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The precision-laser aerial surveys have revealed how advanced was the ghost city of Nan Madol when it existed and how it now sits hidden in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

The precision-laser aerial surveys have revealed how advanced was the ghost city of Nan Madol when it existed and how it now sits hidden in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Also known as 'the Venice of the Pacific', this megalithic stone city has sometimes been compared to mythic Atlantis and now researchers are putting all their energy into uncovering the ruins of Nan Madol as they adopt plans to preserve it as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The aerial surveys, which have been conducted using LiDAR or 'Light Detection and Ranging' laser-mapping, uncovered "a sophisticated and extensive landscape of cultivation features hidden under Temwen Island's vegetation." Also Read: Not Mesopotamia, but the world's oldest city existed in THIS country, hints evidence This discovery is rewriting the history of Pacific Island cultures and explaining how societies, which were believed to have depended on natural tropical bounty and subsistence fishing, actually engaged in sophisticated agricultural planning. The international team of researchers noted that "LiDAR can reveal whole archaeological landscapes hidden under heavy vegetation. That has led to its comparison with radiocarbon dating as a groundbreaking technological advance in archaeology." Here's what researchers found in ghost city Scientists, headed by Baltimore's Cultural Site Research and Management (CSRM) Foundation, mapped a network of irrigation terraces which once supplied freshwater across Nan Madol and in its dense tropical foliage where more ruins remain hidden. Archaeologists believe that Nan Madol was a prominent city from 1100 to 1628 AD and its decline started with the fall of the local Saudeleur monarchs in the 17th century. Head of the project Dr. Douglas Comer said, "The consensus among archaeologists has been that there was no intensification of agriculture in Micronesia by means of formal field systems." Dr Comer's team, while working with the local College of Micronesia, along with Stanford, Sandia National Laboratories and others, has questioned the older notions on which culture thrived on fermented 'breadfruit' (Artocarpus altilis). Also Read: 26,000-year-old human, animal footprints unearthed in Spain. It once was a settlement of... In a US State Department release, he said that an "amazingly complex system of irrigated fields covering Temwen island" hinted at the existence of early and sophisticated taro root farming. "The Temwen system also bears a resemblance to some Polynesian terracing systems, including the Kohala field system on Hawaii Island," stated his team in the journal Remote Sensing in 2019, further saying "and recently described slope terraces on Tutuila in American Samoa." "Such complexity is in accord with what is observed in the LiDAR images of Temwen," he said. (With inputs from agencies)

A 'ghost city' sits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Aerial images now reveal what's it like

Scientists discovered a sudden bulging in the 'Mountain of God' volcano and warned people against an impending eruption.&nbsp;

The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano - situated in the north of Tanzania - has been swelling because of the flow of magma beneath the surface of the Earth.&nbsp;

Throughout the 20th century, the 9,718-foot-tall volcano has become active after every 20 to 40 years. It last erupted in 2007 and spread the ashes across more than 10 miles from the site. This eruption led to the evacuation of thousands of people from the areas close to the volcano.&nbsp;

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Since March 2022, there has been a 'rapid uplift' in underground magma volcanic activity in the land near the volcano, which is a sign of imminent doom.

"We have been able to detect transient motion in volcanic activity, and this is a precursor for any kind of eruption," said Ntambila Daud, who is a graduate student at Virginia Tech.

<h2>Maasai's Mountain of God and its fury</h2>

The name of the volcano 'Ol Doinyo Lengai' means 'Mountain of God' in Maasai.&nbsp;

The Maasai tribe considers the volcano to be a sacred site and prays to it for curing illness and infertility and also for relief from any misfortunes.&nbsp;

The volcano's records go back to the 1880s, however, it has erupted nine times since, with the largest eruption taking place 17 years ago.

Because of the explosion, the ash rose thousands of feet into the air and the lava was spread till nearly two miles away.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Mount Etna volcano roars into action with ash and lava

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/mount-etna-volcano-roars-into-action-with-ash-and-lava-747095/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

Ol Doinyo Lengai is the only volcano that spews carbonite lava which is a uniquely black or grey-coloured that becomes stark white on cooling.&nbsp;

Speaking about the study, co-author and Virginia Tech associate professor D. Sarah Stamps said, "The approach used in [their research] provided important steps forward in our understanding of the dynamic magma plumbing system of Ol Doinyo Lengai."

"This research could help Tanzanian authorities have a better idea of what is happening with the volcano," she said.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists discovered a sudden bulging in the 'Mountain of God' volcano and warned people against an impending eruption. The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano - situated in the north of Tanzania - has been swelling because of the flow of magma beneath the surface of the Earth.

Scientists discovered a sudden bulging in the 'Mountain of God' volcano and warned people against an impending eruption. The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano - situated in the north of Tanzania - has been swelling because of the flow of magma beneath the surface of the Earth. Throughout the 20th century, the 9,718-foot-tall volcano has become active after every 20 to 40 years. It last erupted in 2007 and spread the ashes across more than 10 miles from the site. This eruption led to the evacuation of thousands of people from the areas close to the volcano. Also Read: Iceland volcano spews hot lava into air in sixth eruption within eight months Since March 2022, there has been a 'rapid uplift' in underground magma volcanic activity in the land near the volcano, which is a sign of imminent doom. "We have been able to detect transient motion in volcanic activity, and this is a precursor for any kind of eruption," said Ntambila Daud, who is a graduate student at Virginia Tech. Maasai's Mountain of God and its fury The name of the volcano 'Ol Doinyo Lengai' means 'Mountain of God' in Maasai. The Maasai tribe considers the volcano to be a sacred site and prays to it for curing illness and infertility and also for relief from any misfortunes. The volcano's records go back to the 1880s, however, it has erupted nine times since, with the largest eruption taking place 17 years ago. Because of the explosion, the ash rose thousands of feet into the air and the lava was spread till nearly two miles away. Watch: Mount Etna volcano roars into action with ash and lava Ol Doinyo Lengai is the only volcano that spews carbonite lava which is a uniquely black or grey-coloured that becomes stark white on cooling. Speaking about the study, co-author and Virginia Tech associate professor D. Sarah Stamps said, "The approach used in [their research] provided important steps forward in our understanding of the dynamic magma plumbing system of Ol Doinyo Lengai." "This research could help Tanzanian authorities have a better idea of what is happening with the volcano," she said. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists spot dangerous bulge around 'Mountain of God' volcano, warn of massive eruption

One of the most massive exoplanets to be ever discovered sits 300 light-years from Earth in the Great Bear constellation. Astronomers in Poland have found an oversized exoplanet which is more than 11 times the mass of Jupiter.

It is a cold super Jupiter, meaning it is extremely cold and much larger than Jupiter. The exoplanet and its features were detailed in a paper published last month in Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics.

It resides in a multi-planet system which is a little over 300 light-years away from Earth. The host star of the exoplanet is about 20 per cent more massive and twice as large as our Sun. Named HD 118203, it is also older than our star.

The star system also hosts a hot Jupiter, which is twice the size of Earth. It was discovered in 2005 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (or TESS).

The system continued to intrigue astronomers after the hot Jupiter was found there. Researchers say they knew it had to host another planet, and therefore they studied it.&nbsp;

“Doppler observations, however, indicated that this was not the end of the story, that there might be another planet out there,” Andrzej Niedzielski, an astronomer at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Poland, said in a university release. “Therefore, we immediately included this system in our observational programs.”

<h2>Another planet in star system</h2>

They used TESS data and measurements from Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and Texas' Hobby-Eberly telescope to study the system and soon realised that there was another planet orbiting the star.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/jwst-captures-near-dead-galaxy-in-ancient-universe-we-found-the-culprit-759290">JWST captures near dead galaxy in ancient universe. 'We found the culprit'</a>

However, the planet is not visible because of the star's brightness. They concluded it exists based on the radial velocity data that caused the star’s brightness to slightly change over time.

The orbit times of both planets are also extremely different. While the hot Jupiter found in 2005 completed one orbit in six days, the cold super Jupiter takes 14 Earth years for the same.

The newly discovered super Jupiter is not the biggest exoplanet. TrES-4b, about 1,430 light-years away in the constellation Hercules, has that title. It is 230,000 kilometres across compared to Jupiter’s 142,700 km radius.&nbsp;

Beta Pictoris b, which is about 12 times the mass of Jupiter and 63 light-years away from Earth, is the nearest in size to the newly found exoplanet.

One of the most massive exoplanets to be ever discovered sits 300 light-years from Earth in the Great Bear constellation. Astronomers in Poland have found an oversized exoplanet which is more than 11 times the mass of Jupiter.

One of the most massive exoplanets to be ever discovered sits 300 light-years from Earth in the Great Bear constellation. Astronomers in Poland have found an oversized exoplanet which is more than 11 times the mass of Jupiter. It is a cold super Jupiter, meaning it is extremely cold and much larger than Jupiter. The exoplanet and its features were detailed in a paper published last month in Astronomy & Astrophysics. It resides in a multi-planet system which is a little over 300 light-years away from Earth. The host star of the exoplanet is about 20 per cent more massive and twice as large as our Sun. Named HD 118203, it is also older than our star. The star system also hosts a hot Jupiter, which is twice the size of Earth. It was discovered in 2005 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (or TESS). The system continued to intrigue astronomers after the hot Jupiter was found there. Researchers say they knew it had to host another planet, and therefore they studied it. “Doppler observations, however, indicated that this was not the end of the story, that there might be another planet out there,” Andrzej Niedzielski, an astronomer at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Poland, said in a university release. “Therefore, we immediately included this system in our observational programs.” Another planet in star system They used TESS data and measurements from Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and Texas' Hobby-Eberly telescope to study the system and soon realised that there was another planet orbiting the star. Also Read: JWST captures near dead galaxy in ancient universe. 'We found the culprit' However, the planet is not visible because of the star's brightness. They concluded it exists based on the radial velocity data that caused the star’s brightness to slightly change over time. The orbit times of both planets are also extremely different. While the hot Jupiter found in 2005 completed one orbit in six days, the cold super Jupiter takes 14 Earth years for the same. The newly discovered super Jupiter is not the biggest exoplanet. TrES-4b, about 1,430 light-years away in the constellation Hercules, has that title. It is 230,000 kilometres across compared to Jupiter’s 142,700 km radius. Beta Pictoris b, which is about 12 times the mass of Jupiter and 63 light-years away from Earth, is the nearest in size to the newly found exoplanet.

Cosmic giant 300 light-years away in Great Bear is 11 times more massive than Jupiter

Scientists have come up with a new and innovative plan to tackle climate change, which is filling the giant Pacific Ocean with iron. This technique is known as ocean iron fertilisation (OIF) and in this process powdered form of iron is filled on the surface of the sea to stimulate the growth of a marine plant 'phytoplankton'.

Scientists have come up with a new and innovative plan to tackle climate change, which is filling the giant Pacific Ocean with iron. This technique is known as ocean iron fertilisation (OIF) and in this process powdered form of iron is filled on the surface of the sea to stimulate the growth of a marine plant 'phytoplankton'. This marine plant takes in carbon dioxide and traps it in the ocean. According to computer models, if two million tonnes of iron is released into the sea every year, the process will remove around 50 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide by the year 2100. As per the plan of the researchers, iron will be released across 3,800 square miles northeast Pacific by 2026. Currently, scientists at the non-profit Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions (ExOIS) have been looking into the idea of spreading iron sulfate in areas where nutrients are scarce. The scarcity is high in the northeast Pacific Ocean which is spread from the western coast of North and South America to the eastern coast of Asia and upward to the Arctic. According to scientists, the distribution of iron in these areas will increase the growth of phytoplankton and decrease carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the years ahead. Also Read: Are deep seas on Earth hiding alien life amid 'dark oxygen'? Study hints so The researchers have suggested that distributing iron sulfate in the ocean will help in limiting global warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit. Filling of iron may create 'dead zones' in the sea: Experts Experts have warned that iron can lead to the depletion of nutrients required for marine life and kill some of the food webs of the ocean. Scientists are now finding a way to turn iron into powder form so that it can be dissolved in water easily and then get dispersed in targeted areas of the ocean. Watch: Ocean 2024: Drills held from the Pacific to the Baltics and Caspian sea Even though the process has achieved some success in earlier experiments, the researchers have expressed their concern regarding how the spread of iron can negatively impact parts of the ecosystem of the ocean. "Most likely [iron fertilisation] will affect something that we don't really understand yet," said deep-sea expert Lisa Levin, while speaking to Scientific American. Scientists have been concerned that the spread of iron can create "dead zones" which permit algal blooms to grow that inhale all the oxygen in the water and kill other living things. (With inputs from agencies)

Will Pacific Ocean be filled with iron by 2026? Here's what scientists are planning

In a new study, the researchers have observed that the grey matter of the brain is probably shrinking by 80 per cent during pregnancy and creating "permanent etchings".&nbsp;

The researchers made the discovery when a pregnant neuroscientist went through two dozen brain scans during her pregnancy phase and then for the next two years postpartum.&nbsp;

Grey matter is&nbsp;one kind of tissue present in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) which is important for humans to function normally.&nbsp;

After the pregnancy came to an end, it was observed that the woman was able to regain some grey matter. The grey matter regained included the cell bodies of neurons and the connections present between them.

