Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes. 
 
This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe. 
 
"Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com.

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-oppenheimer-review-nolans-visually-stunning-epic-fuses-genius-and-guilt-618110">Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt</a>

"This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity. 
 
"This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added.

<h2>Oppenheimer vs Einstein</h2>

At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist. 
 
However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth. 
 
Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes.

WATCH |&nbsp;Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt

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"Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added. 
 
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Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes.

Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes. This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe. "Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com. ALSO READ | Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity. "This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added. Oppenheimer vs Einstein At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist. However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth. Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes. WATCH | Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Can Oppenheimer be called 'father of black holes'? This paper holds the answer

A 22-year-old Chinese man has invented 'Einstein's brain' to provide motional support' to young people. What is this product? How does it work? Molly Gambhir tells you.

Gravitas | Chinese man invents Einstein's Brain for 'emotional support'

In a breakthrough more than two decades in the making, scientists have identified a supermassive black hole residing in the Messier 87 galaxy, located a staggering 55 million light-years away. This discovery not only confirms the presence of the massive cosmic entity but also sheds light on its spin, providing crucial support for Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.

Black holes represent regions in space where gravity is so overpowering that even light cannot escape. For years, these cosmic enigmas have fascinated and mystified scientists, prompting extensive research into their properties.

This significant discovery is the result of a collaborative effort among researchers who pieced together images from observations conducted worldwide. This newfound evidence, often referred to as the "smoking gun" of the black hole's spin, provides much-needed clarity on this elusive characteristic. According to Igor Chilingaryan, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the find confirms the existence of the black hole and its spin, marking a critical advancement in our understanding of these celestial giants.

Watch |&nbsp;Astronomers capture first direct evidence of black hole spinning

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<h2>Reinforcing Einstein's theory</h2>

The confirmation of a spinning supermassive black hole not only unravels one of the mysteries surrounding these enigmatic objects but also bolsters Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Wystan Benbow, an astrophysicist for the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who spoke to the Express, highlights the importance of this discovery, as it aligns with the fundamental concept that supermassive black holes possess only two properties: mass and spin. The latter has long presented a challenging measurement task.

Beyond the scientific curiosity it satisfies, this discovery carries broader implications. It promises to enhance our comprehension of how supermassive black holes co-evolve with the galaxies they inhabit, providing a glimpse into the formation and large-scale structure of the universe. As Igor Chilingaryan asserts, this milestone marks a significant moment in astrophysics, with the potential to yield further revelations about our universe.

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In a breakthrough more than two decades in the making, scientists have identified a supermassive black hole residing in the Messier 87 galaxy, located a staggering 55 million light-years away.

In a breakthrough more than two decades in the making, scientists have identified a supermassive black hole residing in the Messier 87 galaxy, located a staggering 55 million light-years away. This discovery not only confirms the presence of the massive cosmic entity but also sheds light on its spin, providing crucial support for Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Black holes represent regions in space where gravity is so overpowering that even light cannot escape. For years, these cosmic enigmas have fascinated and mystified scientists, prompting extensive research into their properties. This significant discovery is the result of a collaborative effort among researchers who pieced together images from observations conducted worldwide. This newfound evidence, often referred to as the "smoking gun" of the black hole's spin, provides much-needed clarity on this elusive characteristic. According to Igor Chilingaryan, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the find confirms the existence of the black hole and its spin, marking a critical advancement in our understanding of these celestial giants. Watch | Astronomers capture first direct evidence of black hole spinning Reinforcing Einstein's theory The confirmation of a spinning supermassive black hole not only unravels one of the mysteries surrounding these enigmatic objects but also bolsters Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Wystan Benbow, an astrophysicist for the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who spoke to the Express, highlights the importance of this discovery, as it aligns with the fundamental concept that supermassive black holes possess only two properties: mass and spin. The latter has long presented a challenging measurement task. Beyond the scientific curiosity it satisfies, this discovery carries broader implications. It promises to enhance our comprehension of how supermassive black holes co-evolve with the galaxies they inhabit, providing a glimpse into the formation and large-scale structure of the universe. As Igor Chilingaryan asserts, this milestone marks a significant moment in astrophysics, with the potential to yield further revelations about our universe. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

A spinning supermassive black hole found in a distant galaxy reinforces one of Einstein's theories

Scientists are making important strides toward a better understanding of antimatter. Researchers have now demonstrated that antimatter responds to gravity the same way matter does - by falling. Watch this video for all details.

