they may also hold the key to understanding viral immunity. A recent study by a Texas A&M research team, published in the journal Cell Genomics, has revealed that certain bat species are naturally protected against the viruses they harbour — Ebola, COVID-19 etc. This, they reason is due to bats' unique immune genes, which are exchanged during seasonal mating swarms. Also read | Are your TV habits keeping you up at night? Study links binge-watching to frequent night time urination Evolutionary wonders Dr Nicole Foley who along with Dr William Murphy, from the Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS), spearheaded the research said: "Understanding how bats have evolved viral tolerance may help us learn how humans can better fight emerging diseases." They believe that studying bats' viral tolerance could be crucial in preventing future global pandemics. Foley explains, "As genomicists, our work often lays the groundwork for research by scientists who study virus transmission directly. They may be developing vaccines for diseases or monitoring vulnerable animal populations. We all depend on each other to stay ahead of the next pandemic," she added. "Several bat species are tolerant of viruses that are detrimental to human health, which means they become reservoirs for disease — they carry the viruses, but crucially they don't develop symptoms," noted Foley. Also read | Can ADHD traits be a superpower? New study reveals they have evolutionary benefits To unravel the mystery of bat immunity, the researchers focused on Myotis bats, a vast genus with over 140 species worldwide. These bats engage in swarming behaviour during mating. "You can think of swarming behaviour like a social gathering; there’s lots of flight activity, increased communication and interspecies mingling; for bats, it's not unlike going to a club," said Foley. However, the more than 100 species of the Myotis bat pose a challenge, as similar appearances and frequent hybridisation make species identification difficult. Foley and Murphy, along with international partners from Ireland, France and Switzerland, sequenced the genomes of 60 Myotis bat species to map their evolutionary tree and identify genes involved in disease immunity. Amazing find Surprisingly, the researchers found that immune genes were among the most exchanged between species during swarming. Foley explains that swarming may have evolved "to promote hybridisation, which helps spread beneficial immune gene variants more widely throughout the population." This discovery raises new questions about the role of hybridisation in mammalian evolution. They are now investigating other instances of hybridisation in mammals to understand its impact on evolutionary history and genome organisation. (With inputs from agencies)

Bats, viruses, and immunity: Research reveals how bats could help prevent future pandemics

Researchers suggest that traits commonly associated with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), like distractibility and impulsivity, could have actually acted as an evolutionary advantage for our ancestors. These traits, as per research published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, might have helped them improve their foraging tactics and seeking out new food sources.

<h2>ADHD and negative perceptions</h2>

Despite the negative perception of these traits, researchers believe they could have had evolutionary benefits.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-grow-pair-of-laboratory-testicles-with-hope-of-easing-male-infertility-692250">Scientists grow pair of 'laboratory testicles' that could help treat male infertility</a>

Dr&nbsp;David Barack, from the University of Pennsylvania, the first author of the research explains that if these traits were truly negative, "then you would think that over evolutionary time, they would be selected against".&nbsp;

However, the prevalence of ADHD suggests otherwise.&nbsp;

"Our findings are an initial data point, suggestive of advantages in certain choice contexts," he added.

<h2>How can ADHD traits be beneficial?</h2>

Analysing data from an online foraging game involving 457 adults, researchers found that participants with higher ADHD-like symptoms scores were more likely to be better at foraging.

They observed that those with ADHD-like traits were likely to abandon current foraging patches in favour of exploring new ones, ultimately gaining more points in the game.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/study-reveals-plant-based-diet-reduces-sleep-apnoea-risk-by-one-fifth-692324">Study reveals plant-based diet reduces sleep apnoea risk by one-fifth</a>

While the study has limitations, such as relying on self-reported symptoms, it aligns with previous research suggesting a link between ADHD and nomadic lifestyles. However, as per Barack, more research is needed, including experiments with diagnosed ADHD individuals in real-world foraging tasks.

Professor Michael J Reiss from University College London, who was not involved in the study, notes that while ADHD can have serious negative consequences, it may also be advantageous in situations requiring rapid decision-making and physical activity, as seen in our evolutionary past. He emphasised that while "ADHD can be a serious problem but it’s a problem in large measure because of today’s environments."

(With inputs from agencies)

Researchers suggest that traits commonly associated with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), like distractibility and impulsivity, could have actually acted as an evolutionary advantage for our ancestors.

