Black holes are on of the most facinating objects in our cosmic neighbourhood and very little is known about them, since Albert Einstein first predicted them. Watch the story to know more.

Scientists unveil Black Hole's plunge, bizarre region around black holes found

Unlocking Black Hole's secrets: Black hole image reveals details of turmoil around abyss

With the help of the James Webb Space Telescope, scientists have spotted the most ancient collision of a black hole, likely to have taken place when the universe was only 740 million years old.

With the help of the James Webb Space Telescope, scientists have spotted the most ancient collision of a black hole, likely to have taken place when the universe was only 740 million years old. For the first time, astronomers have spotted such a merger which also appears to be the first one to have taken place in the history of the universe. It occurred in the galaxy system called ZS7. Black holes are massive cosmic items spread across our universe and their gravitational fields are strong enough to stop even light from escaping their event horizons. Also Read: Parasite black holes devouring stars from inside, says study When two black holes merge, they sound dreadful and the process takes place slowly as they coalesce into a single object. One black hole was 50 million times the mass of the Sun: Scientists In an ESA (European Space Agency) release, the study’s lead author and an astronomer at the University of Cambridge Hannah Ubler said, “Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at cosmic dawn." “Together with other Webb findings of active, massive black holes in the distant Universe, our results also show that massive black holes have been shaping the evolution of galaxies from the very beginning," she said. The vision of the James Webb Telescope was so sharp that the team spatially separated the two black holes which helped them understand some of their physical characteristics. It was found that one of the Black Holes was nearly 50 million times the mass of the Sun and the other was hidden in a dense cloud of gas. Watch: Gigantic sunspot wide enough to fill 15 worlds becomes visible The full paper of the team on the discovery was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which is a space-based gravitational wave observatory, was formally adopted by the ESA in January which paved the way for the eventual operation and launch of the spacecraft. In the press release, LISA’s lead project scientist at the European Space Agency Nora Luetzgendorf said, “Webb’s results are telling us that lighter systems detectable by LISA should be far more frequent than previously assumed." “It will most likely make us adjust our models for LISA rates in this mass range. This is just the tip of the iceberg," she added. (With inputs from agencies)

Massive collision of black holes took place in ancient space. One had 50 million times mass of Sun

A team of scientists has now discovered that some ancient black holes could be altering the orbit of the Earth.

A team of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has said that swirling masses of matter, known as primordial black holes (PBHs), have been soaring past our solar system at least once in a decade and causing disruptions in planets and moons.&nbsp;

The PBHs, which were created shortly after the Big Bang occurred in the universe nearly 12.8 billion years ago, are as big as a microbe, but they have a density similar to that of an asteroid which can cause orbits to 'wobble.'

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-uncover-18-black-holes-devouring-stars-in-cosmic-feast-685645">Astronomers spot 18 black holes devouring stars in cosmic feast</a>

The claim made by the team suggests that these black holes can also change the distances of planets from the sun or the Earth in a specific period.&nbsp;

The PBHs were proposed by astrophysicist&nbsp;Stephen Hawking and his PhD student Bernard Carr. They had suggested that in the first moments of the Big Bang, the 'lumpy' regions had an extra mass which had been created in the universe and ultimately turned into black holes after collapsing.&nbsp;

<h2>Ancient black holes not yet detected in the universe?</h2>

However, scientists have not yet detected&nbsp;ancient black holes in the universe.&nbsp;

The new study carried out by the scientists is based on the theory that the universe is teeming with PBHs, which means the objects will have to pass by the Earth's cosmic neighbourhood.

Watch:&nbsp;Universe's oldest and farthest black hole ever discovered by Scientists

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The scientists calculated how close to the planet or moon will a PBH have to come in our solar system so that it can alter movement. 
&nbsp; 
A simulation was used by the study which featured all eight planets, more than 1.3 million asteroids, about 300 planetary satellites (like moons) and almost 4,000 comets. The model also included rogue PBHs.

The scientists observed that the orbits of planets and moons altered by several feet if an object, with a mass of an asteroid, came within just two astronomical units from the sun.&nbsp;&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

A team of scientists has now discovered that some ancient black holes could be altering the orbit of the Earth. A team of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has said that swirling masses of matter, known as primordial black holes (PBHs), have been soaring past our solar system at least once in a decade and causing disruptions in planets and moons.

A team of scientists has now discovered that some ancient black holes could be altering the orbit of the Earth. A team of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has said that swirling masses of matter, known as primordial black holes (PBHs), have been soaring past our solar system at least once in a decade and causing disruptions in planets and moons. The PBHs, which were created shortly after the Big Bang occurred in the universe nearly 12.8 billion years ago, are as big as a microbe, but they have a density similar to that of an asteroid which can cause orbits to 'wobble.' Also read: Astronomers spot 18 black holes devouring stars in cosmic feast The claim made by the team suggests that these black holes can also change the distances of planets from the sun or the Earth in a specific period. The PBHs were proposed by astrophysicist Stephen Hawking and his PhD student Bernard Carr. They had suggested that in the first moments of the Big Bang, the 'lumpy' regions had an extra mass which had been created in the universe and ultimately turned into black holes after collapsing. Ancient black holes not yet detected in the universe? However, scientists have not yet detected ancient black holes in the universe. The new study carried out by the scientists is based on the theory that the universe is teeming with PBHs, which means the objects will have to pass by the Earth's cosmic neighbourhood. Watch: Universe's oldest and farthest black hole ever discovered by Scientists The scientists calculated how close to the planet or moon will a PBH have to come in our solar system so that it can alter movement. A simulation was used by the study which featured all eight planets, more than 1.3 million asteroids, about 300 planetary satellites (like moons) and almost 4,000 comets. The model also included rogue PBHs. The scientists observed that the orbits of planets and moons altered by several feet if an object, with a mass of an asteroid, came within just two astronomical units from the sun. (With inputs from agencies)

Ancient black holes altering Earth's orbit once in 10 years, claim scientists

Black holes present in the universe have always intrigued astronomers who have tried to unravel the mysteries they encompass within their unknown vastness. Till now many black holes have been discovered by astronomers some of which are only a few times the sun's mass while some are tens of billions of times the mass of our sun.

Black holes present in the universe have always intrigued astronomers who have tried to unravel the mysteries they encompass within their unknown vastness. Till now many black holes have been discovered by astronomers some of which are only a few times the sun's mass while some are tens of billions of times the mass of our sun. It has now been suggested by a group of scientists that NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope can find a class of "featherweight" black holes which may have eluded detection till now. Also Read: Will falling into a black hole take you to fifth dimension? Here's what might actually happen The black holes are formed either when a massive star collapses or when there is a merger of heavy objects in the galaxies. The scientists, however, suspect that smaller "primordial" black holes, which include some with masses similar to that of Earth, may have been formed during the first chaotic moments of the early universe. University of California Santa Cruz's postdoctoral researcher William DeRocco said, "Detecting a population of Earth-mass primordial black holes would be an incredible step for both astronomy and particle physics because these objects can't be formed by any known physical process." He had led the study about how the black holes can be revealed by Roman. How primordial black holes may have been formed? According to scientists, the universe experienced a brief but intense phase when it was born, which is known as inflation when space stretched out faster than the speed of light. In such conditions, the areas which were denser in comparison to the surroundings are likely to have collapsed and formed low-mass primordial black holes. Although, the theory predicts that the smallest ones may have evaporated before the universe reached its present state, those which had masses similar to Earth may have survived. Watch: Gravitas: Cosmic hello from 226 million kilometres Scientists are trying to discover these tiny objects which they believe will have an enormous impact on physics and astronomy. Astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore Kailash Sahu said, "It would affect everything from galaxy formation to the universe's dark matter content to cosmic history." "Confirming their identities will be hard work and astronomers will need a lot of convincing, but it would be well worth it," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA telescope hunts for 'featherweight' black holes which have gone undetected

Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes. 
 
This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe. 
 
"Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com.

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-oppenheimer-review-nolans-visually-stunning-epic-fuses-genius-and-guilt-618110">Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt</a>

"This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity. 
 
"This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added.

<h2>Oppenheimer vs Einstein</h2>

At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist. 
 
However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth. 
 
Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes.

WATCH |&nbsp;Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt

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"Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added. 
 
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Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes.

Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes. This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe. "Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com. ALSO READ | Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity. "This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added. Oppenheimer vs Einstein At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist. However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth. Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes. WATCH | Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Can Oppenheimer be called 'father of black holes'? This paper holds the answer

NASA's retired Spitzer Space Telescope captured images of streams of dust, which are thousands of light-years long, moving towards the supermassive black hole which is present at the centre of the Andromeda galaxy.

NASA's retired Spitzer Space Telescope captured images of streams of dust, which are thousands of light-years long, moving towards the supermassive black hole which is present at the centre of the Andromeda galaxy. This observation has now helped scientists understand how black holes, which are billions of times the mass of our sun, are able to satiate their hunger while remaining "quiet" eaters. When supermassive black holes consume gas and dust, the temperature of the material rises just before it falls into the cosmic abyss and creates sparkling lights, some of which are even brighter in comparison to an entire galaxy full of stars. Once the cosmic elements are consumed in clumps of different sizes, the black hole's brightness fluctuates. Also Read: NASA telescope hunts for 'featherweight' black holes which have gone undetected However, the black holes which are at the centre of Andromeda (one of our nearest galactic neighbours) and Milky Way (Earth's home galaxy) have emerged as the quietest eaters present in the universe. The light emitted by them does not vary significantly in the parameters of brightness which suggests that they have been consuming a small but steady flow of food and not eating large clumps. The black hole is approached by the streams little by little and in a spiral shape. What is the food source for black holes in Andromeda galaxy? According to a study published in The Astrophysical Journal, the theory of a supermassive black hole feeding on a steady stream of gas was applied while looking into the Andromeda galaxy. With the use of computer models, the authors simulated how the behaviour of gas and dust will alter if it is brought in proximity with Andromeda's supermassive black hole. In the simulated condition, it is demonstrated that a small disk of hot gas is likely to be formed closely to the supermassive black hole and continuously feed it. Watch: Scientists decode 'phonetic alphabet' of Sperm Whales The disk can be replenished and maintained through various streams of gas and dust. The researchers also found that those streams will have to stay in a particular size and flow rate or else the cosmic material will start falling in irregular clumps inside the black hole and lead to more light fluctuation. Looking at the findings of NASA's Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope, the scientists agreed that the spirals have been satiating the supermassive black hole of Andromeda galaxy. The study's co-author and astrophysicist at the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands and the University Observatory Munich Almudena Prieto said, "This is a great example of scientists reexamining archival data to reveal more about galaxy dynamics by comparing it to the latest computer simulations." "We have 20-year-old data telling us things we didn't recognise in it when we first collected it," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Are black holes quiet eaters? NASA decodes elements that satiate the cosmic giants

NASA’s James Webb Telescope detected the most distant supermassive black hole yet seen in X-rays. Even at an early stage of its growth, the mass of the black hole is similar to that of its host galaxy, a spectacle that had never been witnessed before.

This result will help in understanding the formation of some of the earliest supermassive black holes. The finding was published in the journal Nature and highlighted by NASA during its Black Hole Week campaign.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/space-cookie-could-still-smell-fresh-after-4-years-know-how-719972">Space cookie still smells fresh after four years. Know how</a>

The supermassive black hole was found at the centre of GN-z11, an extremely luminous galaxy that was alive when the universe was only about 430 million years old, a fraction of its current age, which is nearing 14 billion.&nbsp;

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It’s <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BlackHoleWeek?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#BlackHoleWeek</a>, a special week where we celebrate black holes! Join us as we dive into all things new and cool about these intriguing objects … figuratively, of course. We don’t want to jump into a black hole, so instead, we’ll meet you at the event horizon. <a href="https://t.co/Sn9CUdVNJI">pic.twitter.com/Sn9CUdVNJI</a>
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The growing black hole was detected with the help of the combined data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and NASA’s JWST.&nbsp;

“We needed Webb to find this remarkably distant galaxy and Chandra to find its supermassive black hole,” said Akos Bogdan of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard &amp; Smithsonian (CfA) who leads a new paper in the journal Nature Astronomy describing these results.&nbsp;

“We also took advantage of a cosmic magnifying glass that boosted the amount of light we detected.” This magnifying effect is known as gravitational lensing.

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This discovery is important for understanding how some supermassive black holes can reach colossal masses soon after the big bang, wrote NASA in its official newsletter.

Many astrophysicists and cosmologists have always believed that these invisible giants are hiding at the centre of virtually all galaxies. The recent observations have bolstered the belief that&nbsp;supermassive black holes begin in the dusty cores of stardust galaxies, where new stars are rapidly assembled.&nbsp;

A team of scientists using Webb was able to discern that GN-z11 has a central black hole with a few pieces of evidence.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-nancy-grace-roman-telescope-to-hunt-for-primordial-black-holes-from-big-bang-era-720023">NASA's Nancy Grace Roman telescope to hunt for primordial black holes from Big Bang era</a>

"We found extremely dense gas that is common in the vicinity of supermassive black holes accreting gas,” said Roberto Maiolino, the principal investigator at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, in a statement.

&nbsp;“These were the first clear signatures that GN-z11 is hosting a black hole that is gobbling matter.”