Co-senior author of the study and associate professor of psychological and brain sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Emily Jacobs said that the grey-matter volume in the affected brain areas of pregnant women decreased by 4 per cent on average.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/depressed-people-have-two-times-larger-brain-network-in-comparison-to-others-study-758799">Depressed people have two times larger brain network in comparison to others: Study</a>

"That's similar to the amount of reduction in puberty," said Jacobs, while speaking at a news conference on Thursday (Sep&nbsp;12).&nbsp;

During puberty, there is a hormone surge which comes with a decrease in grey matter volume as the excess tissue in the brain is pruned so that it can function more efficiently.&nbsp;

Jacobs stated that something similar may have been occurring in pregnancy.&nbsp;

<h2>Pregnancy may be changing brain's fine-tuning forever: Jacobs&nbsp;</h2>

"Sometimes people bristle when they hear that grey-matter volume decreases during pregnancy — like, 'That can't be a good thing,'" she explained.&nbsp;

However, "this change probably reflects the fine-tuning of neural circuits, not unlike the cortical thinning that happens during puberty," she added.

Jacobs suggested that there is a possibility that the brain's fine-tuning changes forever.&nbsp;

"Many of these changes seem to be what you might think of as permanent etchings in the brain," she said.

However, the other changes observed in the study were temporary.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/brains-of-humans-and-dogs-can-sync-with-each-other-study-explains-how-759032">Brains of humans and dogs can sync with each other. Study explains how</a>

In the first and second trimesters, the insulated wiring between neurons and white matter turned more robust.

"We think of it as like a tube or like a straw,"&nbsp;said Liz Chrastil, who is an associate professor of neurobiology and behaviour at the University of California, Irvine and senior co-author of the study, at the press conference.&nbsp;

When the white matter turned robust, water flowed straight without any diversion or pooling.&nbsp;

However, in the scans, the white matter was later seen returning to baseline after birth.

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

In a new study, the researchers have observed that the grey matter of the brain is probably shrinking by 80 per cent during pregnancy and creating "permanent etchings".

In a new study, the researchers have observed that the grey matter of the brain is probably shrinking by 80 per cent during pregnancy and creating "permanent etchings". The researchers made the discovery when a pregnant neuroscientist went through two dozen brain scans during her pregnancy phase and then for the next two years postpartum. Grey matter is one kind of tissue present in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) which is important for humans to function normally. After the pregnancy came to an end, it was observed that the woman was able to regain some grey matter. The grey matter regained included the cell bodies of neurons and the connections present between them. Co-senior author of the study and associate professor of psychological and brain sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Emily Jacobs said that the grey-matter volume in the affected brain areas of pregnant women decreased by 4 per cent on average. Also Read: Depressed people have two times larger brain network in comparison to others: Study "That's similar to the amount of reduction in puberty," said Jacobs, while speaking at a news conference on Thursday (Sep 12). During puberty, there is a hormone surge which comes with a decrease in grey matter volume as the excess tissue in the brain is pruned so that it can function more efficiently. Jacobs stated that something similar may have been occurring in pregnancy. Pregnancy may be changing brain's fine-tuning forever: Jacobs "Sometimes people bristle when they hear that grey-matter volume decreases during pregnancy — like, 'That can't be a good thing,'" she explained. However, "this change probably reflects the fine-tuning of neural circuits, not unlike the cortical thinning that happens during puberty," she added. Jacobs suggested that there is a possibility that the brain's fine-tuning changes forever. "Many of these changes seem to be what you might think of as permanent etchings in the brain," she said. However, the other changes observed in the study were temporary. Also Read: Brains of humans and dogs can sync with each other. Study explains how In the first and second trimesters, the insulated wiring between neurons and white matter turned more robust. "We think of it as like a tube or like a straw," said Liz Chrastil, who is an associate professor of neurobiology and behaviour at the University of California, Irvine and senior co-author of the study, at the press conference. When the white matter turned robust, water flowed straight without any diversion or pooling. However, in the scans, the white matter was later seen returning to baseline after birth. (With inputs from agencies)

A key part of women's brains is shrinking by 80% during pregnancy, creating 'permanent etchings': Study

The sea is dark and deep and holds secrets which mankind hasn't been able to uncover till today. Free diving is one such skill where divers have defied the rules of the sea. No breathing equipment is used and instead, the diver relies on breath-holding before he resurfaces from the water. They can hold their breath for more than 10 minutes.

One free diver has explained the physics behind it in a Reddit video which has gone viral. He says there is a point in the sea from which humans can no longer come back to the surface.

As you go deeper into the sea, the pressure increases, and this pressure has strange effects on the human body.

The Reddit video shows the man holding a lifeline rope. A bubble reads, "At what depth do I start sinking underwater?"

The video shows him at different depths, with the rope being a point of reference. At 16ft underwater, he can be seen floating and rising to the surface. Not much changes by 32ft, except he can do the same a "little less".

He is "perfectly neutral" at 40 feet, but at 50 feet, the freediver starts to sink.

The rate of falling down increases at 65ft.&nbsp;

This is all because of the increasing pressure as you go deeper.&nbsp;

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&nbsp;

<h2>Effect of increasing pressure in deep sea on human body</h2>

In a 2018 article for The Conversation, Dr &nbsp;Kevin Fong explained, "The increasing pressure can manipulate your body, your anatomy and your physiology in quite profound ways, which actually make the endeavour of diving into the deep ocean uniquely difficult."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/jwst-captures-near-dead-galaxy-in-ancient-universe-we-found-the-culprit-759290">JWST captures near 'dead galaxy in ancient universe. 'We found the culprit'</a>

"If you descend only 10m into the ocean, you are subjected to another additional atmosphere of pressure: that’s twice as much pressure as you’ve been used to at the surface. And for every 10m beyond you get another atmosphere of pressure," he states.

"Not only does it compress you and shrink the air-containing spaces in your body, but also it alters your physiology, alters the way the gases act within your bloodstream and how they act on everything, including your nervous system," he added.

Fong says, that when free-diving took off, physiologists were "pretty convinced that people couldn’t go beyond about 30 or 40 metres." However, "free divers decided to do it anyway – and they swam well past those theoretical limits."

The sea is dark and deep and holds secrets which mankind hasn't been able to uncover till today. Free diving is one such skill where divers have defied the rules of the sea.

The sea is dark and deep and holds secrets which mankind hasn't been able to uncover till today. Free diving is one such skill where divers have defied the rules of the sea. No breathing equipment is used and instead, the diver relies on breath-holding before he resurfaces from the water. They can hold their breath for more than 10 minutes. One free diver has explained the physics behind it in a Reddit video which has gone viral. He says there is a point in the sea from which humans can no longer come back to the surface. As you go deeper into the sea, the pressure increases, and this pressure has strange effects on the human body. The Reddit video shows the man holding a lifeline rope. A bubble reads, "At what depth do I start sinking underwater?" The video shows him at different depths, with the rope being a point of reference. At 16ft underwater, he can be seen floating and rising to the surface. Not much changes by 32ft, except he can do the same a "little less". He is "perfectly neutral" at 40 feet, but at 50 feet, the freediver starts to sink. The rate of falling down increases at 65ft. This is all because of the increasing pressure as you go deeper. Why do we sink with air in our lungs? 20 meters is quite terrifying. byu/cococosupeyacam inwoahthatsinteresting × Effect of increasing pressure in deep sea on human body In a 2018 article for The Conversation, Dr Kevin Fong explained, "The increasing pressure can manipulate your body, your anatomy and your physiology in quite profound ways, which actually make the endeavour of diving into the deep ocean uniquely difficult." Also Read: JWST captures near 'dead galaxy in ancient universe. 'We found the culprit' "If you descend only 10m into the ocean, you are subjected to another additional atmosphere of pressure: that’s twice as much pressure as you’ve been used to at the surface. And for every 10m beyond you get another atmosphere of pressure," he states. "Not only does it compress you and shrink the air-containing spaces in your body, but also it alters your physiology, alters the way the gases act within your bloodstream and how they act on everything, including your nervous system," he added. Fong says, that when free-diving took off, physiologists were "pretty convinced that people couldn’t go beyond about 30 or 40 metres." However, "free divers decided to do it anyway – and they swam well past those theoretical limits."

Free diver drops 65 feet into ocean to see at what point he will 'start sinking'

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has caught a supermassive black hole in the early universe starving its galaxy to death. Galaxies die when star formation no longer happens. Astronomers have believed for a long time that the central supermassive black holes might be to blame for this.&nbsp;

When the supermassive black hole residing at the centre of a galaxy eats up all the gas and dust, the building blocks of stars, the galaxies can be "killed" prematurely.

The "galactic death by starvation" captured by JWST happened very quickly because of the creation of two million miles per hour winds of gas.

This is the first time such an effect has been captured on camera, which proves that galaxies can be starved to death. A team of researchers led by University of Cambridge scientists presented the findings.&nbsp;

This early galaxy seen by JWST is officially named GS-10578. It has been nicknamed "Pablo’s Galaxy" after the team member who proposed to observe it in detail.&nbsp;

Pabalo's galaxy is located around 11.5 billion light-years away from Earth. What the astronomers see today transpired just 2.3 billion years or so after the Big Bang.

"Based on earlier observations, we knew this galaxy was in a quenched state: it's not forming many stars given its size, and we expect there is a link between the black hole and the end of star formation," team member Francesco D’Eugenio from Cambridge's Kavli Institute for Cosmology said in a statement.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-may-have-once-had-a-ring-system-just-like-saturn-it-was-created-by-759259">Earth likely had a ring around it 466 million years ago. It was created by...</a>

"However, until the JWST, we haven't been able to study this galaxy in enough detail to confirm that link, and we haven't known whether this quenched state is temporary or permanent."

<h2>Dead galaxy in early years of universe</h2>

The galaxy is about the size of the Milky Way and is unusually humongous for this period in the early universe. It is also strange to see a dead galaxy at this time. Researchers say that it birthed most of its stars between 12.5 billion and 11.5 billion years ago.

"In the early universe, most galaxies are forming lots of stars, so it's interesting to see such a massive dead galaxy at this period in time," team member Roberto Maiolino, also from the Kavli Institute for Cosmology, said.

Using JWST's data, researchers determined that the supermassive black hole at the heart of Pablo’s Galaxy is pushing vast amounts of gas away at speeds of 2.2 million miles per hour.&nbsp;

They noted that the mass of the gas stream from Pablo's Galaxy was greater than the gas needed to build the base for new star formation. This showed that this galaxy's supermassive black hole is quenching star birth.

"We found the culprit," D’Eugenio said. "The black hole is killing this galaxy and keeping it dormant by cutting off the source of 'food' the galaxy needs to form new stars." 
&nbsp;

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has caught a supermassive black hole in the early universe starving its galaxy to death. Galaxies die when star formation no longer happens.

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has caught a supermassive black hole in the early universe starving its galaxy to death. Galaxies die when star formation no longer happens. Astronomers have believed for a long time that the central supermassive black holes might be to blame for this. When the supermassive black hole residing at the centre of a galaxy eats up all the gas and dust, the building blocks of stars, the galaxies can be "killed" prematurely. The "galactic death by starvation" captured by JWST happened very quickly because of the creation of two million miles per hour winds of gas. This is the first time such an effect has been captured on camera, which proves that galaxies can be starved to death. A team of researchers led by University of Cambridge scientists presented the findings. This early galaxy seen by JWST is officially named GS-10578. It has been nicknamed "Pablo’s Galaxy" after the team member who proposed to observe it in detail. Pabalo's galaxy is located around 11.5 billion light-years away from Earth. What the astronomers see today transpired just 2.3 billion years or so after the Big Bang. "Based on earlier observations, we knew this galaxy was in a quenched state: it's not forming many stars given its size, and we expect there is a link between the black hole and the end of star formation," team member Francesco D’Eugenio from Cambridge's Kavli Institute for Cosmology said in a statement. Also Read: Earth likely had a ring around it 466 million years ago. It was created by... "However, until the JWST, we haven't been able to study this galaxy in enough detail to confirm that link, and we haven't known whether this quenched state is temporary or permanent." Dead galaxy in early years of universe The galaxy is about the size of the Milky Way and is unusually humongous for this period in the early universe. It is also strange to see a dead galaxy at this time. Researchers say that it birthed most of its stars between 12.5 billion and 11.5 billion years ago. "In the early universe, most galaxies are forming lots of stars, so it's interesting to see such a massive dead galaxy at this period in time," team member Roberto Maiolino, also from the Kavli Institute for Cosmology, said. Using JWST's data, researchers determined that the supermassive black hole at the heart of Pablo’s Galaxy is pushing vast amounts of gas away at speeds of 2.2 million miles per hour. They noted that the mass of the gas stream from Pablo's Galaxy was greater than the gas needed to build the base for new star formation. This showed that this galaxy's supermassive black hole is quenching star birth. "We found the culprit," D’Eugenio said. "The black hole is killing this galaxy and keeping it dormant by cutting off the source of 'food' the galaxy needs to form new stars."

JWST captures near dead galaxy in ancient universe. 'We found the culprit'

There will be a supermoon treat for the skygazers next week as the Harvest supermoon will rise in the sky on September 17 (Tuesday).&nbsp;

The supermoon will appear 14 per cent larger and will also go through a partial lunar eclipse when a part of it will come under the shadow of Earth.

It will be a spectacular sight as a part of the full moon will appear darker and the lunar surface will look awashed in blood-red colour because the sunlight will reach it only after passing through the atmosphere of Earth.

<h2>Why does a supermoon occur?</h2>

A supermoon appears in the sky when the moon reaches its closest distance to Earth in the planet's elliptical orbit, which is called the 'perigee' and is 226,000 miles away.&nbsp;

Generally, the moon is 238,900 miles away from Earth. Because of the closer location, the moon appears 30 per cent brighter in comparison to when it is farther away.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/supermoon-treat-this-celestial-event-is-to-occur-for-first-time-this-year-on-this-date-heres-how-to-watch-744054">Supermoon treat! This celestial event is to occur for first time this year on this date. Here's how to watch</a>

The moon reaches its perigee after orbiting around Earth after every 27 days, however, supermoons only occur nearly three to four times per year.&nbsp;

The term 'supermoon' is not present in an astronomical dictionary, however, the term is used for the full moon when it reaches close to at least '90 per cent of perigee,' as per NASA's website.