Einstein proven right again! Humans are one step closer to understanding antimatter

In what is being called a 'huge milestone', scientists at CERN has been able to observe antimatter particles, the existence of which was predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of relativity more than hundred years ago. Antimatter is the twin of visible matter that is all around us. The announcement of observation of antimatter was made on Wednesday (September 27).

The scientists have observed 'falling' antimatter. The observation definitively rules out that gravity repels antimatter upwards. If the previously held notion were to be true, it would have upended the vertu fundamental understanding of the Universe.

It is believed that the Big Bang, the unimaginably huge explosion that formed the entire Universe 13.8 billion years ago, formed equal amount of matter and antimatter.

Everything we see or feel is made of Matter while Antimatter is the equal but opposite counterpart.

However there is virtually no antimatter in the universe, which prompted one of the greatest mysteries of physics: what happened to all the antimatter?

"Half the universe is missing," said Jeffrey Hangst, a member of CERN's ALPHA collaboration in Geneva which conducted the new experiment.&nbsp;

"In principle, we could build a universe -- everything that we know about -- with only antimatter, and it would work in exactly the same way," he told AFP.

Physicists believe that matter and antimatter almost entirely destroyed each other after the Big Bang.

Presently, matter makes up for just five per cent of the Universe while rest is made up of dark matter and dark energy. Antimatter meanwhile vanished.

Scientists had been trying to find answer to a key question for years. It was, whether gravity caused antimatter the same way as normal matter. It was held that gravity repels antimatter.

So, to connect the concept with the famous story of Newton's Apple, if the apple would have been made up of antimatter, would it have shot up into the sky? If gravity indeed repelled antimatter, it may have meant that creation of impossibilities such as perpetual motion machine was possible

But the experiment at CERN, carried out by team of scientists, yielded different result.

The team constructed a 25-centimetre-long (10-inch) bottle placed on its end, with magnets at the top and bottom.&nbsp;

Late last year, the scientists placed around 100 very cold antihydrogen atoms into this "magnetic trap" called ALPHA-g.

As they turned down the strength of both magnets, the antihydrogen particles -- which were bouncing around at 100 metres a second -- were able to escape out from either end of the bottle.

It was then simply counted how much antimatter was annihilated at each end of the bottle.&nbsp;

Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/fungis-cosmic-journey-from-unwanted-space-stowaway-to-scientific-fascination-640348">Fungi's cosmic journey: From unwanted space stowaway to scientific fascination for its resilience</a>

It was found that around 80 per cent of the antihydrogen went out of the bottom, which is a similar rate to how regular bouncing hydrogen atoms would behave if they were in the bottle.&nbsp;

This result, published in the journal Nature, shows that gravity causes antimatter to fall downwards, as predicted by Einstein's 1915 theory of relativity.

(With inputs from agencies)

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In what is being called a 'huge milestone', scientists at CERN has been able to observe antimatter particles, the existence of which was predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of relativity more than hundred years ago.

