The search for extraterrestrial life in our universe has spanned several years and theories. While we may have not found signs of life yet, that hasn't stopped human being's thirst to know if someone is out there. Scientists have been coming up with different ideas and theories to learn about the existence of aliens.

The scientists instead of changing where they are looking for potential alien life, are altering what exactly they are searching for.

A new theory has been proposed by a pair of astronomers on the basis of panspermia, according to which life can begin on one planet and then travel to another planet through meteorites.&nbsp;

The theory is based on "panspermia", which is a fringe theory that suggests all life forms can go from one planet to another by ‘hitching rides’ on meteors.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/alien-life-may-be-hiding-in-purple-hue-of-universe-scientists-712945">Alien life may be hiding in purple hue of universe: Scientists</a>

The latest research has been put forward by astronomers Harrison B. Smith and Lana Sinapayen and has not been peer-reviewed. This research suggests the possibility of panspermia, however, the implications are huge.

The theory of panspermia will help scientists narrow down their search for alien life. This is important as till now more than 5,000 exoplanets have been identified by NASA where there are chances of presence of life and looking at each individually will take years and years.&nbsp;

Scientists have till now not figured out in what form life may exist in the universe beyond Earth and if Earth is truly the only planet that supports life.&nbsp;

<h2>Aliens travelling on meteorites to make changes on other planets: Study</h2>

Similar to how the conditions on Earth have been altered by life on the planet and in the atmosphere of our planet, which includes adding more oxygen, the aliens are likely to have altered the properties of an exoplanet.&nbsp;

As per the researchers, if the aliens can travel as per panspermia, then they are likely to try to make similar changes on every planet they travel to.

Watch:&nbsp;Are researchers using the CERN particle accelerator to find aliens?

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/are-researchers-using-the-cern-particle-accelerator-to-find-aliens-709812/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

As per the new study, if alien life is searched in this way, it can mean that experts will be able to potentially find clusters of planets close to each other with similar characteristics and this can be an indicator of potential life.

This finding comes at a time when new research has emerged according to which bacteria filled with purple pigments are likely to be hosting extraterrestrial life.&nbsp;&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

The search for extraterrestrial life in our universe has spanned several years and theories. While we may have not found signs of life yet, that hasn't stopped human being's thirst to know if someone is out there.

The search for extraterrestrial life in our universe has spanned several years and theories. While we may have not found signs of life yet, that hasn't stopped human being's thirst to know if someone is out there. Scientists have been coming up with different ideas and theories to learn about the existence of aliens. The scientists instead of changing where they are looking for potential alien life, are altering what exactly they are searching for. A new theory has been proposed by a pair of astronomers on the basis of panspermia, according to which life can begin on one planet and then travel to another planet through meteorites. The theory is based on "panspermia", which is a fringe theory that suggests all life forms can go from one planet to another by ‘hitching rides’ on meteors. Also Read: Alien life may be hiding in purple hue of universe: Scientists The latest research has been put forward by astronomers Harrison B. Smith and Lana Sinapayen and has not been peer-reviewed. This research suggests the possibility of panspermia, however, the implications are huge. The theory of panspermia will help scientists narrow down their search for alien life. This is important as till now more than 5,000 exoplanets have been identified by NASA where there are chances of presence of life and looking at each individually will take years and years. Scientists have till now not figured out in what form life may exist in the universe beyond Earth and if Earth is truly the only planet that supports life. Aliens travelling on meteorites to make changes on other planets: Study Similar to how the conditions on Earth have been altered by life on the planet and in the atmosphere of our planet, which includes adding more oxygen, the aliens are likely to have altered the properties of an exoplanet. As per the researchers, if the aliens can travel as per panspermia, then they are likely to try to make similar changes on every planet they travel to. Watch: Are researchers using the CERN particle accelerator to find aliens? As per the new study, if alien life is searched in this way, it can mean that experts will be able to potentially find clusters of planets close to each other with similar characteristics and this can be an indicator of potential life. This finding comes at a time when new research has emerged according to which bacteria filled with purple pigments are likely to be hosting extraterrestrial life. (With inputs from agencies)

Aliens may be travelling from one planet to another via meteorites: Study

After years of the COVID-19 pandemic, people have underscored the importance of physical touch for human beings. When the lockdowns were lifted and the vaccines closed the gaps of social distancing we were reminded of the power of a simple hug. Now science has confirmed a hug is good for you as the study states that physical touch including hugs can significantly improve both your mental and physical health.

Study decodes the power of hugs, good for both physical and mental health

In a new study, it has been noted that organ transplants, which save people's lives, may also be altering their personalities in unexpected ways.

The paper titled “Personality Changes Associated with Organ Transplants”, which was published in the medical journal Transplantology in January discussed how various transplant recipients have seen major and long-lasting changes in their actions, thoughts and behaviour.

The investigation was carried out by researchers at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in the United States.&nbsp;

They looked into the fact that there were significant changes in the personality of a patient after an organ transplant.&nbsp;

The researchers also observed the types of changes recipients of heart transplants went through and if they were different from recipients of other organs.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/over-200-women-and-several-men-allege-doctor-of-sexual-abuse-unnecessary-examinations-in-lawsuit-709484">Over 200 women, several men accuse doctor in Boston of sexual abuse, unnecessary examinations in lawsuit</a>

<h2>How was the study&nbsp;carried out and what was found?</h2>

The study was carried out with 47 participants who filled out an online survey. Among the 47 people, 23 were heart recipients and 24 others were organ recipients.&nbsp;

In the study,&nbsp;89 per cent of all transplant recipients said that they went through personality changes after their transplant surgery.&nbsp;

They reported changes in preferences for food, music, art, professional pursuits, intimacy and leisure activities. Some people also wrote about experiencing “new” memories, enhanced cognitive capabilities, heightened social and sexual adaptability and more inclination towards spiritual or religious events.

These were the types of changes which were described as either neutral or beneficial, however, there were also reports of distressing changes like anxiety, delirium, depression, sexual dysfunction and psychosis.

Watch:&nbsp;South Korean President Yoon calls doctors for constructive dialogue

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/south-korean-president-yoon-calls-doctors-for-constructive-dialogue-706596/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

Many recipients also shared having “memories” which were not related to their personal experiences. Such memories generally involve sensory perceptions which were apparently related to their organ donor.

An example was highlighted by the paper: “A 56-year-old college professor received the heart of a 34-year-old police officer who tragically lost his life after he was fatally shot in the face."

“Following the transplant, the recipient reported a peculiar experience, stating, ‘A few weeks after I got my heart, I began to have dreams. I would see a flash of light right in my face, and my face gets real, real hot. It actually burns'," the paper read.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

In a new study, it has been noted that organ transplants, which save people's lives, may also be altering their personalities in unexpected ways. The paper titled “Personality Changes Associated with Organ Transplants”, which was published in the medical journal Transplantology in January discussed how various transplant recipients have seen major and long-lasting changes in their actions, thoughts and behaviour.

In a new study, it has been noted that organ transplants, which save people's lives, may also be altering their personalities in unexpected ways. The paper titled “Personality Changes Associated with Organ Transplants”, which was published in the medical journal Transplantology in January discussed how various transplant recipients have seen major and long-lasting changes in their actions, thoughts and behaviour. The investigation was carried out by researchers at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in the United States. They looked into the fact that there were significant changes in the personality of a patient after an organ transplant. The researchers also observed the types of changes recipients of heart transplants went through and if they were different from recipients of other organs. Also Read: Over 200 women, several men accuse doctor in Boston of sexual abuse, unnecessary examinations in lawsuit How was the study carried out and what was found? The study was carried out with 47 participants who filled out an online survey. Among the 47 people, 23 were heart recipients and 24 others were organ recipients. In the study, 89 per cent of all transplant recipients said that they went through personality changes after their transplant surgery. They reported changes in preferences for food, music, art, professional pursuits, intimacy and leisure activities. Some people also wrote about experiencing “new” memories, enhanced cognitive capabilities, heightened social and sexual adaptability and more inclination towards spiritual or religious events. These were the types of changes which were described as either neutral or beneficial, however, there were also reports of distressing changes like anxiety, delirium, depression, sexual dysfunction and psychosis. Watch: South Korean President Yoon calls doctors for constructive dialogue Many recipients also shared having “memories” which were not related to their personal experiences. Such memories generally involve sensory perceptions which were apparently related to their organ donor. An example was highlighted by the paper: “A 56-year-old college professor received the heart of a 34-year-old police officer who tragically lost his life after he was fatally shot in the face." “Following the transplant, the recipient reported a peculiar experience, stating, ‘A few weeks after I got my heart, I began to have dreams. I would see a flash of light right in my face, and my face gets real, real hot. It actually burns'," the paper read. (With inputs from agencies)

Humans may witness personality change after organ transplant: Study

Scientists, in a new study, have hinted that&nbsp;meteorites may soon disappear from the icy plains of Antarctica due to climate warming.&nbsp;

The Antarctic is a haven for meteorite hunters and is filled with meteorites in today's date. &nbsp;Every year, around 1,000 space rocks are found in the region and it is easy to spot their dark hue in the white expanse.

Field Museum of Natural History and the University of Chicago research scientist Maria Valdes has hinted that the scenario may not be so in the coming days.

“Antarctica, a desert of ice, provides an ideal background for meteorite recovery — go to the right place, and any rock you find must have fallen from the sky,” said Valdes.&nbsp;

In late 2022 and early 2023, she visited the region as part of an expedition team to complete her work at the museum’s Robert A. Pritzker Centre for Meteoritics and Polar Studies. Five meteorites were found by the international team in the expedition.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/snow-covered-antarctica-hosts-hundreds-of-volcanoes-scientists-say-their-chances-of-eruption-are-709420">Snow-covered Antarctica hosts hundreds of volcanoes. Scientists say their chances of eruption are...</a>

“We stumbled across an enormous brownstone sitting by itself in the middle of an ice field. It was a little bit smaller than a bowling ball and quite heavy — 7.6 kg (about 17 pounds),” Pritzker said via email.&nbsp;

“I had seen and handled so many meteorites in my career, but finding one yourself is such a different feeling," she added.

<h2>Nearly 5,000 meteorites may&nbsp;disappear every year: study</h2>

The meteorites, which are made part of extraterrestrial bodies such as the moon, Mars or large asteroids, speak in detail about the solar system and how it was formed.&nbsp;

However, the new study emphasises how this trove of scientific information is being threatened by the climate crisis.

Meteorites are getting lost in the melting ice which places them out of the reach of scientists.

“As the climate continues to warm, Antarctic rocks are sinking into the ice at an increasing rate. Over time, this will make many meteorites inaccessible to scientists,” said Valdes, who is not part of the latest research.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Scientists in Antarctica warn of Bird Flu outbreak as penguin cases confirmed

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/scientists-in-antarctica-warn-of-bird-flu-outbreak-as-penguin-cases-confirmed-708348/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

“We lose precious time capsules that hold clues to the history of our Solar System," he added.

As per the study published in the journal Nature Climate Change, as the Earth warms, nearly 5,000 meteorites may&nbsp;disappear from the surface of melting ice sheets every year.&nbsp;

To date, scientists have found more than 48,000 meteorites in Antarctica, which is 60 per cent of specimens found on the entire Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists, in a new study, have hinted that meteorites may soon disappear from the icy plains of Antarctica due to climate warming. The Antarctic is a haven for meteorite hunters and is filled with meteorites in today's date.

Scientists, in a new study, have hinted that meteorites may soon disappear from the icy plains of Antarctica due to climate warming. The Antarctic is a haven for meteorite hunters and is filled with meteorites in today's date. Every year, around 1,000 space rocks are found in the region and it is easy to spot their dark hue in the white expanse. Field Museum of Natural History and the University of Chicago research scientist Maria Valdes has hinted that the scenario may not be so in the coming days. “Antarctica, a desert of ice, provides an ideal background for meteorite recovery — go to the right place, and any rock you find must have fallen from the sky,” said Valdes. In late 2022 and early 2023, she visited the region as part of an expedition team to complete her work at the museum’s Robert A. Pritzker Centre for Meteoritics and Polar Studies. Five meteorites were found by the international team in the expedition. Also Read: Snow-covered Antarctica hosts hundreds of volcanoes. Scientists say their chances of eruption are... “We stumbled across an enormous brownstone sitting by itself in the middle of an ice field. It was a little bit smaller than a bowling ball and quite heavy — 7.6 kg (about 17 pounds),” Pritzker said via email. “I had seen and handled so many meteorites in my career, but finding one yourself is such a different feeling," she added. Nearly 5,000 meteorites may disappear every year: study The meteorites, which are made part of extraterrestrial bodies such as the moon, Mars or large asteroids, speak in detail about the solar system and how it was formed. However, the new study emphasises how this trove of scientific information is being threatened by the climate crisis. Meteorites are getting lost in the melting ice which places them out of the reach of scientists. “As the climate continues to warm, Antarctic rocks are sinking into the ice at an increasing rate. Over time, this will make many meteorites inaccessible to scientists,” said Valdes, who is not part of the latest research. Watch: Scientists in Antarctica warn of Bird Flu outbreak as penguin cases confirmed “We lose precious time capsules that hold clues to the history of our Solar System," he added. As per the study published in the journal Nature Climate Change, as the Earth warms, nearly 5,000 meteorites may disappear from the surface of melting ice sheets every year. To date, scientists have found more than 48,000 meteorites in Antarctica, which is 60 per cent of specimens found on the entire Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Meteorites, hiding in ice sheets of Antarctic, may disappear amid climate warming: study

A recent study has revealed a bizarre situation in which our Moon had once completely turned itself inside out.&nbsp;

A new paper was published by a team of scientists from the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory on the evolution of the lunar interior.