Researchers suggest that traits commonly associated with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), like distractibility and impulsivity, could have actually acted as an evolutionary advantage for our ancestors. These traits, as per research published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, might have helped them improve their foraging tactics and seeking out new food sources. ADHD and negative perceptions Despite the negative perception of these traits, researchers believe they could have had evolutionary benefits. Also read | Scientists grow pair of 'laboratory testicles' that could help treat male infertility Dr David Barack, from the University of Pennsylvania, the first author of the research explains that if these traits were truly negative, "then you would think that over evolutionary time, they would be selected against". However, the prevalence of ADHD suggests otherwise. "Our findings are an initial data point, suggestive of advantages in certain choice contexts," he added. How can ADHD traits be beneficial? Analysing data from an online foraging game involving 457 adults, researchers found that participants with higher ADHD-like symptoms scores were more likely to be better at foraging. They observed that those with ADHD-like traits were likely to abandon current foraging patches in favour of exploring new ones, ultimately gaining more points in the game. Also read | Study reveals plant-based diet reduces sleep apnoea risk by one-fifth While the study has limitations, such as relying on self-reported symptoms, it aligns with previous research suggesting a link between ADHD and nomadic lifestyles. However, as per Barack, more research is needed, including experiments with diagnosed ADHD individuals in real-world foraging tasks. Professor Michael J Reiss from University College London, who was not involved in the study, notes that while ADHD can have serious negative consequences, it may also be advantageous in situations requiring rapid decision-making and physical activity, as seen in our evolutionary past. He emphasised that while "ADHD can be a serious problem but it’s a problem in large measure because of today’s environments." (With inputs from agencies)

Can ADHD traits be a superpower? New study reveals they have evolutionary benefits

In the modern age, love is a rare find, and sometimes people just make do with technology: enter AI romance.&nbsp;

For those of you who didn't know this was a thing, there are AI chatbots that can help somewhat fill the romantic vacuum which comes from not having a significant other. These chatbots can help you during&nbsp;the time of loneliness, give you an outlet for your frustrations, and even help you with the opportunity to work out your sexual fantasies. But, how safe or trustworthy are these AI girlfriends/boyfriends? Experts warn they can break your heart.

<h2>A privacy nightmare</h2>

In its survey,&nbsp;the&nbsp;non profit organisation the Mozilla Foundation has come to the conclusion that these chatbots are nothing short of a privacy nightmare.

"Marketed as an empathetic friend, lover, or soulmate, and built to ask you endless questions, there’s no doubt romantic AI chatbots will end up collecting sensitive personal information about you."

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/take-charge-companies-using-feminist-messages-to-push-useless-health-products-onto-women-finds-study-690564">'Take charge': Companies using feminist messages to push 'useless' health products onto women, finds study</a>

In the report, researcher Misha Rykov writes "Although they are marketed as something that will enhance your mental health and well-being."

"They specialize in delivering dependency, loneliness, and toxicity, all while prying as much data as possible from you," she adds.

Researchers found that about 73 per cent of the apps hide how they manage security vulnerabilities, 45 per cent allow weak passwords, and all but one — Eva AI Chat Bot &amp; Soulmate — share or sell personal data. About half of the apps or 54 per cent don't let users delete their personal data.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/nothing-short-of-remarkable-this-is-how-much-elon-musk-earns-in-one-minute-690652">'Nothing short of remarkable': THIS is how much Elon Musk earns in one minute</a>

Furthermore, one AI — CrushOn.AI even collects data on the users' sexual health, prescription meds, and gender-affirming care. This, as per the Mozilla Foundation is mentioned in the apps' privacy policy.

<h2>Disturbing content</h2>

What's more, these AI chatbots at times even give way to some disturbing content. The survey found that some apps have chatbots with pretty dark character descriptions, featuring violence, underage abuse. Others&nbsp;carried warnings that the chatbots may be "offensive, unsafe, or hostile".

Not just that, the Mozilla Foundation noted that previously apps have even encouraged dangerous behaviour: suicide (Chai AI) and an assassination attempt on the late British monarch Queen Elizabeth II (Replika).

The researchers suggest that those trying out the world of AI companionship should refrain from saying "anything to your AI friend that you wouldn't want your cousin or colleagues to read."