In what is being called a 'huge milestone', scientists at CERN has been able to observe antimatter particles, the existence of which was predicted by Albert Einstein in his theory of relativity more than hundred years ago. Antimatter is the twin of visible matter that is all around us. The announcement of observation of antimatter was made on Wednesday (September 27). The scientists have observed 'falling' antimatter. The observation definitively rules out that gravity repels antimatter upwards. If the previously held notion were to be true, it would have upended the vertu fundamental understanding of the Universe. It is believed that the Big Bang, the unimaginably huge explosion that formed the entire Universe 13.8 billion years ago, formed equal amount of matter and antimatter. Everything we see or feel is made of Matter while Antimatter is the equal but opposite counterpart. However there is virtually no antimatter in the universe, which prompted one of the greatest mysteries of physics: what happened to all the antimatter? "Half the universe is missing," said Jeffrey Hangst, a member of CERN's ALPHA collaboration in Geneva which conducted the new experiment. "In principle, we could build a universe -- everything that we know about -- with only antimatter, and it would work in exactly the same way," he told AFP. Physicists believe that matter and antimatter almost entirely destroyed each other after the Big Bang. Presently, matter makes up for just five per cent of the Universe while rest is made up of dark matter and dark energy. Antimatter meanwhile vanished. Scientists had been trying to find answer to a key question for years. It was, whether gravity caused antimatter the same way as normal matter. It was held that gravity repels antimatter. So, to connect the concept with the famous story of Newton's Apple, if the apple would have been made up of antimatter, would it have shot up into the sky? If gravity indeed repelled antimatter, it may have meant that creation of impossibilities such as perpetual motion machine was possible But the experiment at CERN, carried out by team of scientists, yielded different result. The team constructed a 25-centimetre-long (10-inch) bottle placed on its end, with magnets at the top and bottom. Late last year, the scientists placed around 100 very cold antihydrogen atoms into this "magnetic trap" called ALPHA-g. As they turned down the strength of both magnets, the antihydrogen particles -- which were bouncing around at 100 metres a second -- were able to escape out from either end of the bottle. It was then simply counted how much antimatter was annihilated at each end of the bottle. Also Read | Fungi's cosmic journey: From unwanted space stowaway to scientific fascination for its resilience It was found that around 80 per cent of the antihydrogen went out of the bottom, which is a similar rate to how regular bouncing hydrogen atoms would behave if they were in the bottle. This result, published in the journal Nature, shows that gravity causes antimatter to fall downwards, as predicted by Einstein's 1915 theory of relativity. (With inputs from agencies) You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Einstein proven right again, scientists find antimatter ‘falling’, not defying gravity

In a letter written in 1950, Albert Einstein described to a religious teacher Martha Munk what religion meant in relation to the nature of existence of god. Martha Munk had asked Einstein whether he thought it was possible 'for a modern scientist to reconcile the idea of the creation of the world by God, a higher power, with his scientific knowledge.'

The letter, written from Brooklyn, New York, has now been put for sale with the US autograph dealer The Raab Collection. The bidding price starts at $125,000 or over ₹1.02 Crore.

The letter written by Einstein, widely regarded as the father of Modern Physics, was acquired from Munk's descendants and will be put out on auction.&nbsp;

<h2>What did Einstein say on question of 'creation of world by God'?</h2>

In an answer to Munk's question, Einstein said: "As long as the stories in the Bible had been taken literally, it was obvious what kind of faith was expected from the readers."

Einstein added that upon a different interpretation of the Bible, it remains unclear if God can be thought of as a person analogous to humans.

"If you are however to interpret the Bible symbolically, it is not clear anymore whether God is in fact to be thought of as a person, which is somehow analogous to humans," Einstein wrote.

"In that case it is difficult to assess what remains of the faith in its original sense. I think, however, that the person who is more or less trained in scientific thinking is alien to the religious creation of the cosmos, because he applies the standard of causal conditionality to everything."

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When Einstein wrote this letter, he had been a US citizen for a decade. The father of modern physics had fled&nbsp;Germany shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/autistic-11-year-old-girl-beats-albert-einstein-stephen-hawkings-iq-scores-590778">Autistic 11-year-old girl beats IQ scores of Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking</a>

The scientist initially lived in Belgium and then spent six weeks in Britain before &nbsp;moving to the US.&nbsp;

Also watch |&nbsp;Albert Einstein relativity theory notes sold for a record 13 million

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Einstein discovered that mass and energy are different forms of the same thing and expressed this in the neat little formula E=mc2. Later, in what he described as&nbsp;"the greatest satisfaction of my life" — the theory of general relativity proved that energy and mass distort space and time.

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In a letter written in 1950, Albert Einstein described to a religious teacher Martha Munk what religion meant in relation to the nature of existence of god. Martha Munk had asked Einstein whether he thought it was possible 'for a modern scientist to reconcile the idea of the creation of the world by God, a higher power, with his scientific knowledge.

