In the quest for cleaner energy solutions Western Tech firms are racing to transform Rare Earth refining, a critical element for billions of electronic devices. The current standard solvent extraction is both expensive and environmentally harmful.

Revolutionising rare Earth refining

<p>Scientists have time and again emphasised how the sun will become boiling hot in around a billion years and all the oceans present on Earth will be dried and eventually, the existence of life will come to an end.<br />
<br />
Till now, scientists have believed that the fate of life on Earth has been more or less definitive. However, a new theory has emerged which suggests that a rogue star passing close to the planet may be able to save Earth.<br />
<br />
As per a new study carried out by scientists from the University of Bordeaux, France, and the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, the passing star can turn out to be an unlikely saviour.<br />
<br />
More than 12,000 simulations were run by the researchers to understand what can happen if a star passes within 100 astronomical units (about 9.3 billion miles) from Earth.</p>

<p><strong>Also read:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-will-collide-with-moon-this-is-what-a-rogue-star-can-do-to-our-solar-system-664214">A rogue star can send Earth smashing into Moon, wiping out all life, study finds</a></p>

<p>After creating the simulations, the scientists observed that the solar system is remarkably stable. In around 92 per cent of cases, it was observed that the solar system would remain almost intact even if a star passed by the solar system.<br />
<br />
"I thought more would happen," said Sean Raymond, who is a study author from the University of Bordeaux in France, while speaking to New Scientist. "It's really not that easy to mess with planets' orbits – a star has to get really into another star's business to mess with its planets,” he added.</p>

<h2><strong>A slim chance to save Earth</strong></h2>

<p>In a blog post, Raymond said, “Still, there's a chance the passing star could pull our planet out of harm's way – albeit a slim one. In 0.28 per cent of the simulations, the star pulled the Earth out of its orbit and into a more temperate region.”<br />
<br />
In a few simulations, Earth remained inside the solar system, however, the planet was pulled to a region beyond Pluto which is about 10 per cent cooler compared to our current orbit.<br />
<br />
In other simulations, the planet was pushed into interstellar space and it got placed in the Oort cloud which is around 2 billion light years away, or became a free-floating planet in space.<br />
<br />
In the blog post, Raymon said, “As bizarre as it might seem, this may not be the worst-case scenario. It is much harder to un-roast a fried planet than to heat up a frozen world.”</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;European Space Agency released first images taken by Euclid's telescope</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/european-space-agency-released-first-images-taken-by-euclids-telescope-656604/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>"If they possess modestly thick hydrogen atmospheres, free-floating planets can trap enough heat to maintain liquid water on the surface," he added.<br />
<br />
There is just a one per cent chance of a star flying by our solar system in the next billion years, and as per the simulations, a 1 in 350 chance of Earth getting kicked into a habitable orbit.<br />
<br />
"So taken together, that's a 1 in 35,000 chance that the long-term prospects for life on Earth will be rescued by a passing star," added Raymond.<br />
<br />
"That's about the same odds as randomly pulling the ace of spades from two separate decks of cards while also rolling a combined 10 with two dice. Not the best odds," he said.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


Scientists have time and again emphasised how the sun will become boiling hot in around a billion years and all the oceans present on Earth will be dried and eventually, the existence of life will come to an end.

Scientists have time and again emphasised how the sun will become boiling hot in around a billion years and all the oceans present on Earth will be dried and eventually, the existence of life will come to an end. Till now, scientists have believed that the fate of life on Earth has been more or less definitive. However, a new theory has emerged which suggests that a rogue star passing close to the planet may be able to save Earth. As per a new study carried out by scientists from the University of Bordeaux, France, and the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, the passing star can turn out to be an unlikely saviour. More than 12,000 simulations were run by the researchers to understand what can happen if a star passes within 100 astronomical units (about 9.3 billion miles) from Earth. Also read: A rogue star can send Earth smashing into Moon, wiping out all life, study finds After creating the simulations, the scientists observed that the solar system is remarkably stable. In around 92 per cent of cases, it was observed that the solar system would remain almost intact even if a star passed by the solar system. "I thought more would happen," said Sean Raymond, who is a study author from the University of Bordeaux in France, while speaking to New Scientist. "It's really not that easy to mess with planets' orbits – a star has to get really into another star's business to mess with its planets,” he added. A slim chance to save Earth In a blog post, Raymond said, “Still, there's a chance the passing star could pull our planet out of harm's way – albeit a slim one. In 0.28 per cent of the simulations, the star pulled the Earth out of its orbit and into a more temperate region.” In a few simulations, Earth remained inside the solar system, however, the planet was pulled to a region beyond Pluto which is about 10 per cent cooler compared to our current orbit. In other simulations, the planet was pushed into interstellar space and it got placed in the Oort cloud which is around 2 billion light years away, or became a free-floating planet in space. In the blog post, Raymon said, “As bizarre as it might seem, this may not be the worst-case scenario. It is much harder to un-roast a fried planet than to heat up a frozen world.” Watch: European Space Agency released first images taken by Euclid's telescope "If they possess modestly thick hydrogen atmospheres, free-floating planets can trap enough heat to maintain liquid water on the surface," he added. There is just a one per cent chance of a star flying by our solar system in the next billion years, and as per the simulations, a 1 in 350 chance of Earth getting kicked into a habitable orbit. "So taken together, that's a 1 in 35,000 chance that the long-term prospects for life on Earth will be rescued by a passing star," added Raymond. "That's about the same odds as randomly pulling the ace of spades from two separate decks of cards while also rolling a combined 10 with two dice. Not the best odds," he said. (With inputs from agencies)

Can a rogue star save Earth from its destined extinction? Scientists say...

<p>Over the years scientists have cautioned about the dire climate situation the Earth is facing. While the world governments are struggling to hammer out a common deal to reach net zero emissions, a report has issued a ‘Doomsday’ warning about the major climate “tipping points” that could bring catastrophe worldwide in the next 10 years if the planet continues to heat up.</p>

<p>According to a report compiled by more than 200 scientists, global warming has reached unprecedented levels and it could trigger a “dangerous domino effect” that could potentially wipe out the livelihood of human beings.</p>

<p>The report titled ‘Global Tipping Points’ states that five important natural thresholds are already at risk of being crossed, and three more may be reached in the 2030s if the world heats 1.5C (2.7F) above pre-industrial temperatures.</p>

<p>“Triggering one tipping point could trigger another in a kind of dangerous domino effect,” says Tim Lenton,&nbsp;the lead author of the report, as per NewScientists outlet.</p>

<p>“But also these tipping points in the Earth system could, in turn, trigger damaging tipping points in societies, things like food security crises, mass displacement and conflicts. Stopping these threats is possible, but it’s going to require urgent global action.”</p>

<h2><strong>'Could bring irreversible changes'</strong></h2>

<p>A tipping point is a situation where a small aberration in the ecosystem could trigger abrupt and irreversible changes, because of amplifying feedback processes.</p>

<p>The five major tipping points that we are near to crossing are: the loss of the Greenland ice sheet, the demise of the West Antarctic ice sheet, the die-off of tropical coral reefs, the abrupt thaw of large areas of Arctic permafrost and the slowing of an ocean current known as the North Atlantic subpolar gyre.</p>

