The human brain it's the most sophisticated organ created by nature and now a new study has found it is getting bigger. The increased brain size may lead to an increased brain reserve, potentially reducing overall risk of age-related dementias. Watch in for more details!

Brain size steadily increased for people born after 1930s

The human brain it's the most sophisticated organ created by nature and now a new study has found it is getting bigger. Watch in for more details!

A new study has revealed that the size of human brains is getting larger, which means increased brain reserve and decreased chances of developing dementia. The researchers at UC Davis Health reached the conclusion by comparing the size of the brains of people born in the 1930s with those of people born in the 1970s. They noticed that the latter had 6.6 per cent larger brains. The study was published in JAMA Neurology.

"The decade someone is born appears to impact brain size and potentially long-term brain health," said Charles DeCarli, first author of the study.

He further adds that genetics may also play a major role in determining the size of the brain. "Genetics plays a major role in determining brain size, but our findings indicate external influences -- such as health, social, cultural and educational factors -- may also play a role," he said.

<h2>How was the study conducted?</h2>

Researchers used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) from participants in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). This community-based data was launched in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts to analyse patterns of heart diseases.

The original sample size was made up of 5,209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62. The research continued for 75 years and later included second and third generations of participants.

Then, the MRIs were conducted between 1999 and 2019. The brain study was done on 3,226 participants (53 per cent female, 47 per cent male) with an average age of about 57 at the time of the MRI.

<h2>Result</h2>

For participants born in the 1930s, the average volume of the brain was found to be 1,234 millilitres but for those born in the 1970s, the volume turned out to be 1,321 millilitres, 6.6 per cent larger.

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The researchers found brain structures such as white matter, grey matter and hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory) also increased in size.

<h2>Benefits of larger brain size</h2>

Researchers said it might lead to decreased chances of developing dementia in ageing population.

"Larger brain structures like those observed in our study may reflect improved brain development and improved brain health," DeCarli said.

"A larger brain structure represents a larger brain reserve and may buffer the late-life effects of age-related brain diseases like Alzheimer's and related dementias," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has revealed that the size of human brains is getting larger, which means increased brain reserve and decreased chances of developing dementia. The researchers at UC Davis Health reached the conclusion by comparing the size of the brains of people born in the 1930s with those of people born in the 1970s.

A new study has revealed that the size of human brains is getting larger, which means increased brain reserve and decreased chances of developing dementia. The researchers at UC Davis Health reached the conclusion by comparing the size of the brains of people born in the 1930s with those of people born in the 1970s. They noticed that the latter had 6.6 per cent larger brains. The study was published in JAMA Neurology. "The decade someone is born appears to impact brain size and potentially long-term brain health," said Charles DeCarli, first author of the study. He further adds that genetics may also play a major role in determining the size of the brain. "Genetics plays a major role in determining brain size, but our findings indicate external influences -- such as health, social, cultural and educational factors -- may also play a role," he said. How was the study conducted? Researchers used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) from participants in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). This community-based data was launched in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts to analyse patterns of heart diseases. The original sample size was made up of 5,209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62. The research continued for 75 years and later included second and third generations of participants. Then, the MRIs were conducted between 1999 and 2019. The brain study was done on 3,226 participants (53 per cent female, 47 per cent male) with an average age of about 57 at the time of the MRI. Result For participants born in the 1930s, the average volume of the brain was found to be 1,234 millilitres but for those born in the 1970s, the volume turned out to be 1,321 millilitres, 6.6 per cent larger. Also read: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is `biological`, key study confirms The researchers found brain structures such as white matter, grey matter and hippocampus (a brain region involved in learning and memory) also increased in size. Benefits of larger brain size Researchers said it might lead to decreased chances of developing dementia in ageing population. "Larger brain structures like those observed in our study may reflect improved brain development and improved brain health," DeCarli said. "A larger brain structure represents a larger brain reserve and may buffer the late-life effects of age-related brain diseases like Alzheimer's and related dementias," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Human brains getting larger in size, and this may be good news for some

In a recent study published in eClinicalMedicine, researchers delved into the intricate relationship between smoking habits and the likelihood of experiencing a stroke. This comprehensive investigation shed light on how various aspects of smoking behavior influenced the risk of stroke occurrence.

The study revealed that individuals who were current smokers faced a significantly elevated risk of suffering from a stroke compared to those who had never smoked. This risk was particularly pronounced for ischaemic strokes, which occurred when blood flow to the brain was obstructed. Collaborating on this international study were researchers from St John's Medical College and Research Institute in Bengaluru.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/news-how-smoking-and-drinking-alcohol-regularly-impact-eye-health-700325">Also read |&nbsp;How smoking and drinking alcohol regularly impact eye health</a>

<h2>Impact of different smoking habits</h2>

Both filtered and non-filtered cigarette consumption were found to be associated with increased stroke risk. Additionally, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for more than 10 hours per week was identified as a significant risk factor, nearly doubling the likelihood of experiencing a stroke, particularly ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) strokes, which resulted from bleeding within the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel.

The study highlighted that among individuals under 50 years of age who smoked heavily (more than 20 cigarettes per day), the risk of stroke more than doubled, surpassing the increase observed in participants aged 70 and above. Furthermore, for those aged 50-59, there was an eightfold increase in the risk of large vessel stroke, affecting major blood vessels supplying the brain.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/news-understanding-the-alarming-link-between-smoking-and-reproductive-health-among-young-women-665041">Also read |&nbsp;There's an alarming link between smoking and reproductive health among young women</a>

Analysis of data from 32 countries across various income levels revealed regional disparities in stroke risk among current smokers. Western European and North American regions exhibited the highest risk. Interestingly, regardless of income level, the risk was higher in high-income countries (HICs) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with younger smokers facing a heightened risk compared to older individuals. Moreover, the risk escalated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, particularly in HICs.

The findings of this study shed light on the importance of global initiatives aimed at curbing tobacco use and exposure. To mitigate stroke risk associated with smoking, the researchers advocated for preventive measures targeting youth initiation prevention and smoking cessation support for current smokers. Additionally, legislative actions to establish and promote smoke-free environments were recommended.

Notable regional disparities in smoking prevalence were observed, with around 46 per cent&nbsp;of young men in South East Asia reported as current smokers, while over 16 per cent&nbsp;of young females in Eastern/Central Europe and the Middle East were identified as current smokers.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a recent study published in eClinicalMedicine, researchers delved into the intricate relationship between smoking habits and the likelihood of experiencing a stroke.

In a recent study published in eClinicalMedicine, researchers delved into the intricate relationship between smoking habits and the likelihood of experiencing a stroke. This comprehensive investigation shed light on how various aspects of smoking behavior influenced the risk of stroke occurrence. The study revealed that individuals who were current smokers faced a significantly elevated risk of suffering from a stroke compared to those who had never smoked. This risk was particularly pronounced for ischaemic strokes, which occurred when blood flow to the brain was obstructed. Collaborating on this international study were researchers from St John's Medical College and Research Institute in Bengaluru. Also read | How smoking and drinking alcohol regularly impact eye health Impact of different smoking habits Both filtered and non-filtered cigarette consumption were found to be associated with increased stroke risk. Additionally, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for more than 10 hours per week was identified as a significant risk factor, nearly doubling the likelihood of experiencing a stroke, particularly ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) strokes, which resulted from bleeding within the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel. The study highlighted that among individuals under 50 years of age who smoked heavily (more than 20 cigarettes per day), the risk of stroke more than doubled, surpassing the increase observed in participants aged 70 and above. Furthermore, for those aged 50-59, there was an eightfold increase in the risk of large vessel stroke, affecting major blood vessels supplying the brain. Also read | There's an alarming link between smoking and reproductive health among young women Analysis of data from 32 countries across various income levels revealed regional disparities in stroke risk among current smokers. Western European and North American regions exhibited the highest risk. Interestingly, regardless of income level, the risk was higher in high-income countries (HICs) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with younger smokers facing a heightened risk compared to older individuals. Moreover, the risk escalated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, particularly in HICs. The findings of this study shed light on the importance of global initiatives aimed at curbing tobacco use and exposure. To mitigate stroke risk associated with smoking, the researchers advocated for preventive measures targeting youth initiation prevention and smoking cessation support for current smokers. Additionally, legislative actions to establish and promote smoke-free environments were recommended. Notable regional disparities in smoking prevalence were observed, with around 46 per cent of young men in South East Asia reported as current smokers, while over 16 per cent of young females in Eastern/Central Europe and the Middle East were identified as current smokers. (With inputs from agencies)

Passive smoking exposure nearly doubles stroke risk, new study says

Doctors got a nasty surprise when a man, who had visited the hospital complaining about migraines, was found to have an infestation of parasitic worms in his brain.

Doctors got a nasty surprise when a man, who had visited the hospital complaining about migraines, was found to have an infestation of parasitic worms in his brain. It was found that the 52-year-old man was infected with Taenia solium's larvae, which is a tapeworm that generally infects pigs. The parasite can also infect people who consume uncooked or partially cooked pork or the poop which contains the eggs of the worm. As reported by the New York Post, the man sought medical help after an increase in the frequency of his aggressive headaches in the past four months. In the scans, it was revealed that he had multiple cysts on both sides of his brain which eventually were found to be pork tapeworm eggs. Also Read: South Korea orders striking doctors back to work as emergency units turn away patients It was reported that the man contracted the illness after he ate undercooked bacon. The doctors were able to find the cause after they were told about his ''lifelong preference for soft bacon.'' Microscopic eggs are likely to have entered the man's intestine which leads to the development of a tapeworm. He was diagnosed by the doctors as suffering from parasitic infection neurocysticercosis, which refers to a condition in which the parasite lays eggs and infects various regions of the body. Historically unusual case leaves doctors shocked The American Journal of Case Reports recently published the details of the ailment of the man. ''It is historically very unusual to encounter infected pork in the United States, and our case may have public health implications,'' wrote researchers. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and was injected with corticosteroid dexamethasone four times every day to decrease the swelling in his brain. He was also administered albendazole and praziquantel for two weeks which is used for treating worm infections. After some time the cysts disappeared and there was improvement in his migraines. Watch: South Korea to revamp working conditions for young doctors, Seoul announces new measures ''A 52-year-old man with a medical history of migraine headaches, complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity presented with a 4-month change in his migraines becoming severe, worse over his occiput bilaterally, and unresponsive to abortive therapy," the details of the case read. "His exposure history was unremarkable except for a habit of eating undercooked bacon, by which he would have developed neurocysticercosis via autoinfection. Neuroimaging and serology confirmed a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis and he was treated accordingly with antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory medications,'' it added. (With inputs from agencies)

Tapeworms in brain! Here's how parasitic worms infested a man's brain in US

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety.