(With inputs from agencies)

In the modern age, love is a rare find, and sometimes people just make do with technology: enter AI romance. For those of you who didn't know this was a thing, there are AI chatbots that can help somewhat fill the romantic vacuum which comes from not having a significant other.

In the modern age, love is a rare find, and sometimes people just make do with technology: enter AI romance. For those of you who didn't know this was a thing, there are AI chatbots that can help somewhat fill the romantic vacuum which comes from not having a significant other. These chatbots can help you during the time of loneliness, give you an outlet for your frustrations, and even help you with the opportunity to work out your sexual fantasies. But, how safe or trustworthy are these AI girlfriends/boyfriends? Experts warn they can break your heart. A privacy nightmare In its survey, the non profit organisation the Mozilla Foundation has come to the conclusion that these chatbots are nothing short of a privacy nightmare. "Marketed as an empathetic friend, lover, or soulmate, and built to ask you endless questions, there’s no doubt romantic AI chatbots will end up collecting sensitive personal information about you." Also read | 'Take charge': Companies using feminist messages to push 'useless' health products onto women, finds study In the report, researcher Misha Rykov writes "Although they are marketed as something that will enhance your mental health and well-being." "They specialize in delivering dependency, loneliness, and toxicity, all while prying as much data as possible from you," she adds. Researchers found that about 73 per cent of the apps hide how they manage security vulnerabilities, 45 per cent allow weak passwords, and all but one — Eva AI Chat Bot & Soulmate — share or sell personal data. About half of the apps or 54 per cent don't let users delete their personal data. Also read | 'Nothing short of remarkable': THIS is how much Elon Musk earns in one minute Furthermore, one AI — CrushOn.AI even collects data on the users' sexual health, prescription meds, and gender-affirming care. This, as per the Mozilla Foundation is mentioned in the apps' privacy policy. Disturbing content What's more, these AI chatbots at times even give way to some disturbing content. The survey found that some apps have chatbots with pretty dark character descriptions, featuring violence, underage abuse. Others carried warnings that the chatbots may be "offensive, unsafe, or hostile". Not just that, the Mozilla Foundation noted that previously apps have even encouraged dangerous behaviour: suicide (Chai AI) and an assassination attempt on the late British monarch Queen Elizabeth II (Replika). The researchers suggest that those trying out the world of AI companionship should refrain from saying "anything to your AI friend that you wouldn't want your cousin or colleagues to read." (With inputs from agencies)

Love in the age of AI: How safe are AI romance chatbots? Experts warn of heartbreak and privacy risks

Small "toy" breeds, as per new research, often have doubled-up teeth similar to sharks' mouths. New research published in the journal 'Research in Veterinary Science' shows that seven per cent of pet dogs, mostly smaller breeds, exhibit the condition known as persistent deciduous teeth.&nbsp;

<h2>Shark teeth</h2>

This occurs when a dog's baby teeth remain in the jaw, close to the adult teeth, instead of falling out, creating rows of teeth resembling those of sharks.

To explore this weird phenomenon, Corrin Wallis and her team at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute in Leicestershire, UK, analysed records from 2.8 million pure-bred dogs in the US from veterinary visits between January 2010 and December 2014.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/wake-up-call-first-of-its-kind-un-report-finds-22-migratory-animals-face-extinction-thanks-to-humans-689572">‘Wake up call’: First-of-its-kind UN report finds 22% migratory animals face extinction, thanks to humans</a>

Upon categorising 60 breeds into six size groups, ranging from extra-small (less than 6.5 kg) to extra-large (over 40 kg), they found that around 15 per cent of extra-small dogs had shark teeth, compared to less than one per cent of dogs in categories heavier than 15 kg.&nbsp;

Among toy breeds, Yorkshire terriers, toy poodles, Malteses, and chihuahuas showed the highest prevalence of these "shark teeth" — Yorkshire terriers had the highest at 25 per cent.&nbsp;

In comparison, Greyhounds had the lowest incidence across all breeds at just 0.1 per cent.

<h2>Why do dogs have 'shark teeth'?</h2>

According to the team of researchers, the higher prevalence of shark teeth in smaller breeds could be due to their smaller mouths.

