Physicists have evidence that a glueball, an exotic subatomic state that was first predicted nearly 50 years ago, could be real. It is composed entirely of force-carrier particles, rather than ordinary matter. The discovery was made by scientists at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II (BEPCII). According to quantum chromodynamics, quarks and gluons interact to create the ordinary matter around us. Quarks are the fundamental building blocks that make up protons and neutrons, while gluons are the massless "glue" particles of the strong force and hold quarks together.&nbsp;Decades ago, scientists hypothesised "glueballs", gluons that bind to each other without any quarks, effectively creating a particle made purely out of force. Physicists at BEPCII have found that a known particle called X(2370) is dominated by one of these elusive states. Researchers explained in a statement that a glueball is the only type of particle in nature composed entirely of force mediators.Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/beyond-solid-liquid-gas-scientists-find-new-state-of-matter-where-two-exotic-materials-meet-1786861678342">Beyond solid, liquid, gas: Scientists find new state of matter where two exotic materials meet</a><h2>High-energy collisions</h2>The international team of scientists analysed high-energy collisions that yielded the&nbsp;X(2370), first detected in 2011. They went through billions of particle decay events and measured the particle's mass, spin-parity, and decay pathways. BEPCII, a particle accelerator and collider that smashes electrons into their antimatter counterparts, called positrons, was used to study the complex physics.&nbsp;Jin Shan, a particle physicist at Nanjing University and one of the research team's leaders, noted that the glueball they found is an "unprecedented form of matter." Shan told South China Morning Post that the discovery "not only enables the theory describing strong interactions to pass its most rigorous test, but also vastly expands the boundaries of our understanding of the physical world."&nbsp;The J/ψ (J/psi) meson, a subatomic particle caused by high-energy collisions, is formed when particles crash together at nearly the speed of light. It decays almost instantly, and this event provides "one of the best avenues to search for glueballs". A few years back, scientists analysed 10 billion meson decay events and measured the X(2370) particle's mass and spin parity and found complete agreement between their experimental values and predictions.<h2>A single flavour nature</h2>In the latest analysis, they have found "the most important characteristic of a glueball." They confirmed its "flavour-singlet" nature—meaning it decays without showing a preference for any specific type (flavour) of quark. The team said more particle smashing is needed to further confirm and constrain the properties of the exotic glueball. &nbsp;

Scientists at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II have found a particle that is made purely of force. The glueball was first hypothesised nearly 50 years ago, and physicists may have found the first strong evidence to show that it exists.

Physicists have evidence that a glueball, an exotic subatomic state that was first predicted nearly 50 years ago, could be real. It is composed entirely of force-carrier particles, rather than ordinary matter. The discovery was made by scientists at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II (BEPCII). According to quantum chromodynamics, quarks and gluons interact to create the ordinary matter around us. Quarks are the fundamental building blocks that make up protons and neutrons, while gluons are the massless "glue" particles of the strong force and hold quarks together. Decades ago, scientists hypothesised "glueballs", gluons that bind to each other without any quarks, effectively creating a particle made purely out of force. Physicists at BEPCII have found that a known particle called X(2370) is dominated by one of these elusive states. Researchers explained in a statement that a glueball is the only type of particle in nature composed entirely of force mediators. Also Read: Beyond solid, liquid, gas: Scientists find new state of matter where two exotic materials meet High-energy collisions The international team of scientists analysed high-energy collisions that yielded the X(2370), first detected in 2011. They went through billions of particle decay events and measured the particle's mass, spin-parity, and decay pathways. BEPCII, a particle accelerator and collider that smashes electrons into their antimatter counterparts, called positrons, was used to study the complex physics. Jin Shan, a particle physicist at Nanjing University and one of the research team's leaders, noted that the glueball they found is an "unprecedented form of matter." Shan told South China Morning Post that the discovery "not only enables the theory describing strong interactions to pass its most rigorous test, but also vastly expands the boundaries of our understanding of the physical world." The J/ψ (J/psi) meson, a subatomic particle caused by high-energy collisions, is formed when particles crash together at nearly the speed of light. It decays almost instantly, and this event provides "one of the best avenues to search for glueballs". A few years back, scientists analysed 10 billion meson decay events and measured the X(2370) particle's mass and spin parity and found complete agreement between their experimental values and predictions. A single flavour nature In the latest analysis, they have found "the most important characteristic of a glueball." They confirmed its "flavour-singlet" nature—meaning it decays without showing a preference for any specific type (flavour) of quark. The team said more particle smashing is needed to further confirm and constrain the properties of the exotic glueball.

