A recent study has discovered that eating Ecklonia cava may help prevent or slow down Parkinson's disease. The seaweed which is commonly used in Asian Cuisine, contains antioxidants that may help protect neurons from&nbsp;free radicals that will help prevent the disease.&nbsp;

Parkinson's is a condition that impacts the nervous system, resulting in symptoms like stiffness, shaking, and difficulty moving. It kills the neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical that is responsible for controlling movements in the body, in the brain.

While this disease is not fatal, it results in serious complications which can result in death. No cure has been found for this condition yet, however, studies have found dietary antioxidants may be able to prevent it.

In several mouse models of Parkinson's disease, resveratrol has been shown to protect the dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. This compound is found in plants and fruits including berries, peanuts, and red grapes.

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Some other compounds in plants and fruits like myrtenal, Ellagic acid, and α-lipoic acid have also improved learning and memory ability in Parkinson's mouse models. They have also enhanced neuromuscular coordination.&nbsp;

Many studies have also suggested drinking tea can help prevent Parkinson's, which may be due to its antioxidant content.

Free radicals are produced in our bodies due to reactions to environmental factors like pollution and ultraviolet rays or as a byproduct during the cell processes in the body.&nbsp;

Antioxidants can protect our body from these free radicals which may cause damage to cells. While our body produces some antioxidants, foods rich in antioxidants like Ecklonia cava can be a supplement to strengthen our bodies.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/microplastics-reach-human-brain-contains-10-20-times-more-of-it-than-any-other-organ-752572">Microplastics reach human brain: Contains 10-20 times more of it than any other organ</a>

Researchers fed Ecklonia cava to some mice, which were induced Parkinson's, and some with a regular diet. The mice with the antioxidant diet showed fewer signs of Parkinson's than the ones fed with the regular diet. The neurons producing dopamine were also protected in those who were fed the seaweed.

The scientists also tested cells grown in a dish. They induced the cells with rotenone, which increases free radicals and kills the cells. It was found that antioxidants protected the cells from damage from rotenone.

This research, published in The Conversation, can open many new doors for the treatment and prevention of Parkinson's disease. However, more research is needed as animal and cell models may have different results than humans.

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study has discovered that eating Ecklonia cava may help prevent or slow down Parkinson's disease. The seaweed which is commonly used in Asian Cuisine, contains antioxidants that may help protect neurons from free radicals that will help prevent the disease.

A recent study has discovered that eating Ecklonia cava may help prevent or slow down Parkinson's disease. The seaweed which is commonly used in Asian Cuisine, contains antioxidants that may help protect neurons from free radicals that will help prevent the disease. Parkinson's is a condition that impacts the nervous system, resulting in symptoms like stiffness, shaking, and difficulty moving. It kills the neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical that is responsible for controlling movements in the body, in the brain. While this disease is not fatal, it results in serious complications which can result in death. No cure has been found for this condition yet, however, studies have found dietary antioxidants may be able to prevent it. In several mouse models of Parkinson's disease, resveratrol has been shown to protect the dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. This compound is found in plants and fruits including berries, peanuts, and red grapes. Also read | Can vaccines prevent cancer? World's first lung cancer vaccine trials will have answers Some other compounds in plants and fruits like myrtenal, Ellagic acid, and α-lipoic acid have also improved learning and memory ability in Parkinson's mouse models. They have also enhanced neuromuscular coordination. Many studies have also suggested drinking tea can help prevent Parkinson's, which may be due to its antioxidant content. Free radicals are produced in our bodies due to reactions to environmental factors like pollution and ultraviolet rays or as a byproduct during the cell processes in the body. Antioxidants can protect our body from these free radicals which may cause damage to cells. While our body produces some antioxidants, foods rich in antioxidants like Ecklonia cava can be a supplement to strengthen our bodies. Also read | Microplastics reach human brain: Contains 10-20 times more of it than any other organ Researchers fed Ecklonia cava to some mice, which were induced Parkinson's, and some with a regular diet. The mice with the antioxidant diet showed fewer signs of Parkinson's than the ones fed with the regular diet. The neurons producing dopamine were also protected in those who were fed the seaweed. The scientists also tested cells grown in a dish. They induced the cells with rotenone, which increases free radicals and kills the cells. It was found that antioxidants protected the cells from damage from rotenone. This research, published in The Conversation, can open many new doors for the treatment and prevention of Parkinson's disease. However, more research is needed as animal and cell models may have different results than humans. (With inputs from agencies)

Can seaweed treat and prevent Parkinson's disease? New study may reveal how

The thriving body of scientific evidence states that microplastics are collecting in various human organs, which can even be observed in the brain. Top scholars and researchers have declared this an emergency, calling for action to control plastic pollution.

Studies show tiny plastic particles are present in the lungs, placentas, reproductive organs, livers, kidneys, knee and elbow joints, blood vessels, and bone marrow.

Sedat Gündoğdu, who studies microplastics at Cukurova University in Turkey, said, “It is now imperative to declare a global emergency to deal with plastic pollution.”

Fragments smaller than 5mm in diameter are known as microplastics. Recent studies suggest that these can lead to various health problems such as oxidative stress, which can cause cell damage and inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.

<h2>Matthew Campen from the University of New Mexico says&nbsp;</h2>

In observed animal studies linked to microplastics show they can lead to fertility issues, various cancers, endocrine and immune system problems, and impaired learning and memory.

At present, there are no governmental measures for plastic particles in food or water in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency is focused on forming guidelines and provisions for this and has been giving grants since 2018 to identify new ways to detect and quantify them.

The presence of microplastics in human organs is alarming for human health. Studies of health effects in animals are already underway, and research is being conducted on human cells in the lab, known as epidemiological studies.

Bethanie Carney Almroth, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, says, “It’s scary, I’d say.”

<h2>The brain is one of the most plastic-polluted tissues</h2>

The latest study to develop says, but still under review, posted online by the National Institutes of Health, shows that in the examination of every organ in the body, all contain microplastics. When the researchers scanned up to 91 brain samples, they found almost 10 to 20 times more microplastics than in any other organ.

It has been discovered that 24 of the brain samples collected in early 2024 have about 0.5% plastic by weight.

“It’s pretty alarming,” Campen said. “There’s much more plastic in our brains than I ever would have imagined or been comfortable with.”

It was determined that the brain is one of the most plastic-polluted tissues yet sampled.

The paper also found that the percentage of microplastics present in the brain has increased by up to 50%.

The thriving body of scientific evidence states that microplastics are collecting in various human organs, which can even be observed in the brain. Top scholars and researchers have declared this an emergency, calling for action to control plastic pollution.

The thriving body of scientific evidence states that microplastics are collecting in various human organs, which can even be observed in the brain. Top scholars and researchers have declared this an emergency, calling for action to control plastic pollution. Studies show tiny plastic particles are present in the lungs, placentas, reproductive organs, livers, kidneys, knee and elbow joints, blood vessels, and bone marrow. Sedat Gündoğdu, who studies microplastics at Cukurova University in Turkey, said, “It is now imperative to declare a global emergency to deal with plastic pollution.” Fragments smaller than 5mm in diameter are known as microplastics. Recent studies suggest that these can lead to various health problems such as oxidative stress, which can cause cell damage and inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Matthew Campen from the University of New Mexico says In observed animal studies linked to microplastics show they can lead to fertility issues, various cancers, endocrine and immune system problems, and impaired learning and memory. At present, there are no governmental measures for plastic particles in food or water in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency is focused on forming guidelines and provisions for this and has been giving grants since 2018 to identify new ways to detect and quantify them. The presence of microplastics in human organs is alarming for human health. Studies of health effects in animals are already underway, and research is being conducted on human cells in the lab, known as epidemiological studies. Bethanie Carney Almroth, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, says, “It’s scary, I’d say.” The brain is one of the most plastic-polluted tissues The latest study to develop says, but still under review, posted online by the National Institutes of Health, shows that in the examination of every organ in the body, all contain microplastics. When the researchers scanned up to 91 brain samples, they found almost 10 to 20 times more microplastics than in any other organ. It has been discovered that 24 of the brain samples collected in early 2024 have about 0.5% plastic by weight. “It’s pretty alarming,” Campen said. “There’s much more plastic in our brains than I ever would have imagined or been comfortable with.” It was determined that the brain is one of the most plastic-polluted tissues yet sampled. The paper also found that the percentage of microplastics present in the brain has increased by up to 50%.

Microplastics have reached human brains, researchers declare global emergency

In a bizarre study, scientists have observed that pythons may eventually prove helpful in curing heart diseases like cardiac fibrosis.

Scientists have observed that after devouring its prey, the heart of the python grows 25 per cent in the first 24 hours and eventually the cardiac tissue softens and the organ doubles its pulse.

In this process, many specialised genes come into action and boost the metabolism of the snake. Two weeks after the food has been digested, all the systems go back to normal and the heart remains slightly larger and stronger.&nbsp;

According to CU Boulder researchers, this process can lead to the creation of novel treatments for someone suffering from human heart conditions like cardiac fibrosis, in which heart tissue gets stiffened.

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"Pythons can go months or even a year in the wild without eating and then consume something greater than their own body mass, yet nothing bad happens to them," said senior author Leslie Leinwand.

Leinwand is the chief scientific officer of the BioFrontiers Institute and professor of molecular, cellular and&nbsp;developmental biology&nbsp;at CU Boulder.

"We believe they possess mechanisms that protect their hearts from things that would be harmful to humans. This study goes a long way toward mapping out what those are," Leinwand said.

<h2>Here's how reptiles will help cure human heart</h2>

Leinwand began studying the pythons around two decades ago and her lab is among the few who are looking into non-venomous reptiles to find ways in which human health can be improved.

"Most people who use animal models to study disease and health typically focus on rats and mice, but there is a lot to learn from animals like pythons that have evolved ways to survive in extreme environments," Leinwand said.

In humans, there are two kinds of heart growth, said Leinwand. There are healthy hearts which have chronic endurance and unhealthy ones which have the disease.

Watch:&nbsp;Rising sea temperatures put the lives of animals in Galapagos Islands endangered

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/rising-sea-temperatures-put-the-lives-of-animals-in-galapagos-islands-endangered-745654/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

Pythons, similar to elite athletes, are good at healthy heart growth.

In the study carried out, the pythons were fasted for 28 days and then given a meal of 25% of their&nbsp;body weight after which they were compared to the snakes who had not been fed.

It was observed that the hearts of the well-fed snakes grew and the specialised bundles of cardiac muscle known as myofibrils, which help the heart expand and contract, had turned radically soft and contracted with around 50 per cent greater force.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In a bizarre study, scientists have observed that pythons may eventually prove helpful in curing heart diseases like cardiac fibrosis. Scientists have observed that after devouring its prey, the heart of the python grows 25 per cent in the first 24 hours and eventually the cardiac tissue softens and the organ doubles its pulse.

In a bizarre study, scientists have observed that pythons may eventually prove helpful in curing heart diseases like cardiac fibrosis. Scientists have observed that after devouring its prey, the heart of the python grows 25 per cent in the first 24 hours and eventually the cardiac tissue softens and the organ doubles its pulse. In this process, many specialised genes come into action and boost the metabolism of the snake. Two weeks after the food has been digested, all the systems go back to normal and the heart remains slightly larger and stronger. According to CU Boulder researchers, this process can lead to the creation of novel treatments for someone suffering from human heart conditions like cardiac fibrosis, in which heart tissue gets stiffened. Also Read: Snake alert! Huge python swallows woman, partner finds her legs in reptile’s mouth "Pythons can go months or even a year in the wild without eating and then consume something greater than their own body mass, yet nothing bad happens to them," said senior author Leslie Leinwand. Leinwand is the chief scientific officer of the BioFrontiers Institute and professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at CU Boulder. "We believe they possess mechanisms that protect their hearts from things that would be harmful to humans. This study goes a long way toward mapping out what those are," Leinwand said. Here's how reptiles will help cure human heart Leinwand began studying the pythons around two decades ago and her lab is among the few who are looking into non-venomous reptiles to find ways in which human health can be improved. "Most people who use animal models to study disease and health typically focus on rats and mice, but there is a lot to learn from animals like pythons that have evolved ways to survive in extreme environments," Leinwand said. In humans, there are two kinds of heart growth, said Leinwand. There are healthy hearts which have chronic endurance and unhealthy ones which have the disease. Watch: Rising sea temperatures put the lives of animals in Galapagos Islands endangered Pythons, similar to elite athletes, are good at healthy heart growth. In the study carried out, the pythons were fasted for 28 days and then given a meal of 25% of their body weight after which they were compared to the snakes who had not been fed. It was observed that the hearts of the well-fed snakes grew and the specialised bundles of cardiac muscle known as myofibrils, which help the heart expand and contract, had turned radically soft and contracted with around 50 per cent greater force. (With inputs from agencies)

Pythons may help in curing heart diseases, hints study

A new study has found hidden reasons behind why cats scratch furniture. Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas, a veterinary researcher from Ankara University, shared that factors like the presence of children at home, the personality of the cat, and their activity levels greatly influence how much a cat scratches.