Dan O'Neill at the Royal Veterinary College in London suggested that very short-nosed dogs were nearly three times as likely to have shark teeth as those with average nose lengths.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/whos-the-dad-stingray-pregnant-without-any-male-companion-aquarium-690301">Who’s the dad? Stingray pregnant without any male companion of her species in aquarium</a>

Deciduous teeth "is a disorder that's heavily related to breed, and that's key, because that means we can change that if we wish," he said.

Wallis and her team also found a connection between obesity and shark teeth, which were 11 per cent more common in overweight dogs. However, as per O'Neill, the reason for this link is unclear.

Further research in dogs is necessary to understand this new finding. Wallis and her colleagues, as per New Scientist, stress that it is important to get your pet&nbsp;regular veterinary care to check for persistent deciduous teeth. They recommend the removal of "shark teeth" to prevent complications.

(With inputs from agencies)

Small "toy" breeds, as per new research, often have doubled-up teeth similar to sharks' mouths. New research published in the journal 'Research in Veterinary Science' shows that seven per cent of pet dogs, mostly smaller breeds, exhibit the condition known as persistent deciduous teeth.

Small "toy" breeds, as per new research, often have doubled-up teeth similar to sharks' mouths. New research published in the journal 'Research in Veterinary Science' shows that seven per cent of pet dogs, mostly smaller breeds, exhibit the condition known as persistent deciduous teeth. Shark teeth This occurs when a dog's baby teeth remain in the jaw, close to the adult teeth, instead of falling out, creating rows of teeth resembling those of sharks. To explore this weird phenomenon, Corrin Wallis and her team at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute in Leicestershire, UK, analysed records from 2.8 million pure-bred dogs in the US from veterinary visits between January 2010 and December 2014. Also read | ‘Wake up call’: First-of-its-kind UN report finds 22% migratory animals face extinction, thanks to humans Upon categorising 60 breeds into six size groups, ranging from extra-small (less than 6.5 kg) to extra-large (over 40 kg), they found that around 15 per cent of extra-small dogs had shark teeth, compared to less than one per cent of dogs in categories heavier than 15 kg. Among toy breeds, Yorkshire terriers, toy poodles, Malteses, and chihuahuas showed the highest prevalence of these "shark teeth" — Yorkshire terriers had the highest at 25 per cent. In comparison, Greyhounds had the lowest incidence across all breeds at just 0.1 per cent. Why do dogs have 'shark teeth'? According to the team of researchers, the higher prevalence of shark teeth in smaller breeds could be due to their smaller mouths. Dan O'Neill at the Royal Veterinary College in London suggested that very short-nosed dogs were nearly three times as likely to have shark teeth as those with average nose lengths. Also read | Who’s the dad? Stingray pregnant without any male companion of her species in aquarium Deciduous teeth "is a disorder that's heavily related to breed, and that's key, because that means we can change that if we wish," he said. Wallis and her team also found a connection between obesity and shark teeth, which were 11 per cent more common in overweight dogs. However, as per O'Neill, the reason for this link is unclear. Further research in dogs is necessary to understand this new finding. Wallis and her colleagues, as per New Scientist, stress that it is important to get your pet regular veterinary care to check for persistent deciduous teeth. They recommend the removal of "shark teeth" to prevent complications. (With inputs from agencies)

New research suggests your Chihuahua or other toy breed dog may have 'shark teeth'.  Here's what it means

Is there more to marine life than we know? A scientific mission that is about to set sail off the coast of New Zealand aims to answer just that question.

Research vessel with specialised equipment to set sail off the coast of New Zealand

Scientists have unveiled a cutting-edge image-correction algorithm poised to revolutionise the study of ultracold atoms. These atoms, just above absolute zero, exhibit perplexing quantum properties that defy classical mechanics.

The innovative technique, devised by a research team at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), promises to deliver clearer images with reduced interference fringes, unlocking deeper insights into the enigmatic realm of quantum mechanics.

At near-zero temperatures, atoms transcend their classical behaviour, succumbing to the laws of quantum mechanics.

This transition offers a unique window into probing fundamental atomic properties with unprecedented precision.

Traditional methods for studying ultracold atoms, such as magneto-optical traps and fluorescence imaging, often falter due to unwanted interference patterns, hindering accurate analysis.

The game-changing algorithm developed by the RRI team leverages eigenface recognition technology coupled with intelligent masking techniques.