Scientists at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider II have found a particle that is made purely of force. The glueball was first hypothesised nearly 50 years ago, and physicists may have found the first strong evidence to show that it exists.

50-year-mystery solved: Physicists find rare 'glueball' particle with no matter and pure force

Quantum teleportation sends information, not matter, using entanglement from one place to another. In 2024, scientists teleported a quantum state of light over 30 km of fibre-optic cable alongside live internet traffic. 

What is Quantum Teleportation? How scientists made a breakthrough for the first time

Quantum physics explains how matter and energy behave at the smallest level, including atoms, electrons, photons and subatomic particles. Its core ideas include superposition, where particles exist in multiple states at once and entanglement, where distant particles remain linked.

'Small tech, big impact': How quantum physics is making weapons smarter, not bigger

The famous cat experiment in 1935 of the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger became one of the most iconic and debated concepts in science. Both for its intellectual depth and its unusual imagery, the experiment remains a cornerstone of quantum physics discussions.<h3>What was the cat experiment?</h3>In Schrödinger's experiment, a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed together in a sealed box. During the experiment, if an internal radiation monitor, such as a Geiger counter, detects radioactivity (a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. If no decaying atom triggers the monitor, the cat remains alive. This experiment signifies that the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. When looking into the box, it was seen that the cat was either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This question arises when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality resolves into one possibility or the other.&nbsp;Although initially meant as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation, the famous and seemingly paradoxical thought experiment of Schrödinger became a cornerstone in quantum mechanics. It is frequently referenced in theoretical debates about the various interpretations of quantum theory, especially when addressing the measurement problem. Over time, the cat of Schrödinger has maintained a lasting presence in popular culture. The concept was never designed to be carried out on a real cat but serves as a simple, relatable way to illustrate the behaviour of atoms.<h3>Erwin Schrödinger: The Physicist and Philosopher</h3>He was born in Vienna in 1887 and made groundbreaking contributions to wave mechanics, earning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, shared with Paul Dirac. His wave equation transformed the understanding of atomic structure, laying the foundation for much of modern quantum theory.&nbsp;However, Schrödinger was not content with abstract mathematics alone. He often delved into the philosophical implications of science, questioning what quantum mechanics truly tells us about reality. The cat experiment was never meant to be a real laboratory test, but rather a thought experiment to challenge physicists to reconsider their assumptions.&nbsp;Decades later, Schrödinger’s Cat continues to inspire debates not only in physics but also in philosophy, computer science, and even popular culture. It has appeared in countless TV shows, films, and books, symbolising the strange and counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics. In modern research, the concept has found echoes in quantum computing, where particles can hold multiple values at once, much like the “alive and dead” cat.

The cat experiment of Schrödinger has inspired debates not only in physics but also in philosophy, computer science, and even popular culture. The experiment has appeared in several TV shows, films, and books, symbolising the strange and counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics.

The famous cat experiment in 1935 of the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger became one of the most iconic and debated concepts in science. Both for its intellectual depth and its unusual imagery, the experiment remains a cornerstone of quantum physics discussions. What was the cat experiment? In Schrödinger's experiment, a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed together in a sealed box. During the experiment, if an internal radiation monitor, such as a Geiger counter, detects radioactivity (a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. If no decaying atom triggers the monitor, the cat remains alive. This experiment signifies that the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. When looking into the box, it was seen that the cat was either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This question arises when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality resolves into one possibility or the other. Although initially meant as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation, the famous and seemingly paradoxical thought experiment of Schrödinger became a cornerstone in quantum mechanics. It is frequently referenced in theoretical debates about the various interpretations of quantum theory, especially when addressing the measurement problem. Over time, the cat of Schrödinger has maintained a lasting presence in popular culture. The concept was never designed to be carried out on a real cat but serves as a simple, relatable way to illustrate the behaviour of atoms. Erwin Schrödinger: The Physicist and Philosopher He was born in Vienna in 1887 and made groundbreaking contributions to wave mechanics, earning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, shared with Paul Dirac. His wave equation transformed the understanding of atomic structure, laying the foundation for much of modern quantum theory. However, Schrödinger was not content with abstract mathematics alone. He often delved into the philosophical implications of science, questioning what quantum mechanics truly tells us about reality. The cat experiment was never meant to be a real laboratory test, but rather a thought experiment to challenge physicists to reconsider their assumptions. Decades later, Schrödinger’s Cat continues to inspire debates not only in physics but also in philosophy, computer science, and even popular culture. It has appeared in countless TV shows, films, and books, symbolising the strange and counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics. In modern research, the concept has found echoes in quantum computing, where particles can hold multiple values at once, much like the “alive and dead” cat.