Using a cap equipped with optical probes, trainee surgeon Mary Goble underwent scrutiny as she navigated through a simulated emergency surgery. Despite outward composure, her brain activity revealed the hidden strain of managing multiple stressors simultaneously.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/individuals-with-higher-education-tend-to-live-longer-study-claims-695900">Individuals with higher education tend to age slower, live longer, study claims</a>

“You often don’t really see any external signs from people" as doctors have a “don’t hesitate to cope” thinking, said Leff.

"I think if this is framed in a way that is about helping people become the best doctors they can be and that it’s about patient safety, the acceptance is greater,"&nbsp;he added.

“The moment you try to use these things to say that someone is or isn’t capable, you start to run into problems,"&nbsp;Leff further said.

He also envisioned a future where real-time brain activity monitoring could trigger interventions to support surgeons under duress.

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The study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor changes in blood oxygenation, correlating with neural activity. By analysing fNIRS signatures, researchers aimed to pinpoint moments of cognitive overload, potentially revolutionising surgical training and patient safety protocols.

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Trainee surgeon Mary Goble&nbsp;reflected on the intense stress surgeons endure, even in simulated scenarios, underscoring the need for coping mechanisms like controlled breathing.

While real-time brain activity readouts during surgery remain a distant prospect, advancements in brain-computer-interface technologies offer hope for future applications,

The team is also exploring transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a tool to enhance surgical performance. “When it comes to neuro-augmentation that’s certainly more challenging ground and people become more sceptical,” Leff said.

“It’s an area that’s going to struggle to garner much support as you are talking about sending signals to someone’s brain. fNIRS is harmless monitoring of what’s happening and we have seen that’s way more acceptable to people," he added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety.

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety. Using a cap equipped with optical probes, trainee surgeon Mary Goble underwent scrutiny as she navigated through a simulated emergency surgery. Despite outward composure, her brain activity revealed the hidden strain of managing multiple stressors simultaneously. Also Read | Individuals with higher education tend to age slower, live longer, study claims “You often don’t really see any external signs from people" as doctors have a “don’t hesitate to cope” thinking, said Leff. "I think if this is framed in a way that is about helping people become the best doctors they can be and that it’s about patient safety, the acceptance is greater," he added. “The moment you try to use these things to say that someone is or isn’t capable, you start to run into problems," Leff further said. He also envisioned a future where real-time brain activity monitoring could trigger interventions to support surgeons under duress. Also Read | Archaeologists discover long-lost 5,000-year-old copper age cemetery in Italy The study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor changes in blood oxygenation, correlating with neural activity. By analysing fNIRS signatures, researchers aimed to pinpoint moments of cognitive overload, potentially revolutionising surgical training and patient safety protocols. Watch | Dating Scams: Women fall prey to Facebook dating scams with Danish doctor's face × Trainee surgeon Mary Goble reflected on the intense stress surgeons endure, even in simulated scenarios, underscoring the need for coping mechanisms like controlled breathing. While real-time brain activity readouts during surgery remain a distant prospect, advancements in brain-computer-interface technologies offer hope for future applications, The team is also exploring transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a tool to enhance surgical performance. “When it comes to neuro-augmentation that’s certainly more challenging ground and people become more sceptical,” Leff said. “It’s an area that’s going to struggle to garner much support as you are talking about sending signals to someone’s brain. fNIRS is harmless monitoring of what’s happening and we have seen that’s way more acceptable to people," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Surgeons' cognitive strain in operation theaters analysed in study. Here's what it showed

Fibre is primarily needed to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course &amp; Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals.&nbsp;

The study, led by Dr Mary Ni Lochlainn from the Department of Twin Research, has unveiled the cognitive benefits of incorporating a daily fibre supplement into the diets of individuals over 60. The study suggested that "inducing gut microbiota changes may alter both muscle physiology and cognitive behaviour. Gut microbiota may play a role in both anabolic resistance of older muscle, and cognition."

"We are excited to see these changes in just 12 weeks. This holds huge promise for enhancing brain health and memory in our aging population. Unlocking the secrets of the gut-brain axis could offer new approaches for living more healthily for longer," Dr Ni Lochlainn reportedly said.

The study, conducted at TwinsUK, the UK's largest adult twin registry based at King's College London, aimed to explore the impact of two commonly available plant fibre supplements, inulin and FOS, on both muscle health and brain function.

Researchers enlisted 36 pairs of twin pairs, totaling 72 participants, aged over 60 for the double-blind trial. Each twin pair was randomised&nbsp;to receive either placebo or prebiotic daily.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/in-a-two-minute-hunt-a-lone-orca-kills-a-great-white-shark-warns-of-ecological-shift-video-695810">In a two-minute hunt, a lone orca kills a great white shark, warns of ecological shift: Video</a>

The researchers found that the fibre supplement led to changes in the participants' gut microbiome composition. This was especially seen with an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium.&nbsp;

While the supplements showed no significant effect on muscle strength, they demonstrated remarkable improvements in cognitive function, as evidenced by better performance in memory tests associated with early signs of Alzheimer's disease.

The&nbsp;finding highlighted the potential of these inexpensive and readily available supplements in combating age-related cognitive decline.

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"These plant fibres, which are cheap and available over the counter, could benefit a wide group of people in these cash-strapped times. They are safe and acceptable too. Our next task is to see whether these effects are sustained over longer periods and in larger groups of people," Professor Steves reportedly said optimistically.

Watch | More than a billion people worldwide are obese: Study

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Moreover, the study's remote design showcased the feasibility of conducting trials in older adults without the need for extensive travel or hospital visits, offering hope for enhancing the quality of life for ageing populations worldwide.

(With inputs from agencies)

Fibre is primarily needed to maintain good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course & Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals.

Fibre is primarily needed to maintain good digestive health and overall well-being. However, in a study recently published in Nature Communications, researchers from the School of Life Course & Population Sciences have uncovered that fibre can be used to enhance brain function in old-aged individuals. The study, led by Dr Mary Ni Lochlainn from the Department of Twin Research, has unveiled the cognitive benefits of incorporating a daily fibre supplement into the diets of individuals over 60. The study suggested that "inducing gut microbiota changes may alter both muscle physiology and cognitive behaviour. Gut microbiota may play a role in both anabolic resistance of older muscle, and cognition." "We are excited to see these changes in just 12 weeks. This holds huge promise for enhancing brain health and memory in our aging population. Unlocking the secrets of the gut-brain axis could offer new approaches for living more healthily for longer," Dr Ni Lochlainn reportedly said. The study, conducted at TwinsUK, the UK's largest adult twin registry based at King's College London, aimed to explore the impact of two commonly available plant fibre supplements, inulin and FOS, on both muscle health and brain function. Researchers enlisted 36 pairs of twin pairs, totaling 72 participants, aged over 60 for the double-blind trial. Each twin pair was randomised to receive either placebo or prebiotic daily. Also Read | In a two-minute hunt, a lone orca kills a great white shark, warns of ecological shift: Video The researchers found that the fibre supplement led to changes in the participants' gut microbiome composition. This was especially seen with an increase in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium. While the supplements showed no significant effect on muscle strength, they demonstrated remarkable improvements in cognitive function, as evidenced by better performance in memory tests associated with early signs of Alzheimer's disease. The finding highlighted the potential of these inexpensive and readily available supplements in combating age-related cognitive decline. Also Read | Solar Eclipse 2024: All you need to know about astronomical event in the US & India - when and how to watch "These plant fibres, which are cheap and available over the counter, could benefit a wide group of people in these cash-strapped times. They are safe and acceptable too. Our next task is to see whether these effects are sustained over longer periods and in larger groups of people," Professor Steves reportedly said optimistically. Watch | More than a billion people worldwide are obese: Study × Moreover, the study's remote design showcased the feasibility of conducting trials in older adults without the need for extensive travel or hospital visits, offering hope for enhancing the quality of life for ageing populations worldwide. (With inputs from agencies)

Daily fibre supplement may boost brain function in people over 60: Study

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, heightened attention to our sense of smell has spurred a deeper exploration into olfactory research. Recent studies have shown a&nbsp;remarkable connection between odors and gene expression, extending far beyond the confines of the nasal cavity. These findings have ignited speculation among scientists about the potential therapeutic applications of volatile compounds, particularly in combating cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

<h2>The power of scent</h2>

An unexpected revelation from these investigations is the direct impact of odors on gene expression, even in tissues devoid of traditional odorant receptors. This discovery has opened up new avenues for medical intervention, prompting researchers to consider the possibility of harnessing the power of scent for targeted treatments.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/health-and-wellness/greater-exposure-to-ultra-processed-foods-linked-to-higher-risk-of-32-illnesses-study-695135">Also read |&nbsp;Greater exposure to ultra-processed foods linked to higher risk of 32 illnesses: Study</a>

Experiments involving exposure to diacetyl vapors, a volatile compound found in fermenting fruits and certain foods, have yielded significant insights. Fruit flies, mice, and human cells subjected to diacetyl exhibited widespread alterations in gene expression, particularly in critical organs such as the brain and lungs.

Notably, diacetyl functions as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, mimicking the effects of HDAC inhibitors used in cancer therapy. This mechanism suggests a potential avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat cancer progression and neurodegeneration, according to Science Alert.