<p>The report states that there are more that may soon join the list. They are: mangroves and seagrass meadows&nbsp;which are expected to die off in some regions if the temperatures rise between 1.5C and 2C, and boreal forests, which may tip as early as 1.4C of heating or as late as 5C.</p>

<p>The warning comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the COP28 climate summit.</p>

<p><strong>Also read |</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/uae-leader-holds-damage-control-conference-after-making-no-science-fossil-claim-666253">UAE leader holds damage control conference after making ‘no-science’ fossil claim</a></p>

<h2><strong>2023 to be the hottest year on record </strong></h2>

<p>Meanwhile, EU's Copernicus Climate Change in its report has said that 2023 is poised to become the hottest year on record after an "extraordinary" November became the sixth record-breaking month in a row.</p>

<p><strong>Also read |&nbsp;</strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-witnessed-a-climate-disaster-almost-everyday-this-year-cyclone-michaung-is-one-more-to-that-tally-666523">Data lab: India saw at least one major weather event each day in 2023. Cyclone Michaung adds to the tally</a></p>

<p>"The extraordinary global November temperatures, including two days warmer than 2C above pre-industrial (levels), mean that 2023 is the warmest year in recorded history," Samantha Burgess, deputy head of the Copernicus service said.</p>

<p>Scientists say data from ice cores, tree rings and the like suggests this year could be the warmest in more than 100,000 years.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


Over the years scientists have cautioned about the dire climate situation the Earth is facing. While the world governments are struggling to hammer out a common deal to reach net zero emissions, a report has issued a ‘Doomsday’ warning about the major climate “tipping points” that could bring catastrophe worldwide in the next 10 years if the planet continues to heat up.

Over the years scientists have cautioned about the dire climate situation the Earth is facing. While the world governments are struggling to hammer out a common deal to reach net zero emissions, a report has issued a ‘Doomsday’ warning about the major climate “tipping points” that could bring catastrophe worldwide in the next 10 years if the planet continues to heat up. According to a report compiled by more than 200 scientists, global warming has reached unprecedented levels and it could trigger a “dangerous domino effect” that could potentially wipe out the livelihood of human beings. The report titled ‘Global Tipping Points’ states that five important natural thresholds are already at risk of being crossed, and three more may be reached in the 2030s if the world heats 1.5C (2.7F) above pre-industrial temperatures. “Triggering one tipping point could trigger another in a kind of dangerous domino effect,” says Tim Lenton, the lead author of the report, as per NewScientists outlet. “But also these tipping points in the Earth system could, in turn, trigger damaging tipping points in societies, things like food security crises, mass displacement and conflicts. Stopping these threats is possible, but it’s going to require urgent global action.” 'Could bring irreversible changes' A tipping point is a situation where a small aberration in the ecosystem could trigger abrupt and irreversible changes, because of amplifying feedback processes. The five major tipping points that we are near to crossing are: the loss of the Greenland ice sheet, the demise of the West Antarctic ice sheet, the die-off of tropical coral reefs, the abrupt thaw of large areas of Arctic permafrost and the slowing of an ocean current known as the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. The report states that there are more that may soon join the list. They are: mangroves and seagrass meadows which are expected to die off in some regions if the temperatures rise between 1.5C and 2C, and boreal forests, which may tip as early as 1.4C of heating or as late as 5C. The warning comes as world leaders are in Dubai for the COP28 climate summit. Also read | UAE leader holds damage control conference after making ‘no-science’ fossil claim 2023 to be the hottest year on record Meanwhile, EU's Copernicus Climate Change in its report has said that 2023 is poised to become the hottest year on record after an "extraordinary" November became the sixth record-breaking month in a row. Also read | Data lab: India saw at least one major weather event each day in 2023. Cyclone Michaung adds to the tally "The extraordinary global November temperatures, including two days warmer than 2C above pre-industrial (levels), mean that 2023 is the warmest year in recorded history," Samantha Burgess, deputy head of the Copernicus service said. Scientists say data from ice cores, tree rings and the like suggests this year could be the warmest in more than 100,000 years. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth on verge of crossing major ‘tipping points’, might trigger climate catastrophe in 10 years: Report

<p>Earlier this year, a Chinese company named Insta360 launched what it claims was the first ever 360-degree action camera into space, specifically into the low-Earth orbit (LEO) and captured some breathtaking visuals of Earth.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The private space mission involved sending&nbsp;two Insta360 X2 cameras to capture incredible 360 views of the stars, the Milky Way, and our home planet and the results speak for themselves.</p>

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<p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0MM3pyvtoi/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank">A post shared by Insta360 (@insta360)</a></p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>About the mission</strong></h2>

<p>The cameras were attached to a solar-powered satellite and launched 500 kilometres into outer space and, as per the Chinese company, were orbiting the planet, as of October.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It also noted the obstacles that the scientists and engineers identified and overcame as this was the first fully exposed camera in space and required a lot of preparation to make sure it worked in the harsh conditions.&nbsp;</p>

<p><img alt="1" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="896d6160-727d-41dd-93fc-2656db36c1d8" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/WION%20IMAGES%21%20-%202023-12-01T112051.461.png" /></p>

<p><em><strong>(Photo credit: Insta360)</strong></em></p>

<p>The X2 cameras were made to withstand extreme temperatures as the satellite circles the globe every 90 minutes from the tropics and poles witnessing temperatures ranging between -70 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius.</p>

<p>Insta360 also made their cameras to be “radiation resistant” since unlike here on Earth they would be exposed to high-energy particles which can quickly burn out electronic components.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Lastly, the cameras were made shock and vibration-resistant considering that even in the best conditions rocket launches are anything but a smooth ride, not to mention that once it is launched no one will be able to adjust it.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It was also made shock and vibration-resistant since it was important that the satellite structure did not obstruct the lenses from successfully shooting 360-degree footage with proper stitching, said the China-based company.</p>

<p>The project began in 2021, said the company, and it took 12 months to modify the action cameras out of which half of this time was spent on research and development. The satellite was initially scheduled to launch last year but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>


Earlier this year, a Chinese company named Insta360 launched what it claims was the first ever 360-degree action camera into space, specifically into the low-Earth orbit (LEO) and captured some breathtaking visuals of Earth.