In the paper, they emphasised the ancient lunar interior's instability. The paper, which was published in the journal Nature Geoscience, spoke in detail about how the Moon had evolved in a chaotic manner.

In a press statement, study co-author and LPL associate professor Jeff Andrews-Hanna said, “Our moon literally turned itself inside out. But there has been little physical evidence to shed light on the exact sequence of events during this critical phase of lunar history, and there is a lot of disagreement in the details of what went down – literally.”

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/people-on-earth-will-soon-be-able-to-calculate-moon-standard-time-heres-how-707126">Earthlings will soon be able to calculate what time it is on the Moon. Here's how</a>

<h2>How was the Moon formed?</h2>

Scientists have estimated that the moon was formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago when a small planet smashed into Earth.&nbsp;

Because of the impact, the molten rock spread into space and slowly started orbiting around our planet. Through time, the rock solidified and formed our Moon.

In the lunar rock samples which were collected by the Apollo astronauts, new information has been provided about the ancient history of the Moon.&nbsp;

Later, in the satellite observations, it was found that the volcanic rocks were prominent on the nearside of the Moon.

A new model created by the researchers of the University of Arizona has explained why this is the case.

When the Moon was first formed, it was most likely covered by a global magma ocean. Once the molten rock cooled, it formed the mantle and the outer crust of the Moon.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;US government asks NASA to create time zones for the moon

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/us-government-asks-nasa-to-create-time-zones-for-the-moon-707340/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The computer models showed how the magma which was under the crust had crystallised into dense minerals, which included ilmenite and contained titanium and iron.

“Because these heavy minerals are denser than the mantle underneath, it creates a gravitational instability, and you would expect this layer to sink deeper into the moon’s interior,” explained Weigang Liang, who headed the research as part of his doctoral work at LPL.

Later, the dense material sank in the interior of the Moon and melted and mixed with the mantle. Eventually, it came back to the surface through the titanium-rich lava which flows visibly on the surface.

The scientists, in their research, found that the gravity field of the Moon can be used to map the distribution of remnants of ilmenite, which were formed after the dense material sank in the lunar mantle.

The observations made by NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) lunar satellite were used by the scientists.

“Our analyses show that the models and data are telling one remarkably consistent story. Ilmenite materials migrated to the near side and sunk into the interior in sheetlike cascades, leaving behind a vestige that causes anomalies in the moon’s gravity field, as seen by [NASA’s] GRAIL," Liang said,&nbsp;

On the basis of their research, the scientists have estimated that the ilmenite-rich layer may have sunk more than 4.22 billion years ago.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study has revealed a bizarre situation in which our Moon had once completely turned itself inside out. A new paper was published by a team of scientists from the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory on the evolution of the lunar interior.

A recent study has revealed a bizarre situation in which our Moon had once completely turned itself inside out. A new paper was published by a team of scientists from the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory on the evolution of the lunar interior. In the paper, they emphasised the ancient lunar interior's instability. The paper, which was published in the journal Nature Geoscience, spoke in detail about how the Moon had evolved in a chaotic manner. In a press statement, study co-author and LPL associate professor Jeff Andrews-Hanna said, “Our moon literally turned itself inside out. But there has been little physical evidence to shed light on the exact sequence of events during this critical phase of lunar history, and there is a lot of disagreement in the details of what went down – literally.” Also Read: Earthlings will soon be able to calculate what time it is on the Moon. Here's how How was the Moon formed? Scientists have estimated that the moon was formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago when a small planet smashed into Earth. Because of the impact, the molten rock spread into space and slowly started orbiting around our planet. Through time, the rock solidified and formed our Moon. In the lunar rock samples which were collected by the Apollo astronauts, new information has been provided about the ancient history of the Moon. Later, in the satellite observations, it was found that the volcanic rocks were prominent on the nearside of the Moon. A new model created by the researchers of the University of Arizona has explained why this is the case. When the Moon was first formed, it was most likely covered by a global magma ocean. Once the molten rock cooled, it formed the mantle and the outer crust of the Moon. Watch: US government asks NASA to create time zones for the moon The computer models showed how the magma which was under the crust had crystallised into dense minerals, which included ilmenite and contained titanium and iron. “Because these heavy minerals are denser than the mantle underneath, it creates a gravitational instability, and you would expect this layer to sink deeper into the moon’s interior,” explained Weigang Liang, who headed the research as part of his doctoral work at LPL. Later, the dense material sank in the interior of the Moon and melted and mixed with the mantle. Eventually, it came back to the surface through the titanium-rich lava which flows visibly on the surface. The scientists, in their research, found that the gravity field of the Moon can be used to map the distribution of remnants of ilmenite, which were formed after the dense material sank in the lunar mantle. The observations made by NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) lunar satellite were used by the scientists. “Our analyses show that the models and data are telling one remarkably consistent story. Ilmenite materials migrated to the near side and sunk into the interior in sheetlike cascades, leaving behind a vestige that causes anomalies in the moon’s gravity field, as seen by [NASA’s] GRAIL," Liang said, On the basis of their research, the scientists have estimated that the ilmenite-rich layer may have sunk more than 4.22 billion years ago. (With inputs from agencies)

Moon once 'literally turned itself inside out'. Scientists wonder 'how'

A staggering 80 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions is caused by only 57 oil, gas, coal, and cement producers.

As per a recent study, this powerful cohort of state-controlled corporations and shareholder-owned multinationals are the primary drivers of the ongoing climate crisis, according to the Carbon Majors Database, compiled by renowned researchers.

<h2>Commitments and reality</h2>

Despite global commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the analysis shows that most of these major producers increased their output of fossil fuels and related emissions in the seven years following the Paris Agreement, compared to the seven years prior.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/man-with-transplanted-pig-kidney-gets-discharged-from-hospital-in-rare-medical-case-707490">Man with transplanted pig kidney is discharged from hospital in rare medical case</a>

The database, which includes 122 of the world's largest historical climate polluters, highlights that 65 per cent of state entities and 55 per cent of private-sector companies scaled up their production during this period.

<h2>The biggest polluters</h2>

Leading the pack among investor-owned contributors to emissions was ExxonMobil, linked to 3.6 gigatonnes of CO2 over seven years, followed closely by Shell, BP, Chevron, and TotalEnergies, each associated with at least one per cent of global emissions.

Notably, the most significant surge in emissions was seen in state and state-owned producers, particularly in the Asian coal sector. This growth trend, which has continued, contradicts the International Energy Agency's warning that opening new oil and gas fields is incompatible with staying within safe global heating limits.

Richard Heede, who founded the Carbon Majors dataset, criticised companies for expanding fossil fuel exploration and production despite knowing for decades about the harm caused by their products.&nbsp;

"It is morally reprehensible for companies to continue expanding exploration and production of carbon fuels in the face of knowledge now for decades that their products are harmful," he said.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/explained-israeli-militarys-use-of-ai-lavender-to-generate-kill-lists-707558">Explained: Israeli military's use of AI tool 'Lavender' to generate kill lists</a>

He urged not to blame consumers "who have been forced to be reliant on oil and gas due to government capture by oil and gas companies."

The Carbon Majors' research has shifted the narrative on climate responsibility. For maybe the first time, it has attributed emissions to entities profiting from fossil fuel extraction rather than individual consumers.&nbsp;

The database compares long-term emissions trends dating back to 1854 with recent developments since the 2016 Paris Agreement.

The long-term analysis shows that Chinese state coal production accounts for the largest share (14 per cent) of historic global CO2 emissions, followed by the former Soviet Union and Saudi Aramco.

Next in the line-up are the major US companies: Chevron with a three per cent share and ExxonMobil with 2.8 per cent. They are trailed by Russia's Gazprom and the National Iranian Oil Company. Following closely behind are two European firms: BP and Shell, each with more than a two per cent share, and then Coal India.

Heede also pointed out that fossil fuel producers have a moral obligation to pay for the damages they have caused.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A staggering 80 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions is caused by only 57 oil, gas, coal, and cement producers. As per a recent study, this powerful cohort of state-controlled corporations and shareholder-owned multinationals are the primary drivers of the ongoing climate crisis, according to the Carbon Majors Database, compiled by renowned researchers.

A staggering 80 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions is caused by only 57 oil, gas, coal, and cement producers. As per a recent study, this powerful cohort of state-controlled corporations and shareholder-owned multinationals are the primary drivers of the ongoing climate crisis, according to the Carbon Majors Database, compiled by renowned researchers. Commitments and reality Despite global commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the analysis shows that most of these major producers increased their output of fossil fuels and related emissions in the seven years following the Paris Agreement, compared to the seven years prior. Also read | Man with transplanted pig kidney is discharged from hospital in rare medical case The database, which includes 122 of the world's largest historical climate polluters, highlights that 65 per cent of state entities and 55 per cent of private-sector companies scaled up their production during this period. The biggest polluters Leading the pack among investor-owned contributors to emissions was ExxonMobil, linked to 3.6 gigatonnes of CO2 over seven years, followed closely by Shell, BP, Chevron, and TotalEnergies, each associated with at least one per cent of global emissions. Notably, the most significant surge in emissions was seen in state and state-owned producers, particularly in the Asian coal sector. This growth trend, which has continued, contradicts the International Energy Agency's warning that opening new oil and gas fields is incompatible with staying within safe global heating limits. Richard Heede, who founded the Carbon Majors dataset, criticised companies for expanding fossil fuel exploration and production despite knowing for decades about the harm caused by their products. "It is morally reprehensible for companies to continue expanding exploration and production of carbon fuels in the face of knowledge now for decades that their products are harmful," he said. Also read | Explained: Israeli military's use of AI tool 'Lavender' to generate kill lists He urged not to blame consumers "who have been forced to be reliant on oil and gas due to government capture by oil and gas companies." The Carbon Majors' research has shifted the narrative on climate responsibility. For maybe the first time, it has attributed emissions to entities profiting from fossil fuel extraction rather than individual consumers. The database compares long-term emissions trends dating back to 1854 with recent developments since the 2016 Paris Agreement. The long-term analysis shows that Chinese state coal production accounts for the largest share (14 per cent) of historic global CO2 emissions, followed by the former Soviet Union and Saudi Aramco. Next in the line-up are the major US companies: Chevron with a three per cent share and ExxonMobil with 2.8 per cent. They are trailed by Russia's Gazprom and the National Iranian Oil Company. Following closely behind are two European firms: BP and Shell, each with more than a two per cent share, and then Coal India. Heede also pointed out that fossil fuel producers have a moral obligation to pay for the damages they have caused. (With inputs from agencies)

From Exxon to Gazprom: 57 corporations drive 80% of global emissions, finds study

Hand Sanitiser And Brain: From the days of the pandemic, when the fear of coronavirus gripped the minds of people, hand sanitisers became not only a necessity but a tool to fight the virus and save lives.&nbsp;

The sudden surge in the use and sale of hand sanitisers was evident and even though, today we are out of the pandemic era, the habit of frequently using hand sanitisers remains.

<h2>Hand Sanitiser And Brain</h2>

Now in a recent study, which was carried out on the basis of human cell cultures and mice, it was found that the chemicals present in common household disinfectants like furniture, textiles, disinfectants and glues are likely to damage the supporting cells present in the brain especially during important stages of the organ's development.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/human-brains-getting-larger-in-size-and-this-may-be-good-news-for-some-704458">Human brains getting larger in size, and this may be good news for some</a>

Ohio's Case Western Reserve University molecular biologist Erin Cohn and his colleagues looked into 1,823 compounds of unknown toxicity and discovered two types of chemicals which either killed or paused the maturation of cells known as oligodendrocytes under laboratory conditions.

Oligodendrocytes are a kind of neurological support cell. These cells wrap around the neurons to form an insulating covering which ensures that brain signals are moving at a speed.