"We show that certain factors – such as the presence of children at home, personality traits of cats, and their activity levels – significantly impact the extent of scratching behaviour," Science Alert quoted&nbsp;Salgirli Demirbas as saying.

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Although scratching is a natural behaviour for cats, it can become problematic when it leads to furniture damage. Demirbas and her research team from Portugal, Canada and France discovered that stress plays a major role in increasing this behaviour. When owners become upset with their cats, it can escalate social tension in the home, prompting cats to scratch even more frequently.

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<h2>Study findings</h2>

The study surveyed over 1,200 cat owners and showed a strong connection between stress and increased scratching. "Cats living with children, being more active during play or at night, are more likely to scratch," Demirbas explained. Cats with aggressive or disruptive behaviour also scratched more often.

<h2>How to handle scratching</h2>

To manage this behaviour, experts suggest using positive strategies rather than punishing the cat. Placing a scratching post near the area where the cat prefers to scratch can help. Cats often scratch in meaningful areas to express how they feel. It’s also important to play with your cat in a way that doesn’t overstimulate them, as too much excitement can lead to more scratching.

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"Understanding these behaviours can help cat owners guide their pets to scratch in the right places, making home life more peaceful," Demirbas concluded.

The research was published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has found hidden reasons behind why cats scratch furniture. Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas, a veterinary researcher from Ankara University, shared that factors like the presence of children at home, the personality of the cat, and their activity levels greatly influence how much a cat scratches.

A new study has found hidden reasons behind why cats scratch furniture. Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas, a veterinary researcher from Ankara University, shared that factors like the presence of children at home, the personality of the cat, and their activity levels greatly influence how much a cat scratches. "We show that certain factors – such as the presence of children at home, personality traits of cats, and their activity levels – significantly impact the extent of scratching behaviour," Science Alert quoted Salgirli Demirbas as saying. Also read | Martian rocks containing signs of life to be brought to Earth, can reveal... Although scratching is a natural behaviour for cats, it can become problematic when it leads to furniture damage. Demirbas and her research team from Portugal, Canada and France discovered that stress plays a major role in increasing this behaviour. When owners become upset with their cats, it can escalate social tension in the home, prompting cats to scratch even more frequently. Also read | A 'two-way highway' opened between Earth and Sun to exchange charged particles. Here's what happened next Study findings The study surveyed over 1,200 cat owners and showed a strong connection between stress and increased scratching. "Cats living with children, being more active during play or at night, are more likely to scratch," Demirbas explained. Cats with aggressive or disruptive behaviour also scratched more often. How to handle scratching To manage this behaviour, experts suggest using positive strategies rather than punishing the cat. Placing a scratching post near the area where the cat prefers to scratch can help. Cats often scratch in meaningful areas to express how they feel. It’s also important to play with your cat in a way that doesn’t overstimulate them, as too much excitement can lead to more scratching. Also read | Ireland and Scotland STILL have rocks which carry rare evidence of 'snowball Earth' "Understanding these behaviours can help cat owners guide their pets to scratch in the right places, making home life more peaceful," Demirbas concluded. The research was published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science. (With inputs from agencies)

Study reveals why cats scratch furniture and tips for managing it

The devastating landslides which struck Kerala's Wayanad were triggered by incessant rainfall which was 10 per cent more intense due to climate change, according to a new study by the scientists from the World Weather Attribution (WWA) group.

The region recorded more than 140 mm of rain in a single day on highly soaked soils due to monsoon rainfall for two months. This triggered devastating landslides and floods claiming at least 231 lives in Wayanad, the researchers said.

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"The rainfall that triggered the landslides occurred in a region of Wayanad that has the highest landslide risk in the state. Even heavier downpours are expected as the climate warms, which underscores the urgency to prepare for similar landslides in northern Kerala," said Maja Vahlberg, a climate risk consultant at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre.

The team of 24 scientists from India, the US, the UK, and Sweden examined climate models with high resolutions to reflect the rainfall activity in the Wayanad region for calculating the influence of humans on climate change.

The models suggest that climate change caused a 10 per cent increase in the intensity of the rainfall, they said. The models also forecast&nbsp;a further four per cent increase in the intensity of rainfall if there is a rise in the world's average temperature by two degrees Celsius.

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However, a "high level of uncertainty" revolves around the research model as the region of study is small and mountainous with complicated dynamics of rainfall and climate.

According to scientists, events of this severity are likely to become more common in India and the rest of the world as the climate becomes warmer and warmer. In warmer temperatures air carries more moisture which leads to such heavy downpours in a single day.

Wayanad landslide was the third most intense in the state of Kerala since the Indian weather department started keeping records in 1901.

(With inputs from agencies)

The devastating landslides which struck Kerala's Wayanad were triggered by incessant rainfall which was 10 per cent more intense due to climate change, according to a new study by the scientists from the World Weather Attribution (WWA) group.

The devastating landslides which struck Kerala's Wayanad were triggered by incessant rainfall which was 10 per cent more intense due to climate change, according to a new study by the scientists from the World Weather Attribution (WWA) group. The region recorded more than 140 mm of rain in a single day on highly soaked soils due to monsoon rainfall for two months. This triggered devastating landslides and floods claiming at least 231 lives in Wayanad, the researchers said. Also read | Wayanad landslides: PM Modi conducts aerial survey of disaster-hit areas, meets victims' families "The rainfall that triggered the landslides occurred in a region of Wayanad that has the highest landslide risk in the state. Even heavier downpours are expected as the climate warms, which underscores the urgency to prepare for similar landslides in northern Kerala," said Maja Vahlberg, a climate risk consultant at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre. The team of 24 scientists from India, the US, the UK, and Sweden examined climate models with high resolutions to reflect the rainfall activity in the Wayanad region for calculating the influence of humans on climate change. The models suggest that climate change caused a 10 per cent increase in the intensity of the rainfall, they said. The models also forecast a further four per cent increase in the intensity of rainfall if there is a rise in the world's average temperature by two degrees Celsius. Also read | Over 100 animals being cared for in Wayanad after devastating landslides However, a "high level of uncertainty" revolves around the research model as the region of study is small and mountainous with complicated dynamics of rainfall and climate. According to scientists, events of this severity are likely to become more common in India and the rest of the world as the climate becomes warmer and warmer. In warmer temperatures air carries more moisture which leads to such heavy downpours in a single day. Wayanad landslide was the third most intense in the state of Kerala since the Indian weather department started keeping records in 1901. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists claim 10 per cent heavier rains due to climate change caused Wayanad landslides

A recent study published in the Journal of the American Cancer Society highlights a concerning global trend,&nbsp;a significant rise in cancer cases and deaths among men by 2050. The research predicts an 84% increase in cancer diagnoses and a staggering 93% rise in cancer-related deaths among men worldwide between 2022 and 2050.

The study emphasises that countries with lower income levels and shorter life expectancies will likely experience the most significant increases. For instance, regions such as Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean are projected to see a 2.5-fold increase in both cancer cases and deaths. In contrast, Europe is expected to witness a more modest rise, with a projected growth of about one-half.

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The study's authors attribute the higher risk among men to lifestyle factors such as higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption compared to women. Additionally, men are less likely to undergo regular cancer screenings and are often exposed to carcinogens in their workplaces, further heightening their risk.

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By 2050 lung cancer is expected to remain the leading cause of global cancer mortality with an increase of its cases by 87% relative to 2022. Moreover, prostate as well as colorectal cancers are also expected to contribute significantly to the rise in cancer cases and fatalities among men.

Understanding Lung, Prostate and Colorectal Cancers: The Leading Threats in 2050

Lung cancer, the most common cancer worldwide, originates in the lungs and is strongly linked to smoking and exposure to harmful substances. Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland in men, typically occurring in older age, and can lead to significant health issues if untreated. Colorectal cancer, which begins in the colon or rectum, is associated with dietary habits, age, and genetics. These three cancers are expected to be the primary drivers of the increase in cancer cases and deaths among men by 2050.

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study published in the Journal of the American Cancer Society highlights a concerning global trend, a significant rise in cancer cases and deaths among men by 2050.

A recent study published in the Journal of the American Cancer Society highlights a concerning global trend, a significant rise in cancer cases and deaths among men by 2050. The research predicts an 84% increase in cancer diagnoses and a staggering 93% rise in cancer-related deaths among men worldwide between 2022 and 2050. The study emphasises that countries with lower income levels and shorter life expectancies will likely experience the most significant increases. For instance, regions such as Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean are projected to see a 2.5-fold increase in both cancer cases and deaths. In contrast, Europe is expected to witness a more modest rise, with a projected growth of about one-half. Also read | Cats show signs of grief when fellow pets die, even if it is a dog: Study The study's authors attribute the higher risk among men to lifestyle factors such as higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption compared to women. Additionally, men are less likely to undergo regular cancer screenings and are often exposed to carcinogens in their workplaces, further heightening their risk. Also read | What is the DDoS attack that halted Elon Musk's interview with Donald Trump on X? By 2050 lung cancer is expected to remain the leading cause of global cancer mortality with an increase of its cases by 87% relative to 2022. Moreover, prostate as well as colorectal cancers are also expected to contribute significantly to the rise in cancer cases and fatalities among men. Understanding Lung, Prostate and Colorectal Cancers: The Leading Threats in 2050 Lung cancer, the most common cancer worldwide, originates in the lungs and is strongly linked to smoking and exposure to harmful substances. Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland in men, typically occurring in older age, and can lead to significant health issues if untreated. Colorectal cancer, which begins in the colon or rectum, is associated with dietary habits, age, and genetics. These three cancers are expected to be the primary drivers of the increase in cancer cases and deaths among men by 2050. (With inputs from agencies)

Cancer cases, deaths among men predicted to rise 93% by 2050: Study

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough that may help deal with the ongoing challenge of obesity. They have discovered that intermittent calorie restriction can cause significant changes in the gut and the brain, which may open up new ways for healthy weight management.

Chinese researchers conducted an intermittent energy restriction (IER) programme, which involves controlled calorie intake and fasting on some days. It involved observing 25 obese volunteers for 62 days.

The participants reportedly lost about 7.6 kilogrammes, 7.8 per cent of their body weight. A shift in brain activity in obesity-related regions and the formation of gut bacteria were also observed.

"Here we show that an IER diet changes the human brain-gut-microbiome axis," said Qiang Zeng, a health researcher from the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases in China, according to Science Alert. The study was published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology in December 2023.

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"The observed changes in the gut microbiome and in the activity in addiction-related brain regions during and after weight loss are highly dynamic and coupled over time."

While it is unclear what resulted in these changes, knowing that the gut and brain are closely related can help in controlling food intake by treating specific regions of the brain.

Through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, changes were observed in the brain regions that regulate appetite and addiction, along with the inferior frontal orbital gyrus. Gut microbiome changes linked to similar brain activity were also noticed by analysing blood and stool samples.

"The gut microbiome is thought to communicate with the brain in a complex, two-directional way," said Xiaoning Wang, medical scientist from the State Clinic Center for Geriatrics, China.

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"The microbiome produces neurotransmitters and neurotoxins, which access the brain through nerves and the blood circulation. In return, the brain controls eating behaviour, while nutrients from our diet change the composition of the gut microbiome."

Over a billion people globally are known to suffer from obesity, which is a major contributor to the risk of other serious health issues, including heart disease and cancer. Understanding how the brain and gut function together can bring about remarkable change in treating and preventing obesity.

"The next question to be answered is the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in obese people, including during weight loss," said Liming Wang, a biomedical scientist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

"What specific gut microbiome and brain regions are critical for successful weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight?"

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough that may help deal with the ongoing challenge of obesity. They have discovered that intermittent calorie restriction can cause significant changes in the gut and the brain, which may open up new ways for healthy weight management.