Then, the team found signs of electrically charged chemicals that are usually found near active supermassive black holes. The scientists also observed the ancient galaxy blasting out a powerful wind, something also linked to supermassive black holes with voracious appetites.&nbsp;

Based on all these observations, the team believes GN-z11 has a central black hole as massive as two million suns.

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

NASA’s James Webb Telescope detected the most distant supermassive black hole yet seen in X-rays. Even at an early stage of its growth, the mass of the black hole is similar to that of its host galaxy, a spectacle that had never been witnessed before.

NASA’s James Webb Telescope detected the most distant supermassive black hole yet seen in X-rays. Even at an early stage of its growth, the mass of the black hole is similar to that of its host galaxy, a spectacle that had never been witnessed before. This result will help in understanding the formation of some of the earliest supermassive black holes. The finding was published in the journal Nature and highlighted by NASA during its Black Hole Week campaign. Also Read | Space cookie still smells fresh after four years. Know how The supermassive black hole was found at the centre of GN-z11, an extremely luminous galaxy that was alive when the universe was only about 430 million years old, a fraction of its current age, which is nearing 14 billion. It’s #BlackHoleWeek, a special week where we celebrate black holes! Join us as we dive into all things new and cool about these intriguing objects … figuratively, of course. We don’t want to jump into a black hole, so instead, we’ll meet you at the event horizon. pic.twitter.com/Sn9CUdVNJI — NASA Universe (@NASAUniverse) May 6, 2024 × The growing black hole was detected with the help of the combined data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and NASA’s JWST. “We needed Webb to find this remarkably distant galaxy and Chandra to find its supermassive black hole,” said Akos Bogdan of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) who leads a new paper in the journal Nature Astronomy describing these results. “We also took advantage of a cosmic magnifying glass that boosted the amount of light we detected.” This magnifying effect is known as gravitational lensing. Also Read | Elon Musk claims aliens have never visited Earth and here's the proof... This discovery is important for understanding how some supermassive black holes can reach colossal masses soon after the big bang, wrote NASA in its official newsletter. Many astrophysicists and cosmologists have always believed that these invisible giants are hiding at the centre of virtually all galaxies. The recent observations have bolstered the belief that supermassive black holes begin in the dusty cores of stardust galaxies, where new stars are rapidly assembled. A team of scientists using Webb was able to discern that GN-z11 has a central black hole with a few pieces of evidence. Also Read | NASA's Nancy Grace Roman telescope to hunt for primordial black holes from Big Bang era "We found extremely dense gas that is common in the vicinity of supermassive black holes accreting gas,” said Roberto Maiolino, the principal investigator at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, in a statement. “These were the first clear signatures that GN-z11 is hosting a black hole that is gobbling matter.” Then, the team found signs of electrically charged chemicals that are usually found near active supermassive black holes. The scientists also observed the ancient galaxy blasting out a powerful wind, something also linked to supermassive black holes with voracious appetites. Based on all these observations, the team believes GN-z11 has a central black hole as massive as two million suns. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA detects the farthest supermassive black hole ever observed

With Black Hole Week in full swing, let's explore NASA's upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which is poised to embark on a groundbreaking mission: hunting for primordial black holes dating back billions of years to the Big Bang.

The mission is set to launch in late 2026.

Black holes

The term black hole normally conjures up images of massive celestial entities. However, Roman aims to detect far smaller, ancient counterparts that are theorised to have a mass similar to Earth.&nbsp;

A team of researchers has published research in the journal Physical Review D postulating exactly how Roman will set upon hunting primordial black holes.

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"Detecting a population of Earth-mass primordial black holes would be an incredible step for both astronomy and particle physics because these objects can't be formed by any known physical process," said William DeRocco, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California Santa Cruz, team lead of the research.

In a statement, as quoted by space.com, he added, "If we find them, it will shake up the field of theoretical physics."

Dubbed "primordial black holes," these enigmatic entities, if proven to exist, could challenge our understanding of the universe's early epochs some 13.8 billion years ago.

These miniature black holes with masses comparable to asteroids or even Earth might have originated during the universe's inception, some 13.8 billion years ago, speculate scientists.

<h2>Doubtful existence</h2>

As per the report, the existence of primordial black holes remains a matter of speculation.

One famous personality whose research contributed to the doubts surrounding their existence is Stephen Hawking.

Hawking's theory of Hawking radiation proposes that black holes "leak" radiation and eventually evaporate. For primordial black holes to survive billions of years without evaporating, they must defy Hawking's predictions.

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<h2>How will Roman seek to defy the postulations of Hawking's radiation theory?</h2>

Roman's strategy for detecting these cosmic fossils hinges on gravitational microlensing, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein's general relativity. Currently, microlensing helps scientists find rogue planets, but it has the potential to help prove the existence of primordial black holes.

This principle suggests that massive objects can bend light, causing distortions observed from Earth. By monitoring these distortions, Roman could help prove the presence of primordial black holes, which, as per speculation, could potentially be disguised as Earth-mass rogue planets.

"There's no way to tell between Earth-mass black holes and rogue planets on a case-by-case basis," said DeRocco.&nbsp;

"Roman will be extremely powerful in differentiating between the two statistically."

(With inputs from agencies)

With Black Hole Week in full swing, let's explore NASA's upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which is poised to embark on a groundbreaking mission: hunting for primordial black holes dating back billions of years to the Big Bang.

With Black Hole Week in full swing, let's explore NASA's upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which is poised to embark on a groundbreaking mission: hunting for primordial black holes dating back billions of years to the Big Bang. The mission is set to launch in late 2026. Black holes The term black hole normally conjures up images of massive celestial entities. However, Roman aims to detect far smaller, ancient counterparts that are theorised to have a mass similar to Earth. A team of researchers has published research in the journal Physical Review D postulating exactly how Roman will set upon hunting primordial black holes. Also read | Elon Musk claims aliens have never visited Earth and here's the proof... "Detecting a population of Earth-mass primordial black holes would be an incredible step for both astronomy and particle physics because these objects can't be formed by any known physical process," said William DeRocco, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California Santa Cruz, team lead of the research. In a statement, as quoted by space.com, he added, "If we find them, it will shake up the field of theoretical physics." Dubbed "primordial black holes," these enigmatic entities, if proven to exist, could challenge our understanding of the universe's early epochs some 13.8 billion years ago. These miniature black holes with masses comparable to asteroids or even Earth might have originated during the universe's inception, some 13.8 billion years ago, speculate scientists. Doubtful existence As per the report, the existence of primordial black holes remains a matter of speculation. One famous personality whose research contributed to the doubts surrounding their existence is Stephen Hawking. Hawking's theory of Hawking radiation proposes that black holes "leak" radiation and eventually evaporate. For primordial black holes to survive billions of years without evaporating, they must defy Hawking's predictions. Also read | Human trial of Elon Musk's Neuralink hits snag as brain chip begins to detach How will Roman seek to defy the postulations of Hawking's radiation theory? Roman's strategy for detecting these cosmic fossils hinges on gravitational microlensing, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein's general relativity. Currently, microlensing helps scientists find rogue planets, but it has the potential to help prove the existence of primordial black holes. This principle suggests that massive objects can bend light, causing distortions observed from Earth. By monitoring these distortions, Roman could help prove the presence of primordial black holes, which, as per speculation, could potentially be disguised as Earth-mass rogue planets. "There's no way to tell between Earth-mass black holes and rogue planets on a case-by-case basis," said DeRocco. "Roman will be extremely powerful in differentiating between the two statistically." (With inputs from agencies)

NASA's Nancy Grace Roman telescope to hunt for primordial black holes from Big Bang era

A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has unveiled the existence of 18 new black holes engaged in a stellar frenzy, tearing apart stars and consuming their remnants.

This discovery more than doubles the known cases of Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) in the&nbsp;universe and throws light on the broader occurrence of these dramatic phenomena.

"People were coming up with very exotic solutions to these puzzles, and now we’ve come to the point where we can resolve all of them," a team member and assistant professor of physics at MIT&nbsp;Erin Kara said.&nbsp;

TDEs occur when stars venture too close to black holes, experiencing extreme gravitational forces that lead to "spaghettification," a process where the star is stretched vertically and squashed horizontally.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/airglow-captured-from-iss-memerises-with-its-reddish-hue-685587">'Airglow' captured from ISS mesmerises with its reddish hue</a>

The material from the disrupted star forms a flattened disk around the black hole, with some accreting to the black hole's centre, and the rest being expelled as near-light speed jets.

The MIT team's quest began after they discovered the closest TDE to Earth ever observed, witnessed as a flare from the galaxy NGC 7392, located 137 million light-years away.

Utilising infrared light and an algorithm analysing patterns in data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), they identified transient bursts of radiation, leading to the discovery of 18 legitimate TDE signals.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/did-columbus-spread-syphilis-new-research-challenges-longstanding-theory-about-stds-origin-685522">Did Columbus spread syphilis? New research challenges longstanding theory about STD's origin</a>

Contrary to previous beliefs, these TDEs were found to occur across a diverse range of galaxies, challenging the notion that they were exclusive to post-starburst galaxies.

The team's lead author, Megan Masterson, stated, "If you looked up in the sky and saw a bunch of galaxies, the TDEs would occur representatively in all of them."

The research also addressed the discrepancy in energy radiation from TDEs, attributing it to dust-absorbing optical and X-ray emissions, along with extreme ultraviolet radiation.

WATCH | NASA finally unlocks a canister containing precious dust samples from the asteroid Bennu

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The MIT team estimated that galaxies experience a TDE approximately once every 50,000 years.&nbsp;"This gives us confidence that we don't need all this exotic physics to explain what we’re seeing," said Erin Kara.

"And we have a better handle on the mechanics behind how a star gets ripped apart and gobbled up by a black hole. We’re understanding these systems better,"&nbsp;Kara added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has unveiled the existence of 18 new black holes engaged in a stellar frenzy, tearing apart stars and consuming their remnants.

A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has unveiled the existence of 18 new black holes engaged in a stellar frenzy, tearing apart stars and consuming their remnants. This discovery more than doubles the known cases of Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) in the universe and throws light on the broader occurrence of these dramatic phenomena. "People were coming up with very exotic solutions to these puzzles, and now we’ve come to the point where we can resolve all of them," a team member and assistant professor of physics at MIT Erin Kara said. TDEs occur when stars venture too close to black holes, experiencing extreme gravitational forces that lead to "spaghettification," a process where the star is stretched vertically and squashed horizontally. Also Read | 'Airglow' captured from ISS mesmerises with its reddish hue The material from the disrupted star forms a flattened disk around the black hole, with some accreting to the black hole's centre, and the rest being expelled as near-light speed jets. The MIT team's quest began after they discovered the closest TDE to Earth ever observed, witnessed as a flare from the galaxy NGC 7392, located 137 million light-years away. Utilising infrared light and an algorithm analysing patterns in data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), they identified transient bursts of radiation, leading to the discovery of 18 legitimate TDE signals. Also Read | Did Columbus spread syphilis? New research challenges longstanding theory about STD's origin Contrary to previous beliefs, these TDEs were found to occur across a diverse range of galaxies, challenging the notion that they were exclusive to post-starburst galaxies. The team's lead author, Megan Masterson, stated, "If you looked up in the sky and saw a bunch of galaxies, the TDEs would occur representatively in all of them." The research also addressed the discrepancy in energy radiation from TDEs, attributing it to dust-absorbing optical and X-ray emissions, along with extreme ultraviolet radiation. WATCH | NASA finally unlocks a canister containing precious dust samples from the asteroid Bennu × The MIT team estimated that galaxies experience a TDE approximately once every 50,000 years. "This gives us confidence that we don't need all this exotic physics to explain what we’re seeing," said Erin Kara. "And we have a better handle on the mechanics behind how a star gets ripped apart and gobbled up by a black hole. We’re understanding these systems better," Kara added. (With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers spot 18 black holes devouring stars in cosmic feast

ISRO's 44-meter tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) lifted off majestically at 9:10am IST, on the first day of the New Year 2024. As the world welcomed the New Year, the Indian space agency set out to explore the mysteries of the universe and its phenomena, using an X-ray polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat). This is the 60th flight of ISRO's PSLV rocket, which has thus far placed more than 300 Indian and foreign satellites in their respective orbits. By operating its sensors to study X-rays that originate from space, the XPoSat satellite would offer a wealth of information for academics&nbsp;and astronomers. As expected, the XPoSat satellite was placed into its designated orbit (650 kms above the earth's surface) at 9:32am IST.&nbsp;

X-rays are a form of high-energy light. In space, X-rays originate from places where matter is under extreme conditions - violent collisions, enormous explosions, 10-million-degree temperatures, strong magnetic fields etc. These X-rays that travel far and wide in space, carry detailed information about the powerful phenomena that produce them. However, the Earth's atmosphere blocks out these X-rays arriving from space. So, one of the best options to study these X-rays is by placing a satellite in space, where X-rays travel unhindered.&nbsp;

In the post-launch address, ISRO Chairman, Dr S Somanath congratulated the team for the successful mission and said that exciting times lay ahead in the New Year.&nbsp;

"There are a host of new technologies being tested in this mission - fuel cell, silicon-based high-energy battery, a payload designed and developed exclusively by women" said the PSLV-C58/XPoSat Mission Director, Dr M Jayakumar.