In a letter written in 1950, Albert Einstein described to a religious teacher Martha Munk what religion meant in relation to the nature of existence of god. Martha Munk had asked Einstein whether he thought it was possible 'for a modern scientist to reconcile the idea of the creation of the world by God, a higher power, with his scientific knowledge.' The letter, written from Brooklyn, New York, has now been put for sale with the US autograph dealer The Raab Collection. The bidding price starts at $125,000 or over ₹1.02 Crore. The letter written by Einstein, widely regarded as the father of Modern Physics, was acquired from Munk's descendants and will be put out on auction. What did Einstein say on question of 'creation of world by God'? In an answer to Munk's question, Einstein said: "As long as the stories in the Bible had been taken literally, it was obvious what kind of faith was expected from the readers." Einstein added that upon a different interpretation of the Bible, it remains unclear if God can be thought of as a person analogous to humans. "If you are however to interpret the Bible symbolically, it is not clear anymore whether God is in fact to be thought of as a person, which is somehow analogous to humans," Einstein wrote. "In that case it is difficult to assess what remains of the faith in its original sense. I think, however, that the person who is more or less trained in scientific thinking is alien to the religious creation of the cosmos, because he applies the standard of causal conditionality to everything." When Einstein wrote this letter, he had been a US citizen for a decade. The father of modern physics had fled Germany shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933. Also read | Autistic 11-year-old girl beats IQ scores of Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking The scientist initially lived in Belgium and then spent six weeks in Britain before moving to the US. Also watch | Albert Einstein relativity theory notes sold for a record 13 million × Einstein discovered that mass and energy are different forms of the same thing and expressed this in the neat little formula E=mc2. Later, in what he described as "the greatest satisfaction of my life" — the theory of general relativity proved that energy and mass distort space and time. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Einstein's letter with his thoughts on God to go under hammer for a whopping price

An 11-year-old UK boy has outperformed Albert Einstein in IQ test. Yusuf Shah got 162 in a Mensa test; Einstein's IQ was estimated to be around 160.

Gravitas: Meet the 11-year-old boy with IQ higher than Einstein

Albert Einstein's earliest notes on the theory of relativity sold for a record $13.17 million at an auction. The manuscript was co-authored by Swiss physicist Michele Besso who was a friend of Einstein. It was written between 1913 and 1914.

Albert Einstein relativity theory notes sold for a record 13 million

November 21 in history: E = mc², Sino-Indian war ends and more

Albert Einstein's 'God letter' sold at $2.8 million

A handwritten letter by <a href="https://www.wionews.com/life-fun/rivals-christies-sothebys-to-showcase-historic-jewels-at-geneva-auctions-8798">Albert Einstein in which the</a> physicist doubts the existence of God was auctioned Tuesday for $2.89 million.

It was a record for an Einstein letter and far surpassed its estimated value of $1.0-1.5 million, Christie's said.

A 1939 letter in which Einstein warned then president Franklin D. Roosevelt about Germany's atom bomb preparations was auctioned for $2.1 million in 2002.

In the letter sold on Tuesday, dated 1954 and written in German to philosopher Eric Gutkind, Einstein said he did not believe in God.

"The word God is for me nothing but the expression and product of human weaknesses," Einstein wrote.&nbsp;

"The Bible, a collection of venerable but still rather primitive legends."

The letter was last sold in 2008 to a private collector for $404,000, Christie's said.

A handwritten letter by Albert Einstein in which the physicist doubts the existence of God was auctioned Tuesday for $2.89 million. It was a record for an Einstein letter and far surpassed its estimated value of $1.

A handwritten letter by Albert Einstein in which the physicist doubts the existence of God was auctioned Tuesday for $2.89 million. It was a record for an Einstein letter and far surpassed its estimated value of $1.0-1.5 million, Christie's said. A 1939 letter in which Einstein warned then president Franklin D. Roosevelt about Germany's atom bomb preparations was auctioned for $2.1 million in 2002. In the letter sold on Tuesday, dated 1954 and written in German to philosopher Eric Gutkind, Einstein said he did not believe in God. "The word God is for me nothing but the expression and product of human weaknesses," Einstein wrote. "The Bible, a collection of venerable but still rather primitive legends." The letter was last sold in 2008 to a private collector for $404,000, Christie's said.

Watch: Einstein's letter in which he doubted God sold at record price

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