Scientists have made a significant breakthrough that may help deal with the ongoing challenge of obesity. They have discovered that intermittent calorie restriction can cause significant changes in the gut and the brain, which may open up new ways for healthy weight management. Chinese researchers conducted an intermittent energy restriction (IER) programme, which involves controlled calorie intake and fasting on some days. It involved observing 25 obese volunteers for 62 days. The participants reportedly lost about 7.6 kilogrammes, 7.8 per cent of their body weight. A shift in brain activity in obesity-related regions and the formation of gut bacteria were also observed. "Here we show that an IER diet changes the human brain-gut-microbiome axis," said Qiang Zeng, a health researcher from the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases in China, according to Science Alert. The study was published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology in December 2023. Also read | Are potatoes not unhealthy? New research reveals they may work magic for heart health "The observed changes in the gut microbiome and in the activity in addiction-related brain regions during and after weight loss are highly dynamic and coupled over time." While it is unclear what resulted in these changes, knowing that the gut and brain are closely related can help in controlling food intake by treating specific regions of the brain. Through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, changes were observed in the brain regions that regulate appetite and addiction, along with the inferior frontal orbital gyrus. Gut microbiome changes linked to similar brain activity were also noticed by analysing blood and stool samples. "The gut microbiome is thought to communicate with the brain in a complex, two-directional way," said Xiaoning Wang, medical scientist from the State Clinic Center for Geriatrics, China. Also read | Deadly microbes may breed in THIS common home appliance. Here's all you need to know "The microbiome produces neurotransmitters and neurotoxins, which access the brain through nerves and the blood circulation. In return, the brain controls eating behaviour, while nutrients from our diet change the composition of the gut microbiome." Over a billion people globally are known to suffer from obesity, which is a major contributor to the risk of other serious health issues, including heart disease and cancer. Understanding how the brain and gut function together can bring about remarkable change in treating and preventing obesity. "The next question to be answered is the precise mechanism by which the gut microbiome and the brain communicate in obese people, including during weight loss," said Liming Wang, a biomedical scientist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "What specific gut microbiome and brain regions are critical for successful weight loss and maintaining a healthy weight?" (With inputs from agencies)

In breakthrough discovery, Chinese scientists find new way to control obesity

The researchers have warned dog parents to stop their animals from ingesting toxic algae which can prove fatal for them.&nbsp;

In a new study, it was found that blue-green algae expands in 'blooms' across lakes and rivers and changes the colour of the water making it a vibrant green colour and the water gets an earthy or musty smell.&nbsp;

The researchers carried out the test of the algae which was present on the shore of Lough Neagh in&nbsp;Northern Ireland and found how disgusting such blooms can be.&nbsp;&nbsp;

In the tests carried out on the blooms, many of them were found filled with bacteria which was primarily related to faeces from humans and livestock.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/japanese-man-turned-dog-now-gets-himself-a-dog-best-friend-watch-747591">Japanese man turned dog now gets himself a 'dog' best friend: Watch</a>

Institute of Global Food Security, Queen's School of Biological Sciences lead author Dr Neil Reid said, "These results confirm Lough Neagh as "hypertrophic" which is the worst category of waterway nutrient pollution, indicative of decades of agricultural, industrial and domestic runoff."

<h2>Blue-green algae create a unique class of toxins which even impact humans: Study</h2>

According to scientists, the blue-green algae is present almost everywhere water is present but is known to thrive in warm and still bodies like ponds and lakes.&nbsp;

The algae also create a unique class of toxins which impact humans but nothing much is known about it.&nbsp;

The algae have been linked to the deaths of animals and high doses of the toxins can lead to liver damage and attack the nervous system in humans.&nbsp;

The blooms in reservoirs and lakes have led to the sickening of hundreds of people and officials in some areas have been routinely closing the bodies of water and putting warning signs.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Trash-sucking robot dog cleans Italian beaches with AI's help

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/trash-sucking-robot-dog-cleans-italian-beaches-with-ais-help-745783/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"Our results are consistent with claims of faecal contamination of Lough Neagh and its tributaries, most likely from farm livestock and human-effluent wastewater treatment plants," said Dr Reid.

A combination of nutrient analysis, satellite imagery, gene sequencing and toxin profiling to characterise the unprecedented harmful algal bloom has been used by the researchers.&nbsp;

"No one wants our environment full of potentially nasty bacteria and harmful toxins, so we need to look forward and prioritise ecological restoration and recovery," Dr Reid added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

The researchers have warned dog parents to stop their animals from ingesting toxic algae which can prove fatal for them. In a new study, it was found that blue-green algae expands in 'blooms' across lakes and rivers and changes the colour of the water making it a vibrant green colour and the water gets an earthy or musty smell.

The researchers have warned dog parents to stop their animals from ingesting toxic algae which can prove fatal for them. In a new study, it was found that blue-green algae expands in 'blooms' across lakes and rivers and changes the colour of the water making it a vibrant green colour and the water gets an earthy or musty smell. The researchers carried out the test of the algae which was present on the shore of Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland and found how disgusting such blooms can be. In the tests carried out on the blooms, many of them were found filled with bacteria which was primarily related to faeces from humans and livestock. Also Read: Japanese man turned dog now gets himself a 'dog' best friend: Watch Institute of Global Food Security, Queen's School of Biological Sciences lead author Dr Neil Reid said, "These results confirm Lough Neagh as "hypertrophic" which is the worst category of waterway nutrient pollution, indicative of decades of agricultural, industrial and domestic runoff." Blue-green algae create a unique class of toxins which even impact humans: Study According to scientists, the blue-green algae is present almost everywhere water is present but is known to thrive in warm and still bodies like ponds and lakes. The algae also create a unique class of toxins which impact humans but nothing much is known about it. The algae have been linked to the deaths of animals and high doses of the toxins can lead to liver damage and attack the nervous system in humans. The blooms in reservoirs and lakes have led to the sickening of hundreds of people and officials in some areas have been routinely closing the bodies of water and putting warning signs. Watch: Trash-sucking robot dog cleans Italian beaches with AI's help "Our results are consistent with claims of faecal contamination of Lough Neagh and its tributaries, most likely from farm livestock and human-effluent wastewater treatment plants," said Dr Reid. A combination of nutrient analysis, satellite imagery, gene sequencing and toxin profiling to characterise the unprecedented harmful algal bloom has been used by the researchers. "No one wants our environment full of potentially nasty bacteria and harmful toxins, so we need to look forward and prioritise ecological restoration and recovery," Dr Reid added. (With inputs from agencies)

THIS toxic green algae can kill your dog in only 24 hours. Here's how you can save your pet

Humans across the world have&nbsp;been taught that there are seven continents on Earth, namely, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. However, this integral part of our geography now seems to be botched up as researchers in a new study have made a shocking claim that there are six and not seven continents on Earth.

The University of Derby's researchers said that the continents of North America and Europe have not broken up and the process is still ongoing.

The study's author Dr Jordan Phethean said: "The discovery indicates that the North America and Eurasian tectonic plates have not yet actually broken apart, as is traditionally thought to have happened 52 million years ago. They are, in fact, still stretching and in the process of breaking apart."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/moon-is-going-far-away-from-the-earth-will-it-disappear-soon-from-night-sky-746236">Moon is going far away from the Earth. Will it disappear soon from night sky?</a>

The new study looked into the formation of Iceland, which is situated between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean.

Till now, it was known that Iceland was formed nearly 60 million years ago when the mid-Atlantic ridge – which is the boundary between Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates - started to fall apart and led to the creation of a hot mantle plume that turned into a volcanic island.

In the new study, the team found evidence which challenged this theory.

<h2>North America and Europe are one continent and not two: study</h2>

The researchers analysed the tectonic plates' movement in Africa and suggested that Iceland and the Greenland Iceland Faroes Ridge (GIFR) have pieces of lost and submerged fragments which belong to both the North American and European continents.

This newly-recognised feature is known as a "Rifted Oceanic Magmatic Plateau" (ROMP) for short.

"I like to think of this concept as the Earth Science equivalent of finding the Lost City of Atlantis; fragments of lost continent submerged beneath the sea and kilometres of thin lava flows," said Dr Phethean.

Watch:&nbsp;Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earth-slows-down-by-133-milliseconds-741345/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"By studying the evolution of rifting in the volcanic Afra region in Africa and comparing this to the behaviour of the Earth in Iceland, we are able to see that these two regions are evolving in very similar ways," he added.&nbsp;

So, if the study is right it means that the European and North American continents are still breaking up and scientifically, they should be classed as one continent and not two continents.&nbsp;

"While it is controversial to suggest that the GIFR contains a large amount of continental crust within it, and that the European and North American tectonic plates have perhaps not yet officially broken up, our findings suggest this is the case," explained Dr Phethean.

(With inputs from agencies)

Humans across the world have been taught that there are seven continents on Earth, namely, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

Humans across the world have been taught that there are seven continents on Earth, namely, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. However, this integral part of our geography now seems to be botched up as researchers in a new study have made a shocking claim that there are six and not seven continents on Earth. The University of Derby's researchers said that the continents of North America and Europe have not broken up and the process is still ongoing. The study's author Dr Jordan Phethean said: "The discovery indicates that the North America and Eurasian tectonic plates have not yet actually broken apart, as is traditionally thought to have happened 52 million years ago. They are, in fact, still stretching and in the process of breaking apart." Also Read: Moon is going far away from the Earth. Will it disappear soon from night sky? The new study looked into the formation of Iceland, which is situated between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Till now, it was known that Iceland was formed nearly 60 million years ago when the mid-Atlantic ridge – which is the boundary between Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates - started to fall apart and led to the creation of a hot mantle plume that turned into a volcanic island. In the new study, the team found evidence which challenged this theory. North America and Europe are one continent and not two: study The researchers analysed the tectonic plates' movement in Africa and suggested that Iceland and the Greenland Iceland Faroes Ridge (GIFR) have pieces of lost and submerged fragments which belong to both the North American and European continents. This newly-recognised feature is known as a "Rifted Oceanic Magmatic Plateau" (ROMP) for short. "I like to think of this concept as the Earth Science equivalent of finding the Lost City of Atlantis; fragments of lost continent submerged beneath the sea and kilometres of thin lava flows," said Dr Phethean. Watch: Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds "By studying the evolution of rifting in the volcanic Afra region in Africa and comparing this to the behaviour of the Earth in Iceland, we are able to see that these two regions are evolving in very similar ways," he added. So, if the study is right it means that the European and North American continents are still breaking up and scientifically, they should be classed as one continent and not two continents. "While it is controversial to suggest that the GIFR contains a large amount of continental crust within it, and that the European and North American tectonic plates have perhaps not yet officially broken up, our findings suggest this is the case," explained Dr Phethean. (With inputs from agencies)

Not seven but six continents are present on Earth, claims a shocking study. Here's how

The thin and elusive atmosphere of the Moon has puzzled astronomers for centuries.&nbsp;

There is a definite lack of breathable air on the satellite, however, it does have a thin film of atoms that are found skittering along its craggy surface.&nbsp;

In scientific terms, this is called an “exosphere” which is a tenuous atmosphere that has been a topic of intrigue for all astronomers since it was first found in the 1980s.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/moon-is-going-far-away-from-the-earth-will-it-disappear-soon-from-night-sky-746236">Moon is going far away from the Earth. Will it disappear soon from night sky?</a>

Assistant professor in MIT’s&nbsp;Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Nicole Nie said that unique insights have now been found in the atmosphere of the Moon.&nbsp;

The study was carried out by Nie along with her team at the University of Chicago&nbsp;and NASA&nbsp;Goddard Space Flight Centre.

<h2>Here's what scientists found about Moon's elusive atmosphere&nbsp;</h2>

The team of scientists in the research found that the atmosphere of the Moon has undergone a bombarding of the meteorites which has led to the phenomenon known as "impact vaporization."&nbsp;

In this process, the impact kicks up the lunar soil and leads to the vaporising materials which either escape to space or remain in a suspended position in the atmosphere of the moon which renews its exosphere.

"We give a definitive answer that meteorite impact vaporisation is the dominant process that creates the lunar atmosphere," said team leader Nicole Nie, an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),&nbsp;in a statement.&nbsp;

"The&nbsp;moon is close to 4.5 billion years old, and through that time, the surface has been continuously bombarded by meteorites. We show that eventually, a thin atmosphere reaches a steady state because it's being continuously replenished by&nbsp;small impacts all over the moon," Nie said

"With impact vaporisation, most of the atoms would stay in the lunar atmosphere, whereas with ion sputtering, a lot of atoms would be ejected into space," she added.