He added that the multiple experimental payloads being carried on the PSLV's 4th stage platform (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) are a testimony to India's space sector reforms that have boosted participation of startups and industries in space-faring activities.&nbsp;

"Since last evening (New Year's Eve), people around the world have been celebrating New Year and fired rockets (fireworks) in celebration. We have launched a big (44-m) tall 'rocket firework' and except India it is not possible to work like this on New Year's Day and execute a mission like this" said M. Sankaran, the Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre.&nbsp;

The XPoSat spacecraft comprises two scientific payloads- the primary payload POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) will measure the polarimetry parameters (degree and angle of polarization) in medium X-ray energy range of 8-30 keV photons of astronomical origin. The XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing) payload will give spectroscopic information in the energy range of 0.8-15 keV.

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/isro?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#isro</a> explainer video on <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/xposat?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#xposat</a> 👇 
"Emissions from celestial objects- blackholes, neutron stars, other energetic events arise from intricate events &amp; are challenging to understand. To surmount this, ISRO is launching India's 1st polarimetry &amp; spectroscopy satellite. Mission life… <a href="https://t.co/pSFPyLbVST">pic.twitter.com/pSFPyLbVST</a>
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"XPoSat is the first dedicated satellite for polarization measurements in the medium X-Ray range and this is going to find something very interesting about blackholes and their ability to eat into other stars. Once black holes take raw material from adjacent stars, there will be X-Ray radiation. If you are able to measure the polarization nature of the X-ray emission, you can quantify the material ejection, such is the theory" explained Dr S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO.

"The emissions from celestial objects such as black holes, neutron stars and other energetic events arise from intricate events and provide a formidable challenge to understand. To surmount this challenge, ISRO is gearing up to launch India's first polarimetry and spectroscopy satellite. The life of the mission is expected to be five years" ISRO said before the launch

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India's most-flown rocket, the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PSLV?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#PSLV</a>, which put <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/india?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#india</a> among the few nations that launch foreign satellites (commercial missions), getting integrated and ready for its 60th launch on Monday, 1st Jan, 2024.. 
🚀9:10am 🚀 
🚀🔥❤️🇮🇳<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PSLVC58?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#PSLVC58</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/XPoSat?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#XPoSat</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/space?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#space</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/isro?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#isro</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/science?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#science</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tech?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#tech</a> <a href="https://t.co/nY7KeeftlC">pic.twitter.com/nY7KeeftlC</a>
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After placing the satellite in the intended orbit of 650 kms, the final stage of the PSLV rocket (PS4) would be brought down to a lower orbit of 350 kms, by re-starting the engines on two instances. Once in the 350 km&nbsp;orbit, the fuels and hazardous chemicals stored within the upper stage tanks would be passivised. Passivisation is a step that prevents any possible explosions or break-up of the stored chemicals. It is a step aimed at ensuring sustainable use of space.&nbsp;

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-parker-solar-probe-plans-to-touch-the-sun-in-2024-675099">NASA’s Parker Solar Probe plans to ‘touch the Sun’ in 2024</a>

Post passivisation, the PS4 stage of the PSLV rocket would be used as a stabilised orbiting platform, that would carry a handful of experiments and technology demonstrators from ISRO Centres, academia and startups. In contrast, launching a dedicated satellite for testing each of these experiments would be very expensive. Simply put, ISRO is re-purposing a spent rocket stage as an orbiting platform.&nbsp;

WATCH | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/watch-moon-landings-giant-leap-on-mars-more-nasa-reveals-its-2024-plans-674874">Moon landings, giant leap on Mars, and more... NASA reveals its 2024 plans</a>

This launch is the 60th flight of India's workhorse rocket, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).&nbsp;The vehicle is the most-flown rocket in the Indian&nbsp;fleet. Flying since 1993, the rocket has an enviable success rate of more than 98 per cent. PSLV has been used&nbsp;to put into orbit&nbsp;most of India's own satellites. It has also been used to launch customer satellites. It has the reputation of having completed&nbsp;high-profile missions including Chandrayaan-1, the Mars Orbiter Mission and&nbsp;Aditya-L1.&nbsp;

Notably, XPoSat mission marked the third scientific mission&nbsp;launched by ISRO, in six months. On July 14,&nbsp;2023, ISRO successfully launched the Chandrayaan-3 mission which achieved&nbsp;much more than what was initially expected and planned. On September 2, 2023, ISRO successfully launched the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, the country's first solar observatory. The Aditya craft is expected to reach its destination in the first week of January 2024. In the first quarter of this year, India's GSLV (formerly GSLV Mark 2) rocket willl launch&nbsp;the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Earth observation satellite. The satellite&nbsp;is meant to help study Earth's natural phenomena, climate change, landmass, icecaps, forest cover, oceans etc.&nbsp;

ISRO's 44-meter tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) lifted off majestically at 9:10am IST, on the first day of the New Year 2024. As the world welcomed the New Year, the Indian space agency set out to explore the mysteries of the universe and its phenomena, using an X-ray polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat).

ISRO's 44-meter tall Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) lifted off majestically at 9:10am IST, on the first day of the New Year 2024. As the world welcomed the New Year, the Indian space agency set out to explore the mysteries of the universe and its phenomena, using an X-ray polarimetry Satellite (XPoSat). This is the 60th flight of ISRO's PSLV rocket, which has thus far placed more than 300 Indian and foreign satellites in their respective orbits. By operating its sensors to study X-rays that originate from space, the XPoSat satellite would offer a wealth of information for academics and astronomers. As expected, the XPoSat satellite was placed into its designated orbit (650 kms above the earth's surface) at 9:32am IST. X-rays are a form of high-energy light. In space, X-rays originate from places where matter is under extreme conditions - violent collisions, enormous explosions, 10-million-degree temperatures, strong magnetic fields etc. These X-rays that travel far and wide in space, carry detailed information about the powerful phenomena that produce them. However, the Earth's atmosphere blocks out these X-rays arriving from space. So, one of the best options to study these X-rays is by placing a satellite in space, where X-rays travel unhindered. In the post-launch address, ISRO Chairman, Dr S Somanath congratulated the team for the successful mission and said that exciting times lay ahead in the New Year. "There are a host of new technologies being tested in this mission - fuel cell, silicon-based high-energy battery, a payload designed and developed exclusively by women" said the PSLV-C58/XPoSat Mission Director, Dr M Jayakumar. He added that the multiple experimental payloads being carried on the PSLV's 4th stage platform (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) are a testimony to India's space sector reforms that have boosted participation of startups and industries in space-faring activities. "Since last evening (New Year's Eve), people around the world have been celebrating New Year and fired rockets (fireworks) in celebration. We have launched a big (44-m) tall 'rocket firework' and except India it is not possible to work like this on New Year's Day and execute a mission like this" said M. Sankaran, the Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre. The XPoSat spacecraft comprises two scientific payloads- the primary payload POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) will measure the polarimetry parameters (degree and angle of polarization) in medium X-ray energy range of 8-30 keV photons of astronomical origin. The XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing) payload will give spectroscopic information in the energy range of 0.8-15 keV. #isro explainer video on #xposat 👇 "Emissions from celestial objects- blackholes, neutron stars, other energetic events arise from intricate events & are challenging to understand. To surmount this, ISRO is launching India's 1st polarimetry & spectroscopy satellite. Mission life… pic.twitter.com/pSFPyLbVST — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) December 31, 2023 × "XPoSat is the first dedicated satellite for polarization measurements in the medium X-Ray range and this is going to find something very interesting about blackholes and their ability to eat into other stars. Once black holes take raw material from adjacent stars, there will be X-Ray radiation. If you are able to measure the polarization nature of the X-ray emission, you can quantify the material ejection, such is the theory" explained Dr S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO. "The emissions from celestial objects such as black holes, neutron stars and other energetic events arise from intricate events and provide a formidable challenge to understand. To surmount this challenge, ISRO is gearing up to launch India's first polarimetry and spectroscopy satellite. The life of the mission is expected to be five years" ISRO said before the launch India's most-flown rocket, the #PSLV, which put #india among the few nations that launch foreign satellites (commercial missions), getting integrated and ready for its 60th launch on Monday, 1st Jan, 2024.. 🚀9:10am 🚀 🚀🔥❤️🇮🇳#PSLVC58 #XPoSat #space #isro #science #tech pic.twitter.com/nY7KeeftlC — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) December 30, 2023 × After placing the satellite in the intended orbit of 650 kms, the final stage of the PSLV rocket (PS4) would be brought down to a lower orbit of 350 kms, by re-starting the engines on two instances. Once in the 350 km orbit, the fuels and hazardous chemicals stored within the upper stage tanks would be passivised. Passivisation is a step that prevents any possible explosions or break-up of the stored chemicals. It is a step aimed at ensuring sustainable use of space. Also Read | NASA’s Parker Solar Probe plans to ‘touch the Sun’ in 2024 Post passivisation, the PS4 stage of the PSLV rocket would be used as a stabilised orbiting platform, that would carry a handful of experiments and technology demonstrators from ISRO Centres, academia and startups. In contrast, launching a dedicated satellite for testing each of these experiments would be very expensive. Simply put, ISRO is re-purposing a spent rocket stage as an orbiting platform. WATCH | Moon landings, giant leap on Mars, and more... NASA reveals its 2024 plans This launch is the 60th flight of India's workhorse rocket, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The vehicle is the most-flown rocket in the Indian fleet. Flying since 1993, the rocket has an enviable success rate of more than 98 per cent. PSLV has been used to put into orbit most of India's own satellites. It has also been used to launch customer satellites. It has the reputation of having completed high-profile missions including Chandrayaan-1, the Mars Orbiter Mission and Aditya-L1. Notably, XPoSat mission marked the third scientific mission launched by ISRO, in six months. On July 14, 2023, ISRO successfully launched the Chandrayaan-3 mission which achieved much more than what was initially expected and planned. On September 2, 2023, ISRO successfully launched the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, the country's first solar observatory. The Aditya craft is expected to reach its destination in the first week of January 2024. In the first quarter of this year, India's GSLV (formerly GSLV Mark 2) rocket willl launch the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Earth observation satellite. The satellite is meant to help study Earth's natural phenomena, climate change, landmass, icecaps, forest cover, oceans etc.

Indian space agency ISRO starts 2024 with successful launch of PSLV C58/XPoSat

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) successfully launched XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) on Monday (January 1, 2024), first day of the new year. The lift-off took place from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota in southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. With XpoSat's successful launch, India has become second country after the United States to send an observatory in space to study black holes and neutron stars.

With XPoSat, ISRO has taken another historic step following launches of Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya L1 missions.

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/WATCH?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#WATCH</a> | PSLV-C58 XPoSat Mission launch | ISRO launches X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) from the first launch-pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. 
 
(Source: ISRO) <a href="https://t.co/ws6Ik0Cdll">pic.twitter.com/ws6Ik0Cdll</a>
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"XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is the first dedicated scientific satellite from ISRO to carry out research in space-based polarisation measurements of X-ray emission from celestial sources. The Satellite configuration is modified from the IMS-2 bus platform. The Configuration of the mainframe systems are derived based on the heritage of IRS satellites. It carries two payloads namely POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) and XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing). POLIX is realized by Raman Research Institute and XSPECT is by Space Astronomy Group of URSC," said&nbsp;ISRO.

<h2>As per ISRO, these are the XPoSat mission objectives</h2>

XPoSat will measure the polarisation of X-rays coming from about 50 cosmic sources. Thomson Scattering in the energy band 8-30keV will be measured by POLIX payload.

XPoSat will carry out long term spectral as well as temporal studies of cosmic X-ray sources. The XSPECT payload will make these measurements in the energy band 8-15keV

It will also undertake polarisation and spectroscopic measurements of X-ray emissions from sources in space using POLIX and XSPECT.

"The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as blackhole, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand. While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers," said&nbsp;ISRO.

(With inputs from agencies)

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) successfully launched XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) on Monday (January 1, 2024), first day of the new year. The lift-off took place from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota in southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) successfully launched XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) on Monday (January 1, 2024), first day of the new year. The lift-off took place from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota in southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. With XpoSat's successful launch, India has become second country after the United States to send an observatory in space to study black holes and neutron stars. With XPoSat, ISRO has taken another historic step following launches of Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya L1 missions. #WATCH | PSLV-C58 XPoSat Mission launch | ISRO launches X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) from the first launch-pad, SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. (Source: ISRO) pic.twitter.com/ws6Ik0Cdll — ANI (@ANI) January 1, 2024 × "XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is the first dedicated scientific satellite from ISRO to carry out research in space-based polarisation measurements of X-ray emission from celestial sources. The Satellite configuration is modified from the IMS-2 bus platform. The Configuration of the mainframe systems are derived based on the heritage of IRS satellites. It carries two payloads namely POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) and XSPECT (X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing). POLIX is realized by Raman Research Institute and XSPECT is by Space Astronomy Group of URSC," said ISRO. As per ISRO, these are the XPoSat mission objectives XPoSat will measure the polarisation of X-rays coming from about 50 cosmic sources. Thomson Scattering in the energy band 8-30keV will be measured by POLIX payload. XPoSat will carry out long term spectral as well as temporal studies of cosmic X-ray sources. The XSPECT payload will make these measurements in the energy band 8-15keV It will also undertake polarisation and spectroscopic measurements of X-ray emissions from sources in space using POLIX and XSPECT. "The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as blackhole, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand. While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers," said ISRO. (With inputs from agencies)

ISRO successfully launches XPoSat on first day of New Year 2024

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is on a roll following its Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 missions, the space agency is gearing up for a new year surprise. On January 1, 2024, when the world will be welcoming the new year, ISRO scientists will launch XPoSat. It is India's first polarimetry mission. XPoSAT will take a look at black holes, and other astronomical sources of X-rays.