The cat experiment of Schrödinger has inspired debates not only in physics but also in philosophy, computer science, and even popular culture. The experiment has appeared in several TV shows, films, and books, symbolising the strange and counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics.

Erwin Schrödinger’s cat experiment: The man behind famous quantum physics experiment

Stealth is a major capability of modern military equipment to go invisible on enemy radar provide a major advantage on the battlefield as well. Growing menace of drones as seen in Russia Ukraine war has also got researchers crashing their head but new radar system can make the jets and drones lose the cloak of stealth. Watch in for more details!

Will quantum radar keep drones off the battlefield?

Scientists have long been looking for 'glueballs', which are bonded states of subatomic gluon particles without any quarks, and they may have discovered them in a particle accelerator experiment.

It seems like a really big step forward in physics, but why? Let's comprehend. Gluons play a major role in maintaining the stability of atoms by holding quarks in place, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons.

About this function, the gluon is a component of the strong nuclear force, which, together with gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak nuclear force, is one of the four basic forces of nature that sustain the rules of physics. Until now, glueballs have just been propositions that physicists believe ought to be real since gluons should be able to bind to one another.

Individual gluons possess no matter and only convey force, nonetheless, glueballs have mass due to gluon interactions. If they can be identified, it's yet another proof that the Standard Model of particle physics, which represents our current knowledge of how the Universe functions, is correct.

Also read:&nbsp;<meta name="uuid" content="uuidVzud6DijuQTp" /><a href="http://wionews.com/science/nasa-releases-stunning-images-of-solar-explosions-that-triggered-solar-flares-720674" target="_blank">NASA releases stunning images of solar explosions that triggered solar flares</a>

The experiment was conducted via China's Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II. The collider was used to smash together mesons, which are particles composed of a quark and an antiquark that are locked together by a strong nuclear force.

When researchers sifted through the subatomic debris from these particle-smashing sessions, they discovered particles with an average mass of 2,395 MeV/c. That is the anticipated mass of glueballs.

The particle is known as X(2370), and while some of the other calculations involved do not precisely match what the researchers were searching for, they come close. More measurements and observations will be required to provide a definitive response.

Although the evidence for glueballs is not yet conclusive, it is mounting. Back in 2015, scientists believed they had seen glueballs. It could not be too long until another particle transitions from the theoretical to the real. 
 
(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have long been looking for 'glueballs', which are bonded states of subatomic gluon particles without any quarks, and they may have discovered them in a particle accelerator experiment.

Scientists have long been looking for 'glueballs', which are bonded states of subatomic gluon particles without any quarks, and they may have discovered them in a particle accelerator experiment. It seems like a really big step forward in physics, but why? Let's comprehend. Gluons play a major role in maintaining the stability of atoms by holding quarks in place, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons. About this function, the gluon is a component of the strong nuclear force, which, together with gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak nuclear force, is one of the four basic forces of nature that sustain the rules of physics. Until now, glueballs have just been propositions that physicists believe ought to be real since gluons should be able to bind to one another. Individual gluons possess no matter and only convey force, nonetheless, glueballs have mass due to gluon interactions. If they can be identified, it's yet another proof that the Standard Model of particle physics, which represents our current knowledge of how the Universe functions, is correct. Also read: NASA releases stunning images of solar explosions that triggered solar flares The experiment was conducted via China's Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II. The collider was used to smash together mesons, which are particles composed of a quark and an antiquark that are locked together by a strong nuclear force. When researchers sifted through the subatomic debris from these particle-smashing sessions, they discovered particles with an average mass of 2,395 MeV/c. That is the anticipated mass of glueballs. The particle is known as X(2370), and while some of the other calculations involved do not precisely match what the researchers were searching for, they come close. More measurements and observations will be required to provide a definitive response. Although the evidence for glueballs is not yet conclusive, it is mounting. Back in 2015, scientists believed they had seen glueballs. It could not be too long until another particle transitions from the theoretical to the real. (With inputs from agencies)

Possible discovery of a ‘glueball’ shakes up particle physics

Three scientists jointly won this year’s Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for their work on quantum information science that has significant applications, for example in the field of encryption.