<h2>What are the chemicals doing to brain cells?</h2>

The experts identified one of the two chemical classes as quaternary compounds, which are used in wipes, hand sanitisers, disinfectant spray and personal care products like toothpaste and mouthwash for killing bacteria and viruses. The users, while using these products, can ingest or inhale the chemicals.&nbsp;

The other chemical class identified was organophosphates. These chemicals, which serve as flame retardants, are commonly present in textiles, glues, and household items like electronics and furniture.

Humans can absorb the fat-soluble organophosphates through the skin which&nbsp;can then reach the brain.

Watch:&nbsp;Brain size steadily increased for people born after 1930s

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/brain-size-steadily-increased-for-people-born-after-1930s-704739/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

In the experiments carried out on mice, an oral dose of one of three quaternary compounds was given to them and days later they found detectable levels of those chemicals in the brain tissue.&nbsp;

It was also found that less numbers of oligodendrocytes were present in the brains of the animals after they were administered 10 daily doses of one type of quaternary compound known as cetylpyridinium chloride. This was administered during the brain development's key period.

"We found that oligodendrocytes – but not other brain cells – are surprisingly vulnerable to quaternary ammonium compounds and organophosphate flame retardants," said Cohn.

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Hand Sanitiser And Brain: From the days of the pandemic, when the fear of coronavirus gripped the minds of people, hand sanitisers became not only a necessity but a tool to fight the virus and save lives.

Hand Sanitiser And Brain: From the days of the pandemic, when the fear of coronavirus gripped the minds of people, hand sanitisers became not only a necessity but a tool to fight the virus and save lives. The sudden surge in the use and sale of hand sanitisers was evident and even though, today we are out of the pandemic era, the habit of frequently using hand sanitisers remains. Hand Sanitiser And Brain Now in a recent study, which was carried out on the basis of human cell cultures and mice, it was found that the chemicals present in common household disinfectants like furniture, textiles, disinfectants and glues are likely to damage the supporting cells present in the brain especially during important stages of the organ's development. Also Read: Human brains getting larger in size, and this may be good news for some Ohio's Case Western Reserve University molecular biologist Erin Cohn and his colleagues looked into 1,823 compounds of unknown toxicity and discovered two types of chemicals which either killed or paused the maturation of cells known as oligodendrocytes under laboratory conditions. Oligodendrocytes are a kind of neurological support cell. These cells wrap around the neurons to form an insulating covering which ensures that brain signals are moving at a speed. What are the chemicals doing to brain cells? The experts identified one of the two chemical classes as quaternary compounds, which are used in wipes, hand sanitisers, disinfectant spray and personal care products like toothpaste and mouthwash for killing bacteria and viruses. The users, while using these products, can ingest or inhale the chemicals. The other chemical class identified was organophosphates. These chemicals, which serve as flame retardants, are commonly present in textiles, glues, and household items like electronics and furniture. Humans can absorb the fat-soluble organophosphates through the skin which can then reach the brain. Watch: Brain size steadily increased for people born after 1930s In the experiments carried out on mice, an oral dose of one of three quaternary compounds was given to them and days later they found detectable levels of those chemicals in the brain tissue. It was also found that less numbers of oligodendrocytes were present in the brains of the animals after they were administered 10 daily doses of one type of quaternary compound known as cetylpyridinium chloride. This was administered during the brain development's key period. "We found that oligodendrocytes – but not other brain cells – are surprisingly vulnerable to quaternary ammonium compounds and organophosphate flame retardants," said Cohn. (With inputs from agencies)

Hand sanitisers may be damaging your brain cells, says study

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies.&nbsp;

Notably, supernovae are incredibly powerful and energetic explosions that occur at the end of a massive star's life cycle.

When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it can no longer support itself against its own gravitational collapse. This collapse triggers an event which results in a supernova.

With every cosmic burst, stars unleash torrents of energy. This could range from gamma rays to cosmic rays.

The explosions of massive stars are rare occurrences in the cosmos. However, when they do happen, they unravel a surprising display of energy.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/denisovans-dna-shows-connection-with-dragon-man-100000-years-ago-706225">Denisovans DNA shows connection with 'dragon man' 100,000 years ago</a>

With an estimated frequency of one supernova per 50 years, and considering the vast expanse of the universe containing about 100 billion galaxies, a supernova erupts somewhere in the universe approximately every hundredth of a second, a report said.&nbsp;

<h2>Gamma rays emitted during explosion of stars&nbsp;</h2>

These stellar explosions emit high-energy radiation in the form of gamma rays. These gamma rays are invisible to the human eye due to their extremely short wavelengths.

Due to their high energy, gamma rays can easily penetrate through most materials, including skin and tissue. This effect poses health risks to living organisms if exposure is prolonged or intense.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-identify-remains-of-george-washingtons-family-members-using-advanced-dna-technology-706203">Scientists identify remains of George Washington's family members using advanced DNA technology</a>

Although supernovae in our own Milky Way galaxy are infrequent, a handful have occurred close enough to Earth to be documented in historical records.

<section>
Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/solar-eclipse-canadas-niagara-declares-state-of-emergency-706169">Solar eclipse: Canada's Niagara declares state of emergency</a>

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For instance, in 185 AD, an unexpected star appeared in the sky. It was likely the result of a supernova event.
</section>

In a similar fashion, in 1006 AD, a brilliant star exploded. It was later identified as a supernova located 7,200 light years away.

Another occurrence was witnessed in 1054 AD&nbsp;when Chinese astronomers spotted a star visible even during daylight. It was the explosion of a supernova situated 6,500 light years from Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies.

Stars are seemingly constant and are the silent guardians of the universe, however, within their serene existence is their potential for catastrophic events that could ripple across galaxies. Notably, supernovae are incredibly powerful and energetic explosions that occur at the end of a massive star's life cycle. When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it can no longer support itself against its own gravitational collapse. This collapse triggers an event which results in a supernova. With every cosmic burst, stars unleash torrents of energy. This could range from gamma rays to cosmic rays. The explosions of massive stars are rare occurrences in the cosmos. However, when they do happen, they unravel a surprising display of energy. Also Read | Denisovans DNA shows connection with 'dragon man' 100,000 years ago With an estimated frequency of one supernova per 50 years, and considering the vast expanse of the universe containing about 100 billion galaxies, a supernova erupts somewhere in the universe approximately every hundredth of a second, a report said. Gamma rays emitted during explosion of stars These stellar explosions emit high-energy radiation in the form of gamma rays. These gamma rays are invisible to the human eye due to their extremely short wavelengths. Due to their high energy, gamma rays can easily penetrate through most materials, including skin and tissue. This effect poses health risks to living organisms if exposure is prolonged or intense. Also Read | Scientists identify remains of George Washington's family members using advanced DNA technology Although supernovae in our own Milky Way galaxy are infrequent, a handful have occurred close enough to Earth to be documented in historical records. Watch | Solar eclipse: Canada's Niagara declares state of emergency × For instance, in 185 AD, an unexpected star appeared in the sky. It was likely the result of a supernova event. In a similar fashion, in 1006 AD, a brilliant star exploded. It was later identified as a supernova located 7,200 light years away. Another occurrence was witnessed in 1054 AD when Chinese astronomers spotted a star visible even during daylight. It was the explosion of a supernova situated 6,500 light years from Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Are exploding stars cosmic hazards lurking in the universe?

Denisovans, a group of ancient humans, continue to intrigue researchers with their elusive presence. Now, as per a new research, traces of their DNA hint at their journey from the Tibetan plateau to regions as far-flung as the Philippines and Laos.

Not just this, this DNA could have had a connection to northern China over 100,000 years ago.&nbsp;Denisovans were an ancient human population that lived tens of thousands of years ago and were closely related to but distinct from both modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals.

They are known primarily through genetic evidence extracted from fossil remains found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia, Russia. Despite their genetic legacy in modern humans, their physical appearance has largely eluded discovery.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-identify-remains-of-george-washingtons-family-members-using-advanced-dna-technology-706203">Scientists identify remains of George Washington's family members using advanced DNA technology</a>

Recent findings pointed out a possible connection between Denisovans and a newly identified species, Homo longi, also known as "Dragon man."

These are characterised by distinctive features such as a broad nose and thick brow ridges. This breakthrough suggested a deeper understanding of Denisovan traits and their evolutionary lineage.

Evidence of Denisovan genes in Tibetan populations also highlighted their interbreeding with Homo sapiens which could have potentially influenced modern humans' ability to thrive at high altitudes.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/powerful-solar-flare-causes-deep-shortwave-radio-blackout-over-pacific-ocean-705985">Powerful solar flare causes ‘deep shortwave radio blackout over Pacific Ocean’</a>

Surprising discoveries, like a Denisovan jawbone in a Tibetan cave, further strengthen the link between Denisovans and Homo longi. This has now fuelled speculation about their shared ancestry.

“We now believe that the Denisovans were members of the Homo longi species,” Professor Xijun Ni from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing reportedly said.

“The latter is ­characterised by a broad nose, thick brow ridges over its eyes and large tooth sockets," he added.&nbsp;

<h2>Absence of Chinese fossils&nbsp;</h2>

However, challenges persist in unraveling Denisovan mysteries, including the absence of DNA in Chinese fossils.

Yet, innovative techniques like proteomics are now seem to be offering promising avenues for extracting information from ancient proteins.

<section>
Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/solar-eclipse-canadas-niagara-declares-state-of-emergency-706169">Solar eclipse: Canada's Niagara declares state of emergency</a>

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Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany reportedly said, “It was the first time a Denisovan fossil find had been made outside Siberia and that was very important."
</section>

“Equally intriguing was the fact that the jawbone has teeth that are similar to the teeth found in Homo longi. So I think the evidence suggests a link between the cranium and Denisovans," Kelso added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Denisovans, a group of ancient humans, continue to intrigue researchers with their elusive presence. Now, as per a new research, traces of their DNA hint at their journey from the Tibetan plateau to regions as far-flung as the Philippines and Laos.

Denisovans, a group of ancient humans, continue to intrigue researchers with their elusive presence. Now, as per a new research, traces of their DNA hint at their journey from the Tibetan plateau to regions as far-flung as the Philippines and Laos. Not just this, this DNA could have had a connection to northern China over 100,000 years ago. Denisovans were an ancient human population that lived tens of thousands of years ago and were closely related to but distinct from both modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals. They are known primarily through genetic evidence extracted from fossil remains found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia, Russia. Despite their genetic legacy in modern humans, their physical appearance has largely eluded discovery. Also Read | Scientists identify remains of George Washington's family members using advanced DNA technology Recent findings pointed out a possible connection between Denisovans and a newly identified species, Homo longi, also known as "Dragon man." These are characterised by distinctive features such as a broad nose and thick brow ridges. This breakthrough suggested a deeper understanding of Denisovan traits and their evolutionary lineage. Evidence of Denisovan genes in Tibetan populations also highlighted their interbreeding with Homo sapiens which could have potentially influenced modern humans' ability to thrive at high altitudes. Also Read | Powerful solar flare causes ‘deep shortwave radio blackout over Pacific Ocean’ Surprising discoveries, like a Denisovan jawbone in a Tibetan cave, further strengthen the link between Denisovans and Homo longi. This has now fuelled speculation about their shared ancestry. “We now believe that the Denisovans were members of the Homo longi species,” Professor Xijun Ni from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing reportedly said. “The latter is characterised by a broad nose, thick brow ridges over its eyes and large tooth sockets," he added. Absence of Chinese fossils However, challenges persist in unraveling Denisovan mysteries, including the absence of DNA in Chinese fossils. Yet, innovative techniques like proteomics are now seem to be offering promising avenues for extracting information from ancient proteins. Watch | Solar eclipse: Canada's Niagara declares state of emergency × Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany reportedly said, “It was the first time a Denisovan fossil find had been made outside Siberia and that was very important." “Equally intriguing was the fact that the jawbone has teeth that are similar to the teeth found in Homo longi. So I think the evidence suggests a link between the cranium and Denisovans," Kelso added. (With inputs from agencies)

Denisovans DNA shows connection with ‘dragon man’ 100,000 years ago

A groundbreaking study published in the journal Nature Communications has claimed that a mother’s dietary habits might be strongly linked to how her child&nbsp;looks. The study, published on Mar 26, claimed a mother’s diet could influence some features starting in the womb.

Researchers linked protein levels in the mother’s diet to gene activity, especially mTORC1 genes. The genes directly influence the “craniofacial shape of the embryos,” said the authors.

“We found that modulation of the level of protein in the maternal diet regulates mTORC1 activity, resulting in subtle but distinct changes in the craniofacial shape of the embryos,” the researchers explained.

<h2>Facial features of children linked to protein</h2>

The researchers found that high-protein diets in mothers led to stronger, sharper jawlines and bigger noses in children. On the other hand, a low protein diet led to slimmer, pointier features.

Simply put, a mother’s protein intake has a significant influence on the shape and size of the nose or jaw of their children.