NASA further stated that the 2024 Harvest moon coincides with a lunar eclipse, which takes place when the natural satellite is going through a full moon phase and has an annual frequency of four-to-seven times every year.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Blue supermoon rises above South Korean capital Seoul

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/blue-supermoon-rises-above-south-korean-capital-seoul-751412/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The partial lunar eclipse will occur with the supermoon on September 17&nbsp;and will witness imperfect alignment of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. During this phase, the moon will pass through the umbra of Earth.

<h2>When will the supermoon appear in the sky?</h2>

The supermoon will be visible in the sky around 7 pm ET and the partial eclipse will start at 8:41 pm ET and last until just after midnight. The eclipse will reach its peak at 10:44 p.m. ET.

The astronomers and photographers are advised to use a standard smartphone and capture the supermoon by reducing exposure, zooming in to enlarge, disabling flash, and activating night mode.

(With inputs from agencies)

There will be a supermoon treat for the skygazers next week as the Harvest supermoon will rise in the sky on September 17 (Tuesday). The supermoon will appear 14 per cent larger and will also go through a partial lunar eclipse when a part of it will come under the shadow of Earth.

There will be a supermoon treat for the skygazers next week as the Harvest supermoon will rise in the sky on September 17 (Tuesday). The supermoon will appear 14 per cent larger and will also go through a partial lunar eclipse when a part of it will come under the shadow of Earth. It will be a spectacular sight as a part of the full moon will appear darker and the lunar surface will look awashed in blood-red colour because the sunlight will reach it only after passing through the atmosphere of Earth. Why does a supermoon occur? A supermoon appears in the sky when the moon reaches its closest distance to Earth in the planet's elliptical orbit, which is called the 'perigee' and is 226,000 miles away. Generally, the moon is 238,900 miles away from Earth. Because of the closer location, the moon appears 30 per cent brighter in comparison to when it is farther away. Also Read: Supermoon treat! This celestial event is to occur for first time this year on this date. Here's how to watch The moon reaches its perigee after orbiting around Earth after every 27 days, however, supermoons only occur nearly three to four times per year. The term 'supermoon' is not present in an astronomical dictionary, however, the term is used for the full moon when it reaches close to at least '90 per cent of perigee,' as per NASA's website. NASA further stated that the 2024 Harvest moon coincides with a lunar eclipse, which takes place when the natural satellite is going through a full moon phase and has an annual frequency of four-to-seven times every year. Watch: Blue supermoon rises above South Korean capital Seoul The partial lunar eclipse will occur with the supermoon on September 17 and will witness imperfect alignment of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. During this phase, the moon will pass through the umbra of Earth. When will the supermoon appear in the sky? The supermoon will be visible in the sky around 7 pm ET and the partial eclipse will start at 8:41 pm ET and last until just after midnight. The eclipse will reach its peak at 10:44 p.m. ET. The astronomers and photographers are advised to use a standard smartphone and capture the supermoon by reducing exposure, zooming in to enlarge, disabling flash, and activating night mode. (With inputs from agencies)

Supermoon eclipse alert! Blood red moon to rise in skies next week. Here's how you can watch it

Scientists have discovered new multicellular life forms which emerge from the cells of a dead organism and stay in a "third state" which is beyond the states of life and death.&nbsp;

Generally, death is considered as the opposite state of life in an organism. However, procedures like organ donation emphasise how organs, tissues and cells continue functioning after the demise of the organism.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/news-can-vaccines-prevent-cancer-worlds-first-lung-cancer-vaccine-trials-will-have-answers-752708">Can vaccines prevent cancer? World's first lung cancer vaccine trials will have answers</a>

Scientists in the past few years have demonstrated how the cells of organisms can be used in biological robots which represent the advancements in the field of synthetic biology.

<h2>What is the 'third state' of organisms?</h2>

In a new study, published in the journal&nbsp;Physiology, researchers have discussed the possibility of using cells from organisms, either dead or alive and using them in machines with totally new functions.&nbsp;

This underlines a biological "third state" which is not part of the general categories of life and death.

"The third state challenges how scientists typically understand cell behaviour," said biologists Peter Noble and Alex Pozhitkov, co-authors of the review, in&nbsp;an essay for&nbsp;The Conversation.

According to the researchers, biological robots or biobots are able to develop new functions which set them apart, because "there are few instances where organisms change in ways that are not predetermined".

Watch:&nbsp;Lab-grown blood stem cells could replace bone marrow transplants: Report

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Some types of biobots last for just 60 days and safely biodegrade after they are dead. However, scientists have not been able to understand how these repurposed cells are able to survive after the death of their organism.&nbsp;

"We also don't know the extent of their ability to develop new functions postmortem," the researchers said.

"Taken together, these findings demonstrate the inherent plasticity of cellular systems and challenge the idea that cells and organisms can evolve only in predetermined ways," Noble and Pozhitkov stated.&nbsp;

"The third state suggests that organismal death may play a significant role in how life transforms over time," they added.

Meanwhile, anthrobots, which are created using the cells of a human patient, can be programmed to repair damaged ones,&nbsp;remove cancerous growths and deliver drugs.

"A better understanding of how some cells continue to function and metamorphose into multicellular entities some time after an organism's demise holds promise for advancing personalized and preventive medicine," the researchers stated.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have discovered new multicellular life forms which emerge from the cells of a dead organism and stay in a "third state" which is beyond the states of life and death.

Scientists have discovered new multicellular life forms which emerge from the cells of a dead organism and stay in a "third state" which is beyond the states of life and death. Generally, death is considered as the opposite state of life in an organism. However, procedures like organ donation emphasise how organs, tissues and cells continue functioning after the demise of the organism. Also Read: Can vaccines prevent cancer? World's first lung cancer vaccine trials will have answers Scientists in the past few years have demonstrated how the cells of organisms can be used in biological robots which represent the advancements in the field of synthetic biology. What is the 'third state' of organisms? In a new study, published in the journal Physiology, researchers have discussed the possibility of using cells from organisms, either dead or alive and using them in machines with totally new functions. This underlines a biological "third state" which is not part of the general categories of life and death. "The third state challenges how scientists typically understand cell behaviour," said biologists Peter Noble and Alex Pozhitkov, co-authors of the review, in an essay for The Conversation. According to the researchers, biological robots or biobots are able to develop new functions which set them apart, because "there are few instances where organisms change in ways that are not predetermined". Watch: Lab-grown blood stem cells could replace bone marrow transplants: Report Some types of biobots last for just 60 days and safely biodegrade after they are dead. However, scientists have not been able to understand how these repurposed cells are able to survive after the death of their organism. "We also don't know the extent of their ability to develop new functions postmortem," the researchers said. "Taken together, these findings demonstrate the inherent plasticity of cellular systems and challenge the idea that cells and organisms can evolve only in predetermined ways," Noble and Pozhitkov stated. "The third state suggests that organismal death may play a significant role in how life transforms over time," they added. Meanwhile, anthrobots, which are created using the cells of a human patient, can be programmed to repair damaged ones, remove cancerous growths and deliver drugs. "A better understanding of how some cells continue to function and metamorphose into multicellular entities some time after an organism's demise holds promise for advancing personalized and preventive medicine," the researchers stated. (With inputs from agencies)

This organism is not living or dead but is in a 'third state'. Here's what it means

The Chinese researchers for the first time have found evidence which hints at the possibility of syncing up of brains between humans and dogs.

The study suggests that if humans feel connected suddenly while gazing into the big and watery eyes&nbsp;of a dog, they may be going through brain synchronisation.

The study underlines the possibility of humans bonding with dogs at a deep neurological level.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/dogs-can-actually-decipher-human-language-and-not-just-cues-heres-how-754379">Dogs can actually decipher human language and not just cues. Here's how</a>

Studies have previously shown that when humans talk or work with each other, the key regions of the brain activity also sync up.&nbsp;

However, this is the first time a similar phenomenon has been observed between humans and dogs.

<h2>Here's how researchers decoded how the brains of humans and dogs sync</h2>

The brain activity in humans and dogs was measured by the researchers by putting electrodes on the skull.

In the trial, the researchers matched the 10 young beagles with unknown humans after the pairs got acquainted with each other in the next five days.&nbsp;

During the experiments, the pairs of humans and dogs participated in nonverbal communication.&nbsp;

As part of it, humans and dogs remained in the same room and made no interactions.

"We observed that inter-brain correlations in&nbsp;frontal&nbsp;and&nbsp;parietal&nbsp;regions dramatically increased… during mutual gaze," wrote the authors of the study, headed by biologist Wei Ren from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The team observed patterns of synchronisation as human participants petted the dogs, however, the synchrony was stronger in the parietal brain region.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/california-is-seeing-the-return-of-a-wild-animal-after-100-years-weve-been-invaded-756020">California is seeing the return of a wild animal after 100 years. 'We’ve been invaded'</a>

In the study, when humans gazed into the eyes of the dogs, there was deeper inter-brain activity between the two.

A special mathematical algorithm was used by the researchers to understand which brain was heading this rhythmic neural dance between the dog and the human.

While checking the data in every interaction between humans and dogs, the team discovered it was the human brains which initiated the coupled neural activity.&nbsp;

In the course of the study, there was growth in inter-brain synchronisation between the human-dog pairs, which suggested that there was bonding happening between the two.

(With inputs from agencies)

The Chinese researchers for the first time have found evidence which hints at the possibility of syncing up of brains between humans and dogs. The study suggests that if humans feel connected suddenly while gazing into the big and watery eyes of a dog, they may be going through brain synchronisation.

The Chinese researchers for the first time have found evidence which hints at the possibility of syncing up of brains between humans and dogs. The study suggests that if humans feel connected suddenly while gazing into the big and watery eyes of a dog, they may be going through brain synchronisation. The study underlines the possibility of humans bonding with dogs at a deep neurological level. Also Read: Dogs can actually decipher human language and not just cues. Here's how Studies have previously shown that when humans talk or work with each other, the key regions of the brain activity also sync up. However, this is the first time a similar phenomenon has been observed between humans and dogs. Here's how researchers decoded how the brains of humans and dogs sync The brain activity in humans and dogs was measured by the researchers by putting electrodes on the skull. In the trial, the researchers matched the 10 young beagles with unknown humans after the pairs got acquainted with each other in the next five days. During the experiments, the pairs of humans and dogs participated in nonverbal communication. As part of it, humans and dogs remained in the same room and made no interactions. "We observed that inter-brain correlations in frontal and parietal regions dramatically increased… during mutual gaze," wrote the authors of the study, headed by biologist Wei Ren from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The team observed patterns of synchronisation as human participants petted the dogs, however, the synchrony was stronger in the parietal brain region. Also Read: California is seeing the return of a wild animal after 100 years. 'We’ve been invaded' In the study, when humans gazed into the eyes of the dogs, there was deeper inter-brain activity between the two. A special mathematical algorithm was used by the researchers to understand which brain was heading this rhythmic neural dance between the dog and the human. While checking the data in every interaction between humans and dogs, the team discovered it was the human brains which initiated the coupled neural activity. In the course of the study, there was growth in inter-brain synchronisation between the human-dog pairs, which suggested that there was bonding happening between the two. (With inputs from agencies)

Brains of humans and dogs can sync with each other. Study explains how

Scientists have been hunting the source which kick-started life on Earth and as new theories keep on emerging, a new study has hinted that perhaps it was the cosmic dust which began life on our planet.

In the latest findings, scientists have suggested that the mystery of the origin of life on Earth will most probably be solved with the thorough investigation of cosmic dust.

Earlier theories suggested that life began on Earth from "prebiotic chemistry," in which the formation of organic compounds took place, which then self-organised themselves till life developed.

The scientists noted that the rocks found on the surface of the Earth are deficient in reactive and soluble forms of the essential elements like phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon, which were required for this prebiotic process.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-will-soon-have-two-moons-just-not-in-the-way-you-think-758421">Earth will soon have two moons, just not in the way you think</a>

In a paper published this year in the&nbsp;journal Nature Astronomy, the scientists noted that Earth has remained engaged in "fierce competition" for the limited reservoirs of such elements, which then raised questions about how life could have evolved in such conditions.

The most prominent theory has suggested that the ingredients necessary for life were delivered to Earth. However, the scientists were not able to explain how these materials reached the surface of the planet without getting spoiled.

<h2>Does the answer to the beginning of life on Earth lie in cosmic dust?</h2>

In the study published in Nature Astronomy, the scientists studied the fine-grained "cosmic dust" which is produced by the collisions of asteroids or the disintegration and vaporisation of comets when they move around in the solar system in space.

"In contrast to larger objects, the flux of cosmic dust to Earth is essentially constant on yearly timescales," scientists wrote.&nbsp;

"Moreover, some fraction of cosmic dust grains pass relatively gently through the&nbsp;Earth's atmosphere, thereby retaining a greater fraction of primitive" elements than large impactors do, they added.

Watch:&nbsp;Earth's spin killed life

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earths-spin-killed-life-754692/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The team stated that this material is not considered in prebiotic theories because it spreads across a large area and hence becomes difficult to get noticed or harder to study.

However, normal sedimentary processes do form concentrated cosmic dust deposits on Earth.

"There are many planetary processes that can concentrate fine-grained materials from across large surface areas to form concentrated deposits," the team said.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have been hunting the source which kick-started life on Earth and as new theories keep on emerging, a new study has hinted that perhaps it was the cosmic dust which began life on our planet.