Similar to how facial recognition algorithms identify individuals from a pool of images, this novel approach effectively isolates and eliminates unwanted interference fringes from cold atom images, significantly enhancing their clarity.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/us-congressional-budget-stalemate-forces-nasa-layoffs-mars-sample-return-mission-in-peril-688039">US Congressional budget stalemate forces NASA layoffs, Mars sample return mission in peril</a>

Gourab Pal, a PhD student at the QuMix lab, RRI, explained its significance, “While dealing with the cold atoms, it is necessary to calculate the Optical Density (OD) from which one can determine the temperature, size, density and other useful parameters."&nbsp;

However, in real-world scenarios, discrepancies between frames containing the atom cloud and probe light complicate this process, necessitating a robust de-fringing method for accurate measurements.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/moons-serene-facade-is-hiding-a-turbulent-reality-reveals-nasa-funded-research-687981">Moon's serene facade is hiding a turbulent reality, reveals NASA-funded research</a>

Published in the esteemed journal Applied Optics, the research highlighted a remarkable 50 per cent reduction in interference fringes in absorption imaging of cold atoms.

Furthermore, applying the algorithm led to a notable 50 per cent improvement in temperature uncertainties for cold Rubidium atoms. This breakthrough holds immense promise for advancing various applications in the cold atom community, particularly in scenarios with fewer atom numbers.

Watch | Australia introduces ‘right to disconnect’ laws

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Saptarishi Chaudhuri, head of the QuMix laboratory at RRI, underscores the versatility of absorption imaging saying, “Absorption imaging can be used to find the density profile of cold and ultracold atoms. In this technique, we find the temperature of a cold atom cloud via time-of-flight measurements. The basic of the quantum gas microscopy is the absorption imaging. In addition, this method is used to perform in-situ measurements of trapped atoms."&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have unveiled a cutting-edge image-correction algorithm poised to revolutionise the study of ultracold atoms. These atoms, just above absolute zero, exhibit perplexing quantum properties that defy classical mechanics.

Scientists have unveiled a cutting-edge image-correction algorithm poised to revolutionise the study of ultracold atoms. These atoms, just above absolute zero, exhibit perplexing quantum properties that defy classical mechanics. The innovative technique, devised by a research team at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), promises to deliver clearer images with reduced interference fringes, unlocking deeper insights into the enigmatic realm of quantum mechanics. At near-zero temperatures, atoms transcend their classical behaviour, succumbing to the laws of quantum mechanics. This transition offers a unique window into probing fundamental atomic properties with unprecedented precision. Traditional methods for studying ultracold atoms, such as magneto-optical traps and fluorescence imaging, often falter due to unwanted interference patterns, hindering accurate analysis. The game-changing algorithm developed by the RRI team leverages eigenface recognition technology coupled with intelligent masking techniques. Similar to how facial recognition algorithms identify individuals from a pool of images, this novel approach effectively isolates and eliminates unwanted interference fringes from cold atom images, significantly enhancing their clarity. Also Read | US Congressional budget stalemate forces NASA layoffs, Mars sample return mission in peril Gourab Pal, a PhD student at the QuMix lab, RRI, explained its significance, “While dealing with the cold atoms, it is necessary to calculate the Optical Density (OD) from which one can determine the temperature, size, density and other useful parameters." However, in real-world scenarios, discrepancies between frames containing the atom cloud and probe light complicate this process, necessitating a robust de-fringing method for accurate measurements. Also Read | Moon's serene facade is hiding a turbulent reality, reveals NASA-funded research Published in the esteemed journal Applied Optics, the research highlighted a remarkable 50 per cent reduction in interference fringes in absorption imaging of cold atoms. Furthermore, applying the algorithm led to a notable 50 per cent improvement in temperature uncertainties for cold Rubidium atoms. This breakthrough holds immense promise for advancing various applications in the cold atom community, particularly in scenarios with fewer atom numbers. Watch | Australia introduces ‘right to disconnect’ laws × Saptarishi Chaudhuri, head of the QuMix laboratory at RRI, underscores the versatility of absorption imaging saying, “Absorption imaging can be used to find the density profile of cold and ultracold atoms. In this technique, we find the temperature of a cold atom cloud via time-of-flight measurements. The basic of the quantum gas microscopy is the absorption imaging. In addition, this method is used to perform in-situ measurements of trapped atoms." (With inputs from agencies)

Quantum leap! Indian scientists pioneer breakthrough algorithm for studying ultracold atoms

Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Stockholm, a prominent Swedish medical university home to the Nobel Assembly, faced a significant setback as research samples gathered over decades were destroyed due to a freezer malfunction during the Christmas holidays.