Earlier this year, a Chinese company named Insta360 launched what it claims was the first ever 360-degree action camera into space, specifically into the low-Earth orbit (LEO) and captured some breathtaking visuals of Earth. The private space mission involved sending two Insta360 X2 cameras to capture incredible 360 views of the stars, the Milky Way, and our home planet and the results speak for themselves. View this post on Instagram A post shared by Insta360 (@insta360) × View this post on Instagram A post shared by Insta360 (@insta360) × About the mission The cameras were attached to a solar-powered satellite and launched 500 kilometres into outer space and, as per the Chinese company, were orbiting the planet, as of October. It also noted the obstacles that the scientists and engineers identified and overcame as this was the first fully exposed camera in space and required a lot of preparation to make sure it worked in the harsh conditions. (Photo credit: Insta360) The X2 cameras were made to withstand extreme temperatures as the satellite circles the globe every 90 minutes from the tropics and poles witnessing temperatures ranging between -70 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius. Insta360 also made their cameras to be “radiation resistant” since unlike here on Earth they would be exposed to high-energy particles which can quickly burn out electronic components. Lastly, the cameras were made shock and vibration-resistant considering that even in the best conditions rocket launches are anything but a smooth ride, not to mention that once it is launched no one will be able to adjust it. It was also made shock and vibration-resistant since it was important that the satellite structure did not obstruct the lenses from successfully shooting 360-degree footage with proper stitching, said the China-based company. The project began in 2021, said the company, and it took 12 months to modify the action cameras out of which half of this time was spent on research and development. The satellite was initially scheduled to launch last year but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

PHOTOS | Earth looks unreal in images captured by first-ever 360-degree camera in space

<p>Researchers have detected an exoplanet that appears to be far too massive for its host star. According to the study published in <strong><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo0233?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D29156901692544506352378989499645601893%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1701342118">the journal Science</a></strong>, researchers said the exoplanet- called LHS 3154b- is 13 times bigger than Earth, and is orbiting the star called 3154, which is nine times smaller than the Sun. The planet was found using an instrument called the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF)</p>

<p>"We used radial velocity observations to detect a Neptune-mass exoplanet orbiting LHS 3154, a star that is nine times less massive than the Sun," the study said.</p>

<p>"The exoplanet’s orbital period is 3.7 days, and its minimum mass is 13.2 Earth masses," it added. The study said that planets form in protoplanetary disks of gas and dust around young stars that are undergoing their formation process.</p>

<p>The amount of material in the disk determines how big the planets can grow. "In the core-accretion simulations, we show that close-in Neptune-mass planets are only formed if the dust mass of the protoplanetary disk is an order of magnitude greater than typically observed around very low-mass stars," it further added.</p>

<p>Speaking to The Guardian, the study's co-author Professor Suvrath Mahadevan, of Penn State University said that this discovery drives home the point of just how little is known about the universe.</p>

<p>"We wouldn’t expect a planet this heavy around such a low-mass star to exist," Professor Mahadevan said. “The planet-forming disk around the low-mass star LHS 3154 is not expected to have enough solid mass to make this planet,” he added.</p>

<p>Mahadevan also said there is a need to re-examine the understanding of how planets and stars are formed.</p>

<p>Speaking on the findings, Prof Frédéric Masset of the National Autonomous University of Mexico said that such a big planet in the vicinity of such a small star is “unheard of” and could prompt a rethink of planetary formation, The Guardian reported.</p>


Researchers have detected an exoplanet that appears to be far too massive for its host star. According to the study published in the journal Science, researchers said the exoplanet- called LHS 3154b- is 13 times bigger than Earth, and is orbiting the star called 3154, which is nine times smaller than the Sun.

Researchers have detected an exoplanet that appears to be far too massive for its host star. According to the study published in the journal Science, researchers said the exoplanet- called LHS 3154b- is 13 times bigger than Earth, and is orbiting the star called 3154, which is nine times smaller than the Sun. The planet was found using an instrument called the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) "We used radial velocity observations to detect a Neptune-mass exoplanet orbiting LHS 3154, a star that is nine times less massive than the Sun," the study said. "The exoplanet’s orbital period is 3.7 days, and its minimum mass is 13.2 Earth masses," it added. The study said that planets form in protoplanetary disks of gas and dust around young stars that are undergoing their formation process. The amount of material in the disk determines how big the planets can grow. "In the core-accretion simulations, we show that close-in Neptune-mass planets are only formed if the dust mass of the protoplanetary disk is an order of magnitude greater than typically observed around very low-mass stars," it further added. Speaking to The Guardian, the study's co-author Professor Suvrath Mahadevan, of Penn State University said that this discovery drives home the point of just how little is known about the universe. "We wouldn’t expect a planet this heavy around such a low-mass star to exist," Professor Mahadevan said. “The planet-forming disk around the low-mass star LHS 3154 is not expected to have enough solid mass to make this planet,” he added. Mahadevan also said there is a need to re-examine the understanding of how planets and stars are formed. Speaking on the findings, Prof Frédéric Masset of the National Autonomous University of Mexico said that such a big planet in the vicinity of such a small star is “unheard of” and could prompt a rethink of planetary formation, The Guardian reported.

Exoplanet 13 times bigger than Earth found orbiting star 9 times smaller than our Sun

<p>NASA on its social media shared another marvel of space, the 'Hidden galaxy', also known as the spiral galaxy.<br />
<br />
The galaxy, which is located nearly 11 million light-years away from Earth, was captured using the Hubble telescope. The European Space Agency's Euclid mission captured the stunning image of the galaxy.<br />
<br />
"The spiral galaxy above also known as the "Hidden Galaxy," is the first of five images released from the Euclid mission," wrote NASA, in the caption on the social media platform Instagram.</p>

<p><strong>Also read:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-warns-of-solar-storm-hitting-earth-today-amid-increased-activity-fiery-eruptions-on-sun-662975">NASA warns of solar storm hitting Earth amid increased activity, fiery eruptions on Sun</a></p>

<p>The space agency further added that the galaxy is located around 11 million light-years away from Earth and it is located behind a crowd of dust in the Milky Way.<br />
<br />
Located about 11 million light-years from Earth, it lies behind a crowd of dust in the Milky Way. Euclid is able to peek through the dust to study it by using a near-infrared instrument. "Euclid’s first images mark the beginning of a new era of studying dark matter and dark energy,” said Mike Seiffert, Euclid project scientist at @NASAJPL. "NASA teams will join Euclid scientists to study the dark energy, dark matter and galaxy evolution found in space,” the caption read.</p>

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<p>“The @EuropeanSpaceAgency’s Euclid mission launched on July 1, 2023, with NASA contributions. The space telescope is performing as expected after travelling nearly 1 million miles to its vantage point,” it added.</p>

<h2><strong>Spiral galaxy shares similarity with Milky Way</strong></h2>

<p>Typically, a spiral galaxy has a rotating disc with spiral 'arms' which curve out from a dense central region. The Milky Way is also considered a spiral galaxy.</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller, says report </strong></p>

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<p>Describing the galaxy's image in the caption, NASA wrote, “A big spiral galaxy is visible face-on in white/pink colours at the centre of this square astronomical image. The galaxy covers almost the entire image and appears whiter at its center where more stars are located. Its spiral arms stretch out across the image and appear fainter at the edges. The entire image is speckled with stars ranging in colour from blue to white to yellow and red, across a black background of space. Blue stars are younger and red stars are older. A few of the stars are a bit larger than the rest, with six diffraction spikes.”<br />
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Just after 5 hours ⁣⁣of getting posted, the image garnered more than 2 lakh likes on Instagram. The image shared by NASA appeared to have left the space-lovers absolutely mesmerised.<br />
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A user wrote, "That would make an out-of-this-world holiday ornament! We're sure people would make space on their tree for one."<br />
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Another user said, "This telescope will produce great science!”</p>

<p>“Wow, this is what everyone needed to see before going to bed! Such dreams to everyone," wrote a third user.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;</em></p>


NASA on its social media shared another marvel of space, the 'Hidden galaxy', also known as the spiral galaxy. The galaxy, which is located nearly 11 million light-years away from Earth, was captured using the Hubble telescope.