<h2>Mother’s diet linked to the health of children</h2>

Previous studies have linked the mother’s diet to the health of newborn babies already. For example, the vegan diet of mothers has been linked to lower weight in children at the time of birth.

A study published earlier this year found that mothers who were obese were more likely to give birth to children facing heightened risk of metabolic conditions — such as fatty liver disease — later in life.

Another study revealed that mothers who ate excessive processed foods could pass on harmful chemicals to their fetuses.

<h2>How was the study conducted?</h2>

To conduct the study, scientists observed behaviours in pregnant mice and zebrafish.

Watch:&nbsp;New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller, says report

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Scientists took genetically manipulated animals and observed changes in their offspring by making changes in their nutrition levels.

<h2>Significance</h2>

The study suggests that maternal nutrition could have a long-lasting impact on offspring, which might help them evolve according to certain environmental conditions.

Also read:&nbsp;<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiD8uuzjJmFAxVknK8BHY8yCmQQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAE" href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-find-12000-year-old-preserved-human-brain-resisting-decomposition-702201" jsname="YKoRaf" ping="/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-find-12000-year-old-preserved-human-brain-resisting-decomposition-702201&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiD8uuzjJmFAxVknK8BHY8yCmQQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAE">Scientists find 12,000-year-old preserved human brains resisting decomposition</a>

“In summary, we have demonstrated here that the mTORC1 pathway modulates the embryonic shaping of craniofacial skeletal elements at the stage of chondrogenic condensations, with subsequent fine-tuning during intercalation of chondro-progenitors,” wrote the study authors.

“Furthermore, we provide evidence for an impact of maternal protein intake during pregnancy on the shaping of fetal craniofacial cartilage,” they added.

(With inputs from agencies)

A groundbreaking study published in the journal Nature Communications has claimed that a mother’s dietary habits might be strongly linked to how her child looks.

A groundbreaking study published in the journal Nature Communications has claimed that a mother’s dietary habits might be strongly linked to how her child looks. The study, published on Mar 26, claimed a mother’s diet could influence some features starting in the womb. Researchers linked protein levels in the mother’s diet to gene activity, especially mTORC1 genes. The genes directly influence the “craniofacial shape of the embryos,” said the authors. “We found that modulation of the level of protein in the maternal diet regulates mTORC1 activity, resulting in subtle but distinct changes in the craniofacial shape of the embryos,” the researchers explained. Facial features of children linked to protein The researchers found that high-protein diets in mothers led to stronger, sharper jawlines and bigger noses in children. On the other hand, a low protein diet led to slimmer, pointier features. Simply put, a mother’s protein intake has a significant influence on the shape and size of the nose or jaw of their children. Mother’s diet linked to the health of children Previous studies have linked the mother’s diet to the health of newborn babies already. For example, the vegan diet of mothers has been linked to lower weight in children at the time of birth. A study published earlier this year found that mothers who were obese were more likely to give birth to children facing heightened risk of metabolic conditions — such as fatty liver disease — later in life. Another study revealed that mothers who ate excessive processed foods could pass on harmful chemicals to their fetuses. How was the study conducted? To conduct the study, scientists observed behaviours in pregnant mice and zebrafish. Watch: New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller, says report × Scientists took genetically manipulated animals and observed changes in their offspring by making changes in their nutrition levels. Significance The study suggests that maternal nutrition could have a long-lasting impact on offspring, which might help them evolve according to certain environmental conditions. Also read: Scientists find 12,000-year-old preserved human brains resisting decomposition “In summary, we have demonstrated here that the mTORC1 pathway modulates the embryonic shaping of craniofacial skeletal elements at the stage of chondrogenic condensations, with subsequent fine-tuning during intercalation of chondro-progenitors,” wrote the study authors. “Furthermore, we provide evidence for an impact of maternal protein intake during pregnancy on the shaping of fetal craniofacial cartilage,” they added. (With inputs from agencies)

‘Long nose, sharp jaw line:’ Study finds mother’s diet directly impacts facial features of children in womb

The FDA-approved medicine sildenafil, which is administered for erectile dysfunction, can soon be part of the therapy to decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The researchers in the United States, have analysed medical insurance data and carried out a laboratory investigation of sildenafil's genetic and neurological effects. Sildenafil is a drug which is popularly sold under the brand name Viagra.&nbsp;

The researchers in the United States validated the potential of the medication in maintaining critical proteins in nerve cells from getting into a deadly mess.&nbsp;

Recent studies carried out have again and again shown that enzyme blockers known as phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are not only able to increase blood flow in the penis but can also prevent neurodegeneration which leads to dementia.

The potential of the enzyme blockers should not be surprising since the PDEs are known to remain involved in nerve signalling pathways which influence neuroplasticity.&nbsp;

Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/frequently-nose-picking-leading-cause-of-progressive-dementia-study-687765">Frequent nose-picking leading cause of progressive dementia: Study</a>

As per earlier investigations on animal models, the PDE inhibitor sildenafil decreases the excessive phosphorylation of 'tau' proteins in nerve cells which leads them to form toxic tangles and helps improve cognitive health and memory.

However, some studies were not able to register an effect on the population level at all. &nbsp;

And though, the drug&nbsp;does not have an effect on a neurological level, the mechanism involved in the process is still not fully understood.

<h2>Cell cultures of neurons used by researchers to study Viagra's effect&nbsp;</h2>

In the United States, the researchers used cell cultures of neurons, which were created using stem cells donated by patients with Alzheimer's, to sketch the metabolic and genetic activity behind the therapeutic effects of sildenafil.&nbsp;

After five days of treatment, significantly lower levels of tau proteins were produced by the laboratory-grown neurons in which phosphorus in high concentration was added, which confirmed sildenafil's potential to protect brain cells.

Watch:&nbsp;Celebrities who've been diagnosed with rare diseases &amp; more

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When the researchers went through the messages produced by the DNA of the cells, they found multiple changes in the expression of genes, many of which involved the communication breakdown between nerves, inflammation and guidance of nerve cell structures.

Even though additional studies will be required to understand how these subtle influences are involved in the pathology behind Alzheimer's, the researchers have understood that the main gene families affected by sildenafil gave a solid foundation for understanding why this works and why Alzheimer's is developed in some brains in the first place.

"After integrating this large amount of data computationally, it is rewarding to see sildenafil's effects in human neurons and real-world patient outcomes," said Cleveland Clinic biomedical informatician and co-first author Feixiong Cheng, reported Science Alert.

The FDA-approved medicine sildenafil, which is administered for erectile dysfunction, can soon be part of the therapy to decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The FDA-approved medicine sildenafil, which is administered for erectile dysfunction, can soon be part of the therapy to decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The researchers in the United States, have analysed medical insurance data and carried out a laboratory investigation of sildenafil's genetic and neurological effects. Sildenafil is a drug which is popularly sold under the brand name Viagra. The researchers in the United States validated the potential of the medication in maintaining critical proteins in nerve cells from getting into a deadly mess. Recent studies carried out have again and again shown that enzyme blockers known as phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are not only able to increase blood flow in the penis but can also prevent neurodegeneration which leads to dementia. The potential of the enzyme blockers should not be surprising since the PDEs are known to remain involved in nerve signalling pathways which influence neuroplasticity. Also Read: Frequent nose-picking leading cause of progressive dementia: Study As per earlier investigations on animal models, the PDE inhibitor sildenafil decreases the excessive phosphorylation of 'tau' proteins in nerve cells which leads them to form toxic tangles and helps improve cognitive health and memory. However, some studies were not able to register an effect on the population level at all. And though, the drug does not have an effect on a neurological level, the mechanism involved in the process is still not fully understood. Cell cultures of neurons used by researchers to study Viagra's effect In the United States, the researchers used cell cultures of neurons, which were created using stem cells donated by patients with Alzheimer's, to sketch the metabolic and genetic activity behind the therapeutic effects of sildenafil. After five days of treatment, significantly lower levels of tau proteins were produced by the laboratory-grown neurons in which phosphorus in high concentration was added, which confirmed sildenafil's potential to protect brain cells. Watch: Celebrities who've been diagnosed with rare diseases & more When the researchers went through the messages produced by the DNA of the cells, they found multiple changes in the expression of genes, many of which involved the communication breakdown between nerves, inflammation and guidance of nerve cell structures. Even though additional studies will be required to understand how these subtle influences are involved in the pathology behind Alzheimer's, the researchers have understood that the main gene families affected by sildenafil gave a solid foundation for understanding why this works and why Alzheimer's is developed in some brains in the first place. "After integrating this large amount of data computationally, it is rewarding to see sildenafil's effects in human neurons and real-world patient outcomes," said Cleveland Clinic biomedical informatician and co-first author Feixiong Cheng, reported Science Alert.

Viagra intake decreases Alzheimer’s risk by more than 50 per cent: Study

A silent battle is ongoing in the majestic Alps as climate change is relentlessly altering its landscape by threatening the very foundation of its ecosystems. New research from The University of Manchester is showing the impacts of reduced snow cover as mountain ranges worldwide are experiencing accelerated warming.

Alpine regions are experiencing more rapid temperature increases compared to lower elevations. Many alpine regions contain glaciers that are receding at an accelerated rate due to global warming. This not only affects the availability of freshwater resources but also impacts ecosystems and biodiversity that depend on glacial meltwater.

Driven by this warming, snow cover is dwindling, and the hardy dwarf-shrubs, like heather, are marching upwards, reshaping the delicate balance of life in the Alps.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/2000-quakes-rock-a-spot-on-canada-coast-cause-of-ocean-floor-ripping-apart-scientists-703096">2,000 quakes rock a spot on Canada coast, cause ocean floor to 'rip apart': scientists</a>

In alpine winters, snow allows soil microbes to remain active and store nutrients within their biomass. This facilitates the survival of plants amidst the cold conditions of the alpine environment.

"Declining winter snow cover is one of the most obvious and pronounced impacts of climate change in the Alps. Its effects on the functioning and biodiversity of alpine ecosystems are a major concern for people living in Alpine regions and beyond," Professor Michael Bahn from the University of Innsbruck reportedly explained.&nbsp;

The repercussions are dire. This vital ecosystem, which is thriving with the help of plants and soil microorganisms, is being thrown off-kilter. This is disrupting the delicate balance of nutrient transfers crucial for sustaining plant growth and biodiversity in these harsh environments.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/james-webb-space-telescope-to-soon-reveal-mysteries-of-auroras-on-uranus-saturn-703086">James Webb Space Telescope to soon reveal mysteries of auroras on Uranus, Saturn</a>

Meanwhile, the advance of dwarf shrubs are encroaching&nbsp;upon the traditional habitats of alpine flora further altering&nbsp;nutrient dynamics.

Watch | Vaping 'linked to cancer and damages body like smoking': News Study

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Published in the journal Global Change Biology, the findings emerged from a collaboration between scientists from The University of Manchester, the University of Innsbruck, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

(With inputs from agencies)

A silent battle is ongoing in the majestic Alps as climate change is relentlessly altering its landscape by threatening the very foundation of its ecosystems. New research from The University of Manchester is showing the impacts of reduced snow cover as mountain ranges worldwide are experiencing accelerated warming.

A silent battle is ongoing in the majestic Alps as climate change is relentlessly altering its landscape by threatening the very foundation of its ecosystems. New research from The University of Manchester is showing the impacts of reduced snow cover as mountain ranges worldwide are experiencing accelerated warming. Alpine regions are experiencing more rapid temperature increases compared to lower elevations. Many alpine regions contain glaciers that are receding at an accelerated rate due to global warming. This not only affects the availability of freshwater resources but also impacts ecosystems and biodiversity that depend on glacial meltwater. Driven by this warming, snow cover is dwindling, and the hardy dwarf-shrubs, like heather, are marching upwards, reshaping the delicate balance of life in the Alps. Also Read | 2,000 quakes rock a spot on Canada coast, cause ocean floor to 'rip apart': scientists In alpine winters, snow allows soil microbes to remain active and store nutrients within their biomass. This facilitates the survival of plants amidst the cold conditions of the alpine environment. "Declining winter snow cover is one of the most obvious and pronounced impacts of climate change in the Alps. Its effects on the functioning and biodiversity of alpine ecosystems are a major concern for people living in Alpine regions and beyond," Professor Michael Bahn from the University of Innsbruck reportedly explained. The repercussions are dire. This vital ecosystem, which is thriving with the help of plants and soil microorganisms, is being thrown off-kilter. This is disrupting the delicate balance of nutrient transfers crucial for sustaining plant growth and biodiversity in these harsh environments. Also Read | James Webb Space Telescope to soon reveal mysteries of auroras on Uranus, Saturn Meanwhile, the advance of dwarf shrubs are encroaching upon the traditional habitats of alpine flora further altering nutrient dynamics. Watch | Vaping 'linked to cancer and damages body like smoking': News Study × Published in the journal Global Change Biology, the findings emerged from a collaboration between scientists from The University of Manchester, the University of Innsbruck, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. (With inputs from agencies)

Alps grapples with climate change, know what snow retreat can lead to

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is poised to embark on an exploration of the dazzling light displays on two of our solar system's giants, Uranus and Saturn. Two teams of astronomers from the University of Leicester will be diving into the captivating phenomena known as the Northern and Southern Lights on Earth as they study auroras of both of these planets.&nbsp;

Auroras, also known as the Northern Lights (aurora borealis) and Southern Lights (aurora australis), are natural light displays that predominantly occur in polar regions, although they can sometimes be observed at lower latitudes during periods of heightened solar activity. These breathtaking phenomena typically manifest as colourful curtains, arcs, or waves of light dancing across the sky.