Stored in cryogenic tanks cooled with liquid nitrogen at -190°C, the samples valued at millions of US dollars were crucial for various research initiatives.

Between December 22 and 23, a malfunction occurred in the supply of liquid nitrogen to 16 cryogenic tanks, as reported by The Guardian newspaper.

Despite the tanks being designed to function&nbsp;up to four days without additional liquid nitrogen, they were left without it for five days, resulting in the destruction of samples from multiple institutions.

The timing, just a day before Christmas Eve, added to the gravity of the situation.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/turkey-ratifies-swedens-much-delayed-nato-bid-ball-now-in-hungarys-court-683014">Also read |&nbsp;Turkey ratifies Sweden's much-delayed NATO bid, ball now in Hungary's court</a>

<h2>Estimated loss and impact on Leukemia research</h2>

While media outlets suggested an estimated value of 500 million kronor ($46&nbsp;million) for the lost samples, Matti Sällberg, the dean of KI’s southern campus, told the Guardian&nbsp;that no official estimate had been made but acknowledged it was easily in the millions.

The most severely affected area is leukemia research, with samples spanning up to 30 years from patients now irretrievably lost.

The university has launched an internal investigation to ascertain the cause of the freezer malfunction.

Despite no immediate signs of sabotage, the incident has been reported to the police, covering all bases in understanding the circumstances.

Also watch |&nbsp;Sweden records lowest temperature in 25 years, -43.5 degrees celsius recorded

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Sällberg clarified that, as of now, there is no indication of external interference, but the police report was filed for comprehensive exploration.

The destroyed samples were exclusively dedicated to research and would not affect the ongoing care of patients.

However, their intended use in future studies has been severely compromised.

(With inputs from agencies)

Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Stockholm, a prominent Swedish medical university home to the Nobel Assembly, faced a significant setback as research samples gathered over decades were destroyed due to a freezer malfunction during the Christmas holidays.

Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Stockholm, a prominent Swedish medical university home to the Nobel Assembly, faced a significant setback as research samples gathered over decades were destroyed due to a freezer malfunction during the Christmas holidays. Stored in cryogenic tanks cooled with liquid nitrogen at -190°C, the samples valued at millions of US dollars were crucial for various research initiatives. Between December 22 and 23, a malfunction occurred in the supply of liquid nitrogen to 16 cryogenic tanks, as reported by The Guardian newspaper. Despite the tanks being designed to function up to four days without additional liquid nitrogen, they were left without it for five days, resulting in the destruction of samples from multiple institutions. The timing, just a day before Christmas Eve, added to the gravity of the situation. Also read | Turkey ratifies Sweden's much-delayed NATO bid, ball now in Hungary's court Estimated loss and impact on Leukemia research While media outlets suggested an estimated value of 500 million kronor ($46 million) for the lost samples, Matti Sällberg, the dean of KI’s southern campus, told the Guardian that no official estimate had been made but acknowledged it was easily in the millions. The most severely affected area is leukemia research, with samples spanning up to 30 years from patients now irretrievably lost. The university has launched an internal investigation to ascertain the cause of the freezer malfunction. Despite no immediate signs of sabotage, the incident has been reported to the police, covering all bases in understanding the circumstances. Also watch | Sweden records lowest temperature in 25 years, -43.5 degrees celsius recorded Sällberg clarified that, as of now, there is no indication of external interference, but the police report was filed for comprehensive exploration. The destroyed samples were exclusively dedicated to research and would not affect the ongoing care of patients. However, their intended use in future studies has been severely compromised. (With inputs from agencies)

Decades of  leukemia research samples destroyed at Swedish university due to freezer malfunction

For millennia, humans have adorned themselves with personal ornaments. These serve as a connection to their communities and help in establishing a cultural identity that endures even after their lives, as proven by a recent archaeological find that points to multiple cultural groups among our ancient ancestors.&nbsp;

<h2>Early humans</h2>

A recent study examining thousands of pendants from the ice age in Europe, dating between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago, has revealed the presence of at least nine distinct cultural groups within the broader Gravettian population. As per a study published in Nature Human Behavior, each of these groups exhibited relatively unique ornament styles.