<h2>Here's how the study opens avenues for exploration of Moon's atmosphere&nbsp;</h2>

Commenting on the study, lunar soils researcher at Cambridge University Justin Hu said, "The discovery of such a subtle effect is remarkable, thanks to the innovative idea of combining potassium and rubidium isotope measurements along with careful, quantitative modelling."

&nbsp;"This discovery goes beyond understanding the&nbsp;moon's history, as such processes could occur and might be more significant on other moons and asteroids, which are the focus of many planned return missions," he added.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Moon Drifting Away From Earth Approximately 3.8 Centimeter Per Year - Study

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/moon-drifting-away-from-earth-approximately-38-centimeter-per-year-study-746720/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The groundbreaking study has now opened a new avenue of astronomy.&nbsp;

“Without these Apollo samples, we would not be able to get precise data and measure quantitatively to understand things in more detail,” Nie said.

“It’s important for us to bring samples back from the moon and other&nbsp;planetary bodies, so we can draw clearer pictures of the solar system’s formation and evolution," she added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

The thin and elusive atmosphere of the Moon has puzzled astronomers for centuries. There is a definite lack of breathable air on the satellite, however, it does have a thin film of atoms that are found skittering along its craggy surface.

The thin and elusive atmosphere of the Moon has puzzled astronomers for centuries. There is a definite lack of breathable air on the satellite, however, it does have a thin film of atoms that are found skittering along its craggy surface. In scientific terms, this is called an “exosphere” which is a tenuous atmosphere that has been a topic of intrigue for all astronomers since it was first found in the 1980s. Also Read: Moon is going far away from the Earth. Will it disappear soon from night sky? Assistant professor in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Nicole Nie said that unique insights have now been found in the atmosphere of the Moon. The study was carried out by Nie along with her team at the University of Chicago and NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre. Here's what scientists found about Moon's elusive atmosphere The team of scientists in the research found that the atmosphere of the Moon has undergone a bombarding of the meteorites which has led to the phenomenon known as "impact vaporization." In this process, the impact kicks up the lunar soil and leads to the vaporising materials which either escape to space or remain in a suspended position in the atmosphere of the moon which renews its exosphere. "We give a definitive answer that meteorite impact vaporisation is the dominant process that creates the lunar atmosphere," said team leader Nicole Nie, an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in a statement. "The moon is close to 4.5 billion years old, and through that time, the surface has been continuously bombarded by meteorites. We show that eventually, a thin atmosphere reaches a steady state because it's being continuously replenished by small impacts all over the moon," Nie said "With impact vaporisation, most of the atoms would stay in the lunar atmosphere, whereas with ion sputtering, a lot of atoms would be ejected into space," she added. Here's how the study opens avenues for exploration of Moon's atmosphere Commenting on the study, lunar soils researcher at Cambridge University Justin Hu said, "The discovery of such a subtle effect is remarkable, thanks to the innovative idea of combining potassium and rubidium isotope measurements along with careful, quantitative modelling." "This discovery goes beyond understanding the moon's history, as such processes could occur and might be more significant on other moons and asteroids, which are the focus of many planned return missions," he added. Watch: Moon Drifting Away From Earth Approximately 3.8 Centimeter Per Year - Study The groundbreaking study has now opened a new avenue of astronomy. “Without these Apollo samples, we would not be able to get precise data and measure quantitatively to understand things in more detail,” Nie said. “It’s important for us to bring samples back from the moon and other planetary bodies, so we can draw clearer pictures of the solar system’s formation and evolution," she added. (With inputs from agencies)

Bombarding of asteroids may have made Moon's atmosphere elusive, almost non-existent': Study

A study reveals that nearly half of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by addressing 14 key risk factors, starting from childhood. This discovery offers hope in the global fight against a condition that affects millions of people worldwide

<h2>What is dementia?</h2>

Dementia is a condition that affects memory, thinking, problem-solving, language and other cognitive abilities, interfering with daily life and activities. Rather than being a specific disease, dementia is a collection of symptoms caused by various underlying conditions. There are several different forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common. Individuals may also exhibit changes in mood and behaviour, struggle with organising tasks and experience disorientation. As the condition advances, managing daily activities becomes increasingly difficult, affecting overall quality of life.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/russian-spies-children-discovered-their-nationality-during-flight-to-moscow-kremlin-746769">Russian spies' children discovered their nationality during flight to Moscow: Kremlin</a>

<h2>New risk factors identified for dementia</h2>

World-leading experts have discovered two new risk factors for dementia: high cholesterol and vision loss. These factors are responsible for nearly one in ten dementia cases globally. The newly identified risks add to the 12 known factors that increase the likelihood of developing dementia. These factors include genetics, smoking status and other health conditions.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/news-ai-tool-predicts-alzheimers-disease-onset-better-than-clinical-trials-here-is-how-it-works-746177">AI tool predicts Alzheimer's disease onset better than clinical trials. Here is how it works</a>

<h2>Global impact of dementia</h2>

Dementia affects more than 55 million people worldwide. It is caused by various diseases, with Alzheimer's being the most common. A recent review in The Lancet journal underscores the high potential for preventing dementia. The study follows a previous report from 2020 that also emphasised the importance of prevention in combating this condition.

<h2>EU Rejects New Dementia Drug</h2>

The EU's medicine watchdog recently declined to approve lecanemab and is still reviewing donanemab. These Alzheimer's treatments, approved in the US last year and developed by Biogen and Eli Lilly, target the proteins tau and amyloid beta, which are central to disease progression. However, they come with severe side effects and high costs.

Despite decades of research and significant investment, a cure for dementia remains elusive. Some researchers hope these drugs will lead to more effective treatments in the future, while others emphasise the importance of prevention strategies for dementia.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/news-worlds-first-immunotherapy-for-peanut-allergy-in-babies-starts-in-australia-745840">World's first immunotherapy for peanut allergy in babies starts in Australia</a>

(With inputs from agencies)

A study reveals that nearly half of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by addressing 14 key risk factors, starting from childhood. This discovery offers hope in the global fight against a condition that affects millions of people worldwide What is dementia?

A study reveals that nearly half of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by addressing 14 key risk factors, starting from childhood. This discovery offers hope in the global fight against a condition that affects millions of people worldwide What is dementia? Dementia is a condition that affects memory, thinking, problem-solving, language and other cognitive abilities, interfering with daily life and activities. Rather than being a specific disease, dementia is a collection of symptoms caused by various underlying conditions. There are several different forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common. Individuals may also exhibit changes in mood and behaviour, struggle with organising tasks and experience disorientation. As the condition advances, managing daily activities becomes increasingly difficult, affecting overall quality of life. Also read | Russian spies' children discovered their nationality during flight to Moscow: Kremlin New risk factors identified for dementia World-leading experts have discovered two new risk factors for dementia: high cholesterol and vision loss. These factors are responsible for nearly one in ten dementia cases globally. The newly identified risks add to the 12 known factors that increase the likelihood of developing dementia. These factors include genetics, smoking status and other health conditions. Also read | AI tool predicts Alzheimer's disease onset better than clinical trials. Here is how it works Global impact of dementia Dementia affects more than 55 million people worldwide. It is caused by various diseases, with Alzheimer's being the most common. A recent review in The Lancet journal underscores the high potential for preventing dementia. The study follows a previous report from 2020 that also emphasised the importance of prevention in combating this condition. EU Rejects New Dementia Drug The EU's medicine watchdog recently declined to approve lecanemab and is still reviewing donanemab. These Alzheimer's treatments, approved in the US last year and developed by Biogen and Eli Lilly, target the proteins tau and amyloid beta, which are central to disease progression. However, they come with severe side effects and high costs. Despite decades of research and significant investment, a cure for dementia remains elusive. Some researchers hope these drugs will lead to more effective treatments in the future, while others emphasise the importance of prevention strategies for dementia. Also read | World's first immunotherapy for peanut allergy in babies starts in Australia (With inputs from agencies)

Tackling 14 risk factors could prevent or delay nearly half of dementia cases, study reveals

In a new study carried out by the chemists from&nbsp;Harvard University, it has been found that the first building blocks of life landed on Earth a bolt of lightning.&nbsp;

To make the stunning scientific revelation, the team made an attempt to reenact what may have occurred millions of years ago on Earth in their laboratory. &nbsp;

In this experiment, the scientists made a stunning discovery of cloud-to-ground lightning.

<h2>Origin of life puzzles scientists</h2>

Scientists have remained puzzled over how the origin of life took place on Earth. In their attempt to solve the jigsaw, they have come up with various possibilities of how life started to mushroom on Earth.&nbsp;

In this cosmic theory of the origin of life, it has been believed till now that the vital materials were deposited by comets or asteroids on the surface of Earth and that lightning struck the clouds which led to the creation of life.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/unusual-organisms-found-in-hot-springs-of-yellowstone-national-park-they-might-help-in-search-for-alien-life-746035">Unusual organisms found in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park might help in search for alien life</a>

However, when the scientists inspected these theories, the chances of such cosmic events leading to the creation of life seemed less likely and collisions from space objects appeared to have a rare chance.&nbsp;

Also, the lightning zapping between clouds appeared to the scientists to be an inefficient method for producing the&nbsp;necessary materials.

<h2>Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes behind the genesis of life?</h2>

Among these uncertainties, the scientists at Harvard University started exploring how cloud-to-ground lightning strikes may have led to the genesis of life.

To validate their new hypothesis, the scientists made their lab into a mini early Earth. The lightning strikes were stimulated across air, water, and land replicas which were kept in a controlled environment.

The scientists studied the products which were formed in these experiments. In their findings, the scientists discovered that both carbon and nitrogen went through a transformation into&nbsp;molecules which are likely early building blocks of life.

It was observed by the scientists that carbon morphed into formic acid and carbon monoxide and nitrogen turned into nitrite, nitrate and ammonium.

Watch:&nbsp;Scientists say the Earth's core is behaving oddly. Here's why

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/scientists-say-the-earths-core-is-behaving-oddly-heres-why-739062/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The researchers also added some rocky elements in the experiment and the minerals which are found on the landscape of Earth.&nbsp;

While carrying out repeated simulations and lightning strikes, they found that sulfide minerals, which are similar to those found near volcanic eruptions, were created.

The experts observed a spike in ammonia production which is a molecule important for&nbsp;life on our planet.

“Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally,” the researchers observed.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a new study carried out by the chemists from Harvard University, it has been found that the first building blocks of life landed on Earth a bolt of lightning.

In a new study carried out by the chemists from Harvard University, it has been found that the first building blocks of life landed on Earth a bolt of lightning. To make the stunning scientific revelation, the team made an attempt to reenact what may have occurred millions of years ago on Earth in their laboratory. In this experiment, the scientists made a stunning discovery of cloud-to-ground lightning. Origin of life puzzles scientists Scientists have remained puzzled over how the origin of life took place on Earth. In their attempt to solve the jigsaw, they have come up with various possibilities of how life started to mushroom on Earth. In this cosmic theory of the origin of life, it has been believed till now that the vital materials were deposited by comets or asteroids on the surface of Earth and that lightning struck the clouds which led to the creation of life. Also Read: Unusual organisms found in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park might help in search for alien life However, when the scientists inspected these theories, the chances of such cosmic events leading to the creation of life seemed less likely and collisions from space objects appeared to have a rare chance. Also, the lightning zapping between clouds appeared to the scientists to be an inefficient method for producing the necessary materials. Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes behind the genesis of life? Among these uncertainties, the scientists at Harvard University started exploring how cloud-to-ground lightning strikes may have led to the genesis of life. To validate their new hypothesis, the scientists made their lab into a mini early Earth. The lightning strikes were stimulated across air, water, and land replicas which were kept in a controlled environment. The scientists studied the products which were formed in these experiments. In their findings, the scientists discovered that both carbon and nitrogen went through a transformation into molecules which are likely early building blocks of life. It was observed by the scientists that carbon morphed into formic acid and carbon monoxide and nitrogen turned into nitrite, nitrate and ammonium. Watch: Scientists say the Earth's core is behaving oddly. Here's why The researchers also added some rocky elements in the experiment and the minerals which are found on the landscape of Earth. While carrying out repeated simulations and lightning strikes, they found that sulfide minerals, which are similar to those found near volcanic eruptions, were created. The experts observed a spike in ammonia production which is a molecule important for life on our planet. “Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally,” the researchers observed. (With inputs from agencies)