Henrik Melin from the University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy, who will lead the investigation on Uranus, expressed his excitement, stating, "I am thrilled to have been awarded time on this remarkable observatory, and this data will fundamentally shape our understanding of both Saturn and Uranus.”

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/women-using-weight-loss-drugs-experiencing-increased-fertility-experts-tell-why-703028">Women using weight loss drugs experiencing increased fertility, experts tell why</a>

A recent discovery confirmed infrared auroras around Uranus, sparking questions about its unusually high temperature.

Emma Thomas, a Ph.D. student at the University of Leicester, pondered, "The temperature of all the gas giant planets, including Uranus, are hundreds of degrees Kelvin/Celsius above what models predict if only warmed by the sun, leaving us with the big question of how these planets are so much hotter than expected."

"One theory suggests the energetic aurora is the cause of this, which generates and pushes heat from the aurora down towards the magnetic equator," she added.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-call-to-protect-radio-silence-on-moons-far-side-amid-growing-scientific-interest-in-the-region-703006">Astronomers call to protect radio silence on Moon's far side amid growing scientific interest in the region</a>

The JWST study of Uranus will commence in early 2025 and will capture images over a single day to map auroral emissions across its magnetic field. The investigation will aim to uncover the sources of charged particles responsible for Uranus' auroras.

Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/indian-mans-mission-to-rejuvenate-water-bodies-703063">Indian man's mission to rejuvenate water bodies</a>

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Simultaneously, the JWST will focus on Saturn's northern auroral region, led by scientist Luke Moore from Boston University. By monitoring Saturn's atmospheric energies, the team will unveil the origins of its mesmerising light displays. Both studies will employ the JWST's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) instrument to get insights into these celestial phenomena.

Thomas said, “A majority of exoplanets discovered so far fall in the sub-Neptune category and hence are physically similar to Neptune and Uranus in size. This may also mean similar magnetic and atmospheric characteristics too."

"By analysing Uranus's aurora, which directly connects to both the planet's magnetic field and atmosphere, we can make predictions about the atmospheres and magnetic fields of these worlds and hence their suitability for life," she added.

(With inputs from agencies)

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is poised to embark on an exploration of the dazzling light displays on two of our solar system's giants, Uranus and Saturn.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is poised to embark on an exploration of the dazzling light displays on two of our solar system's giants, Uranus and Saturn. Two teams of astronomers from the University of Leicester will be diving into the captivating phenomena known as the Northern and Southern Lights on Earth as they study auroras of both of these planets. Auroras, also known as the Northern Lights (aurora borealis) and Southern Lights (aurora australis), are natural light displays that predominantly occur in polar regions, although they can sometimes be observed at lower latitudes during periods of heightened solar activity. These breathtaking phenomena typically manifest as colourful curtains, arcs, or waves of light dancing across the sky. Henrik Melin from the University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy, who will lead the investigation on Uranus, expressed his excitement, stating, "I am thrilled to have been awarded time on this remarkable observatory, and this data will fundamentally shape our understanding of both Saturn and Uranus.” Also Read | Women using weight loss drugs experiencing increased fertility, experts tell why A recent discovery confirmed infrared auroras around Uranus, sparking questions about its unusually high temperature. Emma Thomas, a Ph.D. student at the University of Leicester, pondered, "The temperature of all the gas giant planets, including Uranus, are hundreds of degrees Kelvin/Celsius above what models predict if only warmed by the sun, leaving us with the big question of how these planets are so much hotter than expected." "One theory suggests the energetic aurora is the cause of this, which generates and pushes heat from the aurora down towards the magnetic equator," she added. Also Read | Astronomers call to protect radio silence on Moon's far side amid growing scientific interest in the region The JWST study of Uranus will commence in early 2025 and will capture images over a single day to map auroral emissions across its magnetic field. The investigation will aim to uncover the sources of charged particles responsible for Uranus' auroras. Watch | Indian man's mission to rejuvenate water bodies × Simultaneously, the JWST will focus on Saturn's northern auroral region, led by scientist Luke Moore from Boston University. By monitoring Saturn's atmospheric energies, the team will unveil the origins of its mesmerising light displays. Both studies will employ the JWST's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) instrument to get insights into these celestial phenomena. Thomas said, “A majority of exoplanets discovered so far fall in the sub-Neptune category and hence are physically similar to Neptune and Uranus in size. This may also mean similar magnetic and atmospheric characteristics too." "By analysing Uranus's aurora, which directly connects to both the planet's magnetic field and atmosphere, we can make predictions about the atmospheres and magnetic fields of these worlds and hence their suitability for life," she added. (With inputs from agencies)

James Webb Space Telescope to soon reveal mysteries of auroras on Uranus, Saturn

Scientists have achieved a big milestone in the quest to address insulin shortages for diabetes patients. By genetically modifying a brown bovine cow in Brazil, researchers were able to extract human insulin and its precursor, proinsulin, directly from the cow's milk, as per a groundbreaking study published in Biotechnology Journal, reports said.&nbsp;

The process involved somatic cell nuclear transfer to create specialised embryos, which were then implanted into cows.

Although only one transgenic cow was successfully produced, the results were promising. Analysis of the milk revealed the presence of both proinsulin and insulin, indicating the viability of this method for insulin production.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/global-decline-in-fertility-rates-to-create-a-demographically-divided-world-study-702719">Global decline in fertility rates to create a ‘demographically divided world’: Study</a>

However, the study faced some limitations. Dr. Splenser, an endocrinologist with Memorial Hermann in Houston, reportedly highlighted concerns regarding the need for hormonal stimulation to induce lactation in transgenic cows.&nbsp;

“The researchers had to hormonally stimulate the cows to lactate, which led to small amounts of insulin-containing milk being produced. Although the authors did identify signs of proinsulin and insulin in the cow’s milk using western blotting and mass spectroscopy, they did not prove if the insulin produced in the cows was actually physiologically active in-vitro or in-vivo,” Dr. Splenser said.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/pregnant-women-working-in-extreme-heat-are-more-prone-to-miscarriage-and-stillbirth-new-study-suggests-702667">Pregnant women working in extreme heat are more prone to miscarriage and stillbirth, says new study</a>

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While this breakthrough offers hope for addressing insulin shortages, ethical considerations surrounding the use of genetically modified animals must be carefully evaluated, reports said.

Biotechnology&nbsp;Professor at Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Dr. Wheeler, pointed out at the need for further research to asses the process.&nbsp;
</section>

“One day we may be able to use milk as a source of critical medical proteins for human patients and maybe even develop a way to get insulin to diabetic patients without injections. However, that is a number of years away. This is a proof of concept study that was published. We need to produce more animals and determine the amount of insulin they can produce and the effectiveness of that insulin for treating diabetes," Dr Wheeler added.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have achieved a big milestone in the quest to address insulin shortages for diabetes patients. By genetically modifying a brown bovine cow in Brazil, researchers were able to extract human insulin and its precursor, proinsulin, directly from the cow's milk, as per a groundbreaking study published in Biotechnology Journal, reports said.

Scientists have achieved a big milestone in the quest to address insulin shortages for diabetes patients. By genetically modifying a brown bovine cow in Brazil, researchers were able to extract human insulin and its precursor, proinsulin, directly from the cow's milk, as per a groundbreaking study published in Biotechnology Journal, reports said. The process involved somatic cell nuclear transfer to create specialised embryos, which were then implanted into cows. Although only one transgenic cow was successfully produced, the results were promising. Analysis of the milk revealed the presence of both proinsulin and insulin, indicating the viability of this method for insulin production. Also Read | Global decline in fertility rates to create a ‘demographically divided world’: Study However, the study faced some limitations. Dr. Splenser, an endocrinologist with Memorial Hermann in Houston, reportedly highlighted concerns regarding the need for hormonal stimulation to induce lactation in transgenic cows. “The researchers had to hormonally stimulate the cows to lactate, which led to small amounts of insulin-containing milk being produced. Although the authors did identify signs of proinsulin and insulin in the cow’s milk using western blotting and mass spectroscopy, they did not prove if the insulin produced in the cows was actually physiologically active in-vitro or in-vivo,” Dr. Splenser said. Also Read | Pregnant women working in extreme heat are more prone to miscarriage and stillbirth, says new study Watch | Chile water crisis | Catalonia Drought | Copacabana's youngest beach cleaner × While this breakthrough offers hope for addressing insulin shortages, ethical considerations surrounding the use of genetically modified animals must be carefully evaluated, reports said. Biotechnology Professor at Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Dr. Wheeler, pointed out at the need for further research to asses the process. “One day we may be able to use milk as a source of critical medical proteins for human patients and maybe even develop a way to get insulin to diabetic patients without injections. However, that is a number of years away. This is a proof of concept study that was published. We need to produce more animals and determine the amount of insulin they can produce and the effectiveness of that insulin for treating diabetes," Dr Wheeler added. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists genetically modify cow to solve insulin shortages for diabetes patients

A recent study has unveiled a potential correlation between hypermobility and long COVID-19. Hypermobility refers to the ability of a joint to move beyond its normal range of motion. This can be due to various factors including genetics, joint structure, and laxity of ligaments and tendons.

The study is also providing potential links to increased fatigue in addition to long COVID. Long Covid has a range of symptoms that persist for weeks or months after the acute phase of Covid illness has resolved.

These symptoms can affect various organs and systems in the body and can vary widely among individuals.

Common symptoms of long COVID include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, joint pain, and cognitive difficulties often referred to as "brain fog." Other symptoms may include heart palpitations, headaches, muscle pain, and sleep disturbances.

Led by Dr. Jessica Eccles from Brighton and Sussex Medical School, in collaboration with researchers from King’s College London, the study explored individuals with hypermobile joints.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-claim-they-successfully-eliminated-hiv-from-infected-cells-702225">Scientists claim they successfully eliminated HIV from infected cells</a>

Dr. Eccles and her team delved into data from over 3,000 participants in the Covid symptom study and examined the presence of hypermobile joints, recovery status from COVID-19, and persistent fatigue.

Published in BMJ Public Health, their findings revealed that individuals with hypermobile joints were approximately 30 percent more likely to report incomplete recovery from COVID-19 and were significantly more affected by fatigue.

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Although the study didn't establish a strong relationship, Dr. Eccles proposed plausible mechanisms linking hypermobility to symptoms like fatigue, postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), and&nbsp;brain fog.&nbsp;

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Dr. Eccles pointed out “It may be that some of these abnormalities were always there, but Covid unmasked them in a vulnerable person."

Understanding this link could pave the way for tailored treatments, including strategies to support core muscles, which might alleviate symptoms across various conditions associated with hypermobility, as per&nbsp;Eccles.&nbsp;“What this work suggests is that there may be a subgroup of people with long Covid who are more likely to be hypermobile,” she added.

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study has unveiled a potential correlation between hypermobility and long COVID-19. Hypermobility refers to the ability of a joint to move beyond its normal range of motion.

A recent study has unveiled a potential correlation between hypermobility and long COVID-19. Hypermobility refers to the ability of a joint to move beyond its normal range of motion. This can be due to various factors including genetics, joint structure, and laxity of ligaments and tendons. The study is also providing potential links to increased fatigue in addition to long COVID. Long Covid has a range of symptoms that persist for weeks or months after the acute phase of Covid illness has resolved. These symptoms can affect various organs and systems in the body and can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms of long COVID include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, joint pain, and cognitive difficulties often referred to as "brain fog." Other symptoms may include heart palpitations, headaches, muscle pain, and sleep disturbances. Led by Dr. Jessica Eccles from Brighton and Sussex Medical School, in collaboration with researchers from King’s College London, the study explored individuals with hypermobile joints. Also Read | Scientists claim they successfully eliminated HIV from infected cells Dr. Eccles and her team delved into data from over 3,000 participants in the Covid symptom study and examined the presence of hypermobile joints, recovery status from COVID-19, and persistent fatigue. Published in BMJ Public Health, their findings revealed that individuals with hypermobile joints were approximately 30 percent more likely to report incomplete recovery from COVID-19 and were significantly more affected by fatigue. Also Read | Scientists find 12,000-year-old preserved human brains resisting decomposition Although the study didn't establish a strong relationship, Dr. Eccles proposed plausible mechanisms linking hypermobility to symptoms like fatigue, postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), and brain fog. Watch | Bengaluru Water Crisis: Will Bengaluru property rates plummet? × Dr. Eccles pointed out “It may be that some of these abnormalities were always there, but Covid unmasked them in a vulnerable person." Understanding this link could pave the way for tailored treatments, including strategies to support core muscles, which might alleviate symptoms across various conditions associated with hypermobility, as per Eccles. “What this work suggests is that there may be a subgroup of people with long Covid who are more likely to be hypermobile,” she added. (With inputs from agencies)

Is there a role of hypermobility in long Covid, fatigue? Study says this ...