NASA on its social media shared another marvel of space, the 'Hidden galaxy', also known as the spiral galaxy. The galaxy, which is located nearly 11 million light-years away from Earth, was captured using the Hubble telescope. The European Space Agency's Euclid mission captured the stunning image of the galaxy. "The spiral galaxy above also known as the "Hidden Galaxy," is the first of five images released from the Euclid mission," wrote NASA, in the caption on the social media platform Instagram. Also read: NASA warns of solar storm hitting Earth amid increased activity, fiery eruptions on Sun The space agency further added that the galaxy is located around 11 million light-years away from Earth and it is located behind a crowd of dust in the Milky Way. Located about 11 million light-years from Earth, it lies behind a crowd of dust in the Milky Way. Euclid is able to peek through the dust to study it by using a near-infrared instrument. "Euclid’s first images mark the beginning of a new era of studying dark matter and dark energy,” said Mike Seiffert, Euclid project scientist at @NASAJPL. "NASA teams will join Euclid scientists to study the dark energy, dark matter and galaxy evolution found in space,” the caption read. View this post on Instagram A post shared by NASA (@nasa) × “The @EuropeanSpaceAgency’s Euclid mission launched on July 1, 2023, with NASA contributions. The space telescope is performing as expected after travelling nearly 1 million miles to its vantage point,” it added. Spiral galaxy shares similarity with Milky Way Typically, a spiral galaxy has a rotating disc with spiral 'arms' which curve out from a dense central region. The Milky Way is also considered a spiral galaxy. Watch: New evidence suggests size of the Sun could be smaller, says report Describing the galaxy's image in the caption, NASA wrote, “A big spiral galaxy is visible face-on in white/pink colours at the centre of this square astronomical image. The galaxy covers almost the entire image and appears whiter at its center where more stars are located. Its spiral arms stretch out across the image and appear fainter at the edges. The entire image is speckled with stars ranging in colour from blue to white to yellow and red, across a black background of space. Blue stars are younger and red stars are older. A few of the stars are a bit larger than the rest, with six diffraction spikes.” Just after 5 hours ⁣⁣of getting posted, the image garnered more than 2 lakh likes on Instagram. The image shared by NASA appeared to have left the space-lovers absolutely mesmerised. A user wrote, "That would make an out-of-this-world holiday ornament! We're sure people would make space on their tree for one." Another user said, "This telescope will produce great science!” “Wow, this is what everyone needed to see before going to bed! Such dreams to everyone," wrote a third user. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA shares image of 'Hidden galaxy' which is 11 million light-years away from Earth

<p>What will happen to our solar system if it ever encounters a rogue star? Researchers, including lead author Sean N. Raymond and co-authors Nathan A. Kaib, Franck Selsis, and Herve Bouy, recently published a study on arxiv.org, concluding that a rouge star can irreparably disrupt our solar system, completely dislodging the Earth from its orbit.</p>

<h2><strong>What is a rogue star?</strong></h2>

<p>A star, which is no longer under the gravitational influence of its sun, can eject from its home galaxy and interact with neighbouring ones.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Such stars are called rogue elements, which can sometimes move in odd directions and interfere with the gravitational orbits of other stars.</p>

<p>Scientists used computer models to understand the impact of such a rogue star on our solar system if it ever pays a visit.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>Results and predictions</strong></h2>

<p>The team relied on N-body simulations to help them determine “the possible evolutionary pathways of the planets under the perturbation from a close stellar passage,” which revealed a close to 92 per cent chance that the eight known planets in our solar system would remain in their current orbits or similar ones if a rogue star were to pass within 100 astronomical units (au) of the Sun.</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;Chandrayaan-3: What are ISRO's plans to bring Moon samples to Earth?</strong></p>

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<p>Of all, mercury is the most fragile planet in our solar system, the scientists said.</p>

<p>“Mercury is the most fragile, with a destruction rate (usually via collision with the Sun) higher than that of the four giant planets combined,” the authors write in their paper.</p>

<h2><strong>What will happen to our Earth?</strong></h2>

<p>Speaking of the Earth, our planet may most likely collide with the moon in such a situation, thus completely eliminating life here.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It is also possible that our planet may get swayed by the gravitational pull of the rogue star, thus taking a radically different orbit altogether with the rogue star effectively acting as our new sun.&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/europes-juice-probe-set-to-use-first-ever-double-gravity-assist-from-earth-and-moon-for-launch-to-jupiter-661150"><strong>Also read:&nbsp;Europe’s JUICE probe set to use first-ever ‘double gravity assist’ from Earth and Moon for launch to Jupiter</strong></a></p>

<p>Moreover, the Earth could end up in a more distant orbit than its current one, which would result in conditions becoming far colder due to the planet’s further distance from the Sun.</p>

<p>However, researchers said the chances of a rogue star disrupting our solar system are fairly low.&nbsp;</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


What will happen to our solar system if it ever encounters a rogue star? Researchers, including lead author Sean N. Raymond and co-authors Nathan A. Kaib, Franck Selsis, and Herve Bouy, recently published a study on arxiv.

What will happen to our solar system if it ever encounters a rogue star? Researchers, including lead author Sean N. Raymond and co-authors Nathan A. Kaib, Franck Selsis, and Herve Bouy, recently published a study on arxiv.org, concluding that a rouge star can irreparably disrupt our solar system, completely dislodging the Earth from its orbit. What is a rogue star? A star, which is no longer under the gravitational influence of its sun, can eject from its home galaxy and interact with neighbouring ones. Such stars are called rogue elements, which can sometimes move in odd directions and interfere with the gravitational orbits of other stars. Scientists used computer models to understand the impact of such a rogue star on our solar system if it ever pays a visit. Results and predictions The team relied on N-body simulations to help them determine “the possible evolutionary pathways of the planets under the perturbation from a close stellar passage,” which revealed a close to 92 per cent chance that the eight known planets in our solar system would remain in their current orbits or similar ones if a rogue star were to pass within 100 astronomical units (au) of the Sun. Watch: Chandrayaan-3: What are ISRO's plans to bring Moon samples to Earth? × Of all, mercury is the most fragile planet in our solar system, the scientists said. “Mercury is the most fragile, with a destruction rate (usually via collision with the Sun) higher than that of the four giant planets combined,” the authors write in their paper. What will happen to our Earth? Speaking of the Earth, our planet may most likely collide with the moon in such a situation, thus completely eliminating life here. It is also possible that our planet may get swayed by the gravitational pull of the rogue star, thus taking a radically different orbit altogether with the rogue star effectively acting as our new sun. Also read: Europe’s JUICE probe set to use first-ever ‘double gravity assist’ from Earth and Moon for launch to Jupiter Moreover, the Earth could end up in a more distant orbit than its current one, which would result in conditions becoming far colder due to the planet’s further distance from the Sun. However, researchers said the chances of a rogue star disrupting our solar system are fairly low. (With inputs from agencies)

A rogue star can send Earth smashing into Moon, wiping out all life, study finds

<p>The Sun is experiencing a sudden surge in activity with a significant rise in the number of sunspots which are sending plumes of hot plasma out into space, the impact of which is expected to be felt by Earth in the form of geomagnetic storms triggered radio blackouts, reported Newsweek citing a NASA model.</p>