Scientists have been hunting the source which kick-started life on Earth and as new theories keep on emerging, a new study has hinted that perhaps it was the cosmic dust which began life on our planet. In the latest findings, scientists have suggested that the mystery of the origin of life on Earth will most probably be solved with the thorough investigation of cosmic dust. Earlier theories suggested that life began on Earth from "prebiotic chemistry," in which the formation of organic compounds took place, which then self-organised themselves till life developed. The scientists noted that the rocks found on the surface of the Earth are deficient in reactive and soluble forms of the essential elements like phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon, which were required for this prebiotic process. Also Read: Earth will soon have two moons, just not in the way you think In a paper published this year in the journal Nature Astronomy, the scientists noted that Earth has remained engaged in "fierce competition" for the limited reservoirs of such elements, which then raised questions about how life could have evolved in such conditions. The most prominent theory has suggested that the ingredients necessary for life were delivered to Earth. However, the scientists were not able to explain how these materials reached the surface of the planet without getting spoiled. Does the answer to the beginning of life on Earth lie in cosmic dust? In the study published in Nature Astronomy, the scientists studied the fine-grained "cosmic dust" which is produced by the collisions of asteroids or the disintegration and vaporisation of comets when they move around in the solar system in space. "In contrast to larger objects, the flux of cosmic dust to Earth is essentially constant on yearly timescales," scientists wrote. "Moreover, some fraction of cosmic dust grains pass relatively gently through the Earth's atmosphere, thereby retaining a greater fraction of primitive" elements than large impactors do, they added. Watch: Earth's spin killed life The team stated that this material is not considered in prebiotic theories because it spreads across a large area and hence becomes difficult to get noticed or harder to study. However, normal sedimentary processes do form concentrated cosmic dust deposits on Earth. "There are many planetary processes that can concentrate fine-grained materials from across large surface areas to form concentrated deposits," the team said. (With inputs from agencies)

Collision of asteroids created cosmic dust and sparked life on Earth: Study

The scientists in Mississippi have stumbled upon a new species of wasp, which appeared unreal to them because they lay eggs inside living flies after which the&nbsp;babies burst out of their bellies, according to a report published in Nature.

“At the time we didn’t think it was real,” said the lead author of the study and a biologist at Mississippi State University, Logan Moore, while speaking to Live Science.

The researchers have named this predator Syntretus perlmani and it is the first wasp which has been found to infect adult fruit flies. Generally, wasps are seen targeting the flies when they are younger.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/chinese-man-inhales-cockroach-in-sleep-insect-remains-lodged-in-airway-for-three-days-756885">Chinese man inhales cockroach in sleep, insect remains lodged in airway for three days</a>

The wasps are parasitoids and not parasites since they generally kill their hosts and parasites don't.

The wasp was discovered by a team of scientists when they were collecting a common fruit fly known as Drosophila affinis&nbsp;in their backyards in Mississippi.

<h2>How do these strange wasps lay eggs in live flies?</h2>

The female wasps, which have been named Syntretus perlmani, reproduce by pushing their hypodermic-like ovipositor, which is the stinger in stinging wasps, into the abdomen of the fruit fly for depositing its eggs.&nbsp;

The embryo then hatches and turns into a tiny spiky-tailed larva which gets formed inside the still-living host for nearly 18 days before it erupts from one side of its abdomen and leads to a fatal stomachache.

"It will effectively emerge out of the side of the fly," said Moore.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/worms-that-live-in-eyes-and-transmitted-by-flies-can-reach-humans-experts-fear-754247">Worms that live in eyes and are transmitted by flies can reach humans, experts fear</a>

“Just to add an additional layer of horror, the fly will normally remain alive for several hours after that,” he added.

The researchers first discovered Perlmani, the only species of wasp which infects fruit flies, in a Mississippi backyard last year.

“If you dissect thousands of flies, you will see some things that are strange and odd, and you’ll never see them again,” Moore said.

His team collected several of wasp larvae and confirmed their identity by raising them and analysing their DNA in a lab.

(With inputs from agencies)

The scientists in Mississippi have stumbled upon a new species of wasp, which appeared unreal to them because they lay eggs inside living flies after which the babies burst out of their bellies, according to a report published in Nature.

The scientists in Mississippi have stumbled upon a new species of wasp, which appeared unreal to them because they lay eggs inside living flies after which the babies burst out of their bellies, according to a report published in Nature. “At the time we didn’t think it was real,” said the lead author of the study and a biologist at Mississippi State University, Logan Moore, while speaking to Live Science. The researchers have named this predator Syntretus perlmani and it is the first wasp which has been found to infect adult fruit flies. Generally, wasps are seen targeting the flies when they are younger. Also Read: Chinese man inhales cockroach in sleep, insect remains lodged in airway for three days The wasps are parasitoids and not parasites since they generally kill their hosts and parasites don't. The wasp was discovered by a team of scientists when they were collecting a common fruit fly known as Drosophila affinis in their backyards in Mississippi. How do these strange wasps lay eggs in live flies? The female wasps, which have been named Syntretus perlmani, reproduce by pushing their hypodermic-like ovipositor, which is the stinger in stinging wasps, into the abdomen of the fruit fly for depositing its eggs. The embryo then hatches and turns into a tiny spiky-tailed larva which gets formed inside the still-living host for nearly 18 days before it erupts from one side of its abdomen and leads to a fatal stomachache. "It will effectively emerge out of the side of the fly," said Moore. Also Read: Worms that live in eyes and are transmitted by flies can reach humans, experts fear “Just to add an additional layer of horror, the fly will normally remain alive for several hours after that,” he added. The researchers first discovered Perlmani, the only species of wasp which infects fruit flies, in a Mississippi backyard last year. “If you dissect thousands of flies, you will see some things that are strange and odd, and you’ll never see them again,” Moore said. His team collected several of wasp larvae and confirmed their identity by raising them and analysing their DNA in a lab. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists discover 'horror' alien-like wasp that burst out from bellies of living flies

In a new breakthrough research, scientists have observed that a brain network grows twice in size in people suffering from depression.

This network is known as the frontostriatal salience network and although, how this region of the brain functions has not been fully understood, it has been earlier linked to filtering of external stimuli and reward processing in the brain.

The research was carried out by a team from Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City and the researchers believe that this discovery will help in creating future treatments for dementia, especially one which is specifically targeted to the brain network.

"We found that the frontostriatal salience network is expanded nearly twofold in the cortex of most individuals with depression,"&nbsp;wrote the researchers in the paper.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/china-virus-alert-newly-detected-tick-borne-virus-can-damage-brains-heres-how-757149">China virus alert! Newly-detected tick-borne virus can damage brain. Here's how</a>

"This effect was replicable in several samples and caused primarily by network border shifts, with three distinct modes of encroachment occurring in different individuals," they added.

<h2>How do the researchers analyse the brain network?</h2>

The research hinted that the frontostriatal salience network could enter a space which is generally the domain of other functional networks. The researchers have observed such border shifts getting inherited genetically in people.

The research can be used for precise functional mapping which can give the researchers a detailed look into every individual brain.

The researchers carried out an initial analysis of brain scans of 57 individuals - who were an average age of 41 - and compared it to 37 healthy controls which were identified in the frontostriatal salience network expansion.&nbsp;

The tests were also carried out on a smaller group over a year and a half and the brain image data collected from 114 children before and after a&nbsp;depression diagnosis showed similar results.

Watch:&nbsp;Teen girls' brains show rapid ageing after social isolation during pandemic

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/teen-girls-brains-show-rapid-ageing-after-social-isolation-during-pandemic-757914/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"Salience network expansion was stable over time, unaffected by mood state, and detectable in children before the onset of depression later in adolescence,"&nbsp;stated the researchers.

The observation of the frontostriatal salience network expansion in the kids before diagnosis of depression suggested that it was a contributor to depression and a risk factor.

"These findings identify a trait-like brain network topology that may confer risk for depression and mood-state-dependent connectivity changes in frontostriatal circuits that predict the emergence and remission of depressive symptoms over time,"&nbsp;the researchers wrote in the paper.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a new breakthrough research, scientists have observed that a brain network grows twice in size in people suffering from depression. This network is known as the frontostriatal salience network and although, how this region of the brain functions has not been fully understood, it has been earlier linked to filtering of external stimuli and reward processing in the brain.

In a new breakthrough research, scientists have observed that a brain network grows twice in size in people suffering from depression. This network is known as the frontostriatal salience network and although, how this region of the brain functions has not been fully understood, it has been earlier linked to filtering of external stimuli and reward processing in the brain. The research was carried out by a team from Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City and the researchers believe that this discovery will help in creating future treatments for dementia, especially one which is specifically targeted to the brain network. "We found that the frontostriatal salience network is expanded nearly twofold in the cortex of most individuals with depression," wrote the researchers in the paper. Also Read: China virus alert! Newly-detected tick-borne virus can damage brain. Here's how "This effect was replicable in several samples and caused primarily by network border shifts, with three distinct modes of encroachment occurring in different individuals," they added. How do the researchers analyse the brain network? The research hinted that the frontostriatal salience network could enter a space which is generally the domain of other functional networks. The researchers have observed such border shifts getting inherited genetically in people. The research can be used for precise functional mapping which can give the researchers a detailed look into every individual brain. The researchers carried out an initial analysis of brain scans of 57 individuals - who were an average age of 41 - and compared it to 37 healthy controls which were identified in the frontostriatal salience network expansion. The tests were also carried out on a smaller group over a year and a half and the brain image data collected from 114 children before and after a depression diagnosis showed similar results. Watch: Teen girls' brains show rapid ageing after social isolation during pandemic "Salience network expansion was stable over time, unaffected by mood state, and detectable in children before the onset of depression later in adolescence," stated the researchers. The observation of the frontostriatal salience network expansion in the kids before diagnosis of depression suggested that it was a contributor to depression and a risk factor. "These findings identify a trait-like brain network topology that may confer risk for depression and mood-state-dependent connectivity changes in frontostriatal circuits that predict the emergence and remission of depressive symptoms over time," the researchers wrote in the paper. (With inputs from agencies)

Depressed people have two times larger brain network in comparison to others: Study

Is it possible to predict earthquakes? Scientists are reportedly closer than ever to the answer. Scientists have collected seismic data from more than 1000 sites and it shows a connection between the strength of faults and the size of earthquakes. The data hints at the likelihood of forecasting how close an area is to facing a major seismic event.

Japan sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly earthquake-prone. It witnesses a whopping 100,000 minor tremors annually and is also at risk of being hit with a major one. Japanese scientists are trying to study the smaller tremors to understand the processes within the Earth’s crust that trigger a major earthquake.&nbsp;

Researchers from Kyushu University and the University of Tokyo, Japan, studied the seismic activity in great detail and have identified a link between fault strength and the magnitude of an earthquake.

The study has been published in Nature Communications. The researchers propose that the strength of the fault affects the b-value, and consequently the chances of a major earthquake.&nbsp;

Professor Satoshi Matsumoto, the first author of the study, explains, “The b-value is a very important constant in seismology that characterizes the relationship between earthquake frequency and size."

A lower b-value indicates that there is a higher chance of bigger earthquakes.

“If there is a low b-value, this means there is a higher proportion of large earthquakes, while a high b-value means there is a higher proportion of smaller earthquakes.”

The b-value differs from location to location and changes over time. It often decreases right before a major earthquake.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mega-tsunami-triggered-by-falling-mountain-created-a-9-day-long-earthquake-758418">Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake</a>

The latest study brings the strength of the fault into the picture and says that it also plays a role.

<h2>Studying the&nbsp;Western Tottori Earthquake</h2>

The study looked at the epicentre of the Western Tottori Earthquake of magnitude 7.3 which occurred in 2000. The region still witnesses seismic action and the researchers installed more than 1000 seismic stations to accurately make observations.&nbsp;

“Under certain stress conditions on each tectonic regime, there is a favourable direction of the fault plane to slip. When faults are in unfavourable directions, this suggests that these are weak faults that can slip more easily. On the other hand, strong faults require more stress to slip, and have a much more characteristic direction,” explains Matsumoto.

“Simply put, these weak faults will likely slip before a large amount of stress builds up, which means that they aren’t able to release a large amount of force,” says Matsumoto.

While the researchers admit that it might never be possible to predict an earthquake, the latest observations might help them move closer to the “holy grail” of forecasting major tremors.&nbsp;

"Data such as fault direction and fault strength, and calculating b-values, could help us estimate when a fault has reached a critical point,” Matsumoto said. “This information is vital to know in order to be prepared for major earthquakes.”

Is it possible to predict earthquakes? Scientists are reportedly closer than ever to the answer. Scientists have collected seismic data from more than 1000 sites and it shows a connection between the strength of faults and the size of earthquakes.