People who vape suffer similar changes to their DNA as smokers who develop cancer, researchers have revealed. Watch to know more.

A UK study finds vaping a health risk

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago.&nbsp;

<h2>About the newly identified aetosaurs</h2>

Aetosaurs, according to the study published in The Anatomical Record, came in various shapes and sizes. Today, their fossils are found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia.

The newly identified aetosaur species – likely omnivorous ancestors of the carnivore modern crocodiles – is named Garzapelta muelleri by the researchers.&nbsp;

The name “Garza” comes from Garza County in northwest Texas, where the fossil was found, and “pelta” is Latin for shield, while the species name “muelleri” honours the palaeontologist who originally discovered it, Bill Mueller.

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The study published, earlier this year, centres around the suit of armour – called a carapace. Scientists typically use bony plates – also known as osteoderms – that make up aetosaur armour to identify the different species but typically don’t find many fossil skeletons to work with. &nbsp;

However, in this case, the scientists found 70 per cent of the fossil which covered each major region of the body.&nbsp;

“We have elements from the back of the neck and shoulder region all the way to the tip of the tail,” said William Reyes a doctoral student at the UT’s Jackson School of Geoscience who led the research, in a statement.&nbsp;

The Garzapelta lived around 215 million years ago and had a lot more armour. “Take a crocodile from modern day, and turn it into an armadillo,” Reyes said.&nbsp;

<h2>What did the researchers find?</h2>

The osteoderms would be embedded directly into the skin and fitted together like a mosaic. However, their bony exterior was not the only protection they had against predators as Garzapelta’s sides were flanked by curved spikes.&nbsp;

The researchers noted that spikes on Garzapelta were not unique and similar ones were found on another aetosaur species but surprisingly the two were only distantly related.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ancient-humans-were-on-brink-of-climate-extinction-900000-years-ago-studies-reveal-how-they-escaped-701655">Climate change reduced ancient humans to mere 1,300 people some 900,000 years ago</a>

According to Reyes, there are a number of distinct features that marked Garzapelta as a new species from how the plates fit together to unique bumps and ridges on the bones.&nbsp;

However, it was only after the researchers determined that the spikes evolved independently that they were able to ascertain that Garzapelta would best fit among other aetosaur species.&nbsp;

Notably, the fossil had been sitting on a shelf for around 30 years or so before Reyes encountered it during a visit to the Texas Tech University fossil collections.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies) 
&nbsp;

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago.

A new study led by researchers at the University of Texas, Austin recently identified aetosaurs, a heavily armoured cousin of modern crocodiles who walked the Earth before dinosaurs did before going extinct around 200 million years ago. About the newly identified aetosaurs Aetosaurs, according to the study published in The Anatomical Record, came in various shapes and sizes. Today, their fossils are found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia. The newly identified aetosaur species – likely omnivorous ancestors of the carnivore modern crocodiles – is named Garzapelta muelleri by the researchers. The name “Garza” comes from Garza County in northwest Texas, where the fossil was found, and “pelta” is Latin for shield, while the species name “muelleri” honours the palaeontologist who originally discovered it, Bill Mueller. Also Read | Scientists debate over origin of 'alien' debris after startling claim The study published, earlier this year, centres around the suit of armour – called a carapace. Scientists typically use bony plates – also known as osteoderms – that make up aetosaur armour to identify the different species but typically don’t find many fossil skeletons to work with. However, in this case, the scientists found 70 per cent of the fossil which covered each major region of the body. “We have elements from the back of the neck and shoulder region all the way to the tip of the tail,” said William Reyes a doctoral student at the UT’s Jackson School of Geoscience who led the research, in a statement. The Garzapelta lived around 215 million years ago and had a lot more armour. “Take a crocodile from modern day, and turn it into an armadillo,” Reyes said. What did the researchers find? The osteoderms would be embedded directly into the skin and fitted together like a mosaic. However, their bony exterior was not the only protection they had against predators as Garzapelta’s sides were flanked by curved spikes. The researchers noted that spikes on Garzapelta were not unique and similar ones were found on another aetosaur species but surprisingly the two were only distantly related. Also Read | Climate change reduced ancient humans to mere 1,300 people some 900,000 years ago According to Reyes, there are a number of distinct features that marked Garzapelta as a new species from how the plates fit together to unique bumps and ridges on the bones. However, it was only after the researchers determined that the spikes evolved independently that they were able to ascertain that Garzapelta would best fit among other aetosaur species. Notably, the fossil had been sitting on a shelf for around 30 years or so before Reyes encountered it during a visit to the Texas Tech University fossil collections. (With inputs from agencies)

Newly identified ‘heavily armoured’ crocodile ancestor walked the Earth before dinosaurs

Jupiter's moon Io was observed in 1979 in detail for the first time during NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions.

These spacecraft provided the first close-up images and scientific data of Io and the other Galilean moons. The Voyager missions revealed Io's intense volcanic activity, with plumes of volcanic material erupting above its surface.

These discoveries revolutionised our understanding of Io and solidified its reputation as one of the most geologically active bodies in the solar system.

Reflecting on that moment, a scientist with NASA's Voyager mission&nbsp;Alan Cummings reportedly recalled, "I thought the Caltech students had pulled a prank. But no, it was real."&nbsp;

"It gives me chills, even just now."

Caltech is known for its groundbreaking research across various disciplines.

The university manages the NASA&nbsp;Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).&nbsp;

Despite initial plans for a two-planet exploration, the Voyager spacecraft surpassed expectations, enduring for nearly half a century and traveling billions of miles away from Earth and into the area between stars - interstellar space.

Cummings said, "These are the only spacecraft that have been there."

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/subduction-zone-stirring-beneath-gibraltar-strait-research-warns-it-may-invade-atlantic-ocean-700928">Subduction zone stirring beneath Gibraltar Strait, research warns it may ‘invade’ Atlantic ocean</a>

However, recent technical challenges, including a persistent issue with Voyager 1's flight data system, have raised concerns among space enthusiasts.

The Voyager missions not only unveiled unprecedented views of Jupiter, its tumultuous atmosphere, and its intriguing moons but many other intriguing images as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/passive-smoking-exposure-nearly-doubles-stroke-risk-new-study-says-700823">Passive smoking exposure nearly doubles stroke risk, new study says</a>

Beyond Jupiter, the spacecraft ventured to Saturn, revealing intricate details of its rings and discovering intriguing moons like Titan. There are upcoming missions such as Dragonfly, set to explore Titan's&nbsp;surface.

Subsequent encounters with Uranus and Neptune also unveiled the peculiarities of their moons, including Miranda's striking resemblance to the Death Star and Triton's icy geysers amidst frigid temperatures.

<section>
Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/chicago-river-dyed-green-to-celebrate-st-patricks-day-701048">Chicago River dyed green to celebrate St Patrick's Day</a>

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Despite challenges and dwindling resources, the Voyager craft continue their interstellar journey, providing invaluable data on the cosmos beyond our solar system. As Linda Spilker, Voyager’s project scientist, said, "The science data that the Voyagers are returning gets more valuable the farther away from the Sun they go.&nbsp;So we are definitely interested in keeping as many science instruments operating as long as possible."&nbsp;
</section>

(With inputs from agencies)

Jupiter's moon Io was observed in 1979 in detail for the first time during NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions. These spacecraft provided the first close-up images and scientific data of Io and the other Galilean moons.

Jupiter's moon Io was observed in 1979 in detail for the first time during NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions. These spacecraft provided the first close-up images and scientific data of Io and the other Galilean moons. The Voyager missions revealed Io's intense volcanic activity, with plumes of volcanic material erupting above its surface. These discoveries revolutionised our understanding of Io and solidified its reputation as one of the most geologically active bodies in the solar system. Reflecting on that moment, a scientist with NASA's Voyager mission Alan Cummings reportedly recalled, "I thought the Caltech students had pulled a prank. But no, it was real." "It gives me chills, even just now." Caltech is known for its groundbreaking research across various disciplines. The university manages the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Despite initial plans for a two-planet exploration, the Voyager spacecraft surpassed expectations, enduring for nearly half a century and traveling billions of miles away from Earth and into the area between stars - interstellar space. Cummings said, "These are the only spacecraft that have been there." Also Read | Subduction zone stirring beneath Gibraltar Strait, research warns it may ‘invade’ Atlantic ocean However, recent technical challenges, including a persistent issue with Voyager 1's flight data system, have raised concerns among space enthusiasts. The Voyager missions not only unveiled unprecedented views of Jupiter, its tumultuous atmosphere, and its intriguing moons but many other intriguing images as well. Also Read | Passive smoking exposure nearly doubles stroke risk, new study says Beyond Jupiter, the spacecraft ventured to Saturn, revealing intricate details of its rings and discovering intriguing moons like Titan. There are upcoming missions such as Dragonfly, set to explore Titan's surface. Subsequent encounters with Uranus and Neptune also unveiled the peculiarities of their moons, including Miranda's striking resemblance to the Death Star and Triton's icy geysers amidst frigid temperatures. Watch | Chicago River dyed green to celebrate St Patrick's Day × Despite challenges and dwindling resources, the Voyager craft continue their interstellar journey, providing invaluable data on the cosmos beyond our solar system. As Linda Spilker, Voyager’s project scientist, said, "The science data that the Voyagers are returning gets more valuable the farther away from the Sun they go. So we are definitely interested in keeping as many science instruments operating as long as possible." (With inputs from agencies)

‘It gives me chills’: Voyager mission’s first images of Io reveal volcanic fury

A recent study published in&nbsp;The Lancet Regional Health, Southeast Asia has shed light on the mortality rates among patients undergoing dialysis for chronic kidney disease in India.

The study, the largest of its kind in India, offered insights into dialysis outcomes after analysing data from 23,601 patients. It found a 71 percent survival rate after six months of dialysis treatment.

Survival rates varied widely between centres, ranging from 55 percent to 100 percent. However, after accounting for centre and patient characteristics, the range narrowed to between 83 percent and 97 percent.

According to these findings, almost three out of every ten patients succumb within a year of starting dialysis treatment. If one is to draw a comparison, it is twice the mortality rate seen in high-income countries, reports citing the study pointed out.&nbsp;

The nationwide assessment, involving 193 private dialysis clinics, discovered that survival rates at six months varied between 83 percent and 97 percent. Rural clinics showed a mortality rate of about 32 per cent higher compared to urban clinics.

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Dr. Vivekanand Jha, the executive director at The George Institute for Global Health in New Delhi and one of the study's authors said,&nbsp;“Access to dialysis has no doubt increased in India over the years but there is no national benchmark yet for survival on dialysis." He added, “We need research to understand better which patients are likely to have bad outcomes."&nbsp;

The analysis of over 23,600 patient records revealed lower mortality rates among those with higher education and household incomes, as well as patients receiving free dialysis compared to those who had to pay out of their pocket.

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Socio-economic factors also&nbsp;play a role, as patients who had to cover the cost of dialysis might have struggled to afford complementary medical management and medications, potentially leading to higher mortality rates.

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“We’re urging the government to consider extending the coverage to include support for the prevention of kidney disease and improved long-term management of major complications associated with dialysis such as cardiovascular disease and mineral bone disease,” Jha said.

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study published in The Lancet Regional Health, Southeast Asia has shed light on the mortality rates among patients undergoing dialysis for chronic kidney disease in India.