However, alongside these promising findings, concerns about potential health risks and the need for further research loom large. While diacetyl shows promise in halting cancer cell growth and mitigating neurodegeneration, its association with lung diseases like obliterative bronchiolitis raises cautionary flags. Thus, rigorous investigation into the safety and efficacy of volatile compounds is imperative before considering them for clinical use.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/why-do-oranges-taste-the-way-they-do-researchers-find-key-compounds-for-the-fruits-signature-flavour-695102">Also read |&nbsp;Why do oranges taste the way they do? Researchers have finally broken it down</a>

Moreover, this research underscores the broader implications for safety evaluation and agricultural practices. It highlights the importance of assessing the safety of volatile chemicals encountered in everyday life, including those emitted by food and microbial sources. Additionally, the study suggests potential applications in agriculture, where plants also respond to volatile compounds in the environment.

(With inputs from agencies)

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, heightened attention to our sense of smell has spurred a deeper exploration into olfactory research. Recent studies have shown a remarkable connection between odors and gene expression, extending far beyond the confines of the nasal cavity.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, heightened attention to our sense of smell has spurred a deeper exploration into olfactory research. Recent studies have shown a remarkable connection between odors and gene expression, extending far beyond the confines of the nasal cavity. These findings have ignited speculation among scientists about the potential therapeutic applications of volatile compounds, particularly in combating cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The power of scent An unexpected revelation from these investigations is the direct impact of odors on gene expression, even in tissues devoid of traditional odorant receptors. This discovery has opened up new avenues for medical intervention, prompting researchers to consider the possibility of harnessing the power of scent for targeted treatments. Also read | Greater exposure to ultra-processed foods linked to higher risk of 32 illnesses: Study Experiments involving exposure to diacetyl vapors, a volatile compound found in fermenting fruits and certain foods, have yielded significant insights. Fruit flies, mice, and human cells subjected to diacetyl exhibited widespread alterations in gene expression, particularly in critical organs such as the brain and lungs. Notably, diacetyl functions as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, mimicking the effects of HDAC inhibitors used in cancer therapy. This mechanism suggests a potential avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat cancer progression and neurodegeneration, according to Science Alert. However, alongside these promising findings, concerns about potential health risks and the need for further research loom large. While diacetyl shows promise in halting cancer cell growth and mitigating neurodegeneration, its association with lung diseases like obliterative bronchiolitis raises cautionary flags. Thus, rigorous investigation into the safety and efficacy of volatile compounds is imperative before considering them for clinical use. Also read | Why do oranges taste the way they do? Researchers have finally broken it down Moreover, this research underscores the broader implications for safety evaluation and agricultural practices. It highlights the importance of assessing the safety of volatile chemicals encountered in everyday life, including those emitted by food and microbial sources. Additionally, the study suggests potential applications in agriculture, where plants also respond to volatile compounds in the environment. (With inputs from agencies)

Smell of ripe fruit could stop the growth of cancer cells, study finds

Can 'deep brain stimulation' help deal with depression? It is being tested as a treatment for people with a severe form of depression. The treatment involves implanting electrodes in the brain. It is being compared to a pacemaker for the brain. Molly Gambhir telling you more.

Gravitas | Do we finally have a cure for depression?

American woman Amber Pearson, tormented by the relentless grip of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), used to wash her hands until they bled. However, a groundbreaking brain implant, originally intended for treating epilepsy, has remarkably transformed her life.

Revolutionary dual brain implant offers relief to US woman from OCD and epilepsy

Elon Musk's company Neuralink has successfully implanted one of its wireless brain chips in a human for the first time. Musk has said that the initial results detecting nerve impulses.

Elon Musk announces 1st wireless brain chip implant

Elon Musk's brain-chip startup Neuralink has implanted a brain chip in the first human. The company received clearance from U.S. regulators last year to conduct its first trial on humans.

Elon Musk's Neuralink implants brain chip in human for the first time

Researchers at University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience have shown how Artificial Intelligence can help explain the way memories enable humans to learn about the world, re-live old experiences, and construct new experiences for imagination and planning.

The study was published in Nature Human Behaviour journal.&nbsp;

"Recent advances in the generative networks used in AI show how information can be extracted from experience so that we can both recollect a specific experience and also flexibly imagine what new experiences might be like," the lead author Eleanor Spens, a doctoral student at University College London’s (UCL) Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience said in an official statement.

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: Is AI going to replace your brain?

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"We think of remembering as imagining the past based on concepts, combining some stored details with our expectations about what might have happened,” Spens said.

<h2>What the study is about?</h2>

The study focussed on networks representing the hippocampus and neocortex, crucial components of the brain that collaborate in&nbsp;memory, imagination, and planning.&nbsp;

Spens highlighted the parallel between remembering and imagining the past based on concepts, a cognitive process that combines stored details in the brain with expectations about what event might have occurred.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/brainoware-this-happened-when-scientists-combined-real-human-brain-tissue-with-electronics-668968">Brainoware: This happened when scientists combined real human brain tissue with electronics</a>

The AI model was exposed to 10,000 images of simple scenes, with the activity in the hippocampus region of the brain rapidly encoding each scene as it was experienced. This encoded information was then replayed to train the generative neural network in the neocortex.

The neocortical network learned to efficiently represent scenes conceptually.

This process mirrors exactly how humans pick up on patterns from past experiences to make predictions, a crucial skill for survival.

<h2>What does it mean?&nbsp;</h2>

The study sheds light on the role of the hippocampus in encoding the meaning of new scenes, allowing it to focus on unique features that the neocortex cannot reproduce. This dynamic interaction explains how the neocortex gradually acquires conceptual knowledge and collaborates with the hippocampus to reconstruct events in our minds, facilitating the ability to "re-experience" past events.

Furthermore, the research unveils insights into how the brain generates new events during imagination and planning for the future. It shows why existing memories often exhibit "gist-like" distortions, wherein unique features are generalised and remembered as more similar to features in previous events.

<h2>What is the bottom line?&nbsp;</h2>

This groundbreaking study not only deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between memory and imagination but also highlights the potential of generative AI to unravel the mysteries of cognitive processes in the human brain.

(With inputs from agencies)

Researchers at University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience have shown how Artificial Intelligence can help explain the way memories enable humans to learn about the world, re-live old experiences, and construct new experiences for imagination and planning.

Researchers at University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience have shown how Artificial Intelligence can help explain the way memories enable humans to learn about the world, re-live old experiences, and construct new experiences for imagination and planning. The study was published in Nature Human Behaviour journal. "Recent advances in the generative networks used in AI show how information can be extracted from experience so that we can both recollect a specific experience and also flexibly imagine what new experiences might be like," the lead author Eleanor Spens, a doctoral student at University College London’s (UCL) Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience said in an official statement. Also watch | Gravitas: Is AI going to replace your brain? × "We think of remembering as imagining the past based on concepts, combining some stored details with our expectations about what might have happened,” Spens said. What the study is about? The study focussed on networks representing the hippocampus and neocortex, crucial components of the brain that collaborate in memory, imagination, and planning. Spens highlighted the parallel between remembering and imagining the past based on concepts, a cognitive process that combines stored details in the brain with expectations about what event might have occurred. Also read | Brainoware: This happened when scientists combined real human brain tissue with electronics The AI model was exposed to 10,000 images of simple scenes, with the activity in the hippocampus region of the brain rapidly encoding each scene as it was experienced. This encoded information was then replayed to train the generative neural network in the neocortex. The neocortical network learned to efficiently represent scenes conceptually. This process mirrors exactly how humans pick up on patterns from past experiences to make predictions, a crucial skill for survival. What does it mean? The study sheds light on the role of the hippocampus in encoding the meaning of new scenes, allowing it to focus on unique features that the neocortex cannot reproduce. This dynamic interaction explains how the neocortex gradually acquires conceptual knowledge and collaborates with the hippocampus to reconstruct events in our minds, facilitating the ability to "re-experience" past events. Furthermore, the research unveils insights into how the brain generates new events during imagination and planning for the future. It shows why existing memories often exhibit "gist-like" distortions, wherein unique features are generalised and remembered as more similar to features in previous events. What is the bottom line? This groundbreaking study not only deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between memory and imagination but also highlights the potential of generative AI to unravel the mysteries of cognitive processes in the human brain. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists unveil secrets of imagination, memory formation with Artificial Intelligence

Awake brain surgery performed on a 5-year-old. The girl remained conscious throughout the procedure. The surgery was successfully conducted on January 4 in New Delhi. Watch the video to know more!

India: Delhi girl youngest to undergo awake brain surgery for brain tumour removal | WION

In a first-of-its-kind brain surgery, a five-year-old underwent an awake brain procedure at New Delhi's all-India Institute of Medical Sciences. The successful operation was conducted on January 4. The young Indian patient is now fine now and recovering well.

Awake brain surgery performed on 5-year-old in New Delhi's AIIMS

A 22-year-old Chinese man has invented 'Einstein's brain' to provide motional support' to young people. What is this product? How does it work? Molly Gambhir tells you.

Gravitas | Chinese man invents Einstein's Brain for 'emotional support'

Scientists addressing the global obesity crisis have unearthed a significant breakthrough—intermittent fasting induces profound positive changes in both the gut and the brain.&nbsp;

In a comprehensive 62-day study, Chinese researchers closely examined 25 obese volunteers, implementing an intermittent energy restriction (IER) programme. This programme, involving meticulous control of calorie intake and periodic fasting, revealed compelling results.

<h2>Noteworthy weight loss and dynamic brain-gut-microbiome axis</h2>

Participants in the study not only shed an average of 7.6 kgs (16.8 pounds), equivalent to 7.8 per cent of their body weight, but also showcased alterations in both brain activity and gut microbiota composition.