Is it possible to predict earthquakes? Scientists are reportedly closer than ever to the answer. Scientists have collected seismic data from more than 1000 sites and it shows a connection between the strength of faults and the size of earthquakes. The data hints at the likelihood of forecasting how close an area is to facing a major seismic event. Japan sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly earthquake-prone. It witnesses a whopping 100,000 minor tremors annually and is also at risk of being hit with a major one. Japanese scientists are trying to study the smaller tremors to understand the processes within the Earth’s crust that trigger a major earthquake. Researchers from Kyushu University and the University of Tokyo, Japan, studied the seismic activity in great detail and have identified a link between fault strength and the magnitude of an earthquake. The study has been published in Nature Communications. The researchers propose that the strength of the fault affects the b-value, and consequently the chances of a major earthquake. Professor Satoshi Matsumoto, the first author of the study, explains, “The b-value is a very important constant in seismology that characterizes the relationship between earthquake frequency and size." A lower b-value indicates that there is a higher chance of bigger earthquakes. “If there is a low b-value, this means there is a higher proportion of large earthquakes, while a high b-value means there is a higher proportion of smaller earthquakes.” The b-value differs from location to location and changes over time. It often decreases right before a major earthquake. Also Read: Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake The latest study brings the strength of the fault into the picture and says that it also plays a role. Studying the Western Tottori Earthquake The study looked at the epicentre of the Western Tottori Earthquake of magnitude 7.3 which occurred in 2000. The region still witnesses seismic action and the researchers installed more than 1000 seismic stations to accurately make observations. “Under certain stress conditions on each tectonic regime, there is a favourable direction of the fault plane to slip. When faults are in unfavourable directions, this suggests that these are weak faults that can slip more easily. On the other hand, strong faults require more stress to slip, and have a much more characteristic direction,” explains Matsumoto. “Simply put, these weak faults will likely slip before a large amount of stress builds up, which means that they aren’t able to release a large amount of force,” says Matsumoto. While the researchers admit that it might never be possible to predict an earthquake, the latest observations might help them move closer to the “holy grail” of forecasting major tremors. "Data such as fault direction and fault strength, and calculating b-values, could help us estimate when a fault has reached a critical point,” Matsumoto said. “This information is vital to know in order to be prepared for major earthquakes.”

Big one or small one? Scientists learn more about predicting earthquakes

A virus that has killed superworms across the United States has been discovered by scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. The discovery has been reported in an article in Cell. This has led scientists&nbsp;to devise a method to identify emerging viruses and pathogens in plants, animals, and humans.

The Zophobas morio black wasting virus has been named after a species of darkling beetle, Zophobas morio, as it has a deadly effect on these insects. The beetle, during its larval stage, appears as large, brown superworms as it emerges from the eggs. They were called “superworm” because the two-inch-long-larvae are bigger than others that are grown as feed.

Jason Kaelber, study author and an associate research professor at the Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine (IQB) at Rutgers-New Brunswick, made the discovery by coming together with Judit Penzes, the first author of the study and a postdoctoral associate at IQB.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/what-caused-the-great-dying-252-million-years-ago-we-may-finally-know-758448">What caused the Great Dying 252 million years ago? We may finally know</a>

Over a year ago, beetle farm owners contacted Penzes because the superworms were mysteriously dying. A molecular virologist, Penzes had earlier isolated a virus that was killing crickets.

<h2>Pet store owners gave her the worms</h2>

She started collecting superworms at pet stores in New Jersey. She went to the feeder insect sections of the stores and checked out the worms. “They were all infected. I told the owners of the stores what I was seeing that I was researching this virus, and asked if I could have the container. They were immediately on board. They told me to take as many as I needed.”

She brought them back to the lab and blended them up. She then processed this slurry of beetle juice using a virus purification method that separates the virus out. Then when she focused a fluorescent light, the virus glowed blue.

“I said, ‘I got you,’ when I saw it,” Penzes said. “I knew then it was, indeed, a virus.”

To learn more about the virus, she worked with Kaelber and examined the virus using a cryo-electron microscope. Upon further inspection, they found that the virus is similar to the one affecting cockroaches, but not identical.

“It’s a new one, different from anything that’s been sequenced or imaged before,” Penzes said.

The two are now devising a vaccine after testing a way to protect the Z. morio beetles from disease.

A virus that has killed superworms across the United States has been discovered by scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. The discovery has been reported in an article in Cell.

A virus that has killed superworms across the United States has been discovered by scientists at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. The discovery has been reported in an article in Cell. This has led scientists to devise a method to identify emerging viruses and pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The Zophobas morio black wasting virus has been named after a species of darkling beetle, Zophobas morio, as it has a deadly effect on these insects. The beetle, during its larval stage, appears as large, brown superworms as it emerges from the eggs. They were called “superworm” because the two-inch-long-larvae are bigger than others that are grown as feed. Jason Kaelber, study author and an associate research professor at the Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine (IQB) at Rutgers-New Brunswick, made the discovery by coming together with Judit Penzes, the first author of the study and a postdoctoral associate at IQB. Also Read: What caused the Great Dying 252 million years ago? We may finally know Over a year ago, beetle farm owners contacted Penzes because the superworms were mysteriously dying. A molecular virologist, Penzes had earlier isolated a virus that was killing crickets. Pet store owners gave her the worms She started collecting superworms at pet stores in New Jersey. She went to the feeder insect sections of the stores and checked out the worms. “They were all infected. I told the owners of the stores what I was seeing that I was researching this virus, and asked if I could have the container. They were immediately on board. They told me to take as many as I needed.” She brought them back to the lab and blended them up. She then processed this slurry of beetle juice using a virus purification method that separates the virus out. Then when she focused a fluorescent light, the virus glowed blue. “I said, ‘I got you,’ when I saw it,” Penzes said. “I knew then it was, indeed, a virus.” To learn more about the virus, she worked with Kaelber and examined the virus using a cryo-electron microscope. Upon further inspection, they found that the virus is similar to the one affecting cockroaches, but not identical. “It’s a new one, different from anything that’s been sequenced or imaged before,” Penzes said. The two are now devising a vaccine after testing a way to protect the Z. morio beetles from disease.

What is mysteriously killing superworms across the US? Scientists finally know

An asteroid the size of a skyscraper is coming close to Earth and will zoom past us on Sep 17, NASA said. The asteroid, named 2024 ON, is between 721 and 1,575 feet (220 to 480 meters) in diameter and is travelling at a speed of 19,842 mph (31933 km/h), Live Science reported.&nbsp;This is around 26 times the speed of sound.

It is coming dangerously close to us and will be about 0.62 million miles (1 million kilometres) away at its closest point to Earth. This is around &nbsp;2.6 times the average distance between Earth and the moon.&nbsp;

While it might seem like it's really far away, it really is not considering cosmic standards. However, it will not hit us and won't threaten the safety of human beings.&nbsp;

<h2>NASA standards for asteroid safety</h2>

NASA has a set standard for classifying near-Earth objects and those are considered "potentially hazardous". Any space object that comes within 120 million miles (193 million km) of Earth is classified as a "near-Earth object". To be considered a danger, any large object must come within 4.65 million miles (7.5 million km) of our planet.

The space agency regularly monitors asteroids and other celestial bodies to estimate whether any of them is on a collision course with Earth. &nbsp;At least 28,000 asteroids are on its watch, with their locations and orbits being tracked using the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), an array of four telescopes. The telescopes scan the entire night sky every 24 hours.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/asteroid-apophis-can-collide-with-earth-but-only-if-this-happens-the-odds-of-755711">'God of chaos' asteroid can hit Earth, but only if THIS happens. 'The odds of...'</a>

As per data, no asteroid threatens the planet for the next 100 years. However, over a period of time, as the asteroids travel through space, they absorb and emit enough momentum-carrying light which can change their orbits, albeit just slightly.&nbsp;

Some of them even pay a surprise visit and are detected just hours before they reach us. One such asteroid hit Earth over the Philippines a few days back. The European Space Agency (ESA) said that the asteroid was 3-foot (1-metre) long and was discovered hours before it collided. It was only the ninth to have been spotted just prior to impact.&nbsp;

People saw it burn into a fireball and captured it on camera. It did not cause any destruction.

<h2>"God of Chaos" asteroid Apophis</h2>

Apophis is one asteroid that has been on the radar for a few years now. It has been classified as having a high chance of hitting Earth in 2029, but astronomers say it will safely pass by.&nbsp;

However, doubts have once again risen after some scientists said that if it collides with another object in space, its orbit might change, putting it on a collision course with Earth. But we won't know if this has happened for another three years.

An asteroid the size of a skyscraper is coming close to Earth and will zoom past us on Sep 17, NASA said. The asteroid, named 2024 ON, is between 721 and 1,575 feet (220 to 480 meters) in diameter and is travelling at a speed of 19,842 mph (31933 km/h), Live Science reported.

An asteroid the size of a skyscraper is coming close to Earth and will zoom past us on Sep 17, NASA said. The asteroid, named 2024 ON, is between 721 and 1,575 feet (220 to 480 meters) in diameter and is travelling at a speed of 19,842 mph (31933 km/h), Live Science reported. This is around 26 times the speed of sound. It is coming dangerously close to us and will be about 0.62 million miles (1 million kilometres) away at its closest point to Earth. This is around 2.6 times the average distance between Earth and the moon. While it might seem like it's really far away, it really is not considering cosmic standards. However, it will not hit us and won't threaten the safety of human beings. NASA standards for asteroid safety NASA has a set standard for classifying near-Earth objects and those are considered "potentially hazardous". Any space object that comes within 120 million miles (193 million km) of Earth is classified as a "near-Earth object". To be considered a danger, any large object must come within 4.65 million miles (7.5 million km) of our planet. The space agency regularly monitors asteroids and other celestial bodies to estimate whether any of them is on a collision course with Earth. At least 28,000 asteroids are on its watch, with their locations and orbits being tracked using the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), an array of four telescopes. The telescopes scan the entire night sky every 24 hours. Also Read: 'God of chaos' asteroid can hit Earth, but only if THIS happens. 'The odds of...' As per data, no asteroid threatens the planet for the next 100 years. However, over a period of time, as the asteroids travel through space, they absorb and emit enough momentum-carrying light which can change their orbits, albeit just slightly. Some of them even pay a surprise visit and are detected just hours before they reach us. One such asteroid hit Earth over the Philippines a few days back. The European Space Agency (ESA) said that the asteroid was 3-foot (1-metre) long and was discovered hours before it collided. It was only the ninth to have been spotted just prior to impact. People saw it burn into a fireball and captured it on camera. It did not cause any destruction. "God of Chaos" asteroid Apophis Apophis is one asteroid that has been on the radar for a few years now. It has been classified as having a high chance of hitting Earth in 2029, but astronomers say it will safely pass by. However, doubts have once again risen after some scientists said that if it collides with another object in space, its orbit might change, putting it on a collision course with Earth. But we won't know if this has happened for another three years.

Asteroid nearly 1,500 feet in size moving towards Earth at 26 times the speed of sound

Today, 12th September, 2024, two American astronauts have done the unthinkable - flushed out all cabin air from the spacecraft that they call home, donned extravehicular activity suits (temperature, pressure controlled space suits that provide oxygen, communications, data monitoring), opened the protective hatch of their spacecraft, and temporarily exited into the vast nothingness of space.

Today, 12th September, 2024, two American astronauts have done the unthinkable - flushed out all cabin air from the spacecraft that they call home, donned extravehicular activity suits (temperature, pressure controlled space suits that provide oxygen, communications, data monitoring), opened the protective hatch of their spacecraft, and temporarily exited into the vast nothingness of space. While two astronauts took turns and performed a spacewalk, two others sat inside the capsule, wearing the same suits that their spacewalking counterparts wore, monitoring all the activities that were unfolding. All this action unfolded 700 km above the earth's surface. For those who aren't familiar with the domain of human spaceflight, this feat might sound routine. However, this five-day Polaris Dawn mission is among the gutsiest space ventures thus far of the 21st century. Here's why: First private spacewalk Over the last three decades alone, astronauts have performed nearly 470 spacewalks. In fact, the first spacewalk (floating in space, outside the protective confines of the spacecraft) was performed by Soviet Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, back in March 1965. However, all these efforts have been undertaken by government-trained astronauts. In the Polaris Dawn mission, all four crew members are private citizens and are undertaking this mission in partnership with the private firm SpaceX. The rocket that flew them to space, the spacecraft that houses them, the spacesuits being used, all of them are privately designed and developed by SpaceX. The crew members are: Jared Isaacman, a billionaire who funded this mission, Scott Poteet, a former US Air Force aviator, SpaceX staffers Anna Menon and Sarah Gillis, both of whom are with ground teams that work with astronauts. Other than Isaacman, all are undertaking their maiden spaceflight. The furthest human spaceflight in 52 years Between 1969-72, the American Apollo series of missions attempted multiple crewed Lunar missions, which also included the iconic Apollo-11 moon landing. The moon is four lakh kilometres away from the earth and this is the furthest that humans have gone from the home planet. After the Apollo missions, human spaceflight has been restricted to the International Space Station and its precursors, all of which are positioned 400 km above the earth. Polaris Dawn flew to a maximum altitude of 1400 km, which is the highest that humans have ventured, since the Apollo-era. This is also the furthest that a non-Lunar mission has ever flown and the furthest that women have flown. A risky flight through earth's radiation belts The Van Allen radiation belts are zones of energetic charged particles, primarily originating from the solar wind, that are captured and held around Earth by its magnetic field. These belts extend from 640 km to 58,000 km above the earth. The spacecraft carrying the Polaris Dawn crew, flew into this region. For accomplishing this feat, their craft and on-board systems would be shielded adequately to protect from the risks posed by radiation. It is also crucial that the craft protect its occupants from higher-than-usual doses of radiation. As humans prepare to perform missions to Moon and Mars, plan for long-term bases on other celestial bodies, understanding radiation is crucial. 19 people in space, circling the earth Right now, there are 19 people who are in space, circling the earth. This is the highest number of people at a time who are in space. This showcases how far humanity has come in its ongoing and never-ending journey to explore the unknown. Usually, there are about 12 people or so in space, on a constant basis, considering that there are two orbiting labs - International Space Station and Chinese Tiangong space station. At present, there are nine crew members aboard the International Space Station, three aboard the Chinese Space Station, three crew on the Soyuz MS-26 capsule that is flying to the space station, and four members aboard the SpaceX Crew Dragon that is performing the private mission Polaris Dawn. Notably, unlike the other well-trained, government-representing astronauts, the 'Polaris Dawn' crew undertook their space voyage as a personal risk, with a common determination to push humanity further in an endless journey of space exploration. The EVA suits they've been testing are the first version of what SpaceX intends to use in the long-run for their missions that take humans further into space, to other planets. The Polaris Dawn crew are also performing close to 40 experiments and testing out new technologies that can push the limits of human-led space exploration.