A recent study published in The Lancet Regional Health, Southeast Asia has shed light on the mortality rates among patients undergoing dialysis for chronic kidney disease in India. The study, the largest of its kind in India, offered insights into dialysis outcomes after analysing data from 23,601 patients. It found a 71 percent survival rate after six months of dialysis treatment. Survival rates varied widely between centres, ranging from 55 percent to 100 percent. However, after accounting for centre and patient characteristics, the range narrowed to between 83 percent and 97 percent. According to these findings, almost three out of every ten patients succumb within a year of starting dialysis treatment. If one is to draw a comparison, it is twice the mortality rate seen in high-income countries, reports citing the study pointed out. The nationwide assessment, involving 193 private dialysis clinics, discovered that survival rates at six months varied between 83 percent and 97 percent. Rural clinics showed a mortality rate of about 32 per cent higher compared to urban clinics. Also Read | Neurological disorders skyrocketing globally, study reveals shocking data Dr. Vivekanand Jha, the executive director at The George Institute for Global Health in New Delhi and one of the study's authors said, “Access to dialysis has no doubt increased in India over the years but there is no national benchmark yet for survival on dialysis." He added, “We need research to understand better which patients are likely to have bad outcomes." The analysis of over 23,600 patient records revealed lower mortality rates among those with higher education and household incomes, as well as patients receiving free dialysis compared to those who had to pay out of their pocket. Also Read | Scientists debate over origin of 'alien' debris after startling claim Socio-economic factors also play a role, as patients who had to cover the cost of dialysis might have struggled to afford complementary medical management and medications, potentially leading to higher mortality rates. Watch | World sleep day 2024: Survey finds 61% of Indians getting less than 6 hours of sleep × “We’re urging the government to consider extending the coverage to include support for the prevention of kidney disease and improved long-term management of major complications associated with dialysis such as cardiovascular disease and mineral bone disease,” Jha said. (With inputs from agencies)

India: Survival rate in patients at 71 percent after 6 months of receiving dialysis, reveals study

A sweet spot in animals like cheetahs, who can run fast, explains how they can reach such high speeds, a study revealed. According to a study published in the journal Nature Communications, animals that can run fast tend to be medium in size.

A sweet spot in animals like cheetahs, who can run fast, explains how they can reach such high speeds, a study revealed. According to a study published in the journal Nature Communications, animals that can run fast tend to be medium in size. Lead author Dr David Labonte of the Imperial College London's Department of Bioengineering said, "The fastest animals are neither large elephants nor tiny ants, but intermediately sized, like cheetahs. Why does running speed break with the regular patterns that govern most other aspects of animal anatomy and performance?" The international research team developed a model to demonstrate how animal muscles move when on land and then assessed the constraints in how fast they can run. The study suggested there are two limits to how fast animals can run. They are how fast and by how far their muscles can contract. Moreover, what limit they meet first determines their maximum running speed. An animal's overall size determines this limit. ALSO READ | Major breakthrough! Giant volcano found on Mars with glacier ice beneath it. What could it mean for humans? The first limit is the "kinetic energy capacity limit," which determines how smaller animals have muscles that are restrained by how quickly they contract. The second is "work capacity limit," which means how larger animals are restrained by how far their muscles contract. Co-author Professor Christofer Clemente, from the University of the Sunshine Coast and the University of Queensland, said, "Animals about the size of a cheetah exist in a physical sweet spot at around 50kg, where these two limits coincide. These animals are consequently the fastest, reaching speeds of up to 65 miles per hour." Their model answers how some animals can run faster than others. It also determines how the muscles evolved in some animals. Moreover, it provides insight into why there are huge distinctions between certain animal groups. For instance, it explains why large reptiles like crocodiles are slower than large mammals. Co-author Taylor Dick of the University of Queensland said, "Limb muscles are a smaller percentage of a reptile's body, It means that have to hit the work limit at a smaller body weight and thus have to remain small to move quickly." "For large animals like rhinos or elephants, running might feel like lifting an enormous weight, because their muscles are relatively weaker and gravity demands a larger cost. As a result of both, animals eventually have to slow down as they get bigger," co-author Dr Peter Bishop, from Harvard University, said. (With inputs from agencies)

Why do cheetahs run so fast? Scientists reveal reason behind the animal's speed

Research published in The Lancet journal has revealed that life expectancy had plummeted in 84 percent of countries and territories during the COVID-19 pandemic period. From 2019 to 2021, global life expectancy witnessed a stark decrease by an average of 1.6 years. From 2000 to 2019, life expectancy on a global scale had surged by over six years, climbing from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.4 years in 2019.

The study incorporated thousands of new data points sourced from vital registration systems, censuses, surveys, and other vital sources.

Utilising refined methodologies, the report offered a comprehensive view of the pandemic's toll on global health.

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However, amidst the somber statistics,&nbsp;child mortality continued its downward trajectory, with half a million fewer deaths among children under five recorded in 2021 compared to 2019.&nbsp;

Yet, stark regional disparities remained apparent in the report "in the number of deaths that occur in children under 5 years persist between regions. Population growth rates continued to decline during the COVID-19 pandemic."&nbsp;

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Acting Assistant Professor of Health Metrics Sciences at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington Dr Austin E. Schumacher said, "For adults worldwide, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a more profound impact than any event seen in half a century, including conflicts and natural disasters."

South African provinces like KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo witnessed significant declines in life expectancy.&nbsp;Conversely, regions like Barbados, New Zealand, and Antigua and Barbuda fared comparatively better, boasting some of the lowest age-adjusted excess mortality rates during the pandemic, the report pointed out.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/ai-poses-extinction-level-threat-699809">AI poses extinction-level threat</a>

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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in millions of deaths worldwide and disruptions to economies, societies, and daily life.

Efforts to combat the pandemic saw widespread vaccination campaigns, implementation of public health measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing, and various degrees of lockdowns and restrictions in different countries.

By 2022, several vaccines had been developed and were being distributed globally, offering hope for controlling the spread of the virus. However, challenges such as vaccine distribution inequalities, emergence of new variants, and vaccine hesitancy persisted for a long time.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Research published in The Lancet journal has revealed that life expectancy had plummeted in 84 percent of countries and territories during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Research published in The Lancet journal has revealed that life expectancy had plummeted in 84 percent of countries and territories during the COVID-19 pandemic period. From 2019 to 2021, global life expectancy witnessed a stark decrease by an average of 1.6 years. From 2000 to 2019, life expectancy on a global scale had surged by over six years, climbing from 66.8 years in 2000 to 73.4 years in 2019. The study incorporated thousands of new data points sourced from vital registration systems, censuses, surveys, and other vital sources. Utilising refined methodologies, the report offered a comprehensive view of the pandemic's toll on global health. Also Read | World’s first AI software engineer Devin can write, code, and create with a single prompt However, amidst the somber statistics, child mortality continued its downward trajectory, with half a million fewer deaths among children under five recorded in 2021 compared to 2019. Yet, stark regional disparities remained apparent in the report "in the number of deaths that occur in children under 5 years persist between regions. Population growth rates continued to decline during the COVID-19 pandemic." Also Read | Rats swarming New Orleans Police HQ, getting high on marijuana in evidence room: Police chief Acting Assistant Professor of Health Metrics Sciences at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington Dr Austin E. Schumacher said, "For adults worldwide, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a more profound impact than any event seen in half a century, including conflicts and natural disasters." South African provinces like KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo witnessed significant declines in life expectancy. Conversely, regions like Barbados, New Zealand, and Antigua and Barbuda fared comparatively better, boasting some of the lowest age-adjusted excess mortality rates during the pandemic, the report pointed out. Watch | AI poses extinction-level threat × The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in millions of deaths worldwide and disruptions to economies, societies, and daily life. Efforts to combat the pandemic saw widespread vaccination campaigns, implementation of public health measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing, and various degrees of lockdowns and restrictions in different countries. By 2022, several vaccines had been developed and were being distributed globally, offering hope for controlling the spread of the virus. However, challenges such as vaccine distribution inequalities, emergence of new variants, and vaccine hesitancy persisted for a long time. (With inputs from agencies)

Know how much global life expectancy dropped during COVID-19 pandemic

Moving on the Indian government has dismissed a Harvard University study which claims that at least 6.7 million children in India are without food. The report was first rejected by the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council and now the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development says the report is a deliberate and malicious attempt to sensationalize fake news.

Indian government says Harvard Study is an attempt to spread fake news

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago. Led by Auburn University Assistant Professor Nobuaki Mizumoto, an international team of researchers unveiled their findings on this rare fossilised pair encased in amber.&nbsp;Amber is a fossilised tree resin, typically found in deposits ranging from millions to tens of millions of years old.&nbsp;

The insects believed to be engaged in a tandem run, were perfectly preserved in their mating position within the ancient tree sap turned into amber over millennia.

The tandem run mating position is a behaviour observed in certain insect species, including termites. It involves two mating individuals maintaining head-to-abdomen contact while moving together, often in a coordinated manner.

During a tandem run, the mating pair typically explores their surroundings, often in search of a suitable nest location or food source. This behaviour is important for reproduction and colony establishment in termites.

Mizumoto while highlighting the importance of such discoveries, stated, "Amber provides one of the most detailed and vivid records of extinct life." However, he cautioned that fossilisation processes could potentially distort the true nature of past organisms.

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To validate their findings, the team conducted experiments replicating the immobilisation&nbsp;process in a laboratory setting using modern-day termites.

Mizumoto explained, "We found that the posture of the fossilized pair matches trapped tandems and differs from untrapped tandems. Thus, the fossilised pair likely is a tandem running pair, representing the first direct evidence of the mating behaviour of extinct termites."

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Their groundbreaking research, published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pointed at the ancient mating rituals of termites. The fossilised pair, identified as Electrotermes affinis, offered a unique glimpse into a long-extinct species' behaviour and lifestyle.

Watch | Top AI tools increase worries of deep fakes ahead of elections: Study

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The fossil's journey to scientific scrutiny began when co-author Ales&nbsp;Bucek stumbled upon it for sale online. Recognising its scientific value, Bucek acquired the fossil, which is now housed at the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic.

(With inputs from agencies)

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago.

A remarkable discovery of fossilised termites caught in the act of mating has provided insights into the behaviour of an extinct species that roamed the Earth approximately 38 million years ago. Led by Auburn University Assistant Professor Nobuaki Mizumoto, an international team of researchers unveiled their findings on this rare fossilised pair encased in amber. Amber is a fossilised tree resin, typically found in deposits ranging from millions to tens of millions of years old. The insects believed to be engaged in a tandem run, were perfectly preserved in their mating position within the ancient tree sap turned into amber over millennia. The tandem run mating position is a behaviour observed in certain insect species, including termites. It involves two mating individuals maintaining head-to-abdomen contact while moving together, often in a coordinated manner. During a tandem run, the mating pair typically explores their surroundings, often in search of a suitable nest location or food source. This behaviour is important for reproduction and colony establishment in termites. Mizumoto while highlighting the importance of such discoveries, stated, "Amber provides one of the most detailed and vivid records of extinct life." However, he cautioned that fossilisation processes could potentially distort the true nature of past organisms. Also Read | James Webb Space Telescope probes binary asteroid system Mors-Somnus in Kuiper Belt to know Neptune's past To validate their findings, the team conducted experiments replicating the immobilisation process in a laboratory setting using modern-day termites. Mizumoto explained, "We found that the posture of the fossilized pair matches trapped tandems and differs from untrapped tandems. Thus, the fossilised pair likely is a tandem running pair, representing the first direct evidence of the mating behaviour of extinct termites." Also Read | Microplastics and nanoplastics in the human body can cause heart attacks, strokes and cancer, studies reveal Their groundbreaking research, published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pointed at the ancient mating rituals of termites. The fossilised pair, identified as Electrotermes affinis, offered a unique glimpse into a long-extinct species' behaviour and lifestyle. Watch | Top AI tools increase worries of deep fakes ahead of elections: Study × The fossil's journey to scientific scrutiny began when co-author Ales Bucek stumbled upon it for sale online. Recognising its scientific value, Bucek acquired the fossil, which is now housed at the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. (With inputs from agencies)

Ancient love preserved: Termites found frozen in amber while mating 38mn years ago

Did life exist on Mars? This is a question to which all of us want answers too well an American Rover built by NASA's jet propulsion lab has been driving around and studying Mars for over 3 years. Watch this interview to know more.

NASA's 'Perseverance' completes three years on Mars

A study has found that Electric vehicles also cause a lot of pollution. The emissions are released due to tyre wear. Since EVs are heavier than gasoline cars, they release more particulate matter.

Gravitas | Electric cars causing more pollution than gasoline cars finds study

The Arctic might witness ice-free summer days as early as the next couple of years, a study revealed. According to the study published in the journal Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, the Arctic could see summer days without sea ice in the next 10 years, which is earlier than the previous projections.