<h2><strong>What is happening to the Sun?</strong></h2>

<p>The Sun’s surface is covered with dark spots which are called sunspots where the magnetic field is very strong and in the last week or so, the number of these black pockmarks has increased tenfold and are said to be spewing out several coronal mass ejections (CMEs) every day.&nbsp;</p>

<p>A report by Newsweek citing NASA model said that one of these CMEs – large expulsions of clouds of plasma from the Sun’s corona at high speeds – is expected to hit our magnetic field and atmosphere late on November 25. The Sun may also send out solar flares which are bright bursts of electromagnetic energy.</p>

<p>“Solar flares and CME are both caused by the sun through its magnetic field being twisted and stressed through motions in the sun,” Daniel Brown, an associate professor in astronomy and science communication at Nottingham Trent University in the United Kingdom, told Newsweek.</p>

<p>He added, “However, a solar flare is the immense release of light triggered by the snapping and rearranging of the magnetic fields on the sun. That will go hand in hand typically with the release of a CME. But it will take a day or more for the particles to arrive while the light and radiation reaches us in just over 8 minutes.”</p>

<p>A report by Spaceweather.com said that the rise in sunspots began on November 18 when AR3490, the first sunspot group, emerged on the Sun’s northeastern side. Subsequently, another sunspot group, AR3491 emerged and is said to have formed a trail behind it.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>How will this affect the Earth?</strong></h2>

<p>Particles of CME hitting Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere trigger a geomagnetic storm during which auroras – which are a result of disturbances in the Earth’s magnetosphere caused by the solar wind – could enhance and also be visible in lower altitudes.&nbsp;</p>

<p>“A geomagnetic storm occurs when the Earth’s magnetic field is seriously disrupted by eruptions from the sun,” Huw Morgan, head of the Solar Physics group at Aberystwyth University in the UK told Newsweek.&nbsp;</p>

<p>“When a large plasma storm erupts from the sun, and that storm carries a magnetic field which is oriented in an opposite direction to Earth's magnetic field, we have a ‘perfect storm,’ and a larger geomagnetic storm.”</p>

<p>But other than painting the sky with pretty lights, geomagnetic storms can also impact infrastructure like fluctuations and outages in the power grid and radio blackouts.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


The Sun is experiencing a sudden surge in activity with a significant rise in the number of sunspots which are sending plumes of hot plasma out into space, the impact of which is expected to be felt by Earth in the form of geomagnetic storms triggered radio blackouts, reported Newsweek citing a NASA model.

The Sun is experiencing a sudden surge in activity with a significant rise in the number of sunspots which are sending plumes of hot plasma out into space, the impact of which is expected to be felt by Earth in the form of geomagnetic storms triggered radio blackouts, reported Newsweek citing a NASA model. What is happening to the Sun? The Sun’s surface is covered with dark spots which are called sunspots where the magnetic field is very strong and in the last week or so, the number of these black pockmarks has increased tenfold and are said to be spewing out several coronal mass ejections (CMEs) every day. A report by Newsweek citing NASA model said that one of these CMEs – large expulsions of clouds of plasma from the Sun’s corona at high speeds – is expected to hit our magnetic field and atmosphere late on November 25. The Sun may also send out solar flares which are bright bursts of electromagnetic energy. “Solar flares and CME are both caused by the sun through its magnetic field being twisted and stressed through motions in the sun,” Daniel Brown, an associate professor in astronomy and science communication at Nottingham Trent University in the United Kingdom, told Newsweek. He added, “However, a solar flare is the immense release of light triggered by the snapping and rearranging of the magnetic fields on the sun. That will go hand in hand typically with the release of a CME. But it will take a day or more for the particles to arrive while the light and radiation reaches us in just over 8 minutes.” A report by Spaceweather.com said that the rise in sunspots began on November 18 when AR3490, the first sunspot group, emerged on the Sun’s northeastern side. Subsequently, another sunspot group, AR3491 emerged and is said to have formed a trail behind it. How will this affect the Earth? Particles of CME hitting Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere trigger a geomagnetic storm during which auroras – which are a result of disturbances in the Earth’s magnetosphere caused by the solar wind – could enhance and also be visible in lower altitudes. “A geomagnetic storm occurs when the Earth’s magnetic field is seriously disrupted by eruptions from the sun,” Huw Morgan, head of the Solar Physics group at Aberystwyth University in the UK told Newsweek. “When a large plasma storm erupts from the sun, and that storm carries a magnetic field which is oriented in an opposite direction to Earth's magnetic field, we have a ‘perfect storm,’ and a larger geomagnetic storm.” But other than painting the sky with pretty lights, geomagnetic storms can also impact infrastructure like fluctuations and outages in the power grid and radio blackouts. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA warns of solar storm hitting Earth amid increased activity, fiery eruptions on Sun

<p>A massive volcanic eruption on 'Devil&nbsp;Comet', as it races towards Earth and might make its closest approach next year, is likely to have removed its distinctive 'horns' that earned it the sinister nickname.<br />
<br />
After the latest and most violent outburst last week, the comet's trademark head spikes were not seen as they did after earlier eruptions. However, astronomers noticed many new characteristics in the Devil Comet, which included a mysterious "shadow” and a rare green hue.<br />
<br />
The massive 10.5-mile-wide (17-kilometre) 'Devil Comet', scientific&nbsp;name&nbsp; 12P/Pons-Brooks (12P), has been hurtling towards Earth and will make its closest approach of more than 70 years next summer.<br />
<br />
Comet 12P is cryovolcanic, meaning it has an icy shell, or nucleus filled with gas and ice. After the comet absorbs enough radiation from the sun, its cryomagma or frosty innards get superheated. The pressure increases inside the nucleus till the shell cracks and the icy guts of the comet spray into space.</p>

<p><strong>Also read:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/will-devil-comet-hurtling-towards-earth-bring-devastation-heres-what-scientists-suggest-649879">Will 'Devil Comet' hurtling towards Earth bring devastation? Here's what scientists suggest</a></p>

<p>After every eruption, the comet's dust and a fuzzy, reflective cloud of cryomagma expand and make it appear brighter to astronomers. Till now, the comet had three major eruptions. One took place on July 20 when it was seen exploding for the first time in 69 years and the other explosion happened on October 5 when the eruption was more vigorous; and the third on Halloween (October 31) which was a comparatively less intense outburst.</p>

<h2><strong>Why do horns appear on the comet and will they appear in future?</strong></h2>

<p>Every time an explosion occurred on the comet, its coma took an irregular shape with a "dark lane" which made it appear to have grown a pair of horns. On November 14, the comet had another major eruption, which was the most extreme outburst till now.<br />
<br />
Astronomers watched as the comet became more than 100 times brighter than normal for some days after its coma expanded, reported Spaceweather.com. However, this time they could not see its distinctive horns.<br />
<br />
"The coma seems perfectly circular this time," said Nick James, director of the British Astronomical Association's (BAA) comet section, while speaking to Spaceweather.com.</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;SpaceX launches 22 Starlink satellites into orbit, launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base&nbsp;</strong></p>

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<p>Speaking to Live Science, BAA astronomer Richard Miles said that the comet's horns appeared because of an irregularity in the shape of 12P's nucleus. The outflowing gas will be partially obstructed by a notch which is sticking out on the nucleus, he added.<br />
<br />
Amateur astronomer and photographer Eliot Herman, who has been capturing the comet since the first eruption took place, was surprised to see the coma expanding without the appearance of horns.</p>

<p>He told Live Science he is unsure if another appearance will be made by them in the future.</p>

<p>"The devil may be gone [for good]," he said.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


A massive volcanic eruption on 'Devil Comet', as it races towards Earth and might make its closest approach next year, is likely to have removed its distinctive 'horns' that earned it the sinister nickname.