"Here we show that an IER diet changes the human brain-gut-microbiome axis," said&nbsp;health researcher Qiang Zeng from the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases in China, who spoke to ScienceAlert.&nbsp;

"The observed changes in the gut microbiome and in the activity in addiction-related brain regions during and after weight loss are highly dynamic and coupled over time," he added.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/intermittent-fasting-demonstrates-potential-in-slowing-down-alzheimers-progression-study-630156">Also read |&nbsp;Intermittent fasting shows potential in slowing down Alzheimer's progression: Study</a>

While the exact cause of these changes remains unknown, the connection between the gut and the brain is undeniable.&nbsp;

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans showed changes in crucial brain regions associated with appetite regulation and addiction.

Notably, the inferior frontal orbital gyrus showed altered activity, providing insights into the brain's role in weight management.

Analysis of stool samples and blood measurements pinpointed changes in the gut microbiome linked to distinct brain regions.

Certain bacteria, such as Coprococcus and Eubacterium hallii, exhibited associations with the left inferior frontal orbital gyrus, influencing executive functions like willpower in food intake.

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: How effective is intermittent fasting?

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With over a billion people worldwide grappling with obesity-related health risks, understanding the intricate relationship between the brain and gut becomes paramount for effective prevention and reduction.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists addressing the global obesity crisis have unearthed a significant breakthrough—intermittent fasting induces profound positive changes in both the gut and the brain.

Scientists addressing the global obesity crisis have unearthed a significant breakthrough—intermittent fasting induces profound positive changes in both the gut and the brain. In a comprehensive 62-day study, Chinese researchers closely examined 25 obese volunteers, implementing an intermittent energy restriction (IER) programme. This programme, involving meticulous control of calorie intake and periodic fasting, revealed compelling results. Noteworthy weight loss and dynamic brain-gut-microbiome axis Participants in the study not only shed an average of 7.6 kgs (16.8 pounds), equivalent to 7.8 per cent of their body weight, but also showcased alterations in both brain activity and gut microbiota composition. "Here we show that an IER diet changes the human brain-gut-microbiome axis," said health researcher Qiang Zeng from the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases in China, who spoke to ScienceAlert. "The observed changes in the gut microbiome and in the activity in addiction-related brain regions during and after weight loss are highly dynamic and coupled over time," he added. Also read | Intermittent fasting shows potential in slowing down Alzheimer's progression: Study While the exact cause of these changes remains unknown, the connection between the gut and the brain is undeniable. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans showed changes in crucial brain regions associated with appetite regulation and addiction. Notably, the inferior frontal orbital gyrus showed altered activity, providing insights into the brain's role in weight management. Analysis of stool samples and blood measurements pinpointed changes in the gut microbiome linked to distinct brain regions. Certain bacteria, such as Coprococcus and Eubacterium hallii, exhibited associations with the left inferior frontal orbital gyrus, influencing executive functions like willpower in food intake. Also watch | Gravitas: How effective is intermittent fasting? With over a billion people worldwide grappling with obesity-related health risks, understanding the intricate relationship between the brain and gut becomes paramount for effective prevention and reduction. (With inputs from agencies)

Intermittent fasting leads to healthy changes in brain and gut, says research

Daydreamers are always scoffed at. Whether by teachers or bosses or someone else may depend on which phase of life you are in. But generally, such persons are asked to focus on what is declared 'main work'. Now it turns out daydreaming may have a positive effect as it may strengthen memory. This study has been carried out by Scientists at Harvard University.

<h2>The study</h2>

So they did this. They carried out an experiment involving mice and observed their brain activity. The scientists chose 13 mice and showed them two black-and-white images 64 times during the day for two seconds at a time. Other than this, the mice received no stimulation.

Scientists continued showing the mice these images and studied parts of their brains called the visual cortex and hippocampus. The visual cortex analyses&nbsp;what is being seen while the hippocampus is associated with consolidation or memories.

The scientists observed that when the mice looked at the black-and-white images, the neurons in the visual cortex fired up in a specific pattern.

Watch | JN.1 sub-variant cases surge worldwide; India, Singapore, UK among many nations to report rise

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The mice were then shown blank screens in experimental conditions that ensured that the mice were in a 'daydreaming' state. It was found that even while looking at the blank screens, the visual cortex of the mice lit up as if they were looking at the previous black-and-white images. This activity was accompanied by activity in the hippocampus, the part responsible for the consolidation of memories. This suggested that the brains were making the neural connections and in turn, memories stronger.

Watch: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/watch-nasa-sends-high-definition-cat-video-from-spaceship-to-earth-covers-31mn-km-671444">NASA sends high-definition cat video from spaceship to Earth via laser, covering 31mn km</a>

"We wanted to know how this daydreaming process occurred on a neurobiological level, and whether these moments of quiet reflection could be important for learning and memory," says Nghia Nguyen, a neurobiologist from Harvard University as quoted by EurekaAlert.

Nguyen is the lead author of the study.

"When you see two different images many times, it becomes important to discriminate between them," explains Nguyen.

"Our findings suggest that daydreaming may guide this process by steering the neural patterns associated with the two images away from each other."

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/empathy-with-our-closest-living-cousins-humans-and-apes-share-remarkable-social-memory-traits-study-finds-671294">‘Empathy with our closest living cousins’: Humans and apes share remarkable social memory traits, study finds</a>

More detailed study may be required to state with 100 per cent certainty that these results apply to humans as well. But it's interesting to know nonetheless that while daydreaming, you are actually making your brain stronger!

Harvard University scientists' study was published in the journal Nature on December 13, 2023.

(With inputs from agencies)

Daydreamers are always scoffed at. Whether by teachers or bosses or someone else may depend on which phase of life you are in. But generally, such persons are asked to focus on what is declared 'main work'.

Daydreamers are always scoffed at. Whether by teachers or bosses or someone else may depend on which phase of life you are in. But generally, such persons are asked to focus on what is declared 'main work'. Now it turns out daydreaming may have a positive effect as it may strengthen memory. This study has been carried out by Scientists at Harvard University. The study So they did this. They carried out an experiment involving mice and observed their brain activity. The scientists chose 13 mice and showed them two black-and-white images 64 times during the day for two seconds at a time. Other than this, the mice received no stimulation. Scientists continued showing the mice these images and studied parts of their brains called the visual cortex and hippocampus. The visual cortex analyses what is being seen while the hippocampus is associated with consolidation or memories. The scientists observed that when the mice looked at the black-and-white images, the neurons in the visual cortex fired up in a specific pattern. Watch | JN.1 sub-variant cases surge worldwide; India, Singapore, UK among many nations to report rise × The mice were then shown blank screens in experimental conditions that ensured that the mice were in a 'daydreaming' state. It was found that even while looking at the blank screens, the visual cortex of the mice lit up as if they were looking at the previous black-and-white images. This activity was accompanied by activity in the hippocampus, the part responsible for the consolidation of memories. This suggested that the brains were making the neural connections and in turn, memories stronger. Watch: NASA sends high-definition cat video from spaceship to Earth via laser, covering 31mn km "We wanted to know how this daydreaming process occurred on a neurobiological level, and whether these moments of quiet reflection could be important for learning and memory," says Nghia Nguyen, a neurobiologist from Harvard University as quoted by EurekaAlert. Nguyen is the lead author of the study. "When you see two different images many times, it becomes important to discriminate between them," explains Nguyen. "Our findings suggest that daydreaming may guide this process by steering the neural patterns associated with the two images away from each other." Also Read | ‘Empathy with our closest living cousins’: Humans and apes share remarkable social memory traits, study finds More detailed study may be required to state with 100 per cent certainty that these results apply to humans as well. But it's interesting to know nonetheless that while daydreaming, you are actually making your brain stronger! Harvard University scientists' study was published in the journal Nature on December 13, 2023. (With inputs from agencies)

Daydreaming may be strengthening our memories, study suggests

The intricate hormonal fluctuations that regulate the menstrual cycle don't just affect the&nbsp; reproductive organs; they also shape the brain. A recent study led by neuroscientists Elizabeth Rizor and Viktoriya Babenko from the University of California Santa Barbara offers new insights into this process.

The <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.09.561616v1">study</a>, though awaiting peer review, is available on the preprint server bioRxiv and meticulously tracks structural brain changes during hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle.

The findings indicate that structural changes in the brain during menstruation go beyond regions typically associated with the menstrual cycle. According to the researchers, these results are the first to report concurrent changes in white matter microstructure and cortical thickness throughout the entire brain, coinciding with the hormonal variations of the menstrual cycle.

This suggests that the influence of hormones on the brain may extend to regions not traditionally associated with menstrual hormones.

With women&nbsp;who menstruate experiencing approximately 450 menstrual cycles in their lifetime, understanding the diverse effects of these hormonal changes on the body is crucial.

Surprisingly, research on this topic has been somewhat limited, considering that half of the world's population goes through this process for half of their lives.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/us-slowly-getting-caught-in-proliferating-skin-disfiguring-infection-649228">Also read |&nbsp;US slowly getting caught in proliferating skin-disfiguring infection?</a>

<h2>A gap in understanding</h2>

Research on the hormonal impact on the brain has primarily focused on brain communication during cognitive tasks rather than examining the structural changes in the brain itself. Hormonal fluctuations have been found to affect the microstructure of white matter, which plays a crucial role in transmitting information between grey matter regions. These shifts have been observed during various life stages, including puberty, oral contraceptive use, gender-affirming hormone therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen therapy.

To address this gap in knowledge, the research team conducted MRI scans of participants during three menstrual phases: menstruation, ovulation, and mid-luteal. Simultaneously, they measured the participants' hormone levels.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/epicentre-beyond-asia-deadly-bird-flu-outbreaks-migrated-to-europe-and-africa-finds-study-648978">Also read |&nbsp;‘Epicentre beyond Asia’: Deadly bird flu outbreaks ‘migrated’ to Europe and Africa, finds study</a>

The results revealed that as hormone levels fluctuate, both grey and white matter volumes in the brain, as well as the volume of cerebrospinal fluid, undergo changes. Notably, just before ovulation, when 17β-estradiol and luteinising hormone levels rise, white matter changes suggestive of faster information transfer were observed. Follicle-stimulating hormone, which surges before ovulation and assists in stimulating ovary follicles, was associated with thicker gray matter. In contrast, post-ovulation, when progesterone levels rise, the research linked this to increased tissue and decreased cerebrospinal fluid volume.