A bolt of lightning struck Earth with building blocks of life: Study

Researchers have found that in the United States, several dark chocolate products are contaminated with lead and cadmium, two highly toxic metals. The study was led by scientists at George Washington University and published Wednesday (Jul 31) in the peer-reviewed Frontiers in Nutrition.&nbsp;

Researchers have analysed over 70 dark chocolate products from retailers such as Whole Foods Market, Amazon and GNC. They tested the products in order to check whether or not heavy metals lead, cadmium or arsenic were present in them. None were tested above the maximum contamination level.&nbsp;

The study was carried out using samples over a period of eight years from 2014 to 2022. Notably, the researchers have not disclosed product names.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/study-shows-strong-links-between-losing-loved-ones-and-ageing-745671">Study shows 'strong links' between losing loved ones and biological ageing</a>&nbsp;

The study discovered that 43 per cent of the goods tested had levels of lead contamination that were above permitted standards, and 35 per cent had levels of cadmium contamination as per California law's permissible limits for heavy metals in food.&nbsp;

"The amount of lead that was found, in general, was not alarming. But most people probably don't have a great handle on what their heavy metal exposure is," Leigh Frame, the co-lead author of the study and the executive director of the office of integrative medicine and health at George Washington University.&nbsp;

Frame noted that food researchers often use the 1986 regulations as a safety standard because the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)&nbsp;doesn't set limits on heavy metals in most foods. Notably, the FDA&nbsp;does have suggested limits for chocolate and sugar-based candy but only for children.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/parasites-found-in-cat-poop-could-help-treat-alzheimers-and-parkinsons-study-745639">Parasites found in cat poop could help treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's: Study</a>&nbsp;

The threshold for heavy metals in foods is 0.5 micrograms a day as per California guidelines. Researchers have found that the levels of lead and cadmium in chocolate samples varied from 0.29 to 14.12 microgrammes per daily serving, with 4.1 microgrammes per day being the maximum permitted.&nbsp;

The study revealed that lead levels in the samples ranged from none to as high as 3.316 microgrammes per daily serving, with 0.5 microgrammes per day as the maximum allowed per California guidelines.&nbsp;

The researchers also discovered that the levels of contamination in organic items were higher, but they were unable to ascertain how the metal contaminations entered the chocolate products.&nbsp;

Frame said, "You actually cannot avoid exposure to heavy metals in the diet. It's really not about avoiding them; it's about making sure you're not getting too much."&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Researchers have found that in the United States, several dark chocolate products are contaminated with lead and cadmium, two highly toxic metals. The study was led by scientists at George Washington University and published Wednesday (Jul 31) in the peer-reviewed Frontiers in Nutrition.

Researchers have found that in the United States, several dark chocolate products are contaminated with lead and cadmium, two highly toxic metals. The study was led by scientists at George Washington University and published Wednesday (Jul 31) in the peer-reviewed Frontiers in Nutrition. Researchers have analysed over 70 dark chocolate products from retailers such as Whole Foods Market, Amazon and GNC. They tested the products in order to check whether or not heavy metals lead, cadmium or arsenic were present in them. None were tested above the maximum contamination level. The study was carried out using samples over a period of eight years from 2014 to 2022. Notably, the researchers have not disclosed product names. Also read: Study shows 'strong links' between losing loved ones and biological ageing The study discovered that 43 per cent of the goods tested had levels of lead contamination that were above permitted standards, and 35 per cent had levels of cadmium contamination as per California law's permissible limits for heavy metals in food. "The amount of lead that was found, in general, was not alarming. But most people probably don't have a great handle on what their heavy metal exposure is," Leigh Frame, the co-lead author of the study and the executive director of the office of integrative medicine and health at George Washington University. Frame noted that food researchers often use the 1986 regulations as a safety standard because the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn't set limits on heavy metals in most foods. Notably, the FDA does have suggested limits for chocolate and sugar-based candy but only for children. Also read: Parasites found in cat poop could help treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's: Study The threshold for heavy metals in foods is 0.5 micrograms a day as per California guidelines. Researchers have found that the levels of lead and cadmium in chocolate samples varied from 0.29 to 14.12 microgrammes per daily serving, with 4.1 microgrammes per day being the maximum permitted. The study revealed that lead levels in the samples ranged from none to as high as 3.316 microgrammes per daily serving, with 0.5 microgrammes per day as the maximum allowed per California guidelines. The researchers also discovered that the levels of contamination in organic items were higher, but they were unable to ascertain how the metal contaminations entered the chocolate products. Frame said, "You actually cannot avoid exposure to heavy metals in the diet. It's really not about avoiding them; it's about making sure you're not getting too much." (With inputs from agencies)

Lead among other heavy metals found in many dark chocolate bars: Research

In a very interesting study, the scientists have claimed that the brains of the domestic dogs are comparatively smaller than those of their wild ancestors like the wolf.

The study, which has been published in Hungary, states that the brains of domestic dogs have become smaller because they have been kept in simpler environments where they are not required to use their brains like their wild counterparts.

Although the experts have stated that there can be other reasons behind the shrinking size of brains in domestic dogs, however, those have not been identified so far.

The scientists, however, have hinted that those species in the dog family living in the wild do not have a shrinking brain because of reasons like hibernation.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/new-zealand-woman-jailed-for-overfeeding-pet-dog-nuggi-to-death-745456">New Zealand woman jailed for overfeeding pet dog Nuggi to death</a>

The study was headed by László Zsolt Garamszegi from the Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungary.

"The dog is a canid species that was domesticated from its ancestral species the grey wolf at least 15,000 years ago," stated the team.

"Over 400 breeds of dogs exist today, and the overall pattern is that relative brain size is dramatically reduced in dogs as compared with the ancestral species, the grey wolf," it added.

<h2>Common raccoon dog is likely to have same brain size as that of wild dog: study</h2>

Researchers and vets have accepted this theory that the size of dog brains has shrunk because of domestication over centuries.&nbsp;

As per the study, domestic dogs have to face fewer cognitive demands in comparison to wild dogs whether it is finding mates, avoiding predators and foraging for food.&nbsp;

Because domestic dogs need less brain power, their size has gradually shrunk, as per the theory.

"This phenomenon is thought to be a result of the decreased necessity for metabolically costly brain tissue in a domesticated environment," the team stated.

The researchers tried to understand if domestic dog brains had actually shrunk in comparison to the wild dogs.

To analyse this, they checked the brain and body size of 25 canid species - which included the common raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus).

Watch:&nbsp;Trash-sucking robot dog cleans Italian beaches with AI's help

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In this analysis, it was found by the researchers that there was a substantial decrease in the brains of the domesticated dogs in comparison to their wild ancestors.

However, the domestic dog had a comparatively large brain size in relation to few other species.

In the study, it was discovered that the common raccoon dog is a "more pronounced outlier" in the aspect of brain size reduction.

The brain of the common raccoon dog is unusually small in comparison to its body size and the researchers believe it was because only this species hibernates.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a very interesting study, the scientists have claimed that the brains of the domestic dogs are comparatively smaller than those of their wild ancestors like the wolf.

In a very interesting study, the scientists have claimed that the brains of the domestic dogs are comparatively smaller than those of their wild ancestors like the wolf. The study, which has been published in Hungary, states that the brains of domestic dogs have become smaller because they have been kept in simpler environments where they are not required to use their brains like their wild counterparts. Although the experts have stated that there can be other reasons behind the shrinking size of brains in domestic dogs, however, those have not been identified so far. The scientists, however, have hinted that those species in the dog family living in the wild do not have a shrinking brain because of reasons like hibernation. Also Read: New Zealand woman jailed for overfeeding pet dog Nuggi to death The study was headed by László Zsolt Garamszegi from the Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungary. "The dog is a canid species that was domesticated from its ancestral species the grey wolf at least 15,000 years ago," stated the team. "Over 400 breeds of dogs exist today, and the overall pattern is that relative brain size is dramatically reduced in dogs as compared with the ancestral species, the grey wolf," it added. Common raccoon dog is likely to have same brain size as that of wild dog: study Researchers and vets have accepted this theory that the size of dog brains has shrunk because of domestication over centuries. As per the study, domestic dogs have to face fewer cognitive demands in comparison to wild dogs whether it is finding mates, avoiding predators and foraging for food. Because domestic dogs need less brain power, their size has gradually shrunk, as per the theory. "This phenomenon is thought to be a result of the decreased necessity for metabolically costly brain tissue in a domesticated environment," the team stated. The researchers tried to understand if domestic dog brains had actually shrunk in comparison to the wild dogs. To analyse this, they checked the brain and body size of 25 canid species - which included the common raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus). Watch: Trash-sucking robot dog cleans Italian beaches with AI's help In this analysis, it was found by the researchers that there was a substantial decrease in the brains of the domesticated dogs in comparison to their wild ancestors. However, the domestic dog had a comparatively large brain size in relation to few other species. In the study, it was discovered that the common raccoon dog is a "more pronounced outlier" in the aspect of brain size reduction. The brain of the common raccoon dog is unusually small in comparison to its body size and the researchers believe it was because only this species hibernates. (With inputs from agencies)

Humans are diminishing the brains of dogs. How? By petting them: Study

In the genomes of the human body, some of the zombie viruses - which have been handed over from foreign DNA and passed to humans through generations - remain hidden and unnoticed.&nbsp;

It was believed for a long time that they were inactive, but recent studies have suggested that these sequences of genes have the capability of wreaking havoc.&nbsp;

The researchers, headed by University of Colorado bioinformatician Atma Ivancevic, discovered that cancers can make use of some of these zombie&nbsp;virus&nbsp;parts for their growth.&nbsp;

Genome biologist and senior author Edward Chuong said, "Our study shows that diseases today can be significantly influenced by these ancient viral infections that until recently very few researchers were paying attention to."

These ancient genes, which were earlier dismissed as 'junk' DNA, are snippets of virus leftovers called endogenous retroviruses&nbsp;(ERVs) which are important for the existence of mammals because they spurred the&nbsp;evolution of the placenta.&nbsp;

Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/eureka-moment-scientist-discover-this-common-mouth-bacteria-can-melt-cancer-744911">'Eureka moment': Scientists discover THIS common mouth bacteria can 'melt' cancer</a>

However, not everything about ERVs is helping in the existence of humans.&nbsp;

"We know that&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells express a lot of genes that are not supposed to be on, but no one really knows what is turning them on. It turns out many of the switches turning them on are derived from these ancient viruses," said Chuong.

<h2>How did the researchers find that ancient genes are pushing cancer?</h2>

The datasets on the epigenomes of 21 types of cancer were analysed by Ivancevic and her team, who stumbled upon a particular family of ERV called long terminal repeat 10 (LTR10) which was found to be active at very high levels. The researchers found that our primate ancestors were infected by the original virus around 30 million years ago.

The researchers carried out a functional study on a cell line of colorectal cancer tissues in which it was found that the expression of genes was regulated by LTR10 with established roles in the generation of tumours.

The undead LTR10 genes were taken out of action in human colorectal tumour cells and in mice, the genes which are known to lead to the growth of cancer, including XRCC4, were deactivated.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Is the cure for pancreatic cancer near?

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Ivancevic and his team found that LTR10 works as an epigenetic switch to control these genes. It was also discovered that cancer has been using this discarded virus to change patterns of gene expression in tumours.&nbsp;

The researchers said these zombie viruses are likely to come back to life when human defences break down and lead to health problems.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In the genomes of the human body, some of the zombie viruses - which have been handed over from foreign DNA and passed to humans through generations - remain hidden and unnoticed.