A massive volcanic eruption on 'Devil Comet', as it races towards Earth and might make its closest approach next year, is likely to have removed its distinctive 'horns' that earned it the sinister nickname. After the latest and most violent outburst last week, the comet's trademark head spikes were not seen as they did after earlier eruptions. However, astronomers noticed many new characteristics in the Devil Comet, which included a mysterious "shadow” and a rare green hue. The massive 10.5-mile-wide (17-kilometre) 'Devil Comet', scientific name 12P/Pons-Brooks (12P), has been hurtling towards Earth and will make its closest approach of more than 70 years next summer. Comet 12P is cryovolcanic, meaning it has an icy shell, or nucleus filled with gas and ice. After the comet absorbs enough radiation from the sun, its cryomagma or frosty innards get superheated. The pressure increases inside the nucleus till the shell cracks and the icy guts of the comet spray into space. Also read: Will 'Devil Comet' hurtling towards Earth bring devastation? Here's what scientists suggest After every eruption, the comet's dust and a fuzzy, reflective cloud of cryomagma expand and make it appear brighter to astronomers. Till now, the comet had three major eruptions. One took place on July 20 when it was seen exploding for the first time in 69 years and the other explosion happened on October 5 when the eruption was more vigorous; and the third on Halloween (October 31) which was a comparatively less intense outburst. Why do horns appear on the comet and will they appear in future? Every time an explosion occurred on the comet, its coma took an irregular shape with a "dark lane" which made it appear to have grown a pair of horns. On November 14, the comet had another major eruption, which was the most extreme outburst till now. Astronomers watched as the comet became more than 100 times brighter than normal for some days after its coma expanded, reported Spaceweather.com. However, this time they could not see its distinctive horns. "The coma seems perfectly circular this time," said Nick James, director of the British Astronomical Association's (BAA) comet section, while speaking to Spaceweather.com. Watch: SpaceX launches 22 Starlink satellites into orbit, launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base Speaking to Live Science, BAA astronomer Richard Miles said that the comet's horns appeared because of an irregularity in the shape of 12P's nucleus. The outflowing gas will be partially obstructed by a notch which is sticking out on the nucleus, he added. Amateur astronomer and photographer Eliot Herman, who has been capturing the comet since the first eruption took place, was surprised to see the coma expanding without the appearance of horns. He told Live Science he is unsure if another appearance will be made by them in the future. "The devil may be gone [for good]," he said. (With inputs from agencies)

'Devil Comet' heading towards Earth loses its iconic horns and turns green after explosion

Every continent has seen extreme weather occurrences, including the most recent "unbearable" hot in Brazil, historically high sea temperatures, and alarming lows in Antarctic sea ice.

Global warming set to reach way beyond goal set by Paris agreement | World News | WION

<p>Trust NASA to send stunning pictures of the cosmos our way. There are tonnes of images that are simply wow and the trickle doesn't appear to slow down as the space agency points its lenses towards the space and brings&nbsp;us images from even distant corners.</p>

<p>Among the latest ones that have mesmerised the people&nbsp;is an image of the only planet we call home. And it's just not any pic. This image captures Earth's 'airglow' with the moon shining just above. The image was captured just last week, on November 14 from the ISS (International Space Station).</p>

<p>NASA has posted the image from its Instagram handle.</p>

<p>"A view of Earth from the space station during orbital night. The Moon is above earth nearly centered above the surface. An airglow outlines the atmosphere above the Earth's surface in a yellow shade. Lights from cities dot Earth's surface – among them, a concentration of lights near the horizon identifies the city of Chicago, while the concentration of lights closer to the bottom left identifies Denver," wrote NASA.</p>

<p>The agency explains what exactly is an 'airglow' -&nbsp;Atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere get energised due to sunlight, and as they shed their excess energy, it leads to an airglow.</p>

<p><strong>Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/cosmic-vine-scientists-discover-enormous-cosmic-structure-hosting-20-galaxies-660417">‘Cosmic Vine’: Scientists discover enormous structure hosting 20 galaxies</a></strong></p>

<p>So are airglow and auroras the same? Not quite.</p>

<p>Auroras are formed when charged particles emitted by the Sun interact with Earth's magnetic field.</p>

<p><strong>Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/a-mysterious-phenomenon-is-changing-the-earths-core-heres-how-660689">A mysterious phenomenon is changing the Earth's core. Here's how</a></strong></p>

<p>"Studying airflow gives us a peek into the upper atmosphere's temperature, density, and composition, but it also helps us trace how particles move through the region itself. Vast, high-altitude winds sweep through the ionosphere, pushing its contents around the globe — and airglow's subtle dance follows their lead, highlighting global patterns," says NASA.</p>

<p>The image has got more than 700,000 likes and Instagram users have expressed their opinions (ALL positive) in the comments below the post.</p>


Trust NASA to send stunning pictures of the cosmos our way. There are tonnes of images that are simply wow and the trickle doesn't appear to slow down as the space agency points its lenses towards the space and brings us images from even distant corners.

Trust NASA to send stunning pictures of the cosmos our way. There are tonnes of images that are simply wow and the trickle doesn't appear to slow down as the space agency points its lenses towards the space and brings us images from even distant corners. Among the latest ones that have mesmerised the people is an image of the only planet we call home. And it's just not any pic. This image captures Earth's 'airglow' with the moon shining just above. The image was captured just last week, on November 14 from the ISS (International Space Station). NASA has posted the image from its Instagram handle. "A view of Earth from the space station during orbital night. The Moon is above earth nearly centered above the surface. An airglow outlines the atmosphere above the Earth's surface in a yellow shade. Lights from cities dot Earth's surface – among them, a concentration of lights near the horizon identifies the city of Chicago, while the concentration of lights closer to the bottom left identifies Denver," wrote NASA. The agency explains what exactly is an 'airglow' - Atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere get energised due to sunlight, and as they shed their excess energy, it leads to an airglow. Also Read | ‘Cosmic Vine’: Scientists discover enormous structure hosting 20 galaxies So are airglow and auroras the same? Not quite. Auroras are formed when charged particles emitted by the Sun interact with Earth's magnetic field. Also Read | A mysterious phenomenon is changing the Earth's core. Here's how "Studying airflow gives us a peek into the upper atmosphere's temperature, density, and composition, but it also helps us trace how particles move through the region itself. Vast, high-altitude winds sweep through the ionosphere, pushing its contents around the globe — and airglow's subtle dance follows their lead, highlighting global patterns," says NASA. The image has got more than 700,000 likes and Instagram users have expressed their opinions (ALL positive) in the comments below the post.