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The intricate hormonal fluctuations that regulate the menstrual cycle don't just affect the reproductive organs; they also shape the brain. A recent study led by neuroscientists Elizabeth Rizor and Viktoriya Babenko from the University of California Santa Barbara offers new insights into this process.

The intricate hormonal fluctuations that regulate the menstrual cycle don't just affect the reproductive organs; they also shape the brain. A recent study led by neuroscientists Elizabeth Rizor and Viktoriya Babenko from the University of California Santa Barbara offers new insights into this process. The study, though awaiting peer review, is available on the preprint server bioRxiv and meticulously tracks structural brain changes during hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. The findings indicate that structural changes in the brain during menstruation go beyond regions typically associated with the menstrual cycle. According to the researchers, these results are the first to report concurrent changes in white matter microstructure and cortical thickness throughout the entire brain, coinciding with the hormonal variations of the menstrual cycle. This suggests that the influence of hormones on the brain may extend to regions not traditionally associated with menstrual hormones. With women who menstruate experiencing approximately 450 menstrual cycles in their lifetime, understanding the diverse effects of these hormonal changes on the body is crucial. Surprisingly, research on this topic has been somewhat limited, considering that half of the world's population goes through this process for half of their lives. Also read | US slowly getting caught in proliferating skin-disfiguring infection? A gap in understanding Research on the hormonal impact on the brain has primarily focused on brain communication during cognitive tasks rather than examining the structural changes in the brain itself. Hormonal fluctuations have been found to affect the microstructure of white matter, which plays a crucial role in transmitting information between grey matter regions. These shifts have been observed during various life stages, including puberty, oral contraceptive use, gender-affirming hormone therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen therapy. To address this gap in knowledge, the research team conducted MRI scans of participants during three menstrual phases: menstruation, ovulation, and mid-luteal. Simultaneously, they measured the participants' hormone levels. Also read | ‘Epicentre beyond Asia’: Deadly bird flu outbreaks ‘migrated’ to Europe and Africa, finds study The results revealed that as hormone levels fluctuate, both grey and white matter volumes in the brain, as well as the volume of cerebrospinal fluid, undergo changes. Notably, just before ovulation, when 17β-estradiol and luteinising hormone levels rise, white matter changes suggestive of faster information transfer were observed. Follicle-stimulating hormone, which surges before ovulation and assists in stimulating ovary follicles, was associated with thicker gray matter. In contrast, post-ovulation, when progesterone levels rise, the research linked this to increased tissue and decreased cerebrospinal fluid volume. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Does brain structure change during menstruation? This is what research says

A degenerative disease that slowly destroys the mind, Alzheimer's affects millions around the globe. On World Alzheimer's Day, WION talks to Brain & Spine Surgeon Dr Bharat Subramanya to get you everything you need to know about the disease.

World Alzheimer's Day 2023: 'Never too early, never too late'

Microplastics are already a health scare and a number of studies are being carried out to determine the extent of the damage they cause to our bodies. A new study has painted an even scarier picture. An experiment on mice has revealed that microplastics introduced through drinking water accumulated in almost every part of the mammal's bodies, even the brain.

These mice even showed behavioural changes which were similar to dementia in humans.

The study has pointed at a scary possibility that the microplastics are breaching the immune barrier between the rest of the body and nervous system to enter the brain.

The study was carried out by experts at the University of Rhode Island and published in International Journal of Molecular Science, as reported by ScienceAlert.

Watch | Warming climate expands mosquito's realm

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"To us, this was striking. These were not high doses of microplastics, but in only a short period of time, we saw these changes," explains neuroscientist Jaime Ross as quoted on the University of Rhode Island website.

"Nobody really understands the life cycle of these microplastics in the body, so part of what we want to address is the question of what happens as you get older. Are you more susceptible to systemic inflammation from these microplastics as you age? Can your body get rid of them as easily? Do your cells respond differently to these toxins?"

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/can-astronauts-live-on-the-moon-scientists-reveal-how-its-possible-634363">Can astronauts live on the Moon? Scientists reveal how it's possible</a>

It is not a given that results obtained in experiments with mice would directly point at possible effects on humans but such a study is often the first step to subsequently determine how humans are affected.

In this experiment, young and old mice were given water treated with microplastics which were made of fluorescent polystyrene. Some of the mice were given normal water to establish a reference point.

It was a three-week trial. The behaviour of the mice was regularly monitored during open field tests. These tests encouraged exploratory behaviour.

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/can-astronauts-live-on-the-moon-scientists-reveal-how-its-possible-634363">Can astronauts live on the Moon? Scientists reveal how it's possible</a>

As compared to the control group of mice, which was given normal water to drink, the mice who drank microplastic-contaminated water for the duration of three weeks reportedly showed significant behavioural changes. Older mice seemed to exhibit these changes to a greater degree.

After three weeks, it was found that microplastics were present in every time of tissues of the mice that the team examined. The organs included liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lungs and most importantly, brain. The microplastics were even found in the excrements of the mice.

ScienceAlert has reported that the current study supported similar findings that were obtained in studied carried out in past. One of these studies was carried out earlier this year by an international team of experts while the other was carried out last year by experts in Taiwan.

You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us <a href="https://www.wionews.com/content-contribution-registration-form">here</a>.

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&nbsp;

Microplastics are already a health scare and a number of studies are being carried out to determine the extent of the damage they cause to our bodies. A new study has painted an even scarier picture.

Microplastics are already a health scare and a number of studies are being carried out to determine the extent of the damage they cause to our bodies. A new study has painted an even scarier picture. An experiment on mice has revealed that microplastics introduced through drinking water accumulated in almost every part of the mammal's bodies, even the brain. These mice even showed behavioural changes which were similar to dementia in humans. The study has pointed at a scary possibility that the microplastics are breaching the immune barrier between the rest of the body and nervous system to enter the brain. The study was carried out by experts at the University of Rhode Island and published in International Journal of Molecular Science, as reported by ScienceAlert. Watch | Warming climate expands mosquito's realm × "To us, this was striking. These were not high doses of microplastics, but in only a short period of time, we saw these changes," explains neuroscientist Jaime Ross as quoted on the University of Rhode Island website. "Nobody really understands the life cycle of these microplastics in the body, so part of what we want to address is the question of what happens as you get older. Are you more susceptible to systemic inflammation from these microplastics as you age? Can your body get rid of them as easily? Do your cells respond differently to these toxins?" Also Read | Can astronauts live on the Moon? Scientists reveal how it's possible It is not a given that results obtained in experiments with mice would directly point at possible effects on humans but such a study is often the first step to subsequently determine how humans are affected. In this experiment, young and old mice were given water treated with microplastics which were made of fluorescent polystyrene. Some of the mice were given normal water to establish a reference point. It was a three-week trial. The behaviour of the mice was regularly monitored during open field tests. These tests encouraged exploratory behaviour. Also Read | Can astronauts live on the Moon? Scientists reveal how it's possible As compared to the control group of mice, which was given normal water to drink, the mice who drank microplastic-contaminated water for the duration of three weeks reportedly showed significant behavioural changes. Older mice seemed to exhibit these changes to a greater degree. After three weeks, it was found that microplastics were present in every time of tissues of the mice that the team examined. The organs included liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lungs and most importantly, brain. The microplastics were even found in the excrements of the mice. ScienceAlert has reported that the current study supported similar findings that were obtained in studied carried out in past. One of these studies was carried out earlier this year by an international team of experts while the other was carried out last year by experts in Taiwan. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Microplastics can infiltrate brain, study in mice shows

A collaborative study involving the universities of Surrey and Oxford, Loughborough University, and Radboud University in the Netherlands has explored the potential of neurostimulation to enhance mathematical learning. Specifically, high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) was used to excite certain brain regions and improve mathematical skills in participants. The research, led by Professor Roi Cohen Kadosh from the University of Surrey, demonstrates the intriguing impact of brain stimulation on mathematical aptitude.

<h2>Neurostimulation's role in learning enhancement </h2>

Neurostimulation, a cutting-edge technique involving mild electrical currents delivered through scalp electrodes, was at the core of this investigation. The team sought to understand whether tRNS could boost brain activity associated with learning, thereby enhancing mathematical abilities. Professor Cohen Kadosh, an expert in cognitive neuroscience, explained&nbsp;the fundamental role of learning in human life and the potential of neurostimulation to foster knowledge acquisition and skill development the Independent.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/there-were-once-only-1280-early-humans-left-to-breed-claim-chinese-scientists-631716">There were once only 1,280 early humans left to breed, claim Chinese scientists</a>

<h2>Study design and participant groups&nbsp;</h2>

The study recruited 102 individuals and meticulously assessed their mathematical proficiency before commencing the experiment. Participants were divided into four groups, including a standard learning group and an "overlearning" group, where participants practiced mathematical tasks beyond mastery levels. These groups received tRNS during the study. The remaining two groups were exposed to a placebo, which simulated the stimulation without significant electrical currents. Brain activity was monitored using electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings at the study's outset and conclusion.

<h2>Enhancing mathematical skills through brain excitation </h2>

The study's findings revealed an intriguing relationship between initial brain "excitability" concerning mathematics and the impact of tRNS. Participants who exhibited lower brain excitability for mathematical tasks demonstrated significant improvements in their abilities following stimulation. In contrast, those who initially performed well on math assessments or were part of the placebo groups experienced no notable changes. These results emphasise the potential of tailored neurostimulation approaches to enhance learning outcomes and shed light on optimal timing and duration for applying this technique.

<h2>Implications and insights </h2>

Dr&nbsp;Nienke van Bueren, who led the study under Professor Cohen Kadosh's guidance, underscored the significance of these findings. The research suggests that individuals with lower brain excitability for math may be more receptive to electrical noise stimulation, leading to enhanced learning outcomes. Conversely, those with high brain excitability may not experience similar benefits. This research holds the promise of a more personalised approach to learning and offers insights into the optimal application of neurostimulation techniques.