It is slated for a lift-off at 9:10 am on January 1, 2024. After this, the XPoSAT will be placed in low earth orbit (LEO). As per reports, India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) will take the XPoSAT up into the sky.

XPoSat&nbsp;has two scientific payloads with it. The primary payload is POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays). It will measure polarimetry parameters. These are degree and angle of polarization. The measurements will be made in medium X-ray energy range of 8-30 keV.

Watch | India: ISRO launches 'Feast', new indigenous software

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The second payload is XSPECT (X-Ray Spectroscopy and Timing). ISRO says this will give spectroscopic information within the energy range of 0.8-15 keV.

"The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as blackhole, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand. While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers," says ISRO.

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/cosmic-mystery-a-star-that-no-longer-exists-revealed-in-a-2400-year-old-night-sky-map-674361">Cosmic Mystery: A star that no longer exists revealed in a 2,400-year-old night sky map</a>

The polarimetric measurements made by the XPoSAT will bring more dimensions into play. These are the degree of polarisation and angle of polarisation. Measurements on these lines will be great help to understand the emission processes in space.

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-juno-spacecraft-to-make-closest-flyby-of-jupiters-volcanic-moon-674309">NASA’s Juno spacecraft to make closest flyby of Jupiter’s volcanic moon</a>

Meanwhile, ISRO has made an analysis software that can be used to make Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of structures like satellites, rockets, aircraft, buildings etc.

"The FEAST software tool is the result of decades-long efforts by generations of scientists and engineers at ISRO's lead centre VSCC, Thiruvananthapuram. We started building this tool for our own internal use and developed considerable expertise in this field. That's when we decided to ensure that our software be shared with the larger FEA user base within India" Dr S Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, ISRO, told WION.

(With inputs from Siddharth MP)

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is on a roll following its Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 missions, the space agency is gearing up for a new year surprise.

ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is on a roll following its Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 missions, the space agency is gearing up for a new year surprise. On January 1, 2024, when the world will be welcoming the new year, ISRO scientists will launch XPoSat. It is India's first polarimetry mission. XPoSAT will take a look at black holes, and other astronomical sources of X-rays. It is slated for a lift-off at 9:10 am on January 1, 2024. After this, the XPoSAT will be placed in low earth orbit (LEO). As per reports, India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) will take the XPoSAT up into the sky. XPoSat has two scientific payloads with it. The primary payload is POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays). It will measure polarimetry parameters. These are degree and angle of polarization. The measurements will be made in medium X-ray energy range of 8-30 keV. Watch | India: ISRO launches 'Feast', new indigenous software × The second payload is XSPECT (X-Ray Spectroscopy and Timing). ISRO says this will give spectroscopic information within the energy range of 0.8-15 keV. "The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as blackhole, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand. While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers," says ISRO. Also Read | Cosmic Mystery: A star that no longer exists revealed in a 2,400-year-old night sky map The polarimetric measurements made by the XPoSAT will bring more dimensions into play. These are the degree of polarisation and angle of polarisation. Measurements on these lines will be great help to understand the emission processes in space. Also Read | NASA’s Juno spacecraft to make closest flyby of Jupiter’s volcanic moon Meanwhile, ISRO has made an analysis software that can be used to make Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of structures like satellites, rockets, aircraft, buildings etc. "The FEAST software tool is the result of decades-long efforts by generations of scientists and engineers at ISRO's lead centre VSCC, Thiruvananthapuram. We started building this tool for our own internal use and developed considerable expertise in this field. That's when we decided to ensure that our software be shared with the larger FEA user base within India" Dr S Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, ISRO, told WION. (With inputs from Siddharth MP)

ISRO’s New Year’s gift: XPoSat will lift off on January 1, will study black holes

Have you ever wondered what the supermassive black holes feed on? It is generally thought that they gobble up everything whatever comes in their way. But now a team of Japanese scientists have concluded that the black holes might be much pickier and actually consume just 3 per of what is sucked into them.

The team reached the results using the ALMA radio telescope array in Chile's Atacama Desert. While conducting the experiment, the team focused on a relatively tiny sliver of the black hole at the centre of the Circinus galaxy, which lies some 13 million light-years from Earth.

<h2>What did the scientists observe?</h2>

The team noted that the gravitational pull of the black hole theorised gas and dust from space ionised it and sucked it into an inner accretion disk around it.

The scientists observed that even as the hole attracted a lot of gas, and clouds of dust around it, it ate just 3 per cent of the total elements pulled into it.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/yikes-black-holes-might-be-closer-to-earth-than-we-thought-635052">Also read:&nbsp;Yikes! Black holes might be closer to Earth than we thought</a>

"The supply of material to the SMBH is known to trigger this feedback, although it has not been possible to quantitatively connect the gas supply to the subsequent feedback," the scientists write in the paper, but they also point out that more research will need to be done to validate the findings and build on their theory of how black holes' leftovers might feed new star formation.

<h2>About supermassive black holes</h2>

Supermassive black holes are believed to be situated at the heart of vast galaxies, including our own. Much like a spider in the centre of its web, these enigmatic entities expand by consuming interstellar gas and dust that venture too near.

Watch:&nbsp;Gravitas: Scientists reveal the sound of a super massive black hole

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Yet, due to the extreme density and opacity of black holes, understanding their nature proves to be an immensely challenging task.&nbsp;

It is to be noted that despite having garnered the special attention of scientists for decades, black holes still remain a topic of mystery among the scientific community. Experts possess limited knowledge regarding the fate of matter drawn close to black holes, except for the observation that once it enters.

(With inputs from agencies)

Have you ever wondered what the supermassive black holes feed on? It is generally thought that they gobble up everything whatever comes in their way. But now a team of Japanese scientists have concluded that the black holes might be much pickier and actually consume just 3 per of what is sucked into them.

Have you ever wondered what the supermassive black holes feed on? It is generally thought that they gobble up everything whatever comes in their way. But now a team of Japanese scientists have concluded that the black holes might be much pickier and actually consume just 3 per of what is sucked into them. The team reached the results using the ALMA radio telescope array in Chile's Atacama Desert. While conducting the experiment, the team focused on a relatively tiny sliver of the black hole at the centre of the Circinus galaxy, which lies some 13 million light-years from Earth. What did the scientists observe? The team noted that the gravitational pull of the black hole theorised gas and dust from space ionised it and sucked it into an inner accretion disk around it. The scientists observed that even as the hole attracted a lot of gas, and clouds of dust around it, it ate just 3 per cent of the total elements pulled into it. Also read: Yikes! Black holes might be closer to Earth than we thought "The supply of material to the SMBH is known to trigger this feedback, although it has not been possible to quantitatively connect the gas supply to the subsequent feedback," the scientists write in the paper, but they also point out that more research will need to be done to validate the findings and build on their theory of how black holes' leftovers might feed new star formation. About supermassive black holes Supermassive black holes are believed to be situated at the heart of vast galaxies, including our own. Much like a spider in the centre of its web, these enigmatic entities expand by consuming interstellar gas and dust that venture too near. Watch: Gravitas: Scientists reveal the sound of a super massive black hole × Yet, due to the extreme density and opacity of black holes, understanding their nature proves to be an immensely challenging task. It is to be noted that despite having garnered the special attention of scientists for decades, black holes still remain a topic of mystery among the scientific community. Experts possess limited knowledge regarding the fate of matter drawn close to black holes, except for the observation that once it enters. (With inputs from agencies)

Black holes don’t gobble up everything, consume just 3% of what they suck: Study

Black holes are curiously scary things. They gobble up anything and everything and they don't even spare light, the fastest travelling form of energy in the universe. Anything that comes too close to a black hole, a star, a planet or anything else, is sure to be torn apart and slowly consumed by the thing possessing the strongest known gravitational force in the universe.

It's safe to assume that it is always best to keep a large distance between yourself and a black hole.

Since we can't 'directly' see them. It's not possible to peer in space and simply count their accurate number. A black hole can become visible when it is active, that is when it is destroying a star or a planet or anything.

Currently, we only know of around 20 stellar mass black holes in our Milky Way galaxy. And we thought that the closest candidate among these was comfortably sitting around 1565 light-years away from Earth.

But a&nbsp;new study says there can be a black hole much closer to home.

A team of astronomers has analysed and modelled the Hyades cluster, which is a group of stars just 150 light-years away. The team thinks that there may be two or three stellar mass black holes there.

"Our simulations can only simultaneously match the mass and size of the Hyades if some black holes are present at the centre of the cluster today (or until recently)," says astrophysicist Stefano Torniamenti of the University of Padua in Italy as quoted by ScienceAlert.

The Hyades cluster is thought to be 625 million years old.

The black holes the astronomers are referring to are either present in the cluster or they were ejected less than 150 million years ago, says the study. In the latter case, they may be hovering around the outskirts of the cluster.

So are we in danger? Well, the scientists think that even if one of these black holes is moving, it is moving at a speed of 3 kilometres per second. And even if it moving in our direction, it will take a very, very long time for it to reach us.

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Black holes are curiously scary things. They gobble up anything and everything and they don't even spare light, the fastest travelling form of energy in the universe.

Black holes are curiously scary things. They gobble up anything and everything and they don't even spare light, the fastest travelling form of energy in the universe. Anything that comes too close to a black hole, a star, a planet or anything else, is sure to be torn apart and slowly consumed by the thing possessing the strongest known gravitational force in the universe. It's safe to assume that it is always best to keep a large distance between yourself and a black hole. Since we can't 'directly' see them. It's not possible to peer in space and simply count their accurate number. A black hole can become visible when it is active, that is when it is destroying a star or a planet or anything. Currently, we only know of around 20 stellar mass black holes in our Milky Way galaxy. And we thought that the closest candidate among these was comfortably sitting around 1565 light-years away from Earth. But a new study says there can be a black hole much closer to home. A team of astronomers has analysed and modelled the Hyades cluster, which is a group of stars just 150 light-years away. The team thinks that there may be two or three stellar mass black holes there. "Our simulations can only simultaneously match the mass and size of the Hyades if some black holes are present at the centre of the cluster today (or until recently)," says astrophysicist Stefano Torniamenti of the University of Padua in Italy as quoted by ScienceAlert. The Hyades cluster is thought to be 625 million years old. The black holes the astronomers are referring to are either present in the cluster or they were ejected less than 150 million years ago, says the study. In the latter case, they may be hovering around the outskirts of the cluster. So are we in danger? Well, the scientists think that even if one of these black holes is moving, it is moving at a speed of 3 kilometres per second. And even if it moving in our direction, it will take a very, very long time for it to reach us. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Yikes! Black holes might be closer to Earth than we thought

Supermassive black holes in themselves are a fascinating things. Imagine&nbsp;a celestial phenomenon so powerful that it keeps a whole galaxy together. Imagining a gravitational force that literally keeps billions of stars together is something beyond imagination of most of us. &nbsp;And when two supermassive black holes are merging, it attracts scientific attention.

Scientists have found two merging black holes that are glowing brightly than rest of the galaxies. These two galaxies are merging.

In our eventful Universe, things collide, merge and more to form something new. Galaxies merge all the time to form new galaxies. The supermassive black holes at the centres of such galaxies being to glow as they are fed most stellar and other material.

The black holes in question were merging when the age of the Universe was just 3 billion years. Current age of the Universe is 13.7 billion years. We are able to see the merger now because light from the merging process took billions of years to reach us. So in a way, we are literally witnessing the past!

As per US National Science Foundation (NSF), the discovery amounts to first confirmed detection of pair of close supermassive black holes which were merging during the "cosmic noon"

A cosmic noon is a period when the Universe was relatively young. During the cosmic noon, there was burst of star formation.&nbsp;

These merging black holes have become brightly shining quasars due to the process.

Why is this merger special

According to NSF, such instances were rare during the time the Universe was a quarter its age today. Such a merger is difficult to find. And a pair of supermassive black holes which are merging and glowing with a glow that outshines the galaxies? This bit is said to rarer than rare.&nbsp;

 
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Supermassive black holes in themselves are a fascinating things. Imagine a celestial phenomenon so powerful that it keeps a whole galaxy together. Imagining a gravitational force that literally keeps billions of stars together is something beyond imagination of most of us.