In the genomes of the human body, some of the zombie viruses - which have been handed over from foreign DNA and passed to humans through generations - remain hidden and unnoticed. It was believed for a long time that they were inactive, but recent studies have suggested that these sequences of genes have the capability of wreaking havoc. The researchers, headed by University of Colorado bioinformatician Atma Ivancevic, discovered that cancers can make use of some of these zombie virus parts for their growth. Genome biologist and senior author Edward Chuong said, "Our study shows that diseases today can be significantly influenced by these ancient viral infections that until recently very few researchers were paying attention to." These ancient genes, which were earlier dismissed as 'junk' DNA, are snippets of virus leftovers called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) which are important for the existence of mammals because they spurred the evolution of the placenta. Also Read: 'Eureka moment': Scientists discover THIS common mouth bacteria can 'melt' cancer However, not everything about ERVs is helping in the existence of humans. "We know that cancer cells express a lot of genes that are not supposed to be on, but no one really knows what is turning them on. It turns out many of the switches turning them on are derived from these ancient viruses," said Chuong. How did the researchers find that ancient genes are pushing cancer? The datasets on the epigenomes of 21 types of cancer were analysed by Ivancevic and her team, who stumbled upon a particular family of ERV called long terminal repeat 10 (LTR10) which was found to be active at very high levels. The researchers found that our primate ancestors were infected by the original virus around 30 million years ago. The researchers carried out a functional study on a cell line of colorectal cancer tissues in which it was found that the expression of genes was regulated by LTR10 with established roles in the generation of tumours. The undead LTR10 genes were taken out of action in human colorectal tumour cells and in mice, the genes which are known to lead to the growth of cancer, including XRCC4, were deactivated. Watch: Is the cure for pancreatic cancer near? Ivancevic and his team found that LTR10 works as an epigenetic switch to control these genes. It was also discovered that cancer has been using this discarded virus to change patterns of gene expression in tumours. The researchers said these zombie viruses are likely to come back to life when human defences break down and lead to health problems. (With inputs from agencies)

Zombie viruses hidden in ancient genes may have accelerated cancer: Study

NASA's Perseverance Mars rover has made what could be its most astonishing discovery to date: possible signs of ancient life on the Red Planet. The six-wheeled robotic explorer came across an intriguing, arrow-shaped rock dubbed "Cheyava Falls" that may harbour fossilised microbes from billions of years ago when Mars was a watery world.

NASA's rover uncovers startling finds on Mars

A new study has claimed that chimpanzees hold&nbsp;conversations with each other, akin to humans but using gestures instead of rapid-fire speech. The research sheds light on behaviour patterns humans and primates share due to evolution.&nbsp;

The team of researchers examined video evidence of 252 wild East African chimpanzees interacting with one another and peered through more than 8,500 instances of gestures made by&nbsp;them.

After going through the data, the researchers saw not only similar patterns of human communication within the chimps but also differences in communication between their cultures.&nbsp;

"We found that the timing of chimpanzee gesture and human conversational turn-taking is similar and very fast, which suggests that similar evolutionary mechanisms are driving these social, communicative interactions," said lead author Gal Badihi from the&nbsp;University of St Andrews in the United Kingdom.

The study published in Current Biology noted that 14 per cent of all interactions involved the exchange of gestures between the chimps. The majority of the gestural interactions (83 per cent)&nbsp;involved a two-part exchange of gesture for gesture.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/international-day-of-polar-bears-majestic-animals-at-risk-of-disappearing-694326">Watch | International day of Polar Bears | Majestic animals at risk of disappearing</a>

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<h2>Humans and chimps</h2>

Notably, the researchers have already identified 58 different versions of the 'let's play' gestures chimpanzees use in the wild.

Akin to humans, the response timing in chimps was similar but depending on cultures, some articulated their gestures fast, while others didn't.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“We did see a little variation among different chimp communities, which again matches what we see in people where there are slight cultural variations in conversation pace: some cultures have slower or faster talkers," Badihi added.&nbsp;

The study effectively suggests&nbsp;that the way humans communicate may have originated millions of years ago in our evolutionary history before we parted ways with chimps - our closest living relatives.&nbsp;

<h2>Previous studies</h2>

A previous study claimed that chimpanzees show each other objects just for the sake of it to garner attention - a trait similarly seen in humans.&nbsp;

The study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&nbsp;cited the example of an adult chimpanzee named 'Fiona'&nbsp;who could be seen picking a leaf, examining it and later shoving it under her mother Sutherland's nose momentarily, before snatching it back.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/chimpanzees-show-objects-to-others-just-like-humans-to-simply-grab-attention-study-534256">Also read |&nbsp;Chimpanzees show objects to others, just like humans to simply grab attention: Study</a>

The behaviour, previously thought to be unique to humans, has intrigued scientists who believe that chimpanzees might be much closer to humans than we had earlier thought.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has claimed that chimpanzees hold conversations with each other, akin to humans but using gestures instead of rapid-fire speech. The research sheds light on behaviour patterns humans and primates share due to evolution.

A new study has claimed that chimpanzees hold conversations with each other, akin to humans but using gestures instead of rapid-fire speech. The research sheds light on behaviour patterns humans and primates share due to evolution. The team of researchers examined video evidence of 252 wild East African chimpanzees interacting with one another and peered through more than 8,500 instances of gestures made by them. After going through the data, the researchers saw not only similar patterns of human communication within the chimps but also differences in communication between their cultures. "We found that the timing of chimpanzee gesture and human conversational turn-taking is similar and very fast, which suggests that similar evolutionary mechanisms are driving these social, communicative interactions," said lead author Gal Badihi from the University of St Andrews in the United Kingdom. The study published in Current Biology noted that 14 per cent of all interactions involved the exchange of gestures between the chimps. The majority of the gestural interactions (83 per cent) involved a two-part exchange of gesture for gesture. Watch | International day of Polar Bears | Majestic animals at risk of disappearing × Humans and chimps Notably, the researchers have already identified 58 different versions of the 'let's play' gestures chimpanzees use in the wild. Akin to humans, the response timing in chimps was similar but depending on cultures, some articulated their gestures fast, while others didn't. “We did see a little variation among different chimp communities, which again matches what we see in people where there are slight cultural variations in conversation pace: some cultures have slower or faster talkers," Badihi added. The study effectively suggests that the way humans communicate may have originated millions of years ago in our evolutionary history before we parted ways with chimps - our closest living relatives. Previous studies A previous study claimed that chimpanzees show each other objects just for the sake of it to garner attention - a trait similarly seen in humans. The study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences cited the example of an adult chimpanzee named 'Fiona' who could be seen picking a leaf, examining it and later shoving it under her mother Sutherland's nose momentarily, before snatching it back. Also read | Chimpanzees show objects to others, just like humans to simply grab attention: Study The behaviour, previously thought to be unique to humans, has intrigued scientists who believe that chimpanzees might be much closer to humans than we had earlier thought. (With inputs from agencies)

Chimpanzees hold 'conversations' just like humans, new study finds

A new study has come up with a breakthrough result in the world of AIDS which suggests that two jabs of an injection can prevent the disease.&nbsp;

According to the results, which were published on Wednesday (July 24), the shots which are given twice every year to treat AIDS are also 100 percent effective in preventing any new infections in women.

The researchers found no infections in the young girls and women who were jabbed as part of the study. Nearly 5,000 women were administered the injection&nbsp;in South Africa and Uganda.&nbsp;

In one group which was given prevention pills daily, around 2 per cent used to catch HIV from infected sex partners.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/drinking-in-moderation-for-good-health-might-be-a-myth-new-study-reveals-744222">Drinking in moderation for good health might be a myth, new study reveals</a>

Director of an AIDS research centre in Durban, South Africa Salim Abdool Karim said, “To see this level of protection is stunning."

US drugmaker Gilead made the injections which were sold as Sunlenca after approval in the United States, Canada, Europe and other countries. However, it was sold only as a treatment for HIV.&nbsp;

The company said that they had been waiting for the results of tests being carried out on men before getting permission to use this jab as a protection against infection.

The results found in women were published in the New England Journal of Medicine and later spoken about at the AIDS conference in Munich on Wednesday (July 24).

Due to the encouraging results, the study was halted early and all the participants were given the shots called lenacapavir.

<h2>Will this jab be affordable for common people?</h2>

There are other ways in which HIV infection can be prevented like daily pills and condoms, however, their consistent use has been an issue in Africa.&nbsp;

Thandeka Nkosi, who assisted Gilead research at the Desmond Tutu Health Foundation in Masiphumelele, South Africa, said that the possibility of a twice-a-year shot is “quite revolutionary news”.&nbsp;

“It gives participants a choice and it just eliminates the whole stigma around taking pills” to prevent HIV, he said.

Watch:&nbsp;New miracle drug boosts lifespan, fights aging effects on mice: New study

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The experts are excited about this revolutionary shot but are concerned that Gilead has not yet agreed to provide them at an affordable price, especially to those who need them the most.

The company said it would carry out a “voluntary licensing program" in which some of the generic producers will be allowed to make them.

Geneva-based U.N. AIDS agency executive director Winnie Byanyima said, “Gilead has a tool that could change the trajectory of the HIV epidemic."&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has come up with a breakthrough result in the world of AIDS which suggests that two jabs of an injection can prevent the disease. According to the results, which were published on Wednesday (July 24), the shots which are given twice every year to treat AIDS are also 100 percent effective in preventing any new infections in women.

A new study has come up with a breakthrough result in the world of AIDS which suggests that two jabs of an injection can prevent the disease. According to the results, which were published on Wednesday (July 24), the shots which are given twice every year to treat AIDS are also 100 percent effective in preventing any new infections in women. The researchers found no infections in the young girls and women who were jabbed as part of the study. Nearly 5,000 women were administered the injection in South Africa and Uganda. In one group which was given prevention pills daily, around 2 per cent used to catch HIV from infected sex partners. Also Read: Drinking in moderation for good health might be a myth, new study reveals Director of an AIDS research centre in Durban, South Africa Salim Abdool Karim said, “To see this level of protection is stunning." US drugmaker Gilead made the injections which were sold as Sunlenca after approval in the United States, Canada, Europe and other countries. However, it was sold only as a treatment for HIV. The company said that they had been waiting for the results of tests being carried out on men before getting permission to use this jab as a protection against infection. The results found in women were published in the New England Journal of Medicine and later spoken about at the AIDS conference in Munich on Wednesday (July 24). Due to the encouraging results, the study was halted early and all the participants were given the shots called lenacapavir. Will this jab be affordable for common people? There are other ways in which HIV infection can be prevented like daily pills and condoms, however, their consistent use has been an issue in Africa. Thandeka Nkosi, who assisted Gilead research at the Desmond Tutu Health Foundation in Masiphumelele, South Africa, said that the possibility of a twice-a-year shot is “quite revolutionary news”. “It gives participants a choice and it just eliminates the whole stigma around taking pills” to prevent HIV, he said. Watch: New miracle drug boosts lifespan, fights aging effects on mice: New study The experts are excited about this revolutionary shot but are concerned that Gilead has not yet agreed to provide them at an affordable price, especially to those who need them the most. The company said it would carry out a “voluntary licensing program" in which some of the generic producers will be allowed to make them. Geneva-based U.N. AIDS agency executive director Winnie Byanyima said, “Gilead has a tool that could change the trajectory of the HIV epidemic." (With inputs from agencies)

Two shots of THIS injection every year gives 100 percent prevention from HIV: study

A new study has challenged the notion&nbsp;that drinking in moderate quantities&nbsp;was better than avoiding alcohol completely. For years, many observational studies have pointed out that moderate drinkers live longer and face fewer health issues than non-drinkers but the new study published in the&nbsp;Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, dispels all such misconceptions.&nbsp;

The researchers peered into 107 published studies on people's drinking habits and how long they had lived. The scientists noted that most of the studies carried biases that affected their results.&nbsp;

For example, in most cases, the drinkers were compared with people who abstained or consumed very little alcohol without factoring that some had cut down or quit alcohol in the first place due to illness.&nbsp;

The research and its findings effectively suggest that, after adjusting the key study characteristics, the perceived health benefits of light drinking for longevity diminish.

"Studies with lifetime selection biases may create misleading positive health associations. These biases pervade the ﬁeld of alcohol epidemiology and can confuse communications about health risks," the new study said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/gravitas-chinese-firewater-the-worlds-most-valuable-liquor-722260">Watch |&nbsp;Gravitas | Chinese Firewater: The world's most valuable liquor</a>

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<h2>Propaganda tool for alcohol industry</h2>

The study supports the growing movement focusing on nonalcoholic lifestyles and highlights the need for stricter standards in studies examining the health effects of alcohol consumption, along with the subsequent public health messaging.