Explainer: Why Polaris Dawn is a daring, multiple record-breaking spaceflight

In a stunning discovery, astronomers have been able to catch a glimpse of a star which has boiling bubbles of gas on its surface.

The star on which the activity has been seen is a red giant star, named R Doradus, with a diameter which is nearly 350 times bigger than the sun.

The boiling giant star is around 180 light-years away from Earth and is located in the southern constellation Dorado.&nbsp;

Even though R Doradus is much larger than the sun, however, the star is expected to look like our sun and behave like it for the next five billion years by turning into a red giant when it comes closer to death.

"This is the first time the bubbling surface of a real star can be shown in such a way," said Wouter Vlemmings, who is the study's lead author,&nbsp;in a statement.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BreakingNews?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#BreakingNews</a> For the first time, astronomers have captured images of a star other than the Sun in enough detail to track the motion of bubbling gas on its surface. The images of the star✨, R Doradus, were obtained with ALMA📡, in July and August 2023 🔗<a href="https://t.co/CDElA8uACe">https://t.co/CDElA8uACe</a> <a href="https://t.co/ET4iBXchZQ">pic.twitter.com/ET4iBXchZQ</a>
— ALMA Observatory📡 (@almaobs) <a href="https://twitter.com/almaobs/status/1833891836517109918?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 11, 2024</a></blockquote>
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&nbsp;

"We had never expected the data to be of such high quality that we could see so many details of the convection on the stellar surface," he added.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/another-kuiper-belt-mystery-zone-spotted-at-the-edge-of-our-solar-system-756401">Another Kuiper Belt? Mystery zone spotted at the edge of our solar system</a>

These convection bubbles were captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).

<h2>Spotting of convection bubbles on stars</h2>

Astronomers have spotted the convection bubbles on the stars previously, however, ALMA observations have been able to track their motion in a detailed manner for the first time.

“Convection creates the beautiful granular structure seen on the surface of our Sun, but it is hard to see on other stars,” said co-author Theo Khouri.&nbsp;

“With ALMA, we have now been able to not only directly see convective granules – with a size 75 times the size of our Sun! – but also measure how fast they move for the first time," he added.

The findings were published in the journal&nbsp;Nature. In the images taken, giant, hot bubbles of gas were seen appearing and then disappearing at a high speed beneath the surface.

Watch:&nbsp;NASA astronaut stuck in space reports ‘strange noises’ coming from Starliner capsule

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/nasa-astronaut-stuck-in-space-reports-strange-noises-coming-from-starliner-capsule-755353/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

In the new paper, the astronomers have for the first time observed how fast the convective granules are moving.&nbsp;

On R Doradus, the bubbles were seen moving on a one-month cycle which was faster in comparison to how it moved on our Sun.&nbsp;

“It is spectacular that we can now directly image the details on the surface of stars so far away, and observe physics that until now was mostly only observable in our Sun,” said Behzad Bojnodi Arbab, who is a graduate researcher at Chalmers and was part of the study.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a stunning discovery, astronomers have been able to catch a glimpse of a star which has boiling bubbles of gas on its surface. The star on which the activity has been seen is a red giant star, named R Doradus, with a diameter which is nearly 350 times bigger than the sun.

In a stunning discovery, astronomers have been able to catch a glimpse of a star which has boiling bubbles of gas on its surface. The star on which the activity has been seen is a red giant star, named R Doradus, with a diameter which is nearly 350 times bigger than the sun. The boiling giant star is around 180 light-years away from Earth and is located in the southern constellation Dorado. Even though R Doradus is much larger than the sun, however, the star is expected to look like our sun and behave like it for the next five billion years by turning into a red giant when it comes closer to death. "This is the first time the bubbling surface of a real star can be shown in such a way," said Wouter Vlemmings, who is the study's lead author, in a statement. #BreakingNews For the first time, astronomers have captured images of a star other than the Sun in enough detail to track the motion of bubbling gas on its surface. The images of the star✨, R Doradus, were obtained with ALMA📡, in July and August 2023 🔗https://t.co/CDElA8uACe pic.twitter.com/ET4iBXchZQ — ALMA Observatory📡 (@almaobs) September 11, 2024 × "We had never expected the data to be of such high quality that we could see so many details of the convection on the stellar surface," he added. Also Read: Another Kuiper Belt? Mystery zone spotted at the edge of our solar system These convection bubbles were captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Spotting of convection bubbles on stars Astronomers have spotted the convection bubbles on the stars previously, however, ALMA observations have been able to track their motion in a detailed manner for the first time. “Convection creates the beautiful granular structure seen on the surface of our Sun, but it is hard to see on other stars,” said co-author Theo Khouri. “With ALMA, we have now been able to not only directly see convective granules – with a size 75 times the size of our Sun! – but also measure how fast they move for the first time," he added. The findings were published in the journal Nature. In the images taken, giant, hot bubbles of gas were seen appearing and then disappearing at a high speed beneath the surface. Watch: NASA astronaut stuck in space reports ‘strange noises’ coming from Starliner capsule In the new paper, the astronomers have for the first time observed how fast the convective granules are moving. On R Doradus, the bubbles were seen moving on a one-month cycle which was faster in comparison to how it moved on our Sun. “It is spectacular that we can now directly image the details on the surface of stars so far away, and observe physics that until now was mostly only observable in our Sun,” said Behzad Bojnodi Arbab, who is a graduate researcher at Chalmers and was part of the study. (With inputs from agencies)

Boiling bubbles, 75x larger than the Sun, spotted at THIS distance from Earth

When spiders made an appearance on Mars, everyone was shocked. What were those black creepy things on the red planet? They weren't actually real spiders, but just another phenomenon that happens there. Satellite images show these tendrilled shapes on Martian soil, and look rather eerie.&nbsp;

These spiders, known as araneiforms, are made from dust and appear only in the southern polar region of Mars in the planet's spring.

Scientists haven't known much about their formation, including how they come about every Martian year. Now, they have created these spiders in the lab, and hope to learn more about the alien landscape of the red planet.&nbsp;

"The spiders are strange, beautiful geologic features in their own right," says planetary scientist Lauren Mc Keown of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "These experiments will help tune our models for how they form."

On Mars, the cold, frigid conditions freeze carbon dioxide into ice. While this is not a natural occurrence on Earth, it&nbsp;can be artificially made and is known as dry ice.

Mc Keown and her colleagues theorise that the Martian spiders might be a result of frozen carbon dioxide turning straight into a gas. Notably, carbon dioxide does not have a liquid form.

This explanation is known as the Kieffer model, named after geophysicist Hugh Kieffer. Scientists say that when it is cold on Mars, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere freezes on the ground. In springtime, the temperatures rise, and this carbon dioxide ice returns to its gaseous state.

This is possible to happen from the bottom of a deposit of ice, at which point the darker Mars dirt beneath begins absorbing the heat. The sublimated gas gets trapped under the slabs of ice above. Since the gas now has nowhere to go, pressure builds and the ice cracks in a small explosion.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mega-tsunami-triggered-by-falling-mountain-created-a-9-day-long-earthquake-758418">Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake</a>

The carbon dioxide gas escapes through these cracks, along with darker, dusty material. After all the ice disappears, a dark, spider-like scar is all that is left behind.

<h2>Creating Mars spiders in a lab</h2>

The researchers recreated the phenomenon in the Dirty Under-vacuum Simulation Testbed for Icy Environments, or DUSTIE, which can replicate the temperature and atmospheric pressure of Mars.

They replicated the dirt on Mars by mixing certain minerals and cooled it in liquid nitrogen. They placed it in the chamber, which had been tuned to the pressure and temperature conditions of Martian winter.

Then they released carbon dioxide into the chamber and it froze onto the simulant. The chamber was then warmed up and following multiple efforts to achieve the right conditions in the chamber, the ice finally exploded.

When spiders made an appearance on Mars, everyone was shocked. What were those black creepy things on the red planet? They weren't actually real spiders, but just another phenomenon that happens there.

When spiders made an appearance on Mars, everyone was shocked. What were those black creepy things on the red planet? They weren't actually real spiders, but just another phenomenon that happens there. Satellite images show these tendrilled shapes on Martian soil, and look rather eerie. These spiders, known as araneiforms, are made from dust and appear only in the southern polar region of Mars in the planet's spring. Scientists haven't known much about their formation, including how they come about every Martian year. Now, they have created these spiders in the lab, and hope to learn more about the alien landscape of the red planet. "The spiders are strange, beautiful geologic features in their own right," says planetary scientist Lauren Mc Keown of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "These experiments will help tune our models for how they form." On Mars, the cold, frigid conditions freeze carbon dioxide into ice. While this is not a natural occurrence on Earth, it can be artificially made and is known as dry ice. Mc Keown and her colleagues theorise that the Martian spiders might be a result of frozen carbon dioxide turning straight into a gas. Notably, carbon dioxide does not have a liquid form. This explanation is known as the Kieffer model, named after geophysicist Hugh Kieffer. Scientists say that when it is cold on Mars, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere freezes on the ground. In springtime, the temperatures rise, and this carbon dioxide ice returns to its gaseous state. This is possible to happen from the bottom of a deposit of ice, at which point the darker Mars dirt beneath begins absorbing the heat. The sublimated gas gets trapped under the slabs of ice above. Since the gas now has nowhere to go, pressure builds and the ice cracks in a small explosion. Also Read: Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake The carbon dioxide gas escapes through these cracks, along with darker, dusty material. After all the ice disappears, a dark, spider-like scar is all that is left behind. Creating Mars spiders in a lab The researchers recreated the phenomenon in the Dirty Under-vacuum Simulation Testbed for Icy Environments, or DUSTIE, which can replicate the temperature and atmospheric pressure of Mars. They replicated the dirt on Mars by mixing certain minerals and cooled it in liquid nitrogen. They placed it in the chamber, which had been tuned to the pressure and temperature conditions of Martian winter. Then they released carbon dioxide into the chamber and it froze onto the simulant. The chamber was then warmed up and following multiple efforts to achieve the right conditions in the chamber, the ice finally exploded.

NASA just recreated 'spiders' seen on Mars in a lab on Earth

Around 252 million years ago, more than 90 per cent of all life was wiped out from Earth. This mass extinction ended the Permian geological period and was known as the Great Dying. It was one of the five global catastrophic events in Earth’s history and worse than the extinction event that killed all dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

A massive heating event has been cited as the most logical explanation for it to date. A volcanic activity in the Siberian Traps released carbon dioxide and this led to a sudden warming of the planet. The vast area was about the size of Australia and the emissions resulted in higher temperatures, acid rain and ocean acidification.

Now, according to new research published Thursday in the journal Science, a mega El Niño effect is what likely led to that mass extinction 252 million years ago.&nbsp;

This one was more intense and prolonged than the one humans witness today.&nbsp;

“What we’re showing is that it was a climate-based extinction crisis. It wasn’t just the warming, it’s how the climate responded,” study co-author, Paul Wignall, a professor of paleoenvironments at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom, said.

“If the conditions were bad but constant, life could have evolved to cope with it. But the fact is, it kept lurching from one extreme to the other over the decades.”

To understand the Great Dying, researchers built a computer model of the global climate during the close of the Permian Period. It showed that a rise in global temperatures led the El Niño events to grow in magnitude and length.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mega-tsunami-triggered-by-falling-mountain-created-a-9-day-long-earthquake-758418">Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake</a>

Earth started witnessing extreme weather conditions, with mass flooding for a period of time followed by scorching droughts and so on. This caused wildfires which killed all types of species across the globe and continued for around 100,000 years.

<h2>El Niño originated in&nbsp;Panthalassic Ocean</h2>

El Niño is a climate pattern that originates in the Pacific and affects the entire planet. It affects wind patterns and ocean currents and typically lasts between nine and 18 months, occurring every two to seven years. However, during the warmest phases of the extinction event, it would have stretched for 10 years, Alex Farnsworth, a senior research associate at the UK’s University of Bristol and the study’s joint lead author, said.

It must have originated in the Panthalassic Ocean, which was much larger than the Pacific and so could hold more heat. This in turn made the El Niño effects much stronger and longer.

He maintains that volcanic activity also played a role but wasn't enough to cause a mass extinction of that scale. Similar incidents had happened earlier as well but never triggered a mass extinction.

“It’s volcanism that was the main culprit here, but it had a feedback mechanism on ocean dynamics that led to these much stronger El Niños starting to develop and then (the two things) play in concert,” Wignall said.

This explanation seems plausible considering extinctions started on land before they occurred in the ocean, the study said. “Whilst the oceans were initially shielded from the temperature rises, the mega-El Nino’s caused temperatures on land to exceed most species thermal tolerances at rates so rapid that they could not adapt in time,” co-lead author Yadong Sun, a researcher at China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, said in a press&nbsp;release.

Around 252 million years ago, more than 90 per cent of all life was wiped out from Earth. This mass extinction ended the Permian geological period and was known as the Great Dying.