NASA posts beautiful picture of Earth's 'airglow'

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<p>Earth passed an internationally agreed-upon global warming threshold on Friday, raising concerns about climate change, its catastrophic consequences, and the efforts to limit it.</p>

<p>Although the planet crossed the ideal threshold&nbsp;only briefly, it can have disastrous outcomes for nature and humankind. According to the preliminary data, global temperatures increased more than two degrees Celsius from the period when humans first started burning fossil fuels and emitting planet-warning greenhouse gases. However, this does not imply that the measures taken to decrease global warming have failed.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"I think, while we should not read too much into a single day above 2 degrees Celsius (or 1.5 degrees Celsius for that matter), it's a startling sign nonetheless of the level of extreme global temperatures we are experiencing in 2023,” Zeke Hausfather, a climate scientist with Stripe and Berkeley Earth, told The Washington Post.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |&nbsp;</strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/children-develop-behavioural-issues-if-mothers-experience-high-stress-during-pregnancy-study-660254" target="_blank">Children develop behavioural issues if mothers experience high stress during pregnancy: Study</a></p>

<p>Scientists would consider the average global temperature breached only when it would surpass the two-degree benchmark for months and years.&nbsp;</p>

<p>However, the ominous milestone is another alarming sign that climate change is heading in a dangerous direction.</p>

<p>If the global average temperature consistently exceeds the ideal threshold for extended periods, we may soon experience the hazardous impacts of global warming that scientists have been warning us about.</p>

<p>Everyday variations around global temperature standards, which have slowly ascended for decades, pushed the planet over the hazardous barrier for the first time on Friday. After months of record warmth that have stunned many scientists, temperatures have continued to rise, defying expectations.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |&nbsp;</strong><a href="www.wionews.com/science/james-webb-telescopes-observations-show-ice-covered-pebbles-delivering-water-to-young-planets-660391" target="_blank">James Webb telescope's observations show ice-covered pebbles delivering water to young planets</a></p>

<p>Dr Samantha Burgess, the deputy director of the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service, posted on social media platform X that Friday's global temperatures were 1.17 degrees Celsius above the 1991-2020 average, a record-setting margin. Given how much human-caused warming had occurred by that period, he wrote in the post, "Our best estimate is that this was the first day when global temperature was more than two degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 (or pre-industrial) levels, at 2.06°C."</p>

<p>The European model used to determine global warmth estimates climate conditions in real-time using the same observations as weather predictions. Scientists will soon be able to confirm the record warmth through direct observations that they will gather and vet in the coming weeks.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>

<p><strong>WATCH WION LIVE HERE</strong></p>

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Earth passed an internationally agreed-upon global warming threshold on Friday, raising concerns about climate change, its catastrophic consequences, and the efforts to limit it.

Earth passed an internationally agreed-upon global warming threshold on Friday, raising concerns about climate change, its catastrophic consequences, and the efforts to limit it. Although the planet crossed the ideal threshold only briefly, it can have disastrous outcomes for nature and humankind. According to the preliminary data, global temperatures increased more than two degrees Celsius from the period when humans first started burning fossil fuels and emitting planet-warning greenhouse gases. However, this does not imply that the measures taken to decrease global warming have failed. "I think, while we should not read too much into a single day above 2 degrees Celsius (or 1.5 degrees Celsius for that matter), it's a startling sign nonetheless of the level of extreme global temperatures we are experiencing in 2023,” Zeke Hausfather, a climate scientist with Stripe and Berkeley Earth, told The Washington Post. ALSO READ | Children develop behavioural issues if mothers experience high stress during pregnancy: Study Scientists would consider the average global temperature breached only when it would surpass the two-degree benchmark for months and years. However, the ominous milestone is another alarming sign that climate change is heading in a dangerous direction. If the global average temperature consistently exceeds the ideal threshold for extended periods, we may soon experience the hazardous impacts of global warming that scientists have been warning us about. Everyday variations around global temperature standards, which have slowly ascended for decades, pushed the planet over the hazardous barrier for the first time on Friday. After months of record warmth that have stunned many scientists, temperatures have continued to rise, defying expectations. ALSO READ | James Webb telescope's observations show ice-covered pebbles delivering water to young planets Dr Samantha Burgess, the deputy director of the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service, posted on social media platform X that Friday's global temperatures were 1.17 degrees Celsius above the 1991-2020 average, a record-setting margin. Given how much human-caused warming had occurred by that period, he wrote in the post, "Our best estimate is that this was the first day when global temperature was more than two degrees Celsius above 1850-1900 (or pre-industrial) levels, at 2.06°C." The European model used to determine global warmth estimates climate conditions in real-time using the same observations as weather predictions. Scientists will soon be able to confirm the record warmth through direct observations that they will gather and vet in the coming weeks. (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Concerns about limiting climate change grow after Earth breaches global warming threshold

<p>Recent research delves into the intricate relationship between Earth's surface water and the outermost layer of its metallic liquid core. According to this research,&nbsp;water transported through tectonic plate subduction zones over billions of years reaches the lower mantle, instigating a significant chemical reaction upon reaching the core-mantle boundary, situated 2,900 kilometres&nbsp;beneath the surface.</p>

<p>This chemical interplay results in the creation of a top core layer enriched in hydrogen, while simultaneously dispatching silica to the lower mantle. Contrary to prior beliefs, the study posits a more extensive material exchange between the core and mantle.</p>

<p>Understanding this process is pivotal, given that the outer core's composition, predominantly iron and nickel, plays a pivotal role in generating Earth's magnetic field. This field acts as a shield, safeguarding the planet from solar winds and radiation.</p>

<p>The findings challenge conventional wisdom, indicating that material exchange between the core and mantle is more dynamic than previously assumed.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"For years, it has been believed that material exchange between Earth's core and mantle is small,"&nbsp;materials scientist Dan Shim from Arizona State University told Science Alert.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"Yet, our recent high-pressure experiments reveal a different story. We found that when water reaches the core-mantle boundary, it reacts with silicon in the core, forming silica," he added.&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/real-life-jurassic-world-may-exist-on-other-planets-and-humans-may-detect-them-study-660668">Also read |&nbsp;Dinosaurs might be alive, new study finds, just on some other planet</a></p>

<h2><strong>What's the mystery of 'E Prime' layer?</strong></h2>

<p>The study proposes that prolonged chemical exchanges between the core and mantle contribute to the formation of the elusive 'E prime' layer, a phenomenon identified but unexplained at the core-mantle boundary.</p>

<p>Laser-heated diamond-anvil cells were employed to simulate the rigorous conditions at the core-mantle boundary. These experiments demonstrated that subducted water undergoes a transformative chemical reaction with core materials, morphing the outer core into a hydrogen-rich film and dispersing silica crystals to the mantle.</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/james-webb-telescopes-observations-show-ice-covered-pebbles-delivering-water-to-young-planets-660391">Also read |&nbsp;James Webb telescope's observations show ice-covered pebbles delivering water to young planets</a></p>

<p>The altered core film results in a less dense and slower seismic speed layer at the core's apex, aligning with seismic wave observations. This revelation challenges preconceived notions and deepens our comprehension of Earth's internal dynamics.</p>

<p>The study's findings suggest a more intricate global water cycle than previously envisioned. The potential repercussions of the altered core film on the deep water cycle highlight the interconnected nature of Earth's internal processes.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>


Recent research delves into the intricate relationship between Earth's surface water and the outermost layer of its metallic liquid core. According to this research, water transported through tectonic plate subduction zones over billions of years reaches the lower mantle, instigating a significant chemical reaction upon reaching the core-mantle boundary, situated 2,900 kilometres beneath the surface.