&nbsp;

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A collaborative study involving the universities of Surrey and Oxford, Loughborough University, and Radboud University in the Netherlands has explored the potential of neurostimulation to enhance mathematical learning.

A collaborative study involving the universities of Surrey and Oxford, Loughborough University, and Radboud University in the Netherlands has explored the potential of neurostimulation to enhance mathematical learning. Specifically, high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) was used to excite certain brain regions and improve mathematical skills in participants. The research, led by Professor Roi Cohen Kadosh from the University of Surrey, demonstrates the intriguing impact of brain stimulation on mathematical aptitude. Neurostimulation's role in learning enhancement Neurostimulation, a cutting-edge technique involving mild electrical currents delivered through scalp electrodes, was at the core of this investigation. The team sought to understand whether tRNS could boost brain activity associated with learning, thereby enhancing mathematical abilities. Professor Cohen Kadosh, an expert in cognitive neuroscience, explained the fundamental role of learning in human life and the potential of neurostimulation to foster knowledge acquisition and skill development the Independent. Also read | There were once only 1,280 early humans left to breed, claim Chinese scientists Study design and participant groups The study recruited 102 individuals and meticulously assessed their mathematical proficiency before commencing the experiment. Participants were divided into four groups, including a standard learning group and an "overlearning" group, where participants practiced mathematical tasks beyond mastery levels. These groups received tRNS during the study. The remaining two groups were exposed to a placebo, which simulated the stimulation without significant electrical currents. Brain activity was monitored using electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings at the study's outset and conclusion. Enhancing mathematical skills through brain excitation The study's findings revealed an intriguing relationship between initial brain "excitability" concerning mathematics and the impact of tRNS. Participants who exhibited lower brain excitability for mathematical tasks demonstrated significant improvements in their abilities following stimulation. In contrast, those who initially performed well on math assessments or were part of the placebo groups experienced no notable changes. These results emphasise the potential of tailored neurostimulation approaches to enhance learning outcomes and shed light on optimal timing and duration for applying this technique. Implications and insights Dr Nienke van Bueren, who led the study under Professor Cohen Kadosh's guidance, underscored the significance of these findings. The research suggests that individuals with lower brain excitability for math may be more receptive to electrical noise stimulation, leading to enhanced learning outcomes. Conversely, those with high brain excitability may not experience similar benefits. This research holds the promise of a more personalised approach to learning and offers insights into the optimal application of neurostimulation techniques. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Study suggests brain stimulation enhances mathematical skills

In shocking medical case, doctors were stunned to find a live worm, approximately 8cm long, inside a woman's brain. The worm's presence, possibly for up to two months, raises concerns about the transmission of infections from animals to humans.

Gravitas : Brain Worm Nightmare: Doctors Pull Live Parasite from Patient's Brain

A new study has revealed that astrocytes, an&nbsp;understudied type of brain cells, play an important role in regulation of sleep loss. The study suggests that one day, humans will be able to go without sleep for long periods of time&nbsp;without bad effects such as reduced physical health and mental fatigue.

The study has been published in the Journal of Neuroscience. News agency ANI has reported that the study found activating astrocytes kept mice awake for hours when normally they would be resting. And this did not make them sleepier.

“Extended wakefulness normally increases sleep time and intensity, but what we saw in this study was that despite hours of added wakefulness these mice did not differ from well-rested controls in terms of how long and how intensely they slept,” said senior author Marcos Frank, a neuroscientist and professor at the Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine.

“This opens up the possibility that we might someday have interventions that could target astrocytes to mitigate the negative consequences of prolonged wakefulness.”

Sleep loss or irregular sleep interferes with variety of processes like attention, cognition, learning memory and even immune function, metabolism.

Astrocytes are cells that interact with neurons. These are non-neuronal cells. Neurons transmit easily measured electrical signals from brain to other parts of the body.

Astrocytes were previously only thought to be the "glue" that holds the brain together. More recently, they have been found to play active role in behaviours and processes. They do so using a difficult-to-measure process known as calcium signalling.

This includes a previous WSU study that showed that suppressing astrocyte calcium signaling throughout the brain resulted in mice building up less sleep need after sleep deprivation.

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/neptunes-clouds-have-disappeared-this-may-be-the-reason-626740">Neptune's clouds have disappeared, this may be the reason</a>

In the current study, the researchers specifically looked at astrocytes that are present in the basal forebrain. This region of brain plays critical role in determining time spent asleep and awake as well as sleep needs.

“Our findings suggest that our need for sleep isn’t just a function of prior wake time but is also driven by these long-ignored non-neuronal cells,” said first author Ashley Ingiosi, an assistant professor of neuroscience at Ohio State University who conducted the study while working as a postdoctoral research associate in Frank’s lab at WSU.

“We can now start to pinpoint how astrocytes interact with neurons to trigger this response and how they drive the expression and regulation of sleep in different parts of the brain.”

(With inputs from agencies)

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A new study has revealed that astrocytes, an understudied type of brain cells, play an important role in regulation of sleep loss. The study suggests that one day, humans will be able to go without sleep for long periods of time without bad effects such as reduced physical health and mental fatigue.

A new study has revealed that astrocytes, an understudied type of brain cells, play an important role in regulation of sleep loss. The study suggests that one day, humans will be able to go without sleep for long periods of time without bad effects such as reduced physical health and mental fatigue. The study has been published in the Journal of Neuroscience. News agency ANI has reported that the study found activating astrocytes kept mice awake for hours when normally they would be resting. And this did not make them sleepier. “Extended wakefulness normally increases sleep time and intensity, but what we saw in this study was that despite hours of added wakefulness these mice did not differ from well-rested controls in terms of how long and how intensely they slept,” said senior author Marcos Frank, a neuroscientist and professor at the Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine. “This opens up the possibility that we might someday have interventions that could target astrocytes to mitigate the negative consequences of prolonged wakefulness.” Sleep loss or irregular sleep interferes with variety of processes like attention, cognition, learning memory and even immune function, metabolism. Astrocytes are cells that interact with neurons. These are non-neuronal cells. Neurons transmit easily measured electrical signals from brain to other parts of the body. Astrocytes were previously only thought to be the "glue" that holds the brain together. More recently, they have been found to play active role in behaviours and processes. They do so using a difficult-to-measure process known as calcium signalling. This includes a previous WSU study that showed that suppressing astrocyte calcium signaling throughout the brain resulted in mice building up less sleep need after sleep deprivation. Also Read | Neptune's clouds have disappeared, this may be the reason In the current study, the researchers specifically looked at astrocytes that are present in the basal forebrain. This region of brain plays critical role in determining time spent asleep and awake as well as sleep needs. “Our findings suggest that our need for sleep isn’t just a function of prior wake time but is also driven by these long-ignored non-neuronal cells,” said first author Ashley Ingiosi, an assistant professor of neuroscience at Ohio State University who conducted the study while working as a postdoctoral research associate in Frank’s lab at WSU. “We can now start to pinpoint how astrocytes interact with neurons to trigger this response and how they drive the expression and regulation of sleep in different parts of the brain.” (With inputs from agencies) You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Understudied brain cells may help us stay awake without negative effects

A study suggests that adolescents who engage in under-age smoking may possess distinct brain structures compared to their non-smoking peers.

The research highlights a potential connection between levels of grey matter in specific brain regions and the inclination to start smoking during teenage years, as well as the reinforcement of nicotine addiction.

Unveiling such associations could hold the key to identifying those more likely to develop a smoking habit, potentially paving the way for life-saving interventions.

<h2>Analysing brain imaging and behaviour data</h2>

A collaborative effort among researchers from the University of Cambridge, the University of Warwick in the UK, and Fudan University in China delved into brain imaging and behavioural data involving over 800 young individuals aged 14, 19, and 23.

The study aimed to uncover potential neurological factors that contribute to early smoking initiation and prolonged addiction.

The study revealed a significant finding - adolescents who began smoking by the age of 14 exhibited notably reduced grey matter in a specific section of the left frontal lobe associated with decision-making and rule-breaking behaviours.

This correlation suggests that diminished grey matter in this region might contribute to early smoking experiences and a propensity for defying anti-smoking norms.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/drake-slams-fan-for-throwing-vape-onstage-during-brooklyn-concert-video-goes-viral-618357">Drake slams fan for throwing vape onstage during Brooklyn concert; video goes viral</a>

<h2>Brain development and nicotine addiction&nbsp;</h2>

Grey matter development peaks during adolescence, a period when brain growth remains ongoing. The research proposes that diminished grey matter volume in a particular area of the brain's front left side could serve as an inherited biomarker for susceptibility to nicotine addiction. This novel insight holds potential implications for both prevention and treatment strategies.

<h2>The complex role of grey matter</h2>

Interestingly, the study uncovered a dual effect in another brain region.

The right part of the same brain area exhibited reduced grey matter in smokers, particularly those with established nicotine habits.

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: Children whose fathers smoke are more likely to get asthma

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This finding could be associated with weakened control over smoking behaviour, impacting pleasure-seeking and management processes, often referred to as hedonic motivation.

Furthermore, excessive grey matter loss in the right brain was linked to binge drinking and marijuana use, suggesting a broader neurobehavioural mechanism susceptible to risky behaviours.

The study's revelations shed light on a potential neurobehavioural mechanism that may underlie the early initiation and long-term entrapment of nicotine addiction. With projected annual cigarette-related deaths reaching eight million worldwide by the decade's end, this research bears significant implications for public health and well-being.

&nbsp;

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A study suggests that adolescents who engage in under-age smoking may possess distinct brain structures compared to their non-smoking peers. The research highlights a potential connection between levels of grey matter in specific brain regions and the inclination to start smoking during teenage years, as well as the reinforcement of nicotine addiction.