Around 252 million years ago, more than 90 per cent of all life was wiped out from Earth. This mass extinction ended the Permian geological period and was known as the Great Dying. It was one of the five global catastrophic events in Earth’s history and worse than the extinction event that killed all dinosaurs 65 million years ago. A massive heating event has been cited as the most logical explanation for it to date. A volcanic activity in the Siberian Traps released carbon dioxide and this led to a sudden warming of the planet. The vast area was about the size of Australia and the emissions resulted in higher temperatures, acid rain and ocean acidification. Now, according to new research published Thursday in the journal Science, a mega El Niño effect is what likely led to that mass extinction 252 million years ago. This one was more intense and prolonged than the one humans witness today. “What we’re showing is that it was a climate-based extinction crisis. It wasn’t just the warming, it’s how the climate responded,” study co-author, Paul Wignall, a professor of paleoenvironments at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom, said. “If the conditions were bad but constant, life could have evolved to cope with it. But the fact is, it kept lurching from one extreme to the other over the decades.” To understand the Great Dying, researchers built a computer model of the global climate during the close of the Permian Period. It showed that a rise in global temperatures led the El Niño events to grow in magnitude and length. Also Read: Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake Earth started witnessing extreme weather conditions, with mass flooding for a period of time followed by scorching droughts and so on. This caused wildfires which killed all types of species across the globe and continued for around 100,000 years. El Niño originated in Panthalassic Ocean El Niño is a climate pattern that originates in the Pacific and affects the entire planet. It affects wind patterns and ocean currents and typically lasts between nine and 18 months, occurring every two to seven years. However, during the warmest phases of the extinction event, it would have stretched for 10 years, Alex Farnsworth, a senior research associate at the UK’s University of Bristol and the study’s joint lead author, said. It must have originated in the Panthalassic Ocean, which was much larger than the Pacific and so could hold more heat. This in turn made the El Niño effects much stronger and longer. He maintains that volcanic activity also played a role but wasn't enough to cause a mass extinction of that scale. Similar incidents had happened earlier as well but never triggered a mass extinction. “It’s volcanism that was the main culprit here, but it had a feedback mechanism on ocean dynamics that led to these much stronger El Niños starting to develop and then (the two things) play in concert,” Wignall said. This explanation seems plausible considering extinctions started on land before they occurred in the ocean, the study said. “Whilst the oceans were initially shielded from the temperature rises, the mega-El Nino’s caused temperatures on land to exceed most species thermal tolerances at rates so rapid that they could not adapt in time,” co-lead author Yadong Sun, a researcher at China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, said in a press release.

What caused the Great Dying 252 million years ago? We may finally know

Earth will soon get a second moon, but just for a few weeks. In fact, you might not be able to see it either. Towards the end of September, for less than two months, an asteroid will turn into a moon for our planet.&nbsp;

The small asteroid, named 2024 PT5, was discovered on August 7 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). It is currently on a trajectory where it will get caught by Earth's gravity.&nbsp;

Carlos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos, researchers at Spain’s Universidad Complutense de Madrid, made the revelation in a paper published in Research Notes of the AAS.&nbsp;

The duo says that the asteroid will orbit the Earth from September 29 till November 25. After completing nearly one orbit, it will zoom away from us.&nbsp;

This is not the first instance of Earth getting two months temporarily. Carlos and Marcos write in the paper that the dual-moon scenario, although rare, has happened before.&nbsp;

<h2>Has Earth had two moons before?</h2>

It has happened at least on two occasions in the past. First, in July 2006, when a mini-moon orbited Earth for about a year. Later, another object was discovered that had gotten caught in Earth’s gravitational pull.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/asteroid-nearly-1500-feet-in-size-moving-towards-earth-at-26-times-the-speed-of-sound-758280">Asteroid nearly 1500 feet in size moving towards Earth at 26 times the speed of sound</a>

It escaped in 2020. This is not uncommon as scientists say objects can get entangled in the planet's gravity for a short time.

In 2020, a mini-moon was said to be lurking near us, but scientists failed to find conclusive data.

The duo are sure that it is a celestial object and not an artificial body. “The object is unlikely to be artificial as its short-term dynamical evolution closely resembles that of 2022 NX1,” they wrote in the paper, referring to another asteroid that became a mini-moon in 1981, and again in 2022.

Asteroid 2024 PT5 likely originated in the Arjuna asteroid belt, where near-Earth objects with orbits similar to our planet’s live.&nbsp;

A fascinating simulation of the asteroid making its way to Earth and out was shared by amateur astronomer Tony Dunn on X.

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Newly-discovered <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/asteroid?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#asteroid</a> 2024 PT5 is about to undergo a "mini-moon event" when its geocentric energy becomes negative from September 29 - November 25.<a href="https://t.co/sAo1qSRu3J">https://t.co/sAo1qSRu3J</a> <a href="https://t.co/pVYAmSbkCF">pic.twitter.com/pVYAmSbkCF</a>
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The asteroid will return on January 9, 2025, with its next visit not happening until 2055.

Earth will soon get a second moon, but just for a few weeks. In fact, you might not be able to see it either. Towards the end of September, for less than two months, an asteroid will turn into a moon for our planet.

Earth will soon get a second moon, but just for a few weeks. In fact, you might not be able to see it either. Towards the end of September, for less than two months, an asteroid will turn into a moon for our planet. The small asteroid, named 2024 PT5, was discovered on August 7 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). It is currently on a trajectory where it will get caught by Earth's gravity. Carlos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos, researchers at Spain’s Universidad Complutense de Madrid, made the revelation in a paper published in Research Notes of the AAS. The duo says that the asteroid will orbit the Earth from September 29 till November 25. After completing nearly one orbit, it will zoom away from us. This is not the first instance of Earth getting two months temporarily. Carlos and Marcos write in the paper that the dual-moon scenario, although rare, has happened before. Has Earth had two moons before? It has happened at least on two occasions in the past. First, in July 2006, when a mini-moon orbited Earth for about a year. Later, another object was discovered that had gotten caught in Earth’s gravitational pull. Also Read: Asteroid nearly 1500 feet in size moving towards Earth at 26 times the speed of sound It escaped in 2020. This is not uncommon as scientists say objects can get entangled in the planet's gravity for a short time. In 2020, a mini-moon was said to be lurking near us, but scientists failed to find conclusive data. The duo are sure that it is a celestial object and not an artificial body. “The object is unlikely to be artificial as its short-term dynamical evolution closely resembles that of 2022 NX1,” they wrote in the paper, referring to another asteroid that became a mini-moon in 1981, and again in 2022. Asteroid 2024 PT5 likely originated in the Arjuna asteroid belt, where near-Earth objects with orbits similar to our planet’s live. A fascinating simulation of the asteroid making its way to Earth and out was shared by amateur astronomer Tony Dunn on X. Newly-discovered #asteroid 2024 PT5 is about to undergo a "mini-moon event" when its geocentric energy becomes negative from September 29 - November 25.https://t.co/sAo1qSRu3J pic.twitter.com/pVYAmSbkCF — Tony Dunn (@tony873004) September 10, 2024 × The asteroid will return on January 9, 2025, with its next visit not happening until 2055.

Earth will soon have two moons, just not in the way you think

Something incredible happened in Greenland in 2023, when a mountaintop collapsed into the sea, triggering a mega-tsunami about 200 metres (650 feet) tall. The giant wave was so strong that it rocked inside the narrow Dickson Fjord for nine days.&nbsp;

The event generated seismic waves that cut through the Earth's crust and also lasted for a whopping nine straight days.

When scientists recorded a mysterious seismic signal in 2023, they were unsure of what was happening. Instead of the frequency-rich rumble typical of earthquakes, they noticed only a monotonous hum, with only a single vibration frequency.&nbsp;

An international team of scientists decided to solve the mystery. They traced the origin of the seismic signal back to the tsunami waves in Greenland. The study has been published in the journal Science.

"When we set out on this scientific adventure, everybody was puzzled and no one had the faintest idea what caused this signal," said Kristian Svennevig, a geologist at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the study's lead author.

"All we knew was that it was somehow associated with the landslide. We only managed to solve this enigma through a huge interdisciplinary and international effort."

Rock and ice that could fill 10,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools had plunged into the fjord. A 200-metre-high mega-tsunami was triggered, along with a phenomenon known as a seiche.&nbsp;

Siche is when a wave continues to slosh around in an icy fjord back and forth. This one rocked some 10,000 times over nine days. It was 200 metres tall, the tallest wave recorded anywhere on Earth since 1980.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/polaris-dawn-spacewalk-might-have-broken-some-laws-758319">Space crime? Polaris Dawn spacewalk might have broken some laws</a>

It was many times higher than the tsunami waves triggered by an undersea earthquake in Indonesia in 2004, and in Japan in 2011, the authors wrote in the paper.

Stephen Hicks, Research Fellow in Computational Seismology, UCL and Kristian Svennevig, Senior Researcher, Department of Mapping and Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, informed that 66 other scientists from 40 institutions across 15 countries worked together to find the source of the mysterious signal.

<h2>What caused the fall?</h2>

Climate change. Study authors say that global heating had "thinned the glacier by several tens of metres, meaning that the mountain towering above it could no longer be held up."

"The landslide travelled down a very steep glacier in a narrow gully before plunging into a narrow, confined fjord," they wrote.

Scientists say that this is not the last time something like this has happened. "As permafrost on steep slopes continues to warm and glaciers continue to thin we can expect these events to happen more often and on an even bigger scale across the world's polar and mountainous regions," they said.

Something incredible happened in Greenland in 2023, when a mountaintop collapsed into the sea, triggering a mega-tsunami about 200 metres (650 feet) tall. The giant wave was so strong that it rocked inside the narrow Dickson Fjord for nine days.

Something incredible happened in Greenland in 2023, when a mountaintop collapsed into the sea, triggering a mega-tsunami about 200 metres (650 feet) tall. The giant wave was so strong that it rocked inside the narrow Dickson Fjord for nine days. The event generated seismic waves that cut through the Earth's crust and also lasted for a whopping nine straight days. When scientists recorded a mysterious seismic signal in 2023, they were unsure of what was happening. Instead of the frequency-rich rumble typical of earthquakes, they noticed only a monotonous hum, with only a single vibration frequency. An international team of scientists decided to solve the mystery. They traced the origin of the seismic signal back to the tsunami waves in Greenland. The study has been published in the journal Science. "When we set out on this scientific adventure, everybody was puzzled and no one had the faintest idea what caused this signal," said Kristian Svennevig, a geologist at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the study's lead author. "All we knew was that it was somehow associated with the landslide. We only managed to solve this enigma through a huge interdisciplinary and international effort." Rock and ice that could fill 10,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools had plunged into the fjord. A 200-metre-high mega-tsunami was triggered, along with a phenomenon known as a seiche. Siche is when a wave continues to slosh around in an icy fjord back and forth. This one rocked some 10,000 times over nine days. It was 200 metres tall, the tallest wave recorded anywhere on Earth since 1980. Also Read: Space crime? Polaris Dawn spacewalk might have broken some laws It was many times higher than the tsunami waves triggered by an undersea earthquake in Indonesia in 2004, and in Japan in 2011, the authors wrote in the paper. Stephen Hicks, Research Fellow in Computational Seismology, UCL and Kristian Svennevig, Senior Researcher, Department of Mapping and Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, informed that 66 other scientists from 40 institutions across 15 countries worked together to find the source of the mysterious signal. What caused the fall? Climate change. Study authors say that global heating had "thinned the glacier by several tens of metres, meaning that the mountain towering above it could no longer be held up." "The landslide travelled down a very steep glacier in a narrow gully before plunging into a narrow, confined fjord," they wrote. Scientists say that this is not the last time something like this has happened. "As permafrost on steep slopes continues to warm and glaciers continue to thin we can expect these events to happen more often and on an even bigger scale across the world's polar and mountainous regions," they said.

Mega tsunami triggered by falling mountain created a 9-day-long earthquake

The world's first private spacewalk took place on Thursday (Sep 12) 700 kilometres above Earth. As the world watched billionaire Jared Isaacman and SpaceX employee Sarah Gillis venture into the darkness of space for about ten minutes, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk patted the company's back.

However, turns out the spacewalk might have broken some rules and was likely a "space crime", IFL Science reported.

The Outer Space Treaty was signed by 111 countries in 1967 and governs the matters of space exploration. Tomasso Sgobba, executive director of the Netherlands-based International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, told Al Jazeera that the private Polaris Dawn mission might have violated a specific part of the treaty.&nbsp;

“This is a mission which violates Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty,” Sgobba told Al Jazeera.&nbsp;

This part of the treaty talks about activities conducted by non-governmental agencies in space and puts the onus on the states to which the private mission is linked.&nbsp;

"States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty," the treaty reads.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/tech-billionaire-kicks-off-first-private-spacewalk-out-of-spacex-capsule-758120">Tech billionaire kicks off first private spacewalk out of SpaceX capsule</a>

"The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty," it adds.

The Polaris Dawn mission is being carried out by SpaceX, an American company. So the United States becomes responsible for the mission.

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&nbsp;

However, none of the government branches have stepped up and taken responsibility for the safety of the mission.&nbsp;

“Under federal law, the FAA is prohibited from issuing regulations for commercial human spaceflight occupant safety," the Federal Aviation Agency told Al Jazeera.&nbsp;

Even though the offices cannot certify missions, they can approve rockets and spacecraft used in private and governmental space flights.

For now, the US doesn't face the risk of any action. But in future, the treaty might have to be amended when more private missions are carried out in space, the moon or even on asteroids.&nbsp;

The world's first private spacewalk took place on Thursday (Sep 12) 700 kilometres above Earth. As the world watched billionaire Jared Isaacman and SpaceX employee Sarah Gillis venture into the darkness of space for about ten minutes, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk patted the company's back.