The study, led by Jack Baker, an archaeology doctoral student at the University of Bordeaux, pointed out that these cultural associations do not always align with familial ties. Genetic analyses revealed that, in some cases, despite different ancestries, individuals shared cultural embellishments.

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"We've shown that you can have two [distinct] genetic groups of people who actually share a culture," said Baker, in a conversation with Scientific American.

<h2>Wearing beads: The practice</h2>

As per Science Alert, the practice of adorning oneself with beads traces back approximately 140,000 years, with shell beads discovered in modern-day Morocco. However, the widespread use of beads intensified around 45,000 years ago, marking a period when ornamental traditions proliferated across Europe.

"This is the moment when personal ornaments acquire a degree of diversity, enabling researchers to more precisely investigate their role as cultural markers," explained&nbsp;the researchers in their paper.

As part of their investigation, Baker and his team compiled records of hand-chiselled beads and pendants from 112 sites across Europe. Most of these trinkets were discovered in Gravettian dwellings, with some excavated from burial sites where DNA samples were collected.&nbsp;

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These ornaments, previously categorised under one culture, the Gravettian people, exhibited remarkable diversity when considered collectively. The researchers identified 134 different types of beads crafted from materials such as animal bones, teeth, shells, amber, and stone. Some resembled fishtails, while others took the form of owls.

Comparing ornaments across geographical distances revealed nine distinct cultural groups, each demonstrating unique preferences for specific bead types based on their locations.

Baker emphasised that these differences were crystalised in the artifacts found in graves, potentially serving as quick identifiers among people. However, the analysis also indicated fluid cultural boundaries, with neighbouring groups occasionally adopting each other's styles.

"The sense of belonging felt by all humans today is deeply rooted in our shared history and played an important role in determining how Gravettian people adorned themselves," concluded the team.

Archaeologist Peter Jordan lauded the study as a landmark, highlighting the importance of examining ancient artifacts and DNA in tandem to unveil intricate cultural behaviours and group relations.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

For millennia, humans have adorned themselves with personal ornaments. These serve as a connection to their communities and help in establishing a cultural identity that endures even after their lives, as proven by a recent archaeological find that points to multiple cultural groups among our ancient ancestors.

For millennia, humans have adorned themselves with personal ornaments. These serve as a connection to their communities and help in establishing a cultural identity that endures even after their lives, as proven by a recent archaeological find that points to multiple cultural groups among our ancient ancestors. Early humans A recent study examining thousands of pendants from the ice age in Europe, dating between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago, has revealed the presence of at least nine distinct cultural groups within the broader Gravettian population. As per a study published in Nature Human Behavior, each of these groups exhibited relatively unique ornament styles. The study, led by Jack Baker, an archaeology doctoral student at the University of Bordeaux, pointed out that these cultural associations do not always align with familial ties. Genetic analyses revealed that, in some cases, despite different ancestries, individuals shared cultural embellishments. Also read | 'Some things shouldn't breed': US based shelter lets jilted lovers 'neuter' their ex for Valentine's Day "We've shown that you can have two [distinct] genetic groups of people who actually share a culture," said Baker, in a conversation with Scientific American. Wearing beads: The practice As per Science Alert, the practice of adorning oneself with beads traces back approximately 140,000 years, with shell beads discovered in modern-day Morocco. However, the widespread use of beads intensified around 45,000 years ago, marking a period when ornamental traditions proliferated across Europe. "This is the moment when personal ornaments acquire a degree of diversity, enabling researchers to more precisely investigate their role as cultural markers," explained the researchers in their paper. As part of their investigation, Baker and his team compiled records of hand-chiselled beads and pendants from 112 sites across Europe. Most of these trinkets were discovered in Gravettian dwellings, with some excavated from burial sites where DNA samples were collected. Also read | Astronomers spot 18 black holes devouring stars in cosmic feast These ornaments, previously categorised under one culture, the Gravettian people, exhibited remarkable diversity when considered collectively. The researchers identified 134 different types of beads crafted from materials such as animal bones, teeth, shells, amber, and stone. Some resembled fishtails, while others took the form of owls. Comparing ornaments across geographical distances revealed nine distinct cultural groups, each demonstrating unique preferences for specific bead types based on their locations. Baker emphasised that these differences were crystalised in the artifacts found in graves, potentially serving as quick identifiers among people. However, the analysis also indicated fluid cultural boundaries, with neighbouring groups occasionally adopting each other's styles. "The sense of belonging felt by all humans today is deeply rooted in our shared history and played an important role in determining how Gravettian people adorned themselves," concluded the team. Archaeologist Peter Jordan lauded the study as a landmark, highlighting the importance of examining ancient artifacts and DNA in tandem to unveil intricate cultural behaviours and group relations. (With inputs from agencies)