Supermassive black holes in themselves are a fascinating things. Imagine a celestial phenomenon so powerful that it keeps a whole galaxy together. Imagining a gravitational force that literally keeps billions of stars together is something beyond imagination of most of us. And when two supermassive black holes are merging, it attracts scientific attention. Scientists have found two merging black holes that are glowing brightly than rest of the galaxies. These two galaxies are merging. In our eventful Universe, things collide, merge and more to form something new. Galaxies merge all the time to form new galaxies. The supermassive black holes at the centres of such galaxies being to glow as they are fed most stellar and other material. The black holes in question were merging when the age of the Universe was just 3 billion years. Current age of the Universe is 13.7 billion years. We are able to see the merger now because light from the merging process took billions of years to reach us. So in a way, we are literally witnessing the past! As per US National Science Foundation (NSF), the discovery amounts to first confirmed detection of pair of close supermassive black holes which were merging during the "cosmic noon" A cosmic noon is a period when the Universe was relatively young. During the cosmic noon, there was burst of star formation. These merging black holes have become brightly shining quasars due to the process. Why is this merger special According to NSF, such instances were rare during the time the Universe was a quarter its age today. Such a merger is difficult to find. And a pair of supermassive black holes which are merging and glowing with a glow that outshines the galaxies? This bit is said to rarer than rare. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Scientists observe glowing black holes in colliding galaxies 

Black holes are the source of dark energy, the mysterious force behind the accelerating expansion of the universe, says a new study. This claim comes from an international team that compared growth rates of black holes in different galaxies. The team concluded that the spread of the masses observed could be explained by black holes bearing cores of ‘dark energy’, a report by the Guardian said.&nbsp;

Seventeen researchers in nine countries shared&nbsp;their findings in two papers published in The Astrophysical Journal and The Astrophysical Journal Letters. One of the researchers, Duncan Farrah from the University of Hawaii, said, "We propose that black holes are the source for dark energy." Farrah added that this dark energy is produced when the normal matter is compressed during the death and collapse of large stars, the Guardian report added.&nbsp;

The researchers said the findings could be explained if black holes grow as the universe expands. They said that observations found black holes expanding 10 orders of magnitude in mass across most of cosmic history.&nbsp;

"The Kerr black hole solution is, however, provisional as its behaviour at infinity is incompatible with an expanding universe. Black hole models with realistic behaviour at infinity predict that the gravitating mass of a black hole can increase with the expansion of the universe independently of accretion or mergers, in a manner that depends on the black hole's interior solution," the research published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters said.&nbsp;

The researchers compared black hole masses in young galaxies with black hole masses in giant but dormant galaxies. In the younger galaxies, black holes can grow by swallowing nearby stars and other material. However, in the older ones, there is little left for them to suck in. They also found that black holes in dormant galaxies were seven to 20 times more massive than expected,&nbsp;a finding they say points to another process by which the black holes are growing.

“The importance of this work is that it’s taken the theories about black holes with dark energy cores and linked them for the first time to tangible observations of the universe,” said Chris Pearson, a co-author of the study who is also the Astronomy Group Leader at STFC RAL Space in Oxfordshire.&nbsp;

However, the claim that black holes are the source of dark energy was met with disapproval from some experts. Vitor Cardoso, a professor of physics at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, said, there are many&nbsp;counter-arguments and facts that needed to be understood if this claim was going to live more than a few months. “What this study could also say is something as simple as black holes evolve differently today than they did billions of years ago,” Cardoso said, adding it was too early to think black holes are related to dark energy in any way.&nbsp;

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Black holes are the source of dark energy, the mysterious force behind the accelerating expansion of the universe, says a new study. This claim comes from an international team that compared growth rates of black holes in different galaxies.

Black holes are the source of dark energy, the mysterious force behind the accelerating expansion of the universe, says a new study. This claim comes from an international team that compared growth rates of black holes in different galaxies. The team concluded that the spread of the masses observed could be explained by black holes bearing cores of ‘dark energy’, a report by the Guardian said. Seventeen researchers in nine countries shared their findings in two papers published in The Astrophysical Journal and The Astrophysical Journal Letters. One of the researchers, Duncan Farrah from the University of Hawaii, said, "We propose that black holes are the source for dark energy." Farrah added that this dark energy is produced when the normal matter is compressed during the death and collapse of large stars, the Guardian report added. The researchers said the findings could be explained if black holes grow as the universe expands. They said that observations found black holes expanding 10 orders of magnitude in mass across most of cosmic history. "The Kerr black hole solution is, however, provisional as its behaviour at infinity is incompatible with an expanding universe. Black hole models with realistic behaviour at infinity predict that the gravitating mass of a black hole can increase with the expansion of the universe independently of accretion or mergers, in a manner that depends on the black hole's interior solution," the research published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters said. The researchers compared black hole masses in young galaxies with black hole masses in giant but dormant galaxies. In the younger galaxies, black holes can grow by swallowing nearby stars and other material. However, in the older ones, there is little left for them to suck in. They also found that black holes in dormant galaxies were seven to 20 times more massive than expected, a finding they say points to another process by which the black holes are growing. “The importance of this work is that it’s taken the theories about black holes with dark energy cores and linked them for the first time to tangible observations of the universe,” said Chris Pearson, a co-author of the study who is also the Astronomy Group Leader at STFC RAL Space in Oxfordshire. However, the claim that black holes are the source of dark energy was met with disapproval from some experts. Vitor Cardoso, a professor of physics at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, said, there are many counter-arguments and facts that needed to be understood if this claim was going to live more than a few months. “What this study could also say is something as simple as black holes evolve differently today than they did billions of years ago,” Cardoso said, adding it was too early to think black holes are related to dark energy in any way. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Black holes are the source of dark energy that is causing expansion of the universe, study says

While analysing X-rays from the supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy 800 million light-years away, researchers from Stanford University found an unexpected pattern. These rays seem to be ejected from the black hole into the space around it.

The spectacular flares of X-ray radiation that supermassive black holes produce as gas enters them can be used to explain this phenomenon. Short X-ray flashes were then observed after the flares stopped. The flare reflections from the disc's outermost edge matched these flashes.

Dan Wilkins, the observer, saw several exhilarating but frequent dazzling X-ray bursts. The sudden appearance of other X-ray flashes surprised the telescopes because they were later, smaller, and had different "colours" than the powerful flares.

These spectacular echoes, in accordance with the hypothesis, are consistent with X-rays reflecting from the black hole's shadow.

Wilkins asserted that since no light penetrates a black hole, it should be impossible for us to detect anything behind the black hole. Wilkins is a research scientist at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

But another unusual characteristic of the black hole is what made this discovery possible. "We can observe it because that black hole is twisting space, bending light and magnetic fields around itself," Wilkins continued.

It is the first direct detection of light coming directly from a black hole, a situation that Einstein's general theory of relativity suggested but which had never before been demonstrated.

This research's initial goal was to understand the corona, a puzzling characteristic of some black holes.

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp; 
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While analysing X-rays from the supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy 800 million light-years away, researchers from Stanford University found an unexpected pattern.

While analysing X-rays from the supermassive black hole at the centre of a galaxy 800 million light-years away, researchers from Stanford University found an unexpected pattern. These rays seem to be ejected from the black hole into the space around it. The spectacular flares of X-ray radiation that supermassive black holes produce as gas enters them can be used to explain this phenomenon. Short X-ray flashes were then observed after the flares stopped. The flare reflections from the disc's outermost edge matched these flashes. Dan Wilkins, the observer, saw several exhilarating but frequent dazzling X-ray bursts. The sudden appearance of other X-ray flashes surprised the telescopes because they were later, smaller, and had different "colours" than the powerful flares. These spectacular echoes, in accordance with the hypothesis, are consistent with X-rays reflecting from the black hole's shadow. Wilkins asserted that since no light penetrates a black hole, it should be impossible for us to detect anything behind the black hole. Wilkins is a research scientist at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. But another unusual characteristic of the black hole is what made this discovery possible. "We can observe it because that black hole is twisting space, bending light and magnetic fields around itself," Wilkins continued. It is the first direct detection of light coming directly from a black hole, a situation that Einstein's general theory of relativity suggested but which had never before been demonstrated. This research's initial goal was to understand the corona, a puzzling characteristic of some black holes. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

X-rays were detected behind black holes for the first time ever; here's how

AstroSat, India's first dedicated astronomy mission which is into space since 2015, has detected the birth of a black hole for the 500th time, Pune-based research institution IUCAA has said, a development scientists termed as a remarkable achievement.

Black holes are objects with a gravitational pull so strong that not even light can escape. They are the subjects of intense scrutiny from astronomers from all over the world. Scientists across the world are studying their formation.

One way of forging black holes is the deaths of massive stars in Gamma Ray Bursts explosions so powerful that they have been called mini big-bangs. They send intense jets of light and high-energy radiation shooting across the universe.

Another way to create Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) is the collision of two neutron stars the kind of events that generate gravitational waves. Astronomers study the Gamma-rays and X-rays from such bursts to better understand explosion and black hole formation.

Launched in September 2015 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), AstroSat is one of the most sensitive space telescopes in the world comprising five instruments that can simultaneously study the universe in ultraviolet, optical, and X-ray radiation.

"One of these instruments is the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) - which has just witnessed the birth of a black hole for the five hundredth time, the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) said in a statement.

This is a landmark achievement," said Prof Dipankar Bhattacharya of Ashoka University and IUCAA, who is the current Principal Investigator of CZTI.

The wealth of data obtained by CZTI on Gamma Ray Bursts is making a big impact worldwide, he added.

CZTI has been studying GRBs since it first opened its eyes 6.5 years ago. The very first scientific result from AstroSat was the detection of GRB 151006A: just hours after the instrument was powered on after launch, said Prof. Varun Bhalerao, who leads the GRB search effort.

A unique aspect of CZTI is the ability to measure the polarisation of X-rays: an ability that is lacking in flagship missions like NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Telescope or the US-Europe Fermi Space Telescope.

Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, of the US-based Stanford University, has played a key role in these polarisation studies.

Polarisation tells us what is happening just outside the newly formed black hole. It is the most important measurement to distinguish between different theories of Gamma-ray Bursts, said Chattopadhyay.&nbsp;

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AstroSat, India's first dedicated astronomy mission which is into space since 2015, has detected the birth of a black hole for the 500th time, Pune-based research institution IUCAA has said, a development scientists termed as a remarkable achievement.

AstroSat, India's first dedicated astronomy mission which is into space since 2015, has detected the birth of a black hole for the 500th time, Pune-based research institution IUCAA has said, a development scientists termed as a remarkable achievement. Black holes are objects with a gravitational pull so strong that not even light can escape. They are the subjects of intense scrutiny from astronomers from all over the world. Scientists across the world are studying their formation. One way of forging black holes is the deaths of massive stars in Gamma Ray Bursts explosions so powerful that they have been called mini big-bangs. They send intense jets of light and high-energy radiation shooting across the universe. Another way to create Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) is the collision of two neutron stars the kind of events that generate gravitational waves. Astronomers study the Gamma-rays and X-rays from such bursts to better understand explosion and black hole formation. Launched in September 2015 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), AstroSat is one of the most sensitive space telescopes in the world comprising five instruments that can simultaneously study the universe in ultraviolet, optical, and X-ray radiation. "One of these instruments is the Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI) - which has just witnessed the birth of a black hole for the five hundredth time, the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) said in a statement. This is a landmark achievement," said Prof Dipankar Bhattacharya of Ashoka University and IUCAA, who is the current Principal Investigator of CZTI. The wealth of data obtained by CZTI on Gamma Ray Bursts is making a big impact worldwide, he added. CZTI has been studying GRBs since it first opened its eyes 6.5 years ago. The very first scientific result from AstroSat was the detection of GRB 151006A: just hours after the instrument was powered on after launch, said Prof. Varun Bhalerao, who leads the GRB search effort. A unique aspect of CZTI is the ability to measure the polarisation of X-rays: an ability that is lacking in flagship missions like NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Telescope or the US-Europe Fermi Space Telescope. Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, of the US-based Stanford University, has played a key role in these polarisation studies. Polarisation tells us what is happening just outside the newly formed black hole. It is the most important measurement to distinguish between different theories of Gamma-ray Bursts, said Chattopadhyay. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Astrosat witnesses black hole birth for 500th time

Black holes, the monsters of the cosmos that move around devouring planets and even stars. Till recently their presence was only established theoretically but now for the first time we can have a glimpse of an actual hole in our cosmic neighborhood

Black Holes: Monster in the heart of Milky Way Galaxy

We know that black holes in space devour material around them. Even light can't escape from them. We also know that black holes are also found at the centre of galaxies just like Milky Way Galaxy has.

But new images from a corner of space have thrown up 14 black holes hungrily eating material in the space around them.

These 14 black holes (and the galaxies associated with them) are located in what is called Spiderweb protocluster.

The hungry feast of the black holes means that these black holes are growing.

The Spiderweb protocluster is named after Spiderweb galaxy that is at the center of the protocluster. The protocluster was observed over 8 days using Chandra X-Ray observatory. The hungry black holes were discovered thus.

The Spiderweb protocluster is a growing cluster of galaxies. It is 10.6 billion light-years away from us. This means that what we are seeing today happened 10.6 billion light years ago. So this protocluster was behaving like it was observed now 10.6 billion years ago.

This period is known as 'Cosmic Noon' during which star-formation was taking place at a furious rate.

It is held that Spiderweb protocluster will by today have evolved into a stable, massive cluster of galaxies that are gravitationally bound.

Study of Spiderweb protocluster and it development may give scientists opportunity to gain insight into how massive structures are formed in space.