Dr Tim Stockwell, first author on the study stated it was the lobbying by the alcohol companies that had pushed such studies which helped them further their propaganda.&nbsp;

“It’s been a propaganda coup for the alcohol industry to propose that moderate use of their product lengthens people’s lives,” said Dr&nbsp;Stockwell, who is also a scientist at the Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research at the University of Victoria.&nbsp;

“The idea has impacted national drinking guidelines, estimates of alcohol’s burden of disease worldwide and has been an impediment to effective policymaking on alcohol and public health,” he added.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/moderate-alcohol-consumption-could-lower-risk-of-stress-related-cardiovascular-problems-claims-new-study-604045">Also read |&nbsp;Moderate alcohol consumption could lower risk of stress-related cardiovascular problems, claims new study</a>

A previous study published in 2018 corroborated the claims made by Dr Stockwell and his team. The study found that alcohol led to 2.8 million deaths in 2016 and was the&nbsp;leading risk factor for premature death and disability in 15- to 49-year-olds.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has challenged the notion that drinking in moderate quantities was better than avoiding alcohol completely. For years, many observational studies have pointed out that moderate drinkers live longer and face fewer health issues than non-drinkers but the new study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, dispels all such misconceptions.

A new study has challenged the notion that drinking in moderate quantities was better than avoiding alcohol completely. For years, many observational studies have pointed out that moderate drinkers live longer and face fewer health issues than non-drinkers but the new study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, dispels all such misconceptions. The researchers peered into 107 published studies on people's drinking habits and how long they had lived. The scientists noted that most of the studies carried biases that affected their results. For example, in most cases, the drinkers were compared with people who abstained or consumed very little alcohol without factoring that some had cut down or quit alcohol in the first place due to illness. The research and its findings effectively suggest that, after adjusting the key study characteristics, the perceived health benefits of light drinking for longevity diminish. "Studies with lifetime selection biases may create misleading positive health associations. These biases pervade the ﬁeld of alcohol epidemiology and can confuse communications about health risks," the new study said. Watch | Gravitas | Chinese Firewater: The world's most valuable liquor × Propaganda tool for alcohol industry The study supports the growing movement focusing on nonalcoholic lifestyles and highlights the need for stricter standards in studies examining the health effects of alcohol consumption, along with the subsequent public health messaging. Dr Tim Stockwell, first author on the study stated it was the lobbying by the alcohol companies that had pushed such studies which helped them further their propaganda. “It’s been a propaganda coup for the alcohol industry to propose that moderate use of their product lengthens people’s lives,” said Dr Stockwell, who is also a scientist at the Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research at the University of Victoria. “The idea has impacted national drinking guidelines, estimates of alcohol’s burden of disease worldwide and has been an impediment to effective policymaking on alcohol and public health,” he added. Also read | Moderate alcohol consumption could lower risk of stress-related cardiovascular problems, claims new study A previous study published in 2018 corroborated the claims made by Dr Stockwell and his team. The study found that alcohol led to 2.8 million deaths in 2016 and was the leading risk factor for premature death and disability in 15- to 49-year-olds. (With inputs from agencies)

Drinking in moderation for good health might be a myth, new study reveals

Scientists have made a significant but sweet discovery in which they found that dogs experience “emotional contagion” after smelling human stress.

Because of this, the dogs tend to make more ‘pessimistic’ choices, as per the scientists.

The study, which was carried out by the University of Bristol, is the first one in which it tested how odours of human stress affect the learning and emotional state of the dogs.&nbsp;

In the earlier evidence, it was found that the smell of a stressed person is affecting subconsciously the choices and emotions of those who are nearby that human.&nbsp;

Bristol Veterinary School's researchers wanted to study if such experiences are also changing the learning and emotional state of the dogs and how they are reacting to relaxation odours or human stress.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/brains-of-humans-go-through-significant-change-after-death-study-737176">Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study</a>

A test of ‘optimism’ or ‘pessimism’ was carried out by the team in animals on the basis of findings which stated that &nbsp;‘optimistic’ or ‘pessimistic’ choices by people indicate negative or positive emotions.&nbsp;

<h2>How the study was carried out?</h2>

Around 18 dog-owner partnerships were recruited by the researchers to participate in a series of trials with various human smells present.&nbsp;

The dogs who participated in the test were between the age&nbsp;group of eight months to 10 years. The dogs were two Springer spaniels; two Cocker spaniels; two Labrador Retrievers; two Braque d’Auvergne; a Whippet; a Golden Retriever; a Miniature Poodle and seven mixed breed dogs.&nbsp;

In the trials, the dogs received training by placing a food bowl in one location where it had a treat and then placing an empty bowl in another location.&nbsp;

After the dog found out the difference between the bowl locations they were fast in approaching the bowl which had a treat. &nbsp;

The researchers then checked how quickly the dog approached the new and ambiguous bowl locations which were placed between the original two.

Watch:&nbsp;Study reveals lung cancer hit non-smoker Indian earlier than westerners

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/study-reveals-lung-cancer-hit-non-smoker-indian-earlier-than-westerners-740591/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

It was found that a quick approach showed the dogs' ‘optimism’ regarding food which was present in the ambiguous locations and a slow approach hinted at ‘pessimism’ and negative emotion.&nbsp;

They carried out trials in which every dog was exposed to odours of sweat and breath samples or no odour from humans in either a stressed and arithmetic test or relaxed states.&nbsp;

Researchers discovered that dogs became slower to approach the ambiguous bowl location because of the stress smell, which was not the case with the relaxed smell.&nbsp;

The findings, which were published in the journal Scientific Reports, stated that the stress smell is likely to have made the dogs believe that there is no food in the new location.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have made a significant but sweet discovery in which they found that dogs experience “emotional contagion” after smelling human stress. Because of this, the dogs tend to make more ‘pessimistic’ choices, as per the scientists.

Scientists have made a significant but sweet discovery in which they found that dogs experience “emotional contagion” after smelling human stress. Because of this, the dogs tend to make more ‘pessimistic’ choices, as per the scientists. The study, which was carried out by the University of Bristol, is the first one in which it tested how odours of human stress affect the learning and emotional state of the dogs. In the earlier evidence, it was found that the smell of a stressed person is affecting subconsciously the choices and emotions of those who are nearby that human. Bristol Veterinary School's researchers wanted to study if such experiences are also changing the learning and emotional state of the dogs and how they are reacting to relaxation odours or human stress. Also Read: Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study A test of ‘optimism’ or ‘pessimism’ was carried out by the team in animals on the basis of findings which stated that ‘optimistic’ or ‘pessimistic’ choices by people indicate negative or positive emotions. How the study was carried out? Around 18 dog-owner partnerships were recruited by the researchers to participate in a series of trials with various human smells present. The dogs who participated in the test were between the age group of eight months to 10 years. The dogs were two Springer spaniels; two Cocker spaniels; two Labrador Retrievers; two Braque d’Auvergne; a Whippet; a Golden Retriever; a Miniature Poodle and seven mixed breed dogs. In the trials, the dogs received training by placing a food bowl in one location where it had a treat and then placing an empty bowl in another location. After the dog found out the difference between the bowl locations they were fast in approaching the bowl which had a treat. The researchers then checked how quickly the dog approached the new and ambiguous bowl locations which were placed between the original two. Watch: Study reveals lung cancer hit non-smoker Indian earlier than westerners It was found that a quick approach showed the dogs' ‘optimism’ regarding food which was present in the ambiguous locations and a slow approach hinted at ‘pessimism’ and negative emotion. They carried out trials in which every dog was exposed to odours of sweat and breath samples or no odour from humans in either a stressed and arithmetic test or relaxed states. Researchers discovered that dogs became slower to approach the ambiguous bowl location because of the stress smell, which was not the case with the relaxed smell. The findings, which were published in the journal Scientific Reports, stated that the stress smell is likely to have made the dogs believe that there is no food in the new location. (With inputs from agencies)

Dogs are altering their behaviour after smelling stress in humans: Study

Scientists have been observing Jupiter embroiled in a massive storm, which has continued for at least 350 years, and now their attention has been diverted towards its shrinking enormous red oval.&nbsp;

The oval, known as the Great Red Spot, is visible from Earth and is located in the southern hemisphere of the planet.&nbsp;

This meteorological feature is spread over an area of 10,000 miles wide and the intense anticyclone has been blowing at a speed which is more than 200 miles per hour in a counterclockwise direction. This is the largest windstorm ever recorded in our solar system.

What has now left the scientists more puzzled is the shrinking of the Great Red Spot.

Even though the latitudinal reach of the storm has remained consistent, it has contracted longitudinally dramatically.

In the late 19th century, the&nbsp;Great Red Spot&nbsp;extended to more than 40 degrees. However, in 2016, NASA’s Juno spacecraft observed that it had shrunk to 14 degrees.&nbsp;

Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-super-jupiter-could-exist-in-the-three-star-system-alpha-centauri-study-739206">Is the three-star system Alpha Centauri hosting a Super Jupiter?</a>

The study's lead author and Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences PhD student Caleb Keaveney said, “Many people have looked at the Great Red Spot over the last 200 years and were as fascinated by it as I am."

“A lot of those people were not professional astronomers – they were just passionate and curious. That, plus the curiosity I see in people when I talk about my work, makes me feel like part of something bigger than myself," he added.

<h2>Jupiter's Great Red Spot remains shrouded in mystery</h2>

Even after years of&nbsp;rigorous study, the Great Red Spot has remained a topic of intrigue among scientists.

Astronomers have failed to determine when the spot was formed and how and also why it has a red colour.

The research was conducted by Keaveney with Gary Lackmann of&nbsp;North Carolina State University&nbsp;and Timothy Dowling of the&nbsp;University of Louisville.

Watch:&nbsp;Scientists say the Earth's core is behaving oddly. Here's why

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The team's focus turned towards understanding how the Great Red Spot is getting impacted by smaller and transient&nbsp;storms.&nbsp;

To understand this,&nbsp;researchers utilised the atmospheric model known as the Explicit Planetary Isentropic-Coordinate (EPIC) model. This model was developed in the 1990s by Dowling for planetary applications.&nbsp;

In the analysis, it was found that the Great Red Spot is strengthened by other storms which leads to its expansion.&nbsp;

“We found through&nbsp;numerical simulations&nbsp;that by feeding the Great Red Spot a diet of&nbsp;smaller storms, as has been known to occur on Jupiter, we could modulate its size,” Keaveney said.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have been observing Jupiter embroiled in a massive storm, which has continued for at least 350 years, and now their attention has been diverted towards its shrinking enormous red oval.

Scientists have been observing Jupiter embroiled in a massive storm, which has continued for at least 350 years, and now their attention has been diverted towards its shrinking enormous red oval. The oval, known as the Great Red Spot, is visible from Earth and is located in the southern hemisphere of the planet. This meteorological feature is spread over an area of 10,000 miles wide and the intense anticyclone has been blowing at a speed which is more than 200 miles per hour in a counterclockwise direction. This is the largest windstorm ever recorded in our solar system. What has now left the scientists more puzzled is the shrinking of the Great Red Spot. Even though the latitudinal reach of the storm has remained consistent, it has contracted longitudinally dramatically. In the late 19th century, the Great Red Spot extended to more than 40 degrees. However, in 2016, NASA’s Juno spacecraft observed that it had shrunk to 14 degrees. Also Read: Is the three-star system Alpha Centauri hosting a Super Jupiter? The study's lead author and Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences PhD student Caleb Keaveney said, “Many people have looked at the Great Red Spot over the last 200 years and were as fascinated by it as I am." “A lot of those people were not professional astronomers – they were just passionate and curious. That, plus the curiosity I see in people when I talk about my work, makes me feel like part of something bigger than myself," he added. Jupiter's Great Red Spot remains shrouded in mystery Even after years of rigorous study, the Great Red Spot has remained a topic of intrigue among scientists. Astronomers have failed to determine when the spot was formed and how and also why it has a red colour. The research was conducted by Keaveney with Gary Lackmann of North Carolina State University and Timothy Dowling of the University of Louisville. Watch: Scientists say the Earth's core is behaving oddly. Here's why The team's focus turned towards understanding how the Great Red Spot is getting impacted by smaller and transient storms. To understand this, researchers utilised the atmospheric model known as the Explicit Planetary Isentropic-Coordinate (EPIC) model. This model was developed in the 1990s by Dowling for planetary applications. In the analysis, it was found that the Great Red Spot is strengthened by other storms which leads to its expansion. “We found through numerical simulations that by feeding the Great Red Spot a diet of smaller storms, as has been known to occur on Jupiter, we could modulate its size,” Keaveney said. (With inputs from agencies)

Jupiter's 350-year-old massive storm is shrinking its Great Red Spot: Study

While eyelash extensions are trending, are they worth getting? Experts have revealed the adhesive in these artificial eyelashes may pose&nbsp;serious health risks&nbsp;for our eyes.