Researchers find proof of at least 9 hidden cultural groups during Ice Age Europe

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers have unveiled the long-sought answer to the age-old question - why are insects drawn to artificial light? A team of scientists from Imperial College London and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity at the Florida Museum of Natural History may have cracked the code.

According to co-lead author Samuel Fabian, the mystery lies in the way artificial light scrambles insects' ability to orient themselves in space. Fabian explained, “What we’re bringing here is just linking this behaviour to an insect behaviour that was considered a puzzle until now.”

The prevailing theories over the years speculated that insects were either mistaking lights for celestial bodies or trying to warm themselves with the emitted heat. However, the new findings disprove these notions and come up with another theory.&nbsp;

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Co-lead author Yash Sondhi reportedly said, “It’s not a light attraction issue but an orientation issue.” The research team conducted experiments using high-speed infrared cameras in an insect flight arena and ventured into the Costa Rican jungle for field observations.

The results showed that insects did not fly directly towards the light but circled it while attempting to align their backs with the artificial source - a behaviour termed as a "dorsal light response."

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The study's revelations have garnered&nbsp;interest, with Florian Altermatt, an ecologist at the University of Zurich, calling it a "satisfying answer to a long-standing phenomenon."

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Despite the breakthrough, the research uncovered two exceptions - oleander hawk moths and Drosophila fruit flies - which flew normally in the presence of light. Fabian noted, “We’d like to pick apart some of these exceptions in future research.”

(With inputs from agencies)

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers have unveiled the long-sought answer to the age-old question - why are insects drawn to artificial light?

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers have unveiled the long-sought answer to the age-old question - why are insects drawn to artificial light? A team of scientists from Imperial College London and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity at the Florida Museum of Natural History may have cracked the code. According to co-lead author Samuel Fabian, the mystery lies in the way artificial light scrambles insects' ability to orient themselves in space. Fabian explained, “What we’re bringing here is just linking this behaviour to an insect behaviour that was considered a puzzle until now.” The prevailing theories over the years speculated that insects were either mistaking lights for celestial bodies or trying to warm themselves with the emitted heat. However, the new findings disprove these notions and come up with another theory. Also Read | Astronaut aboard ISS posts photo which might give you 'OCD' Co-lead author Yash Sondhi reportedly said, “It’s not a light attraction issue but an orientation issue.” The research team conducted experiments using high-speed infrared cameras in an insect flight arena and ventured into the Costa Rican jungle for field observations. The results showed that insects did not fly directly towards the light but circled it while attempting to align their backs with the artificial source - a behaviour termed as a "dorsal light response." Also Read | Human skeletons with buckets on feet, rings around necks provide glimpse into Dark Ages The study's revelations have garnered interest, with Florian Altermatt, an ecologist at the University of Zurich, calling it a "satisfying answer to a long-standing phenomenon." Watch | NASA finally unlocks a canister containing precious dust samples from the asteroid Bennu × Despite the breakthrough, the research uncovered two exceptions - oleander hawk moths and Drosophila fruit flies - which flew normally in the presence of light. Fabian noted, “We’d like to pick apart some of these exceptions in future research.” (With inputs from agencies)

Mystery solved? Study reveals reason behind insects' attraction to artificial light

In a developing maritime situation, the Indian Navy is closely monitoring the movement of the Chinese ocean research vessel XIANG YANG HONG 03, which is reported to be heading towards Male, the capital of the Maldives. The development comes amid the recent India-Maldives tensions. Watch to know more!

China's research vessel or a snooping device? | India-Maldives tensions

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