We know that black holes in space devour material around them. Even light can't escape from them. We also know that black holes are also found at the centre of galaxies just like Milky Way Galaxy has.

We know that black holes in space devour material around them. Even light can't escape from them. We also know that black holes are also found at the centre of galaxies just like Milky Way Galaxy has. But new images from a corner of space have thrown up 14 black holes hungrily eating material in the space around them. These 14 black holes (and the galaxies associated with them) are located in what is called Spiderweb protocluster. The hungry feast of the black holes means that these black holes are growing. The Spiderweb protocluster is named after Spiderweb galaxy that is at the center of the protocluster. The protocluster was observed over 8 days using Chandra X-Ray observatory. The hungry black holes were discovered thus. The Spiderweb protocluster is a growing cluster of galaxies. It is 10.6 billion light-years away from us. This means that what we are seeing today happened 10.6 billion light years ago. So this protocluster was behaving like it was observed now 10.6 billion years ago. This period is known as 'Cosmic Noon' during which star-formation was taking place at a furious rate. It is held that Spiderweb protocluster will by today have evolved into a stable, massive cluster of galaxies that are gravitationally bound. Study of Spiderweb protocluster and it development may give scientists opportunity to gain insight into how massive structures are formed in space.

Astronomers find 14 black holes feasting on surrounding space matter

Astronomers have published the most detailed map to date of black holes after a fresh examination by Leiden University.

The map, published in the journal Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, is the most detailed celestial map in the field of so-called low radio frequencies.&nbsp;

''This is the result of many years of work on incredibly difficult data. We had to invent new methods to convert the radio signals into images of the sky,'' says research leader Francesco de Gasperin.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-discover-first-ever-recoiling-black-hole-355056">Also read |Scientists discover first-ever 'recoiling' black hole</a>

The astronomers, including Leiden astronomers, used 52 stations with Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) antennas spread across nine European countries.

''It's similar to when you try to see the world while immersed in a swimming pool. When you look up, the waves on the water of the pool deflect the light rays and distort the view,'' said co-author Reinout van Weeren.

There are three categories of black holes. The smallest, like 'the Unicorn,' are so-called stellar-mass black holes formed by the gravitational collapse of a single star. There are gargantuan 'supermassive' black holes like the one at our galaxy's center, 26,000 light-years from Earth, which is four million times the sun's mass. A few intermediate-mass black holes also have been found with masses somewhere in between.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/closest-black-hole-to-earth-has-lost-its-status-as-one-336811">Also read |&nbsp;Closest 'black hole' to earth has lost its status as one</a>

Cygnus X-1 is the Milky Way’s largest-known stellar-mass black hole and among the strongest X-ray sources seen from Earth. It devours material blowing from the surface of the companion star it tightly orbits, a “blue supergiant” about 40 times our sun’s mass.

It started its existence 4 million to 5 million years ago as a star up to 75 times the sun’s mass and collapsed into a black hole a few tens of thousands of years ago.

''After many years of software development, it is so wonderful to see that this has now really worked out,'' said Scientific Director of the Leiden Observatory Huub Röttgering.

The map now covers 4 per cent of the northern half of the sky. The astronomers plan to continue until they have mapped the entire northern sky. In addition to supermassive black holes, the map also provides insight into the large-scale structure of the universe, among other things.

(With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers have published the most detailed map to date of black holes after a fresh examination by Leiden University. The map, published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, is the most detailed celestial map in the field of so-called low radio frequencies.

Astronomers have published the most detailed map to date of black holes after a fresh examination by Leiden University. The map, published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, is the most detailed celestial map in the field of so-called low radio frequencies. ''This is the result of many years of work on incredibly difficult data. We had to invent new methods to convert the radio signals into images of the sky,'' says research leader Francesco de Gasperin. Also read |Scientists discover first-ever 'recoiling' black hole The astronomers, including Leiden astronomers, used 52 stations with Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) antennas spread across nine European countries. ''It's similar to when you try to see the world while immersed in a swimming pool. When you look up, the waves on the water of the pool deflect the light rays and distort the view,'' said co-author Reinout van Weeren. There are three categories of black holes. The smallest, like 'the Unicorn,' are so-called stellar-mass black holes formed by the gravitational collapse of a single star. There are gargantuan 'supermassive' black holes like the one at our galaxy's center, 26,000 light-years from Earth, which is four million times the sun's mass. A few intermediate-mass black holes also have been found with masses somewhere in between. Also read | Closest 'black hole' to earth has lost its status as one Cygnus X-1 is the Milky Way’s largest-known stellar-mass black hole and among the strongest X-ray sources seen from Earth. It devours material blowing from the surface of the companion star it tightly orbits, a “blue supergiant” about 40 times our sun’s mass. It started its existence 4 million to 5 million years ago as a star up to 75 times the sun’s mass and collapsed into a black hole a few tens of thousands of years ago. ''After many years of software development, it is so wonderful to see that this has now really worked out,'' said Scientific Director of the Leiden Observatory Huub Röttgering. The map now covers 4 per cent of the northern half of the sky. The astronomers plan to continue until they have mapped the entire northern sky. In addition to supermassive black holes, the map also provides insight into the large-scale structure of the universe, among other things. (With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers publish most detailed map to date of black holes

Astronomers have discovered black holes that bend the laws of singularity in physics.

Black holes are monstrous celestial entities exerting gravitational fields so vicious that no matter or light can escape.&nbsp;

The research, published in 'Physical Review Letters,' focuses on the cosmic censorship conjecture. It studies the 'dragon' parts of the black holes.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/did-a-refrigerator-sized-asteroid-slip-past-earth-undetected-426436" hreflang="en">Did a refrigerator-sized asteroid slip past Earth undetected?</a>

Inside it, there is a barrier beyond the Cauchy horizon in which nothing can be predicted. It is deeper than the event horizon. This barrier prevents the lawlessness of black holes from becoming a pressing issue.

According to the study's author Peter Hinz, ''People had been complacent for some 20 years, since the mid-'90s, that strong cosmological censorship is always verified. We challenge that point of view.''

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/gravitas-nasa-discovers-first-planet-outside-milky-way-galaxy-424278/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

In physics, Einstein’s theory of general relativity describes the formation of black holes. It predicts that matter can suffer a cataclysmic collapse where both the density of matter and the curvature of spacetime diverge (tend towards infinite values).

There are three categories of black holes. The smallest are so-called stellar-mass black holes formed by the gravitational collapse of a single star. There are gargantuan 'supermassive' black holes like the one at our galaxy's center, 26,000 light-years from Earth, which is four million times the sun's mass.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/fuel-from-microbes-bacteria-to-be-used-as-fuel-source-for-future-astronauts-returning-to-earth-426470" hreflang="en">Fuel from microbes: Bacteria to be used as fuel source for future astronauts returning to Earth</a>

A few intermediate-mass black holes also have been found with masses somewhere in between.

Cygnus X-1 is the Milky Way’s largest-known stellar-mass black hole and among the strongest X-ray sources seen from Earth

Black holes, phenomenally dense and coming in various sizes, are extraordinarily difficult to observe by their very nature. A black hole’s event horizon is the point of no return beyond which anything - stars, planets, gas, dust and all forms of electromagnetic radiation - gets swallowed into oblivion.

The existence of black holes was first predicted in 1916. Most galaxies are thought to have a supermassive black hole at their centre.

(With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers have discovered black holes that bend the laws of singularity in physics. Black holes are monstrous celestial entities exerting gravitational fields so vicious that no matter or light can escape.

Astronomers have discovered black holes that bend the laws of singularity in physics. Black holes are monstrous celestial entities exerting gravitational fields so vicious that no matter or light can escape. The research, published in 'Physical Review Letters,' focuses on the cosmic censorship conjecture. It studies the 'dragon' parts of the black holes. Also read | Did a refrigerator-sized asteroid slip past Earth undetected? Inside it, there is a barrier beyond the Cauchy horizon in which nothing can be predicted. It is deeper than the event horizon. This barrier prevents the lawlessness of black holes from becoming a pressing issue. According to the study's author Peter Hinz, ''People had been complacent for some 20 years, since the mid-'90s, that strong cosmological censorship is always verified. We challenge that point of view.'' In physics, Einstein’s theory of general relativity describes the formation of black holes. It predicts that matter can suffer a cataclysmic collapse where both the density of matter and the curvature of spacetime diverge (tend towards infinite values). There are three categories of black holes. The smallest are so-called stellar-mass black holes formed by the gravitational collapse of a single star. There are gargantuan 'supermassive' black holes like the one at our galaxy's center, 26,000 light-years from Earth, which is four million times the sun's mass. Also read | Fuel from microbes: Bacteria to be used as fuel source for future astronauts returning to Earth A few intermediate-mass black holes also have been found with masses somewhere in between. Cygnus X-1 is the Milky Way’s largest-known stellar-mass black hole and among the strongest X-ray sources seen from Earth Black holes, phenomenally dense and coming in various sizes, are extraordinarily difficult to observe by their very nature. A black hole’s event horizon is the point of no return beyond which anything - stars, planets, gas, dust and all forms of electromagnetic radiation - gets swallowed into oblivion. The existence of black holes was first predicted in 1916. Most galaxies are thought to have a supermassive black hole at their centre. (With inputs from agencies)

'Dragon' black holes that defy norms of physics can mess with your future

Black holes are mysterious. No one perfectly knows what is their true nature. No one knows what lies on the other side. Are they pathways to different universe or do they facilitate time-travel? Nobody knows. Venture too close to a black hole and you will be sucked in forever. They have such unimaginable pull that even light does not escape.

Then there are supermassive black holes that are millions of times bigger. They literally hold entire galaxies together and are usually located at the centre of a galaxy. Just like Milky Way.

Indian researchers have now witnessed a merger of three supermassive black holes. This merger has caused formation of triple active galactic nucleus.

Ministry of Science and Technology made an announcement about this.

"...A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics consisting of Jyoti Yadav, Mousumi Das, and Sudhanshu Barway along with Francoise Combes of College de France, Chaire Galaxies et Cosmologie, Paris, while studying a known interacting galaxy pair, NGC7733, and NGC7734, detected unusual emissions from the centre of NGC7734 and a large, bright clump along the northern arm of NGC7733. Their investigations showed that the clump is moving with a different velocity compared to the galaxy NGC7733 itself. The scientists meant that this clump was not a part of NGC7733; rather, it was a small separate galaxy behind the arm. They named this galaxy NGC7733N...," says a press release from the ministry.&nbsp;

This study has been published as a letter in journal Astronomy and Astrphysics. This study was conducted using the data from the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) onboard the first Indian space observatory ASTROSAT, the European integral field optical telescope called MUSE mounted on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile and infrared images from the optical telescope (IRSF) in South Africa.

Black holes are mysterious. No one perfectly knows what is their true nature. No one knows what lies on the other side. Are they pathways to different universe or do they facilitate time-travel?

Black holes are mysterious. No one perfectly knows what is their true nature. No one knows what lies on the other side. Are they pathways to different universe or do they facilitate time-travel? Nobody knows. Venture too close to a black hole and you will be sucked in forever. They have such unimaginable pull that even light does not escape. Then there are supermassive black holes that are millions of times bigger. They literally hold entire galaxies together and are usually located at the centre of a galaxy. Just like Milky Way. Indian researchers have now witnessed a merger of three supermassive black holes. This merger has caused formation of triple active galactic nucleus. Ministry of Science and Technology made an announcement about this. "...A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics consisting of Jyoti Yadav, Mousumi Das, and Sudhanshu Barway along with Francoise Combes of College de France, Chaire Galaxies et Cosmologie, Paris, while studying a known interacting galaxy pair, NGC7733, and NGC7734, detected unusual emissions from the centre of NGC7734 and a large, bright clump along the northern arm of NGC7733. Their investigations showed that the clump is moving with a different velocity compared to the galaxy NGC7733 itself. The scientists meant that this clump was not a part of NGC7733; rather, it was a small separate galaxy behind the arm. They named this galaxy NGC7733N...," says a press release from the ministry. This study has been published as a letter in journal Astronomy and Astrphysics. This study was conducted using the data from the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) onboard the first Indian space observatory ASTROSAT, the European integral field optical telescope called MUSE mounted on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile and infrared images from the optical telescope (IRSF) in South Africa.

Indian researchers witness merger of three supermassive black holes 

The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration, an international team of radio astronomers that has been staring down the throat of a giant black hole for years, has published what it called the most intimate portrait yet of the forces that give rise to quasars, the luminous fountains of energy that can reach across interstellar and intergalactic space and disrupt the growth of distant galaxies.

The monstrous black hole is 6.5 billion times as massive as the sun, and it lies in the centre&nbsp;of an enormous elliptical galaxy, Messier 87, about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Two years ago, the team photographed it, producing the first image of a black hole. The previously invisible entity — a porthole to eternity — looked like a fuzzy smoke ring, much as Albert Einstein’s equations had predicted a century ago.

The group has spent the past two years extracting more data from their observations about the polarisation of the radio waves, which can reveal the shape of the magnetic fields in the hot gas swirling around the hole.

Now, seen through the radio equivalent of polarised sunglasses, the M87 black hole appears as a finely whiskered vortex, like the spinning fan blades of a jet engine, pumping matter into the black hole and energy outward into space.