A study suggests that adolescents who engage in under-age smoking may possess distinct brain structures compared to their non-smoking peers. The research highlights a potential connection between levels of grey matter in specific brain regions and the inclination to start smoking during teenage years, as well as the reinforcement of nicotine addiction. Unveiling such associations could hold the key to identifying those more likely to develop a smoking habit, potentially paving the way for life-saving interventions. Analysing brain imaging and behaviour data A collaborative effort among researchers from the University of Cambridge, the University of Warwick in the UK, and Fudan University in China delved into brain imaging and behavioural data involving over 800 young individuals aged 14, 19, and 23. The study aimed to uncover potential neurological factors that contribute to early smoking initiation and prolonged addiction. The study revealed a significant finding - adolescents who began smoking by the age of 14 exhibited notably reduced grey matter in a specific section of the left frontal lobe associated with decision-making and rule-breaking behaviours. This correlation suggests that diminished grey matter in this region might contribute to early smoking experiences and a propensity for defying anti-smoking norms. Also read | Drake slams fan for throwing vape onstage during Brooklyn concert; video goes viral Brain development and nicotine addiction Grey matter development peaks during adolescence, a period when brain growth remains ongoing. The research proposes that diminished grey matter volume in a particular area of the brain's front left side could serve as an inherited biomarker for susceptibility to nicotine addiction. This novel insight holds potential implications for both prevention and treatment strategies. The complex role of grey matter Interestingly, the study uncovered a dual effect in another brain region. The right part of the same brain area exhibited reduced grey matter in smokers, particularly those with established nicotine habits. Also watch | Gravitas: Children whose fathers smoke are more likely to get asthma This finding could be associated with weakened control over smoking behaviour, impacting pleasure-seeking and management processes, often referred to as hedonic motivation. Furthermore, excessive grey matter loss in the right brain was linked to binge drinking and marijuana use, suggesting a broader neurobehavioural mechanism susceptible to risky behaviours. The study's revelations shed light on a potential neurobehavioural mechanism that may underlie the early initiation and long-term entrapment of nicotine addiction. With projected annual cigarette-related deaths reaching eight million worldwide by the decade's end, this research bears significant implications for public health and well-being. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Study suggests brains of teenage smokers may be different from non-smokers

Male and female brains react to stress in different ways, according to a recent study from Prof. Alon Chen's joint group at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot and the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany. Watch to know more.

Research reveals how brain cells of males and females respond to stress

A row has erupted nearly a month after scientists claimed that the ancient human species Homo naledi displayed sophisticated behaviour, despite having much smaller brains than us, the Homo sapiens.

A row has erupted nearly a month after scientists claimed that the ancient human species Homo naledi displayed sophisticated behaviour, despite having much smaller brains than us, the Homo sapiens. The study, which was not peer-reviewed then, had opened a conversation about human evolution and whether we had got some aspects wrong. The tide, however, has turned now. Peer reviews of the H. naledi study are in and they are scathing in their assessment - accusing the researchers of overexaggerating the facts. “These claims are inadequate, incomplete and are largely assumption-based – rather than evidence-based,” said one, while another called the papers "imprudent and incomplete". Meanwhile, a third dismissed the finding saying the papers “do not present convincing evidence”. “I have no issue with the idea that non-Homo sapiens species disposed of their dead, but I do have an expectation that there is robust scientific evidence to support such statements before scientists go on massive media campaigns regarding these ideas,” palaeoanthropologist Andy Herries of La Trobe University in Melbourne was quoted as saying by The Guardian. Some displayed their displeasure saying the Netflix documentary, Unknown: Cave of Bones, based on the findings, screened last week, could detract from the study of the site in future. “Rising Star is such a great site and the naledi material is so wonderful that there was really no need to over-egg the pudding,” said Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum, London, adding, “It’s going to cause problems of credibility in future, which may even affect funding for more work.” “To push a notion that is so unsubstantiated that it has met with rejection by the scientific community is irresponsible,” added Paige Madison, a researcher at Arizona State University. WATCH | Ancient human civilisation needed three attempts & 12,000 years to colonise Europe: Study × What did the study claim? Last month, three studies, published in the journal eLife claimed that H naledi not only buried their dead but made engravings deep within a cave system in southern Africa some 300,000 years ago. Paleoanthropologist Lee Berger, who first reported the discovery of Homo naledi in 2013 inside the Rising Star cave system 25 miles northwest of Johannesburg, was responsible for the new claims. Also read | Not homo sapiens but this extinct human species buried their dead first Berger and his team found more than 1,800 bone fragments deep in an underground chamber reachable only by a four-story vertical drop. The only plausible explanation for the situation seemed like a burial which may push the "body burials" timeline by at least 10,000 years, the research argued. "The position and intactness of some skeletal remains suggested that the dead may have been carefully laid out on the floor of the chamber rather than tossed down the Chute to collect as a jumble of bones at its base," read the report. Despite the negative reaction from the scientific community, Berger's book Cave of Bones will be published by National Geographic next month. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Furor in scientific community over claims that small-brained early humans were intelligent

We show you an emerging technology in neurosciences that can help people suffering from epilepsy. Here's more.    

Less wattage, more brain power!

Is climate causing our brains to shrink? A recent study conducted by cognitive scientist Jeff Morgan Stibel from the Natural History Museum in California has uncovered a surprising link between climate change and a decline in the size of the human brain.

By analysing climate records and human remains spanning a 50,000-year period, Stibel's research sheds light on how humans develop and adapt in response to environmental stress, according to Science Alert. The findings, published in a paper, underscore the importance of understanding the impact of climate change on human brain size and, ultimately, human behaviour.

Stibel's investigation involved examining 298 specimens from the past 50,000 years, alongside natural records of global temperature, humidity, and rainfall.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/not-sleeping-enough-your-brain-might-be-eating-itself-319676">Not sleeping enough? Your brain might be eating itself</a>

<h2>What does the study reveal?</h2>

The results revealed a significant reduction in average brain size during periods of warmer climates&nbsp;compared to cooler ones. Stibel's earlier research on brain shrinkage served as the impetus for this study, as he sought to uncover the underlying causes behind this phenomenon.

In an interview with PsyPost's Mane Kara-Yakoubian, Stibel emphasised the critical need to comprehend changes in the human brain over time. He expressed his disappointment at the lack of research on this subject, stating, "We know the brain has grown across species over the past few million years, but we know very little about other macro-evolutionary trends."

To gather data, Stibel collected information on skull sizes from 10 published sources, resulting in 373 measurements taken from 298 human bones spanning 50,000 years.

To estimate brain sizes accurately, he adjusted for geographical region and gender by including estimations of body size.

To account for potential dating errors, Stibel categorised the fossils into groups based on their age and conducted his analysis using four different fossil age spans.

Additionally, he compared brain size to four climate records, including temperature data from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C, which provides precise temperature measurements spanning over 800,000 years.

Over the past 50,000 years, the Earth has experienced various climate fluctuations, including the Last Glacial Maximum, a period characterised by consistently colder temperatures until the end of the Late Pleistocene. Following this, the Holocene period witnessed rising average temperatures, leading up to the present day.

Stibel's analysis revealed a consistent pattern of changing brain size in Homo, correlated with fluctuations in climate as temperatures rose and fell.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/first-ever-scan-of-dying-human-brain-shows-astounding-results-455553">First ever scan of dying human brain shows astounding results</a>

Notably, humans experienced a significant decline in average brain size, amounting to just over 10.7 per cent, throughout the Holocene warming period, which occurred approximately 17,000 years after the last glacial maximum.

According to Stibel, brain size changes tend to occur thousands of years after the climate changes, suggesting that species-level adaptation often requires multiple generations. This evolutionary pattern manifested within a relatively brief period of 5,000 to 17,000 years, raising concerns about the potentially detrimental effects of ongoing global warming on human cognition.

Stibel argues that even a slight reduction in brain size among contemporary humans could have significant physiological implications that are not yet fully understood.

Furthermore, the analysis revealed that humidity and rainfall levels also influenced brain growth, albeit to a lesser extent compared to temperature. Dry spells exhibited a weak correlation with slightly larger brain volumes.

While the study establishes a clear relationship between climate change and differences in brain size, it acknowledges that climate alone does not account for all observed variations.

Stibel suggests that other factors such as ecosystem elements, indirect climate effects (such as, vegetation and net primary production), or non-climate factors like culture and technology could also contribute to changes in brain size.

&nbsp;

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Is climate causing our brains to shrink? A recent study conducted by cognitive scientist Jeff Morgan Stibel from the Natural History Museum in California has uncovered a surprising link between climate change and a decline in the size of the human brain.

Is climate causing our brains to shrink? A recent study conducted by cognitive scientist Jeff Morgan Stibel from the Natural History Museum in California has uncovered a surprising link between climate change and a decline in the size of the human brain. By analysing climate records and human remains spanning a 50,000-year period, Stibel's research sheds light on how humans develop and adapt in response to environmental stress, according to Science Alert. The findings, published in a paper, underscore the importance of understanding the impact of climate change on human brain size and, ultimately, human behaviour. Stibel's investigation involved examining 298 specimens from the past 50,000 years, alongside natural records of global temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Also read | Not sleeping enough? Your brain might be eating itself What does the study reveal? The results revealed a significant reduction in average brain size during periods of warmer climates compared to cooler ones. Stibel's earlier research on brain shrinkage served as the impetus for this study, as he sought to uncover the underlying causes behind this phenomenon. In an interview with PsyPost's Mane Kara-Yakoubian, Stibel emphasised the critical need to comprehend changes in the human brain over time. He expressed his disappointment at the lack of research on this subject, stating, "We know the brain has grown across species over the past few million years, but we know very little about other macro-evolutionary trends." To gather data, Stibel collected information on skull sizes from 10 published sources, resulting in 373 measurements taken from 298 human bones spanning 50,000 years. To estimate brain sizes accurately, he adjusted for geographical region and gender by including estimations of body size. To account for potential dating errors, Stibel categorised the fossils into groups based on their age and conducted his analysis using four different fossil age spans. Additionally, he compared brain size to four climate records, including temperature data from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C, which provides precise temperature measurements spanning over 800,000 years. Over the past 50,000 years, the Earth has experienced various climate fluctuations, including the Last Glacial Maximum, a period characterised by consistently colder temperatures until the end of the Late Pleistocene. Following this, the Holocene period witnessed rising average temperatures, leading up to the present day. Stibel's analysis revealed a consistent pattern of changing brain size in Homo, correlated with fluctuations in climate as temperatures rose and fell. Also read | First ever scan of dying human brain shows astounding results Notably, humans experienced a significant decline in average brain size, amounting to just over 10.7 per cent, throughout the Holocene warming period, which occurred approximately 17,000 years after the last glacial maximum. According to Stibel, brain size changes tend to occur thousands of years after the climate changes, suggesting that species-level adaptation often requires multiple generations. This evolutionary pattern manifested within a relatively brief period of 5,000 to 17,000 years, raising concerns about the potentially detrimental effects of ongoing global warming on human cognition. Stibel argues that even a slight reduction in brain size among contemporary humans could have significant physiological implications that are not yet fully understood. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that humidity and rainfall levels also influenced brain growth, albeit to a lesser extent compared to temperature. Dry spells exhibited a weak correlation with slightly larger brain volumes. While the study establishes a clear relationship between climate change and differences in brain size, it acknowledges that climate alone does not account for all observed variations. Stibel suggests that other factors such as ecosystem elements, indirect climate effects (such as, vegetation and net primary production), or non-climate factors like culture and technology could also contribute to changes in brain size. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Cognitive consequences: Study reveals startling link between climate change and shrinking of human brain