While the purpose of our eyelashes is to protect the eyes from any airborne particles that may cause infections, these extensions are used to make them look thicker and longer for fashionable makeovers.&nbsp;

Eyelash extensions are individual fibres made from silk, hair from mink or horse, plastic, or nylon. They are attached to our lashes using an adhesive or glue, which can result in various issues.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/miracle-german-man-becomes-only-7th-person-to-be-cured-of-hiv-742117">Also Read |&nbsp;MIRACLE! German man becomes only 7th person to be cured of HIV</a>

According to one research, about 40 per cent of women reported having an allergic reaction to the glue and over 60 per cent reported keratoconjunctivitis, which is inflammation of both conjunctiva and cornea at the same time.

Furthermore, reports suggest that consumers were sold&nbsp;nail glue instead of the one meant for eyelashes, which&nbsp;has serious risks as it is much more potent.

Eyelash adhesives can also reportedly increase the risk of cancer.

One study found that 75 per cent&nbsp;of the 20 professional glues released formaldehyde, a cancer-causing chemical. Additionally,&nbsp;four of the 17 consumer glues also had the chemical. Notably, some of the glues did not mention formaldehyde in their ingredients.

The eyelash glue also contains preservatives which can result in conjunctivitis and conjunctival erosion, which can affect a person's&nbsp;eyesight and cause pain. In this condition, the epithelium, the cells on the cornea's surface, loosens from the layer below it.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-close-to-creating-one-and-done-anti-flu-vaccine-to-kill-future-pandemic-742447">Scientists close to creating 'one and done' anti-flu vaccine to kill future pandemic</a>

According to The Conversation, the most common issue&nbsp;caused by eyelash extensions is blepharitis -&nbsp;irritation or inflammation of the eyelids, due to the build-up of bacteria.

Additionally, poor hygiene conditions at salons can also cause lash mite infestation. Eyelash extension removal, even by professionals, can deteriorate the health of natural lashes.

Some people have also started using eyelash serums which contain prostaglandin. These serums are becoming increasingly&nbsp;popular as they claim to&nbsp;increase the thickness, length, and darkness of natural lashes. However, they can still pose health risks.

These serums can result in the loss of fat tissues around the eyes,&nbsp;making&nbsp;them&nbsp;look hollow and dark circles worse. They can also change the colour of the irises&nbsp;permanently.

(With inputs from agencies)

While eyelash extensions are trending, are they worth getting? Experts have revealed the adhesive in these artificial eyelashes may pose serious health risks for our eyes.

While eyelash extensions are trending, are they worth getting? Experts have revealed the adhesive in these artificial eyelashes may pose serious health risks for our eyes. While the purpose of our eyelashes is to protect the eyes from any airborne particles that may cause infections, these extensions are used to make them look thicker and longer for fashionable makeovers. Eyelash extensions are individual fibres made from silk, hair from mink or horse, plastic, or nylon. They are attached to our lashes using an adhesive or glue, which can result in various issues. Also Read | MIRACLE! German man becomes only 7th person to be cured of HIV According to one research, about 40 per cent of women reported having an allergic reaction to the glue and over 60 per cent reported keratoconjunctivitis, which is inflammation of both conjunctiva and cornea at the same time. Furthermore, reports suggest that consumers were sold nail glue instead of the one meant for eyelashes, which has serious risks as it is much more potent. Eyelash adhesives can also reportedly increase the risk of cancer. One study found that 75 per cent of the 20 professional glues released formaldehyde, a cancer-causing chemical. Additionally, four of the 17 consumer glues also had the chemical. Notably, some of the glues did not mention formaldehyde in their ingredients. The eyelash glue also contains preservatives which can result in conjunctivitis and conjunctival erosion, which can affect a person's eyesight and cause pain. In this condition, the epithelium, the cells on the cornea's surface, loosens from the layer below it. Also Read | Scientists close to creating 'one and done' anti-flu vaccine to kill future pandemic According to The Conversation, the most common issue caused by eyelash extensions is blepharitis - irritation or inflammation of the eyelids, due to the build-up of bacteria. Additionally, poor hygiene conditions at salons can also cause lash mite infestation. Eyelash extension removal, even by professionals, can deteriorate the health of natural lashes. Some people have also started using eyelash serums which contain prostaglandin. These serums are becoming increasingly popular as they claim to increase the thickness, length, and darkness of natural lashes. However, they can still pose health risks. These serums can result in the loss of fat tissues around the eyes, making them look hollow and dark circles worse. They can also change the colour of the irises permanently. (With inputs from agencies)

Eyelash extensions can pose serious health risks, warn experts

Men with beards tend to be more stable in romantic relationships and are better partners, a new study says.

According to a study published in the Archives of Sexual Behaviour, men with beards aren’t looking out for new partners, as they are just good at keeping the one they have. The study also reported that men with clean shaves are more “mate-seeking.”

“Men having more facial hair reported less mate-seeking motivation, but more mate-retention and kin care motivation,” reported the study, which looked at 414 men, aged 18 to 40, and examined their “facial hair enhancement motivations.”

In other words, “bearded men are in it for keeps,” study co-author Professor Peter Jonason, from Warsaw’s University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, said.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/first-of-a-kind-study-investigates-why-food-tastes-bland-in-space-741502">First-of-a-kind study investigates why food tastes bland in space</a>

Bearded men are less likely to have a fast life history strategy (or seek numerous partners) and instead, they invest more in others both romantically and familially, Jonason told The Times UK.

The simple reasoning behind this is based on the care required to maintain a well-groomed beard, opined the study.

“Beards, as opposed to say stubble, are difficult and time-consuming to grow. Men with full beards may signal their disciplined nature,” Jonason said.

Although maintaining a clean-shaven face also requires the effort of frequent facial hair removal, more facial hair requires more effort to keep it clean, said study. Regular care of facial hair requires time, effort, and resources. Thus, facial hair enhancement motivation may be related to the desire to present oneself to other people as a well-organized person.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/no-country-for-bears-romanias-parliament-approves-culling-of-500-bears-741413">No country for bears? Romania's parliament approves stepping up bear culling</a>

The study stressed that facial hair maintenance was a key point, as “growing bushy, unhealthy-looking, or dispersed facial hair may discredit a man rather than give him an advantage.”

The authors claim that it&nbsp;is “the first study on facial hair enhancement motivation in men,” and say further research is needed to examine the spectrum of facial hair types.

The overall point of the study was that “having more facial hair may be used by men to inform other people that their social motives shift from focusing on the mating market to focusing on long-term romantic relationships and family.”

(With inputs from agencies)

Men with beards tend to be more stable in romantic relationships and are better partners, a new study says. According to a study published in the Archives of Sexual Behaviour, men with beards aren’t looking out for new partners, as they are just good at keeping the one they have.

Men with beards tend to be more stable in romantic relationships and are better partners, a new study says. According to a study published in the Archives of Sexual Behaviour, men with beards aren’t looking out for new partners, as they are just good at keeping the one they have. The study also reported that men with clean shaves are more “mate-seeking.” “Men having more facial hair reported less mate-seeking motivation, but more mate-retention and kin care motivation,” reported the study, which looked at 414 men, aged 18 to 40, and examined their “facial hair enhancement motivations.” In other words, “bearded men are in it for keeps,” study co-author Professor Peter Jonason, from Warsaw’s University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, said. Also Read | First-of-a-kind study investigates why food tastes bland in space Bearded men are less likely to have a fast life history strategy (or seek numerous partners) and instead, they invest more in others both romantically and familially, Jonason told The Times UK. The simple reasoning behind this is based on the care required to maintain a well-groomed beard, opined the study. “Beards, as opposed to say stubble, are difficult and time-consuming to grow. Men with full beards may signal their disciplined nature,” Jonason said. Although maintaining a clean-shaven face also requires the effort of frequent facial hair removal, more facial hair requires more effort to keep it clean, said study. Regular care of facial hair requires time, effort, and resources. Thus, facial hair enhancement motivation may be related to the desire to present oneself to other people as a well-organized person. Also Read | No country for bears? Romania's parliament approves stepping up bear culling The study stressed that facial hair maintenance was a key point, as “growing bushy, unhealthy-looking, or dispersed facial hair may discredit a man rather than give him an advantage.” The authors claim that it is “the first study on facial hair enhancement motivation in men,” and say further research is needed to examine the spectrum of facial hair types. The overall point of the study was that “having more facial hair may be used by men to inform other people that their social motives shift from focusing on the mating market to focusing on long-term romantic relationships and family.” (With inputs from agencies)

Men with beards may be more stable romantic partners than clean-shaved ones, claims study

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research.&nbsp;

The new study states that plate tectonics began more than 4 billion years ago, which was not long before the planet got formed 4.5 billion years ago.&nbsp;

At this time, Earth was in the Hadean era when it was a fresh planet and very hot and had an ammonia-and-methane atmosphere. The atmosphere had enough water in it which later condensed into a planet-wide ocean.&nbsp;

In this era, Earth slowly cooled down and a solid outer crust was created. The crust was shaped by the tectonic plates' grinding movements.&nbsp;

Earlier, the researchers said that plate tectonics started in the Hadean, once the crust cooled down.

Also Read:<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/strictly-speaking-earth-is-not-revolving-around-the-sun-currently-heres-what-it-means-740359">&nbsp;Strictly speaking, Earth is not revolving around the Sun currently. Here's what it means</a>

Meanwhile, others believed that plate tectonics began around 3.2 billion years ago when some key changes took place in the makeup of the crust, as revealed by geochemistry.&nbsp;

However, some argue that the phenomenon is recent and its modern form evolved in the last couple of billion years.&nbsp;

<h2>Here's how crystals helped determine when plate tectonics started</h2>

Scientists have faced difficulty in deciding when plate tectonics started since there are no surviving rocks which are more than 4 billion years old.&nbsp;

The only way to determine this is by analysing tiny, tough crystals known as zircon, which date back to 4.4 billion years.&nbsp;

A subset of these crystals, which are known as S-type zircons, can help in understanding plate tectonics.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earth-slows-down-by-133-milliseconds-741345/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

These zircons are crystals and are formed in sedimentary rocks on land. They are pushed by tectonics into the mantle and re-emerge like metamorphic granites.&nbsp;

In the latest research which was published in the journal&nbsp;PNAS, a machine-learning model was used by the researchers to understand these S-type zircons. &nbsp;

The data collected from 300 zircons was first fed by the scientists and then the ability of the model was tested to determine whether 74 more zircons were S-type or not.&nbsp;

In the results, it was found that 35 per cent of the Jack Hills zircons were S-type. A few of these were found dating back to 4.2 billion years ago. This hinted that plate tectonics was moving rocks from the crust to the mantle and again back to the crust during the Hadean.

(With inputs from agencies)

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research.

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research. The new study states that plate tectonics began more than 4 billion years ago, which was not long before the planet got formed 4.5 billion years ago. At this time, Earth was in the Hadean era when it was a fresh planet and very hot and had an ammonia-and-methane atmosphere. The atmosphere had enough water in it which later condensed into a planet-wide ocean. In this era, Earth slowly cooled down and a solid outer crust was created. The crust was shaped by the tectonic plates' grinding movements. Earlier, the researchers said that plate tectonics started in the Hadean, once the crust cooled down. Also Read: Strictly speaking, Earth is not revolving around the Sun currently. Here's what it means Meanwhile, others believed that plate tectonics began around 3.2 billion years ago when some key changes took place in the makeup of the crust, as revealed by geochemistry. However, some argue that the phenomenon is recent and its modern form evolved in the last couple of billion years. Here's how crystals helped determine when plate tectonics started Scientists have faced difficulty in deciding when plate tectonics started since there are no surviving rocks which are more than 4 billion years old. The only way to determine this is by analysing tiny, tough crystals known as zircon, which date back to 4.4 billion years. A subset of these crystals, which are known as S-type zircons, can help in understanding plate tectonics. Watch: Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds These zircons are crystals and are formed in sedimentary rocks on land. They are pushed by tectonics into the mantle and re-emerge like metamorphic granites. In the latest research which was published in the journal PNAS, a machine-learning model was used by the researchers to understand these S-type zircons. The data collected from 300 zircons was first fed by the scientists and then the ability of the model was tested to determine whether 74 more zircons were S-type or not. In the results, it was found that 35 per cent of the Jack Hills zircons were S-type. A few of these were found dating back to 4.2 billion years ago. This hinted that plate tectonics was moving rocks from the crust to the mantle and again back to the crust during the Hadean. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth's crust took shape as plate tectonics started 4 billion years ago: study

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