“It’s like putting on a pair of polarised sunglasses on a bright sunny day — all of a sudden you can see what’s going on,” said Sheperd Doeleman, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and founding director of the collaboration.

“Now we can actually see the patterns of these fields in M87 and begin to study how the black hole is funnelling material to its center,” he said.

In an email, Daniel Holz, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago who was not part of the research, characterised the phenomena as among the most extreme in nature, "combining gravity and hot gas and magnetic fields to produce a beam which crosses an entire galaxy. It is exciting that EHT is helping us learn more about what is going on at the heart of these relativistic jets which originate very near the ‘surface’ of a black hole.”

Dark Demons of the Cosmos

Black holes are bottomless pits in space-time, where gravity is so powerful that not even light can escape; whatever enters essentially disappears from the universe. The cosmos is littered with black holes. Many are dead stars that have collapsed catastrophically in on themselves. One sits at the centre&nbsp;of almost every galaxy and is millions or billions of times larger than any star.

Paradoxically, despite their light-swallowing capability, black holes are the most luminous objects in the universe. Material — gas, dust, shredded stars — that falls into a black hole is heated to millions of degrees as it swirls around the drain of doom in a dense maelstrom of electromagnetic fields. Most of that matter falls into the black hole, but some is pushed out, like toothpaste, by enormous pressures and magnetic fields. How all of this energy arises and is marshalled remains unknown to astronomers.

Such fireworks, which can outshine galaxies a thousandfold, can be seen across the universe; when first observed in the early 1960s, they were called quasars. That discovery led physicists and astronomers to first take seriously the notion that black holes exist.

In 2009, eager to explore the underlying mechanisms and to verify Einstein’s predictions about black holes, Doeleman and his colleagues formed the Event Horizon Telescope, an international collaboration composed of about 300 astronomers from 13 institutions.

The telescope is named after the point of no return around a black hole; beyond the event horizon, all light and matter is consumed. In April 2017, when the telescope spent 10 days observing M87, it consisted of a network of eight radio observatories around the globe — “a telescope as big as the world,” as Doeleman likes to say, able to spot details as small as an orange on the moon. The team then took two years to process the data. The results came together in April 2019, when Doeleman and his colleagues presented the first images — radio maps, really — of a black hole, the monster in M87.

Black holes were first “heard” colliding in 2015, by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. Now they could be seen, as an inky portal of nothingness framed by a swirling doughnut of radiant gas in the center of the galaxy Messier 87.

“We have seen what we thought was unseeable,” Doeleman said at the time. The picture appeared on the front page of newspapers around the world, and a copy is now in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

But that was only the beginning of the journey inward.

Inside the Dynamo

It took another two years for researchers to produce the newly released polarised images.

Jets and lobes of radio, X-ray and other forms of energy extend more than 100,000 light-years from the black hole in M87. Much of this radiation comes from energetic electrical particles spiralling around in magnetic fields.

The newly processed image allows the astronomers to trace these fields back to their origins, in a hot, chaotic ring of electrified gas, or plasma, about 30 billion miles across — four times as wide as the orbit of Pluto. That achievement is made possible because the light from the disk is partly polarised, vibrating more in one direction than in others.

Doeleman is already laying the groundwork for what he calls the “next generation” EHT, which will produce movies of this magnetic propulsion structure in action.

“This is really the next big question,” Doeleman said. “How do magnetic fields extract energy from a spinning black hole? We know it happens, but we don’t know how it works. To solve that, we will need to create the first black hole cinema.”

The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration, an international team of radio astronomers that has been staring down the throat of a giant black hole for years, has published what it called the most intimate portrait yet of the forces that give rise to quasars, the luminous fountains of energy that can reach across interstellar and intergalactic space and disrupt the growth of distant galaxies.

The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration, an international team of radio astronomers that has been staring down the throat of a giant black hole for years, has published what it called the most intimate portrait yet of the forces that give rise to quasars, the luminous fountains of energy that can reach across interstellar and intergalactic space and disrupt the growth of distant galaxies. The monstrous black hole is 6.5 billion times as massive as the sun, and it lies in the centre of an enormous elliptical galaxy, Messier 87, about 55 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Two years ago, the team photographed it, producing the first image of a black hole. The previously invisible entity — a porthole to eternity — looked like a fuzzy smoke ring, much as Albert Einstein’s equations had predicted a century ago. The group has spent the past two years extracting more data from their observations about the polarisation of the radio waves, which can reveal the shape of the magnetic fields in the hot gas swirling around the hole. Now, seen through the radio equivalent of polarised sunglasses, the M87 black hole appears as a finely whiskered vortex, like the spinning fan blades of a jet engine, pumping matter into the black hole and energy outward into space. “It’s like putting on a pair of polarised sunglasses on a bright sunny day — all of a sudden you can see what’s going on,” said Sheperd Doeleman, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and founding director of the collaboration. “Now we can actually see the patterns of these fields in M87 and begin to study how the black hole is funnelling material to its center,” he said. In an email, Daniel Holz, an astrophysicist at the University of Chicago who was not part of the research, characterised the phenomena as among the most extreme in nature, "combining gravity and hot gas and magnetic fields to produce a beam which crosses an entire galaxy. It is exciting that EHT is helping us learn more about what is going on at the heart of these relativistic jets which originate very near the ‘surface’ of a black hole.” Dark Demons of the Cosmos Black holes are bottomless pits in space-time, where gravity is so powerful that not even light can escape; whatever enters essentially disappears from the universe. The cosmos is littered with black holes. Many are dead stars that have collapsed catastrophically in on themselves. One sits at the centre of almost every galaxy and is millions or billions of times larger than any star. Paradoxically, despite their light-swallowing capability, black holes are the most luminous objects in the universe. Material — gas, dust, shredded stars — that falls into a black hole is heated to millions of degrees as it swirls around the drain of doom in a dense maelstrom of electromagnetic fields. Most of that matter falls into the black hole, but some is pushed out, like toothpaste, by enormous pressures and magnetic fields. How all of this energy arises and is marshalled remains unknown to astronomers. Such fireworks, which can outshine galaxies a thousandfold, can be seen across the universe; when first observed in the early 1960s, they were called quasars. That discovery led physicists and astronomers to first take seriously the notion that black holes exist. In 2009, eager to explore the underlying mechanisms and to verify Einstein’s predictions about black holes, Doeleman and his colleagues formed the Event Horizon Telescope, an international collaboration composed of about 300 astronomers from 13 institutions. The telescope is named after the point of no return around a black hole; beyond the event horizon, all light and matter is consumed. In April 2017, when the telescope spent 10 days observing M87, it consisted of a network of eight radio observatories around the globe — “a telescope as big as the world,” as Doeleman likes to say, able to spot details as small as an orange on the moon. The team then took two years to process the data. The results came together in April 2019, when Doeleman and his colleagues presented the first images — radio maps, really — of a black hole, the monster in M87. Black holes were first “heard” colliding in 2015, by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. Now they could be seen, as an inky portal of nothingness framed by a swirling doughnut of radiant gas in the center of the galaxy Messier 87. “We have seen what we thought was unseeable,” Doeleman said at the time. The picture appeared on the front page of newspapers around the world, and a copy is now in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. But that was only the beginning of the journey inward. Inside the Dynamo It took another two years for researchers to produce the newly released polarised images. Jets and lobes of radio, X-ray and other forms of energy extend more than 100,000 light-years from the black hole in M87. Much of this radiation comes from energetic electrical particles spiralling around in magnetic fields. The newly processed image allows the astronomers to trace these fields back to their origins, in a hot, chaotic ring of electrified gas, or plasma, about 30 billion miles across — four times as wide as the orbit of Pluto. That achievement is made possible because the light from the disk is partly polarised, vibrating more in one direction than in others. Doeleman is already laying the groundwork for what he calls the “next generation” EHT, which will produce movies of this magnetic propulsion structure in action. “This is really the next big question,” Doeleman said. “How do magnetic fields extract energy from a spinning black hole? We know it happens, but we don’t know how it works. To solve that, we will need to create the first black hole cinema.”

The most intimate portrait yet of a black hole

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) On Wednesday released audio tracks that let us listen to ‘music’ comprise translated visual data into sounds.

The resulting ‘music’ gives people an entirely different way to experience a particular image, including observations of space from various missions like the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The latest installments in the series cover three particular space scenes.&nbsp; 
 
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mg7whxKFQsk" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

In the latest instalment in NASA’s data sonification series, observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes have been converted into sound, producing audio tapestries that complement the visual representations.&nbsp;

The latest instalment incorporates three captivating vistas: the Chandra Deep Field South, the Cat’s Eye Nebula and Messier 51, the Whirlpool galaxy. 
 
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HfFoUWm3NDA" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Chandra Deep Field South — a deep look into the southern hemisphere of the sky -- is on the lighter end of the sound spectrum. "This is the deepest image ever taken in X-rays, representing over seven million seconds of Chandra observing time," said NASA in a statement on Wednesday.&nbsp;

"The wide range of musical frequencies represents the full range of X-ray frequencies collected by Chandra of this region," said NASA.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kM2_Zq7DqUo" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

"To listen to these data, there is a radar-like scan that moves clockwise emanating from the center point to produce pitch," said NASA. "Light that is further from the center is heard as higher pitches while brighter light is louder."

(With inputs from agencies)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) On Wednesday released audio tracks that let us listen to ‘music’ comprise translated visual data into sounds.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) On Wednesday released audio tracks that let us listen to ‘music’ comprise translated visual data into sounds. The resulting ‘music’ gives people an entirely different way to experience a particular image, including observations of space from various missions like the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The latest installments in the series cover three particular space scenes. In the latest instalment in NASA’s data sonification series, observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes have been converted into sound, producing audio tapestries that complement the visual representations. The latest instalment incorporates three captivating vistas: the Chandra Deep Field South, the Cat’s Eye Nebula and Messier 51, the Whirlpool galaxy. Chandra Deep Field South — a deep look into the southern hemisphere of the sky -- is on the lighter end of the sound spectrum. "This is the deepest image ever taken in X-rays, representing over seven million seconds of Chandra observing time," said NASA in a statement on Wednesday. "The wide range of musical frequencies represents the full range of X-ray frequencies collected by Chandra of this region," said NASA. "To listen to these data, there is a radar-like scan that moves clockwise emanating from the center point to produce pitch," said NASA. "Light that is further from the center is heard as higher pitches while brighter light is louder." (With inputs from agencies)

Hear galaxies and black holes translated into music from NASA data

Astronomers have detected a ''restless''&nbsp;supermassive blackhole wandering in space, in a recent&nbsp;study.

The research published in the Astrophysical Journal was conducted by scientists at the Center for Astrophysics: Harvard and Smithsonian.

For their search, the team initially surveyed 10 distant galaxies and the supermassive black holes at their cores. They specifically studied black holes that contained water within their accretion disks — the spiral structures that spin inward towards the black hole.

As the water orbits around the black hole, it produces a laser-like beam of radio light known as a maser. When studied with a combined network of radio antennas using a technique known as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), masers can help measure a black hole's velocity very precisely, Pesce says.

The technique helped the team determine that nine of the 10 supermassive black holes were at rest—but one stood out and seemed to be in motion.

Located 230 million light-years away from Earth, the black hole sits at the centre of a galaxy named J0437+2456. Its mass is about three million times that of our Sun.

"We don't expect the majority of supermassive black holes to be moving; they're usually content to just sit around," says Dominic Pesce, an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics who led the study. "They're just so heavy that it's tough to get them going. Consider how much more difficult it is to kick a bowling ball into motion than it is to kick a soccer ball — realizing that in this case, the 'bowling ball' is several million times the mass of our Sun. That’s going to require a pretty mighty kick."

Pesce and his collaborators have been working to observe this rare occurrence for the last five years by comparing the velocities of supermassive black holes and galaxies.

"We asked: Are the velocities of the black holes the same as the velocities of the galaxies they reside in?" he explains. "We expect them to have the same velocity. If they don't, that implies the black hole has been disturbed."

Using follow-up observations with the Arecibo and Gemini Observatories, the team has now confirmed their initial findings. The supermassive black hole is moving with a speed of about 110,000 miles per hour inside the galaxy J0437+2456.

But what's causing the motion is not known. The team suspects there are two possibilities.

"We may be observing the aftermath of two supermassive black holes merging," says Jim Condon, a radio astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory who was involved in the study. "The result of such a merger can cause the newborn black hole to recoil, and we may be watching it in the act of recoiling or as it settles down again."

But there's another, perhaps even more exciting possibility: the black hole may be part of a binary system.

"Despite every expectation that they really ought to be out there in some abundance, scientists have had a hard time identifying clear examples of binary supermassive black holes," Pesce says. "What we could be seeing in the galaxy J0437+2456 is one of the black holes in such a pair, with the other remaining hidden to our radio observations because of its lack of maser emission."

Further observations, however, will ultimately be needed to pin down the true cause of this supermassive black hole's unusual motion. 
&nbsp;

Astronomers have detected a ''restless'' supermassive blackhole wandering in space, in a recent study. The research published in the Astrophysical Journal was conducted by scientists at the Center for Astrophysics: Harvard and Smithsonian.