A groundbreaking study conducted by scientists from the United States, United Kingdom, and Uruguay has found that regular napping can keep our brains youthful and improve cognitive functions while reducing the risk of dementia and other diseases. By analysing data from nearly 380,000 individuals aged 40 to 69, researchers investigated the cognitive differences between those who habitually took naps and those who lacked comparable genetic markers for napping, reported Science Alert.&nbsp;

<h2>Larger brains in habitual nappers</h2>

The study revealed that individuals who regularly took naps exhibited larger brains, equivalent to being 2.6 to 6.5 years younger than non-nappers. Lead author Valentina Paz, a neuroscientist at University College London (UCL), states, "Our study points to a causal link between habitual napping and larger total brain volume." Previous research on older adults indicated that daytime napping improved short-term cognition, with nappers outperforming non-nappers in cognitive tests. Although the study did not record the duration of naps, previous findings suggest that naps shorter than 30 minutes are optimal, and earlier naps are less likely to disrupt nighttime sleep.

Also read |<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/previously-undocumented-effect-of-ivf-uncovered-helps-1-in-5-women-conceive-naturally-second-time-around-606828">&nbsp;Previously undocumented effect of IVF uncovered; helps 1-in-5 women conceive naturally second time around</a>

<h2>The complex question of napping's effects on cognition</h2>

Napping has garnered both positive and negative attention recently, leaving many uncertain about its impact on cognitive health. Age-related decline in response time and memory, as well as common cognitive impairments among the elderly, emphasise the importance of identifying modifiable risk factors such as sleep patterns.

<h2>Genetic factors and brain volume analysis</h2>

One of the authors of the study had previously conducted research on the genetic variants influencing napping tendencies, using data from the UK Biobank. This new study analysed health and cognitive outcomes for individuals with these genetic variants while adjusting the data to mitigate potential biases. By examining brain volume and specific DNA sections linked to napping habits, the researchers employed Mendelian randomisation analysis, a method that identifies genes already known to have health effects and helps uncover other influential factors in observational studies. This approach reduced potential biases from associations between napping and health benefits.

<h2>Untangling the causal relationship between napping and cognitive health</h2>

Lead author Paz highlights the significance of this study, stating, "This is the first study to attempt to untangle the causal relationship between habitual daytime napping and cognitive and structural brain outcomes." Self-reports indicated that 57 per cent&nbsp;of participants rarely or never napped, while 38 per cent reported occasional napping and five per cent&nbsp;stated they usually napped. However, those who usually napped tended to have additional factors such as older age, smoking, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which could potentially influence health outcomes.

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A groundbreaking study conducted by scientists from the United States, United Kingdom, and Uruguay has found that regular napping can keep our brains youthful and improve cognitive functions while reducing the risk of dementia and other diseases.

A groundbreaking study conducted by scientists from the United States, United Kingdom, and Uruguay has found that regular napping can keep our brains youthful and improve cognitive functions while reducing the risk of dementia and other diseases. By analysing data from nearly 380,000 individuals aged 40 to 69, researchers investigated the cognitive differences between those who habitually took naps and those who lacked comparable genetic markers for napping, reported Science Alert. Larger brains in habitual nappers The study revealed that individuals who regularly took naps exhibited larger brains, equivalent to being 2.6 to 6.5 years younger than non-nappers. Lead author Valentina Paz, a neuroscientist at University College London (UCL), states, "Our study points to a causal link between habitual napping and larger total brain volume." Previous research on older adults indicated that daytime napping improved short-term cognition, with nappers outperforming non-nappers in cognitive tests. Although the study did not record the duration of naps, previous findings suggest that naps shorter than 30 minutes are optimal, and earlier naps are less likely to disrupt nighttime sleep. Also read | Previously undocumented effect of IVF uncovered; helps 1-in-5 women conceive naturally second time around The complex question of napping's effects on cognition Napping has garnered both positive and negative attention recently, leaving many uncertain about its impact on cognitive health. Age-related decline in response time and memory, as well as common cognitive impairments among the elderly, emphasise the importance of identifying modifiable risk factors such as sleep patterns. Genetic factors and brain volume analysis One of the authors of the study had previously conducted research on the genetic variants influencing napping tendencies, using data from the UK Biobank. This new study analysed health and cognitive outcomes for individuals with these genetic variants while adjusting the data to mitigate potential biases. By examining brain volume and specific DNA sections linked to napping habits, the researchers employed Mendelian randomisation analysis, a method that identifies genes already known to have health effects and helps uncover other influential factors in observational studies. This approach reduced potential biases from associations between napping and health benefits. Untangling the causal relationship between napping and cognitive health Lead author Paz highlights the significance of this study, stating, "This is the first study to attempt to untangle the causal relationship between habitual daytime napping and cognitive and structural brain outcomes." Self-reports indicated that 57 per cent of participants rarely or never napped, while 38 per cent reported occasional napping and five per cent stated they usually napped. However, those who usually napped tended to have additional factors such as older age, smoking, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which could potentially influence health outcomes. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Power napping could be a simple solution to lower dementia risk: Study

Napping during daytime may be scoffed at by many people. But now, a study has said that a short daytime nap may even be beneficial as the brain ages. Researchers have found that the practice has been associated with large brain volume.

Some researchers say that napping for a long time may be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease. But other researchs have revealed that a short nap can improve people's ability to learn.

“In line with these studies, we found an association between habitual daytime napping and larger total brain volume, which could suggest that napping regularly provides some protection against neurodegeneration through compensating for poor sleep,” the researchers said as reported by The Guardian.

The researchers have published their study in the journal Sleep Health. The research team reportedly consisted of experts from University College London and the University of the Republic of Uruguay.

For the study, the researchers drew on data from UK Biobank study which has collated lifestyle, genetic and health information from 500,000 people aged 40 to 69.

Data from 35,080 Biobank participants was analysed by the researchers. Researchers looked for genetic variants which were previously associated with daytime napping. The researchers checked whether these were linked with brain volume, cognition and brain health.

&nbsp;“It is like a natural randomised control trial,” said Dr Victoria Garfield, a co-author of the study from University College London. She was quoted by The Guardian.

“They’re present in around at least 1% of the population, which is actually quite a lot of people.”

<h2>Fewer years of ageing</h2>

The team of researchers found that there was an association between genetic preference to daytime nap and larger brain volume. This was equivalent to 2.6 to 6.5 fewer years of ageing. No relationship with cognitive performance was found.

“It could be having a short daytime nap … could help preserve brain volume and that’s a positive thing, potentially, [for] dementia prevention,” said Garfield. She reportedly added that a nap of duration of up to 30 minutes was found to be beneficial.

“This study is important because it adds to the data indicating sleep is important for brain health,” she said.

You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us <a href="https://www.wionews.com/content-contribution-registration-form">here</a>.

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Napping during daytime may be scoffed at by many people. But now, a study has said that a short daytime nap may even be beneficial as the brain ages. Researchers have found that the practice has been associated with large brain volume.

Napping during daytime may be scoffed at by many people. But now, a study has said that a short daytime nap may even be beneficial as the brain ages. Researchers have found that the practice has been associated with large brain volume. Some researchers say that napping for a long time may be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease. But other researchs have revealed that a short nap can improve people's ability to learn. “In line with these studies, we found an association between habitual daytime napping and larger total brain volume, which could suggest that napping regularly provides some protection against neurodegeneration through compensating for poor sleep,” the researchers said as reported by The Guardian. The researchers have published their study in the journal Sleep Health. The research team reportedly consisted of experts from University College London and the University of the Republic of Uruguay. For the study, the researchers drew on data from UK Biobank study which has collated lifestyle, genetic and health information from 500,000 people aged 40 to 69. Data from 35,080 Biobank participants was analysed by the researchers. Researchers looked for genetic variants which were previously associated with daytime napping. The researchers checked whether these were linked with brain volume, cognition and brain health. “It is like a natural randomised control trial,” said Dr Victoria Garfield, a co-author of the study from University College London. She was quoted by The Guardian. “They’re present in around at least 1% of the population, which is actually quite a lot of people.” Fewer years of ageing The team of researchers found that there was an association between genetic preference to daytime nap and larger brain volume. This was equivalent to 2.6 to 6.5 fewer years of ageing. No relationship with cognitive performance was found. “It could be having a short daytime nap … could help preserve brain volume and that’s a positive thing, potentially, [for] dementia prevention,” said Garfield. She reportedly added that a nap of duration of up to 30 minutes was found to be beneficial. “This study is important because it adds to the data indicating sleep is important for brain health,” she said. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Short power naps during day help the brain as it ages: Study

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