The world's first private spacewalk took place on Thursday (Sep 12) 700 kilometres above Earth. As the world watched billionaire Jared Isaacman and SpaceX employee Sarah Gillis venture into the darkness of space for about ten minutes, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk patted the company's back. However, turns out the spacewalk might have broken some rules and was likely a "space crime", IFL Science reported. The Outer Space Treaty was signed by 111 countries in 1967 and governs the matters of space exploration. Tomasso Sgobba, executive director of the Netherlands-based International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, told Al Jazeera that the private Polaris Dawn mission might have violated a specific part of the treaty. “This is a mission which violates Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty,” Sgobba told Al Jazeera. This part of the treaty talks about activities conducted by non-governmental agencies in space and puts the onus on the states to which the private mission is linked. "States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty," the treaty reads. Also Read: Tech billionaire kicks off first private spacewalk out of SpaceX capsule "The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty," it adds. The Polaris Dawn mission is being carried out by SpaceX, an American company. So the United States becomes responsible for the mission. × However, none of the government branches have stepped up and taken responsibility for the safety of the mission. “Under federal law, the FAA is prohibited from issuing regulations for commercial human spaceflight occupant safety," the Federal Aviation Agency told Al Jazeera. Even though the offices cannot certify missions, they can approve rockets and spacecraft used in private and governmental space flights. For now, the US doesn't face the risk of any action. But in future, the treaty might have to be amended when more private missions are carried out in space, the moon or even on asteroids.

Space crime? Polaris Dawn spacewalk might have broken some laws

Jupiter's moon lo has a new volcano, new photos shared by the Juno spacecraft show. The most volcanic body in the Solar System developed this feature sometime in the last 25 years.&nbsp;

The new volcano is located towards the south of Io's equator near an existing volcano called Kanehekili. Volcanic activity on lo is caused by tidal heating and the volcanoes sit in the moon's equatorial region, within about 30 degrees north and south of the equator.&nbsp;

The proof of the volcano being new lies in the images captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in 1997. When it photographed the region at the time, the surface was featureless.

The discovery was confirmed after JunoCam clicked an image of the region in April 2024. It showed multiple lava flows and volcanic deposits covering an area of about 180 kilometres by 180 kilometres.

"Our recent JunoCam images show many changes on Io, including this large, complicated volcanic feature that appears to have formed from nothing since 1997," Michael Ravine, &nbsp;the Advanced Projects Manager at Malin Space Science Systems, said.&nbsp;

The company built and operates JunoCam for NASA's Juno mission.

<h2>Did the volcano really rise from nothing?&nbsp;</h2>

lo has over 400 active volcanoes and the reason for this is the lack of a subsurface ocean. Jupiter and lo's fellow moon Europa cause tidal friction which is dissipated as orbital and heat energy in Io.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/twilight-clouds-dust-clouds-and-more-line-the-atmosphere-of-mars-757804">Twilight clouds, dust clouds and more line the atmosphere of Mars</a>

This heat on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto keeps their subsurface oceans in liquid form.

However, since lo does not have an ocean, the heat results in magma rising and breaking through the surface as volcanoes.

JunoCam took the best shot of the new volcano on February 3rd, 2024, from a distance of about 2,530 km. The image shows Io illuminated with sunlight reflected off of Jupiter.

Jupiter's moon lo has a new volcano, new photos shared by the Juno spacecraft show. The most volcanic body in the Solar System developed this feature sometime in the last 25 years.

Jupiter's moon lo has a new volcano, new photos shared by the Juno spacecraft show. The most volcanic body in the Solar System developed this feature sometime in the last 25 years. The new volcano is located towards the south of Io's equator near an existing volcano called Kanehekili. Volcanic activity on lo is caused by tidal heating and the volcanoes sit in the moon's equatorial region, within about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. The proof of the volcano being new lies in the images captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft in 1997. When it photographed the region at the time, the surface was featureless. The discovery was confirmed after JunoCam clicked an image of the region in April 2024. It showed multiple lava flows and volcanic deposits covering an area of about 180 kilometres by 180 kilometres. "Our recent JunoCam images show many changes on Io, including this large, complicated volcanic feature that appears to have formed from nothing since 1997," Michael Ravine, the Advanced Projects Manager at Malin Space Science Systems, said. The company built and operates JunoCam for NASA's Juno mission. Did the volcano really rise from nothing? lo has over 400 active volcanoes and the reason for this is the lack of a subsurface ocean. Jupiter and lo's fellow moon Europa cause tidal friction which is dissipated as orbital and heat energy in Io. Also Read: Twilight clouds, dust clouds and more line the atmosphere of Mars This heat on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto keeps their subsurface oceans in liquid form. However, since lo does not have an ocean, the heat results in magma rising and breaking through the surface as volcanoes. JunoCam took the best shot of the new volcano on February 3rd, 2024, from a distance of about 2,530 km. The image shows Io illuminated with sunlight reflected off of Jupiter.

Volcano born from 'nothing' on Jupiter's moon lo didn't exist 25 years back

The people in New York City were left puzzled and a little panicky after they spotted a mysterious orb of light with a long and glowing tail soaring across the skies of the Big Apple on Tuesday morning (September 10).&nbsp;

This mysterious spotting ignited theories about whether aliens were getting for a real touchdown or just a UFO was passing by.&nbsp;

However, the strange object had no alien connection but was a spaceship which was carrying the daredevil civilian who would perform the world's first spacewalk.&nbsp;

The Polaris Dawn&nbsp;launched from the Kennedy Space Station&nbsp;in Florida at 5:23 am (local time) and had aboard NASA scientists and a civilian, who would be the first non-astronauts to perform a spacewalk.

After its launch, something similar to the mysterious orb of light was seen in Pennsylvania.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/successful-liftoff-for-spacexs-polaris-dawn-mission-attempting-historic-first-private-spacewalk-757430">Successful liftoff for SpaceX's Polaris Dawn mission attempting first-ever private spacewalk</a>

The crew of the spacecraft included second-time space flier and billionaire Jared Isaacman who will be in outer space for the next five days.&nbsp;

The mission was conceived by&nbsp;Jared Isaacman, the billionaire founder of financial technology firm Shift4 Payments, who was part of the Inspiration4 mission in September 2021.

Former US Air Force pilot Scott “Kidd” Poteet and SpaceX engineers Anna Menon and Sarah Gillis are the other crew members.&nbsp;

The spaceship was spotted flying across the East Coast and moving horizontally towards the stars.

There have been roughly 270 spacewalks on the International Space Station (ISS) since its creation in 2000, and 16 by Chinese astronauts on Beijing's Tiangong space station. However, it would be the first time a private company would be chauffering the spacewalks.&nbsp;

<h2>How NYC people reacted to the Polaris Dawn spacecraft's spotting</h2>

Some of the people were unaware of the SpaceX journey in New York and hence confused it with something other-worldly.

Watch:&nbsp;SpaceX launches 'all civilian' Polaris mission: A new frontier in private space exploration

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“That’s aliens dawg!” wrote one person. “There are enough extraterrestrials in NYC, if you ask me,” said another.

The Polaris Dawn has been on a record-breaking journey and will surpass the Earth-lapping record established during NASA’s Project Gemini in 1966.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

The people in New York City were left puzzled and a little panicky after they spotted a mysterious orb of light with a long and glowing tail soaring across the skies of the Big Apple on Tuesday morning (September 10).

The people in New York City were left puzzled and a little panicky after they spotted a mysterious orb of light with a long and glowing tail soaring across the skies of the Big Apple on Tuesday morning (September 10). This mysterious spotting ignited theories about whether aliens were getting for a real touchdown or just a UFO was passing by. However, the strange object had no alien connection but was a spaceship which was carrying the daredevil civilian who would perform the world's first spacewalk. The Polaris Dawn launched from the Kennedy Space Station in Florida at 5:23 am (local time) and had aboard NASA scientists and a civilian, who would be the first non-astronauts to perform a spacewalk. After its launch, something similar to the mysterious orb of light was seen in Pennsylvania. Also Read: Successful liftoff for SpaceX's Polaris Dawn mission attempting first-ever private spacewalk The crew of the spacecraft included second-time space flier and billionaire Jared Isaacman who will be in outer space for the next five days. The mission was conceived by Jared Isaacman, the billionaire founder of financial technology firm Shift4 Payments, who was part of the Inspiration4 mission in September 2021. Former US Air Force pilot Scott “Kidd” Poteet and SpaceX engineers Anna Menon and Sarah Gillis are the other crew members. The spaceship was spotted flying across the East Coast and moving horizontally towards the stars. There have been roughly 270 spacewalks on the International Space Station (ISS) since its creation in 2000, and 16 by Chinese astronauts on Beijing's Tiangong space station. However, it would be the first time a private company would be chauffering the spacewalks. How NYC people reacted to the Polaris Dawn spacecraft's spotting Some of the people were unaware of the SpaceX journey in New York and hence confused it with something other-worldly. Watch: SpaceX launches 'all civilian' Polaris mission: A new frontier in private space exploration “That’s aliens dawg!” wrote one person. “There are enough extraterrestrials in NYC, if you ask me,” said another. The Polaris Dawn has been on a record-breaking journey and will surpass the Earth-lapping record established during NASA’s Project Gemini in 1966. (With inputs from agencies)

NYC panics after mysterious orb of light soars high in sky. But it's not UFO

Voyager 1 spacecraft is phoning home once again while remaining pointed at Earth, thanks to a clever trick carried out by NASA scientists. It is flying through interstellar space at the moment after being launched in 1977. It developed thruster issues due to which it was unable to stay pointed at Earth when calling home.

So to continue to remain connected with Earth, it needed to switch to a different thruster set. However, it was tricky since Voyager 1 is 47 years old and any sudden changes could damage the spacecraft.

So NASA had to think out of the box.&nbsp;

"All the decisions we will have to make going forward are going to require a lot more analysis and caution than they once did," Suzanne Dodd, Voyager's project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory that manages the mission, said in a statement on Tuesday (Sep&nbsp;10).

The fuel tubes for their thrusters have been prone to clogging for more than 20 years. The Voyager has three thruster branches, two attitude branches designed for orientation, and one trajectory correction branch made for pathway changes in space.

In 2002, the first attitude propulsion branch started to clog. So it switched to the second branch, NASA officials said in the statement. However, the second branch began also started showing signs of clogging in 2018, so Voyager 1's orientation manoeuvres switched to the trajectory correction branch. &nbsp;

Now the problem being faced was even this branch started to clog up, much worse than the attitude branches. This JPL decides to go back to the attitude propulsion system. However, this time the challenge was bigger as the spacecraft has a lot less power than in 2002.&nbsp;

Currently, Voyager 1 is running only on essential systems, and some of its heaters have been turned off. This meant that due to diminished radiant heat, &nbsp;Voyager 1's dormant attitude propulsion thruster branch was quite cold and risked damage if turned on.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mega-collision-with-another-galaxy-9-billion-years-ago-created-milky-way-black-hole-758056">Mega collision with another galaxy 9 billion years ago created Milky Way black hole</a>

So, JPL engineers had an idea - switch on one of the heaters for an hour. It worked and one of the attitude thruster branches successfully reoriented Voyager 1 towards Earth on August 27 for the first time in six years.

In June, a data transmission problem that had been affecting the spacecraft for months was also fixed.

<h2>Voyager 1 and Voyager 2</h2>

Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were sent to space more than 47 years ago to study the distant solar system. They flew by by four largest outer solar system planets by 1989 and are now in interstellar space, where the sun's gravity or particles cannot reach. They left the solar system in the early 2010s.

Voyager 1 spacecraft is phoning home once again while remaining pointed at Earth, thanks to a clever trick carried out by NASA scientists. It is flying through interstellar space at the moment after being launched in 1977.

Voyager 1 spacecraft is phoning home once again while remaining pointed at Earth, thanks to a clever trick carried out by NASA scientists. It is flying through interstellar space at the moment after being launched in 1977. It developed thruster issues due to which it was unable to stay pointed at Earth when calling home. So to continue to remain connected with Earth, it needed to switch to a different thruster set. However, it was tricky since Voyager 1 is 47 years old and any sudden changes could damage the spacecraft. So NASA had to think out of the box. "All the decisions we will have to make going forward are going to require a lot more analysis and caution than they once did," Suzanne Dodd, Voyager's project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory that manages the mission, said in a statement on Tuesday (Sep 10). The fuel tubes for their thrusters have been prone to clogging for more than 20 years. The Voyager has three thruster branches, two attitude branches designed for orientation, and one trajectory correction branch made for pathway changes in space. In 2002, the first attitude propulsion branch started to clog. So it switched to the second branch, NASA officials said in the statement. However, the second branch began also started showing signs of clogging in 2018, so Voyager 1's orientation manoeuvres switched to the trajectory correction branch. Now the problem being faced was even this branch started to clog up, much worse than the attitude branches. This JPL decides to go back to the attitude propulsion system. However, this time the challenge was bigger as the spacecraft has a lot less power than in 2002. Currently, Voyager 1 is running only on essential systems, and some of its heaters have been turned off. This meant that due to diminished radiant heat, Voyager 1's dormant attitude propulsion thruster branch was quite cold and risked damage if turned on. Also Read: Mega collision with another galaxy 9 billion years ago created Milky Way black hole So, JPL engineers had an idea - switch on one of the heaters for an hour. It worked and one of the attitude thruster branches successfully reoriented Voyager 1 towards Earth on August 27 for the first time in six years. In June, a data transmission problem that had been affecting the spacecraft for months was also fixed. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were sent to space more than 47 years ago to study the distant solar system. They flew by by four largest outer solar system planets by 1989 and are now in interstellar space, where the sun's gravity or particles cannot reach. They left the solar system in the early 2010s.

NASA fixes another problem on Voyager 1 as it moves through interstellar space

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