The Arctic might witness ice-free summer days as early as the next couple of years, a study revealed. According to the study published in the journal Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, the Arctic could see summer days without sea ice in the next 10 years, which is earlier than the previous projections. By 2050, the Arctic might see an entire month without floating ice during September. It is a time of the year when the region's sea ice coverage is the least. However, by the end of the century, the ice-free period could last up to many months in a year, based on future emission scenarios. Researchers do not mean zero ice in the water when they say ice-free Arctic. They use the term when the ocean has less than a million square kilometres (386,000 square miles) of ice. In recent years, the Arctic Ocean has had around 3.3 million square kilometres of sea ice at its minimum in September. ALSO READ | Underwater curtains can save the 'Doomsday glacier'. But there is a massive price tag attached Alexandra Jahn, an associate professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and fellow at CU Boulder's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, analysed the previous studies on sea ice projections and sea ice coverage data from computational climate models. Using this data, they figured out how, in the future, the Arctic might change regularly. The team projected that under all emission scenarios, the Arctic Ocean could go ice-free for the first time in August or September between the 2020s and 2030s. "When it comes to communicating what scientists expect to happen in the Arctic, it is important to predict when we might observe the first ice-free conditions in the Arctic, which will show up in the daily satellite data," Jahn said. According to Jahn, the main contributor to sea ice depletion is greenhouse emissions. When the ice cover decreases, the amount of heat from sunlight absorbed by the sea increases, worsening the ice melt and warming the Arctic. However, future emission levels will decide how often the ice-free condition occurs, she added. However, the bright side is that the Arctic Ocean is resilient and can recover swiftly when the atmosphere cools down. "Unlike the ice sheet in Greenland that took thousands of years to build, even if we melt all the Arctic sea ice, if we can then figure out how to take CO2 back out of the atmosphere in the future to reverse warming, sea ice will come back within a decade," Jahn said. (With inputs from agencies)

Arctic Ocean could experience ‘ice-free’ summer days within the next decade, says study

A recent study conducted in Shanghai suggested that consuming two litres of diet soda or other artificially sweetened beverages per day could heighten the risk of experiencing a dangerous irregular heartbeat by 20 per cent, in comparison to individuals who abstain from such drinks entirely.

The research discovered a correlation between the consumption of these beverages and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation, a condition characterised by the chaotic quivering of the heart's top chambers.

Theodore Maglione, an assistant professor of medicine specialising in cardiovascular diseases, reportedly explained that atrial fibrillation can manifest symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations.

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Maglione emphasised the significance of controlling modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, sleep apnea, obesity, and diet. He underscored the importance of maintaining optimal blood pressure and adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes regular exercise and a balanced diet low in cholesterol and fat.

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The study also explored the impact of added-sugar beverages and unsweetened juices on atrial fibrillation risk.

It revealed that added-sugar beverages increased the risk by 10 per cent, while consuming approximately four ounces of unsweetened juice decreased the risk by 8 per cent.

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Penny Kris-Etherton, a nutritional sciences professor, noted, “This is the first study to report an association between no- and low-calorie sweeteners and also sugar-sweetened beverages and increased risk of atrial fibrillation.”

Moreover, individuals above the age of 65 are at a heightened risk of heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation and stroke, underscoring the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle and avoiding artificially sweetened drinks, especially for this demographic.

Maglione also highlighted a concerning correlation between atrial fibrillation and early dementia. He advised individuals experiencing symptoms of irregular heartbeat to seek medical attention promptly.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A recent study conducted in Shanghai suggested that consuming two litres of diet soda or other artificially sweetened beverages per day could heighten the risk of experiencing a dangerous irregular heartbeat by 20 per cent, in comparison to individuals who abstain from such drinks entirely.

A recent study conducted in Shanghai suggested that consuming two litres of diet soda or other artificially sweetened beverages per day could heighten the risk of experiencing a dangerous irregular heartbeat by 20 per cent, in comparison to individuals who abstain from such drinks entirely. The research discovered a correlation between the consumption of these beverages and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation, a condition characterised by the chaotic quivering of the heart's top chambers. Theodore Maglione, an assistant professor of medicine specialising in cardiovascular diseases, reportedly explained that atrial fibrillation can manifest symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Also Read | Electric vehicles emit more particle pollution than petrol, diesel cars, study says Maglione emphasised the significance of controlling modifiable risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, sleep apnea, obesity, and diet. He underscored the importance of maintaining optimal blood pressure and adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes regular exercise and a balanced diet low in cholesterol and fat. Also Read | Underwater curtains can save the 'Doomsday glacier'. But there is a massive price tag attached The study also explored the impact of added-sugar beverages and unsweetened juices on atrial fibrillation risk. It revealed that added-sugar beverages increased the risk by 10 per cent, while consuming approximately four ounces of unsweetened juice decreased the risk by 8 per cent. Watch | 90% of Himalayas to face year-long drought at 3°c warming: Study × Penny Kris-Etherton, a nutritional sciences professor, noted, “This is the first study to report an association between no- and low-calorie sweeteners and also sugar-sweetened beverages and increased risk of atrial fibrillation.” Moreover, individuals above the age of 65 are at a heightened risk of heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation and stroke, underscoring the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle and avoiding artificially sweetened drinks, especially for this demographic. Maglione also highlighted a concerning correlation between atrial fibrillation and early dementia. He advised individuals experiencing symptoms of irregular heartbeat to seek medical attention promptly. (With inputs from agencies)

Two litres of diet soda daily raises irregular heartbeat risk by 20 per cent: Study

Consuming the antibiotic doxycycline after sex can significantly reduce the chances of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STI) like chlamydia or early syphilis, a study revealed.

Consuming the antibiotic doxycycline after sex can significantly reduce the chances of getting a sexually transmitted disease (STI) like chlamydia or early syphilis, a study revealed. According to the findings presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Denver, a single dose of the widely used antibiotic doxycycline taken after sexual intercourse has reduced the incidences of chlamydia and early syphilis among gay and bisexual men and transgender women by half in San Francisco, California. Researchers gave a supply of the antibiotic to gay and bisexual men and transgender women who had a history of STIs or multiple sex partners and asked them to consume two 100-milligramme pills within 72 hours of unprotected sex. This strategy is known as doxy-PEP, short for doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis. The new cases of chlamydia and early syphilis dropped over about a year in the city. Dr Hyman Scott, medical director at the San Francisco Department of Public Health, said, "It's not subtle, it is very fast and we're seeing the beginning of it, not the end. This is what we want for STI prevention." ALSO READ | Babies born during COVID-19 pandemic show ‘fascinating’ biological alterations, says study However, the evidence supports the doxycycline case only in gay and bisexual men and transgender women. Dr Jonathan Mermin, director of the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said, "The majority of STIs in the United States occur in cisgender women. Studies of whether doxy-PEP works in cisgender women should be implemented as quickly as possible." CDC will release the final guidelines for doxy-PEP in the next few months, Dr Mermin said. While cases of chlamydia and early syphilis decreased in gay and bisexual men and transgender women, the cases of chlamydia steadily increased in cisgender women. "The fact that we did not see declines in STIs in other populations not recommended for doxy, specifically cis women, strengthens the conclusion that the decline in chlamydia and early syphilis cases is related to doxy-PEP rollout," said Madeline Sankaran, an epidemiologist at the San Francisco Department of Public Health who presented the findings. Although the findings seem promising, Dr Merimin warned that the 2022 outbreak of mpox may have skewed them, as, during the period, high-risk groups reduced sexual activities. The rates of gonorrhoea did not see any significant changes, he added. (With inputs from agencies)

A single dose of THIS antibiotic can help prevent syphilis, other STIs: US study

Biological changes in babies born during the COVID-19 pandemic have astounded researchers. According to the study published in Allergy, Covid babies have an altered gut microbiome.

Biological changes in babies born during the COVID-19 pandemic have astounded researchers. According to the study published in Allergy, Covid babies have an altered gut microbiome. It means the system of good and bad bacteria in their gut that aids digestion and removes harmful bacteria is slightly distinct in children entering their toddler and early childhood years. The study by the research team from the University of College Cork in Ireland analysed faecal samples of 351 Irish babies born in the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic between March and May 2020. They compared these samples to those from the babies born before the pandemic. The research team found that these gut bacteria alterations meant that these Covid babies have a lower-than-expected rate of allergic conditions than babies born before the pandemic. Only five per cent of the Covid babies developed a food allergy by the age of one, compared to the 22.8 per cent seen in the pre-Covid babies. According to the researchers, the mothers have passed healthy microbes to their babies while pregnant. These babies gained additional microbes from the environment after they were born. The study also revealed that the Covid babies required fewer antibiotics to treat illness. ALSO READ | Webb Telescope reveals how space finally shed its darkness to adorn brightness Liam O'Mahony, the joint senior author and professor of immunology at the University College Cork, called it a "fascinating outcome." Professor Jonathan Hourihane, the consultant paediatrician at Children's Health Ireland Temple Street and joint senior author, said, "This study offers a new perspective on the impact of social isolation in early life on the gut microbiome. Notably, the lower allergy rates among newborns during the lockdown could highlight the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors, such as frequent antibiotic use, on the rise of allergic diseases." Recently, parents were warned to look out for the latest symptoms of COVID-19 in babies. In the United States, scientists conducted research on the children who were diagnosed with the virus, reported Mail Online. They found that a "high proportion" of the children had increased levels of a biomarker linked with vascular trauma, a blood vessel injury. The study, published in the journal Blood Advances, analysed how coronavirus can alter children's cardiovascular health. The research team examined 50 paediatric patients hospitalised with the infection from April and July 2020. Dr David Teachey of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia said, "Although most children with COVID-19 do not have severe disease, our study shows that there may be other effects of SARS-CoV-2 that are worthy of investigation." (With inputs from agencies)

Babies born during COVID-19 pandemic show ‘fascinating’ biological alterations, says study

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety.

Using a cap equipped with optical probes, trainee surgeon Mary Goble underwent scrutiny as she navigated through a simulated emergency surgery. Despite outward composure, her brain activity revealed the hidden strain of managing multiple stressors simultaneously.

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“You often don’t really see any external signs from people" as doctors have a “don’t hesitate to cope” thinking, said Leff.

"I think if this is framed in a way that is about helping people become the best doctors they can be and that it’s about patient safety, the acceptance is greater,"&nbsp;he added.

“The moment you try to use these things to say that someone is or isn’t capable, you start to run into problems,"&nbsp;Leff further said.

He also envisioned a future where real-time brain activity monitoring could trigger interventions to support surgeons under duress.

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The study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor changes in blood oxygenation, correlating with neural activity. By analysing fNIRS signatures, researchers aimed to pinpoint moments of cognitive overload, potentially revolutionising surgical training and patient safety protocols.

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Trainee surgeon Mary Goble&nbsp;reflected on the intense stress surgeons endure, even in simulated scenarios, underscoring the need for coping mechanisms like controlled breathing.

While real-time brain activity readouts during surgery remain a distant prospect, advancements in brain-computer-interface technologies offer hope for future applications,

The team is also exploring transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a tool to enhance surgical performance. “When it comes to neuro-augmentation that’s certainly more challenging ground and people become more sceptical,” Leff said.

“It’s an area that’s going to struggle to garner much support as you are talking about sending signals to someone’s brain. fNIRS is harmless monitoring of what’s happening and we have seen that’s way more acceptable to people," he added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety.

In a study at Imperial College London, researchers are delving into the intricate workings of surgeons' brains in operation theaters. Led by Daniel Leff, a senior researcher and consultant breast surgeon at Imperial College healthcare NHS Trust, the team aimed to uncover indicators of cognitive overload that could jeopardise patient safety. Using a cap equipped with optical probes, trainee surgeon Mary Goble underwent scrutiny as she navigated through a simulated emergency surgery. Despite outward composure, her brain activity revealed the hidden strain of managing multiple stressors simultaneously. Also Read | Individuals with higher education tend to age slower, live longer, study claims “You often don’t really see any external signs from people" as doctors have a “don’t hesitate to cope” thinking, said Leff. "I think if this is framed in a way that is about helping people become the best doctors they can be and that it’s about patient safety, the acceptance is greater," he added. “The moment you try to use these things to say that someone is or isn’t capable, you start to run into problems," Leff further said. He also envisioned a future where real-time brain activity monitoring could trigger interventions to support surgeons under duress. Also Read | Archaeologists discover long-lost 5,000-year-old copper age cemetery in Italy The study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor changes in blood oxygenation, correlating with neural activity. By analysing fNIRS signatures, researchers aimed to pinpoint moments of cognitive overload, potentially revolutionising surgical training and patient safety protocols. Watch | Dating Scams: Women fall prey to Facebook dating scams with Danish doctor's face × Trainee surgeon Mary Goble reflected on the intense stress surgeons endure, even in simulated scenarios, underscoring the need for coping mechanisms like controlled breathing. While real-time brain activity readouts during surgery remain a distant prospect, advancements in brain-computer-interface technologies offer hope for future applications, The team is also exploring transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a tool to enhance surgical performance. “When it comes to neuro-augmentation that’s certainly more challenging ground and people become more sceptical,” Leff said. “It’s an area that’s going to struggle to garner much support as you are talking about sending signals to someone’s brain. fNIRS is harmless monitoring of what’s happening and we have seen that’s way more acceptable to people," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Surgeons' cognitive strain in operation theaters analysed in study. Here's what it showed

More than a billion people worldwide are obese, W.H.O. study finds. According to the World Health Organisation, in 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, including over 890 million adults who were living with obesity.

More than a billion people worldwide are obese: Study

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