Frenchman Alain Aspect, American John F. Clauser and Austrian Anton Zeilinger were cited by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for discovering the way that particles known as photons can be linked, or “entangled,” with each other even when they are separated by large distances.

“Quantum information science is a vibrant and rapidly developing field,” said Eva Olsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “It has broad and potential implications in areas such as secure information transfer, quantum computing and sensing technology."

“Its origin can be traced to that of quantum mechanics,” she said. “Its predictions have opened doors to another world, and it has also shaken the very foundations of how we interpret measurements.”

Speaking by phone at a news conference after the announcement, Zeilinger said he was “still kind of shocked” at hearing he had received the award.

“But it’s a very positive shock,” said Zeilinger, 77, who is based at the University of Vienna.

Clauser, Aspect, and Zeilinger have figured in Nobel speculation for more than a decade. In 2010 they won the Wolf Prize in Israel, seen as a possible precursor to the Nobel.

While physicists often tackle problems that appear at first glance to be far removed from everyday concerns - tiny particles and the vast mysteries of space and time - their research provides the foundations for many practical applications of science.

The Nobel committee said Clauser, 79, developed quantum theories first put forward in the 1960s into a practical experiment. Aspect, 75, was able to close a loophole in those theories, while Zeilinger demonstrated a phenomenon called quantum teleportation that effectively allows information to be transmitted over distances.

“Using entanglement you can transfer all the information which is carried by an object over to some other place where the object is, so to speak, reconstituted,” said Zeilinger. He added that this only works for tiny particles.

“It is not like in the Star Trek films (where one is) transporting something, certainly not the person, over some distance,” he said. When he began his research, Zeilinger said the experiments were “completely philosophical without any possible use or application.”

Since then, the laureates’ work has been used to develop the fields of quantum computers, quantum networks and secure quantum encrypted communication.

A week of Nobel Prize announcements kicked off Monday with Swedish scientist Svante Paabo receiving the award in medicine Monday for unlocking secrets of Neanderthal DNA that provided key insights into our immune system.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/swedens-svante-paabo-wins-nobel-medicine-prize-522006">Read more:&nbsp;Sweden's Svante Paabo wins Nobel Medicine Prize for sequencing Neanderthal DNA</a>

They continue with chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on October 10.

The prizes carry a cash award of nearly $900,000 and will be handed out on December 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895.

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Three scientists jointly won this year’s Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for their work on quantum information science that has significant applications, for example in the field of encryption.

Three scientists jointly won this year’s Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for their work on quantum information science that has significant applications, for example in the field of encryption. Frenchman Alain Aspect, American John F. Clauser and Austrian Anton Zeilinger were cited by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for discovering the way that particles known as photons can be linked, or “entangled,” with each other even when they are separated by large distances. “Quantum information science is a vibrant and rapidly developing field,” said Eva Olsson, a member of the Nobel committee. “It has broad and potential implications in areas such as secure information transfer, quantum computing and sensing technology." “Its origin can be traced to that of quantum mechanics,” she said. “Its predictions have opened doors to another world, and it has also shaken the very foundations of how we interpret measurements.” Speaking by phone at a news conference after the announcement, Zeilinger said he was “still kind of shocked” at hearing he had received the award. “But it’s a very positive shock,” said Zeilinger, 77, who is based at the University of Vienna. Clauser, Aspect, and Zeilinger have figured in Nobel speculation for more than a decade. In 2010 they won the Wolf Prize in Israel, seen as a possible precursor to the Nobel. While physicists often tackle problems that appear at first glance to be far removed from everyday concerns - tiny particles and the vast mysteries of space and time - their research provides the foundations for many practical applications of science. The Nobel committee said Clauser, 79, developed quantum theories first put forward in the 1960s into a practical experiment. Aspect, 75, was able to close a loophole in those theories, while Zeilinger demonstrated a phenomenon called quantum teleportation that effectively allows information to be transmitted over distances. “Using entanglement you can transfer all the information which is carried by an object over to some other place where the object is, so to speak, reconstituted,” said Zeilinger. He added that this only works for tiny particles. “It is not like in the Star Trek films (where one is) transporting something, certainly not the person, over some distance,” he said. When he began his research, Zeilinger said the experiments were “completely philosophical without any possible use or application.” Since then, the laureates’ work has been used to develop the fields of quantum computers, quantum networks and secure quantum encrypted communication. A week of Nobel Prize announcements kicked off Monday with Swedish scientist Svante Paabo receiving the award in medicine Monday for unlocking secrets of Neanderthal DNA that provided key insights into our immune system. Read more: Sweden's Svante Paabo wins Nobel Medicine Prize for sequencing Neanderthal DNA They continue with chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The 2022 Nobel Peace Prize will be announced on Friday and the economics award on October 10. The prizes carry a cash award of nearly $900,000 and will be handed out on December 10. The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1895. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