Astronomers have detected a ''restless'' supermassive blackhole wandering in space, in a recent study. The research published in the Astrophysical Journal was conducted by scientists at the Center for Astrophysics: Harvard and Smithsonian. For their search, the team initially surveyed 10 distant galaxies and the supermassive black holes at their cores. They specifically studied black holes that contained water within their accretion disks — the spiral structures that spin inward towards the black hole. As the water orbits around the black hole, it produces a laser-like beam of radio light known as a maser. When studied with a combined network of radio antennas using a technique known as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), masers can help measure a black hole's velocity very precisely, Pesce says. The technique helped the team determine that nine of the 10 supermassive black holes were at rest—but one stood out and seemed to be in motion. Located 230 million light-years away from Earth, the black hole sits at the centre of a galaxy named J0437+2456. Its mass is about three million times that of our Sun. "We don't expect the majority of supermassive black holes to be moving; they're usually content to just sit around," says Dominic Pesce, an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics who led the study. "They're just so heavy that it's tough to get them going. Consider how much more difficult it is to kick a bowling ball into motion than it is to kick a soccer ball — realizing that in this case, the 'bowling ball' is several million times the mass of our Sun. That’s going to require a pretty mighty kick." Pesce and his collaborators have been working to observe this rare occurrence for the last five years by comparing the velocities of supermassive black holes and galaxies. "We asked: Are the velocities of the black holes the same as the velocities of the galaxies they reside in?" he explains. "We expect them to have the same velocity. If they don't, that implies the black hole has been disturbed." Using follow-up observations with the Arecibo and Gemini Observatories, the team has now confirmed their initial findings. The supermassive black hole is moving with a speed of about 110,000 miles per hour inside the galaxy J0437+2456. But what's causing the motion is not known. The team suspects there are two possibilities. "We may be observing the aftermath of two supermassive black holes merging," says Jim Condon, a radio astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory who was involved in the study. "The result of such a merger can cause the newborn black hole to recoil, and we may be watching it in the act of recoiling or as it settles down again." But there's another, perhaps even more exciting possibility: the black hole may be part of a binary system. "Despite every expectation that they really ought to be out there in some abundance, scientists have had a hard time identifying clear examples of binary supermassive black holes," Pesce says. "What we could be seeing in the galaxy J0437+2456 is one of the black holes in such a pair, with the other remaining hidden to our radio observations because of its lack of maser emission." Further observations, however, will ultimately be needed to pin down the true cause of this supermassive black hole's unusual motion.

Astronomers detect 'restless' supermassive blackhole wandering in space

Black holes are intriguing indeed. Who wouldn't like to marvel at these space bodies that do not even let light escape? Ranks of scientists from Albert Einstein to Stephen Hawking have studied black holes but they remain to be completely understood. Scientists continue to study black holes.

Many have wondered whether an astronaut can enter a black hole. Now it appears he can, but it will be the loneliest journey ever undertaken.

Leo and Shanshan Rodriquez, both assistant professors of physics at Grinnell College compared two types of black holes, stellar-sized and supermassive.

Stellar-sized black holes are roughly the size of the Sun while supermassive black holes can have a mass equal to four million Suns.

Both these black holes have event horizon. It is the boundary line, the point of no return. When anyone crosses the event horizon, the massive gravitational pull of the black hole takes over.

It's not a good idea to try to enter stellar sized black hole as its event horizon is just a few kilometres long and closer to the centre of the black hole. If an astronaut enters such a black hole he will undergo what's known as Spaghettification. All the atoms of his body will be torn apart.

Contrast this with a supermassive black hole like the one at the centre of the milky way galaxy. Such black holes have event horizon stretching to millions of kilometres.

The gravitational pull in this part in case of supermassive black holes is not as extreme as that in stellar-sized black holes. The researchers said that the black hole needs to be isolated from the space around it in order for an astronaut to 'safely' enter it.

But even if that is the case, imagine the lonely journey that astronaut would undertake while trying to cross millions of kilometres of event horizon. It would be the loneliest journey in human history indeed.

Black holes are intriguing indeed. Who wouldn't like to marvel at these space bodies that do not even let light escape? Ranks of scientists from Albert Einstein to Stephen Hawking have studied black holes but they remain to be completely understood.

Black holes are intriguing indeed. Who wouldn't like to marvel at these space bodies that do not even let light escape? Ranks of scientists from Albert Einstein to Stephen Hawking have studied black holes but they remain to be completely understood. Scientists continue to study black holes. Many have wondered whether an astronaut can enter a black hole. Now it appears he can, but it will be the loneliest journey ever undertaken. Leo and Shanshan Rodriquez, both assistant professors of physics at Grinnell College compared two types of black holes, stellar-sized and supermassive. Stellar-sized black holes are roughly the size of the Sun while supermassive black holes can have a mass equal to four million Suns. Both these black holes have event horizon. It is the boundary line, the point of no return. When anyone crosses the event horizon, the massive gravitational pull of the black hole takes over. It's not a good idea to try to enter stellar sized black hole as its event horizon is just a few kilometres long and closer to the centre of the black hole. If an astronaut enters such a black hole he will undergo what's known as Spaghettification. All the atoms of his body will be torn apart. Contrast this with a supermassive black hole like the one at the centre of the milky way galaxy. Such black holes have event horizon stretching to millions of kilometres. The gravitational pull in this part in case of supermassive black holes is not as extreme as that in stellar-sized black holes. The researchers said that the black hole needs to be isolated from the space around it in order for an astronaut to 'safely' enter it. But even if that is the case, imagine the lonely journey that astronaut would undertake while trying to cross millions of kilometres of event horizon. It would be the loneliest journey in human history indeed.

We can enter a black hole, but it will be a lonely journey

Black holes continue to elude scientists, with a lot about the celestial objects still&nbsp;shrouded in mystery. Now, a cosmic event has shaken astronomers!

A supermassive black hole earlier believed to be situated in the centre of a far off galaxy has suddenly vanished.

The galaxy officially called “A2261-BCG” seems to have lost its black hole. Scientists now believe that the black hole might be floating through space, marking the first such instance ever recorded.

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The first ever “recoiling” black hole may now be floating through the universe.

Scientists posit that this implies that a powerful force emanating from somewhere in the galaxy may be behind the ejection of this supermassive black hole. The power of the force would have been strong enough to push the black hole far away!

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-galaxy-caught-dying-astronomers-capture-distant-galaxy-losing-its-ability-to-form-stars-356205" hreflang="en">A galaxy caught dying? Astronomers capture distant galaxy losing its ability to form stars</a>

Researchers across universities in North America spotted the space event. 
 
According to scientists, every galaxy in the universe has at least one giant black hole at the centre. This includes our very own Milky Way. 
 
Recently, a team from the University of Michigan published a study about recoding black holes in the American Astronomical Society Journal. 
 
Lead by Dr Kayhan Gultekin, the team found that a black hole had suddenly went missing. He had had been studying A2261-BCG for quite some time when the unexpected event occurred.

In conversation with Motherboard, the doctor claimed that he was sceptical about seeing anything at the centre of the far-off galaxy, but found nothing.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/take-a-look-at-this-newly-released-mesmerising-image-of-fireworks-galaxy-355850" hreflang="en">Take a look at this newly released mesmerising image of 'Fireworks Galaxy'</a> 
 
The team of scientists observing it also believe that the black could be hiding somewhere in the galaxy where it cannot be detected.

A massive force is required to push a black hole from its position, and scientists claim that it could be owing to the collision of two supermassive black holes. 
 
Even then, proving this remains difficult, as we have never been able to observe the collision of two supermassive blackholes.

Black holes continue to elude scientists, with a lot about the celestial objects still shrouded in mystery. Now, a cosmic event has shaken astronomers! A supermassive black hole earlier believed to be situated in the centre of a far off galaxy has suddenly vanished.

Black holes continue to elude scientists, with a lot about the celestial objects still shrouded in mystery. Now, a cosmic event has shaken astronomers! A supermassive black hole earlier believed to be situated in the centre of a far off galaxy has suddenly vanished. The galaxy officially called “A2261-BCG” seems to have lost its black hole. Scientists now believe that the black hole might be floating through space, marking the first such instance ever recorded. The first ever “recoiling” black hole may now be floating through the universe. Scientists posit that this implies that a powerful force emanating from somewhere in the galaxy may be behind the ejection of this supermassive black hole. The power of the force would have been strong enough to push the black hole far away! Also read: A galaxy caught dying? Astronomers capture distant galaxy losing its ability to form stars Researchers across universities in North America spotted the space event. According to scientists, every galaxy in the universe has at least one giant black hole at the centre. This includes our very own Milky Way. Recently, a team from the University of Michigan published a study about recoding black holes in the American Astronomical Society Journal. Lead by Dr Kayhan Gultekin, the team found that a black hole had suddenly went missing. He had had been studying A2261-BCG for quite some time when the unexpected event occurred. In conversation with Motherboard, the doctor claimed that he was sceptical about seeing anything at the centre of the far-off galaxy, but found nothing. Also read: Take a look at this newly released mesmerising image of 'Fireworks Galaxy' The team of scientists observing it also believe that the black could be hiding somewhere in the galaxy where it cannot be detected. A massive force is required to push a black hole from its position, and scientists claim that it could be owing to the collision of two supermassive black holes. Even then, proving this remains difficult, as we have never been able to observe the collision of two supermassive blackholes.

A supermassive black hole suddenly vanished. Scientists think it’s floating through space.

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered.

In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed. This hair is otherwise known as a scalar field.

This new insight is being considered as an extension to Einstein’s theory of gravity -- which says black holes can grow 'hair' but it is eventually shed thanks to gravitational waves.&nbsp;

According to this latest research, however, once black holes reach a certain spin speed, the hair can hang around for longer thanks to “tachyonic instability.”

Additional study and calculations are required to definitively prove the findings.

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered. In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed.

Black holes can grow hair-like structures if they spin fast enough, a team of researchers has discovered. In a new study, researchers used numerical simulations which indicated that black holes can spontaneously erupt what has been described as a hair, once they reach a certain spin speed. This hair is otherwise known as a scalar field. This new insight is being considered as an extension to Einstein’s theory of gravity -- which says black holes can grow 'hair' but it is eventually shed thanks to gravitational waves. According to this latest research, however, once black holes reach a certain spin speed, the hair can hang around for longer thanks to “tachyonic instability.” Additional study and calculations are required to definitively prove the findings.

Black holes can grow ‘hair’ when spinning fast

A group of space experts has found a peculiar item that can exist around a couple of dark openings. The disclosure could assist with unwinding the character of the dim issue and uncover the idea of room time.&nbsp;

A new examination found that the exceptional molecule can exist around a couple of dark openings in a way like how an electron exists around a couple of hydrogen iotas. It's the first run through the presence of a supposed "gravitational atom" that has ever been clarified.&nbsp;

To unload what this all methods, it must be recalled that in present-day material science the electron is spoken to as a field – a numerical item that has an incentive for each point in existence.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/three-asteroids-over-30-metres-in-diametre-travelling-earths-way-341959" hreflang="en">Three asteroids over 30 metres in diametre travelling Earth’s way</a>

A particle is fundamentally a little core encompassed by the electron field, that electron field reacts to the presence of the core and permits the electron to show up just in specific locales.&nbsp;

Curiously, the climate of a dark opening can be depicted along these lines. The focal point of a dark opening is to some degree like the core of an iota, while the general climate is like the one that portrays a subatomic molecule.&nbsp;

The creators of the new examination found that specific sorts of fields – called scalar fields – can exist around paired dark openings. It was additionally found that they can shape themselves into designs that look like how electron fields organize themselves in particles.&nbsp;

The advancement implies that researchers may before long have the option to identify the dim issues with existing gravitational wave finders. It raises the tempting possibility of focusing light on the ineffectively perceived dull area of the universe.

A group of space experts has found a peculiar item that can exist around a couple of dark openings. The disclosure could assist with unwinding the character of the dim issue and uncover the idea of room time.

A group of space experts has found a peculiar item that can exist around a couple of dark openings. The disclosure could assist with unwinding the character of the dim issue and uncover the idea of room time. A new examination found that the exceptional molecule can exist around a couple of dark openings in a way like how an electron exists around a couple of hydrogen iotas. It's the first run through the presence of a supposed "gravitational atom" that has ever been clarified. To unload what this all methods, it must be recalled that in present-day material science the electron is spoken to as a field – a numerical item that has an incentive for each point in existence. Also read: Three asteroids over 30 metres in diametre travelling Earth’s way A particle is fundamentally a little core encompassed by the electron field, that electron field reacts to the presence of the core and permits the electron to show up just in specific locales. Curiously, the climate of a dark opening can be depicted along these lines. The focal point of a dark opening is to some degree like the core of an iota, while the general climate is like the one that portrays a subatomic molecule. The creators of the new examination found that specific sorts of fields – called scalar fields – can exist around paired dark openings. It was additionally found that they can shape themselves into designs that look like how electron fields organize themselves in particles. The advancement implies that researchers may before long have the option to identify the dim issues with existing gravitational wave finders. It raises the tempting possibility of focusing light on the ineffectively perceived dull area of the universe.

Unusual 'electron' to reveal insight into dark matter, space-time mysteries

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