Alain Aspect,  John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinge share Nobel Prize in physics

An academic paper published by the Physical Review Letters on Tuesday claims Chinese scientists have discovered the mysterious particle, Majorana fermion, in their experiment. 
 
As a step toward the application of the quantum computing, the group of scientists based at Shanghai Jiao Tong University have made great efforts on the research of the Majorana fermion since 2009. After seven years, they finally detected the Majorana zero mode which could be treated as an indication of finding the corresponding particle. 
 
&quot;We first prepared and made a kind of topological superconductive material. With a series of experiments, we have confirmed the condition where the Majorana fermion could exist. Under such condition, we probed into its (Majorana fermion&#39;s) spinning property, in other words, the property of magnetism. 
 
&quot;It (Majorana fermion) passed the magnetic test and we have witnessed its magnetic property and in turn, proved its existence,&quot; said Jia Jinfeng, professor of Department of Physics and Astronomy within Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 
 
In addition to the finding of the particle, Chinese scientists have also figured out the effective way of regulating and controlling the Majorana fermion &ndash; a significant step toward its application on the quantum computing. 
 
&quot;With regard to the quantum computing, I will give an example to show its advantage. If we have a subject that needs calculation, the classical calculation will take 150,000 years, whereas the quantum computing will finish the calculation within one second, million times faster. And its (quantum computing&#39;s) capability is million times of our current supercomputers of Tianhe and Sunway-TaihuLight,&quot; said Wang Xi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and researcher of Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology within the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 
 
The existence of the Majorana fermion was predicted by the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. Since then, physicists have followed Majorana&#39;s step of finding the particles for nearly 80 years. 
 
(Reuters)

The existence of the Majorana fermion was predicted by the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937

An academic paper published by the Physical Review Letters on Tuesday claims Chinese scientists have discovered the mysterious particle, Majorana fermion, in their experiment. As a step toward the application of the quantum computing, the group of scientists based at Shanghai Jiao Tong University have made great efforts on the research of the Majorana fermion since 2009. After seven years, they finally detected the Majorana zero mode which could be treated as an indication of finding the corresponding particle. "We first prepared and made a kind of topological superconductive material. With a series of experiments, we have confirmed the condition where the Majorana fermion could exist. Under such condition, we probed into its (Majorana fermion's) spinning property, in other words, the property of magnetism. "It (Majorana fermion) passed the magnetic test and we have witnessed its magnetic property and in turn, proved its existence," said Jia Jinfeng, professor of Department of Physics and Astronomy within Shanghai Jiao Tong University. In addition to the finding of the particle, Chinese scientists have also figured out the effective way of regulating and controlling the Majorana fermion – a significant step toward its application on the quantum computing. "With regard to the quantum computing, I will give an example to show its advantage. If we have a subject that needs calculation, the classical calculation will take 150,000 years, whereas the quantum computing will finish the calculation within one second, million times faster. And its (quantum computing's) capability is million times of our current supercomputers of Tianhe and Sunway-TaihuLight," said Wang Xi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and researcher of Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology within the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The existence of the Majorana fermion was predicted by the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. Since then, physicists have followed Majorana's step of finding the particles for nearly 80 years. (Reuters)

Chinese scientists detect mysterious Majorana particle

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quantum physics

50-year-mystery solved: Physicists find rare 'glueball' particle with no matter and pure force

What is Quantum Teleportation? How scientists made breakthrough for first time

'Small tech, big impact': How quantum physics is making weapons smarter

Erwin Schrödinger’s cat experiment: Man behind famous quantum physics experiment

Will quantum radar keep drones off the battlefield?

Possible discovery of a ‘glueball’ shakes up particle physics

Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinge share Nobel Prize in physics

Chinese scientists detect mysterious Majorana particle