Recent research delves into the intricate relationship between Earth's surface water and the outermost layer of its metallic liquid core. According to this research, water transported through tectonic plate subduction zones over billions of years reaches the lower mantle, instigating a significant chemical reaction upon reaching the core-mantle boundary, situated 2,900 kilometres beneath the surface. This chemical interplay results in the creation of a top core layer enriched in hydrogen, while simultaneously dispatching silica to the lower mantle. Contrary to prior beliefs, the study posits a more extensive material exchange between the core and mantle. Understanding this process is pivotal, given that the outer core's composition, predominantly iron and nickel, plays a pivotal role in generating Earth's magnetic field. This field acts as a shield, safeguarding the planet from solar winds and radiation. The findings challenge conventional wisdom, indicating that material exchange between the core and mantle is more dynamic than previously assumed. "For years, it has been believed that material exchange between Earth's core and mantle is small," materials scientist Dan Shim from Arizona State University told Science Alert. "Yet, our recent high-pressure experiments reveal a different story. We found that when water reaches the core-mantle boundary, it reacts with silicon in the core, forming silica," he added. Also read | Dinosaurs might be alive, new study finds, just on some other planet What's the mystery of 'E Prime' layer? The study proposes that prolonged chemical exchanges between the core and mantle contribute to the formation of the elusive 'E prime' layer, a phenomenon identified but unexplained at the core-mantle boundary. Laser-heated diamond-anvil cells were employed to simulate the rigorous conditions at the core-mantle boundary. These experiments demonstrated that subducted water undergoes a transformative chemical reaction with core materials, morphing the outer core into a hydrogen-rich film and dispersing silica crystals to the mantle. Also read | James Webb telescope's observations show ice-covered pebbles delivering water to young planets The altered core film results in a less dense and slower seismic speed layer at the core's apex, aligning with seismic wave observations. This revelation challenges preconceived notions and deepens our comprehension of Earth's internal dynamics. The study's findings suggest a more intricate global water cycle than previously envisioned. The potential repercussions of the altered core film on the deep water cycle highlight the interconnected nature of Earth's internal processes. (With inputs from agencies)

A mysterious phenomenon is changing the Earth's core. Here's how

<p>NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has observed an elaborate cosmic supply chain consisting of ice-covered pebbles which are apparently drifting inward from the outer Solar System, the latest study revealed. It is delivering water to still-forming planets closer to their stars, which was a long-proposed theory of planet formation.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Scientists are still baffled as to the origin of Earth's water. There are several ideas, including the theory that our water came from comets and asteroids that collided with Earth. There are several hypotheses with detailed scientific analysis on how Earth got its water.&nbsp;</p>

<p>However, the Webb telescope has made a significant contribution to planetary science with its findings linked to planet creation theory.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The evidence so far was masked by thick veils of dust in immature solar systems. However, the latest observations by the Webb telescope are significant.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-without-oxygen-this-is-when-our-planet-will-lose-an-oxygen-rich-atmosphere-660107">Earth without oxygen? This is when our planet will lose an oxygen-rich atmosphere</a>&nbsp;</strong></p>

<p>Ice-covered pebbles from outer solar systems convey water to planets that are still developing closer to their stars. The findings were published on Nov 8 in a new paper in the journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The paper is titled "JWST Reveals Excess Cool Water near the Snow Line in Compact Disks, Consistent with Pebble Drift". &nbsp;</p>

<p>As quoted by Universe Today, Andrea Banzatti, who is an assistant professor of physics at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, is the lead author, said: "Webb finally revealed the connection between water vapour in the inner disk and the drift of icy pebbles from the outer disk. This finding opens up exciting prospects for studying rocky planet formation with Webb!"&nbsp;</p>

<p>To carry out the study, Banzatti and his colleagues used Webb's MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) to study four young, Sun-like stars only two or three million years old and surrounded by protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mars-vanishes-in-rare-celestial-event-will-come-back-after-2-weeks-660104">Mars vanishes in rare celestial event, will come back shining after 2 weeks</a>&nbsp;</strong></p>

<p>Two of them were compact discs ranging in size from 10 to 20 AU, and the other two were extended discs ranging in size from 100 to 150 AU. The expanded discs also contain significant radial gaps.&nbsp;</p>

<p>According to the pebble drift theory, compact discs convey frozen pebbles more efficiently into the inner solar system, well within Neptune's orbit in our Solar System. Extended discs, on the other hand, are less efficient at it, according to the notion.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The powerful Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) on the James Webb collaborates with MIRI. The MRS can distinguish between cool and warm water, which is essential for unravelling the convoluted picture in protoplanetary discs. The MRS statistics suggested that compact discs contain more cool water than extended discs.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The authors of the study said that they interpret the cool water emission as ice sublimation and vapour diffusion near the snow line, suggesting that there is indeed a higher inward mass flux of icy pebbles in compact disks.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"Observation of this process opens up multiple exciting prospects to study planet formation chemistry in inner disks with JWST," the article read.&nbsp;</p>


NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has observed an elaborate cosmic supply chain consisting of ice-covered pebbles which are apparently drifting inward from the outer Solar System, the latest study revealed.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has observed an elaborate cosmic supply chain consisting of ice-covered pebbles which are apparently drifting inward from the outer Solar System, the latest study revealed. It is delivering water to still-forming planets closer to their stars, which was a long-proposed theory of planet formation. Scientists are still baffled as to the origin of Earth's water. There are several ideas, including the theory that our water came from comets and asteroids that collided with Earth. There are several hypotheses with detailed scientific analysis on how Earth got its water. However, the Webb telescope has made a significant contribution to planetary science with its findings linked to planet creation theory. The evidence so far was masked by thick veils of dust in immature solar systems. However, the latest observations by the Webb telescope are significant. Also read: Earth without oxygen? This is when our planet will lose an oxygen-rich atmosphere Ice-covered pebbles from outer solar systems convey water to planets that are still developing closer to their stars. The findings were published on Nov 8 in a new paper in the journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The paper is titled "JWST Reveals Excess Cool Water near the Snow Line in Compact Disks, Consistent with Pebble Drift". As quoted by Universe Today, Andrea Banzatti, who is an assistant professor of physics at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, is the lead author, said: "Webb finally revealed the connection between water vapour in the inner disk and the drift of icy pebbles from the outer disk. This finding opens up exciting prospects for studying rocky planet formation with Webb!" To carry out the study, Banzatti and his colleagues used Webb's MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) to study four young, Sun-like stars only two or three million years old and surrounded by protoplanetary disks. Also read: Mars vanishes in rare celestial event, will come back shining after 2 weeks Two of them were compact discs ranging in size from 10 to 20 AU, and the other two were extended discs ranging in size from 100 to 150 AU. The expanded discs also contain significant radial gaps. According to the pebble drift theory, compact discs convey frozen pebbles more efficiently into the inner solar system, well within Neptune's orbit in our Solar System. Extended discs, on the other hand, are less efficient at it, according to the notion. The powerful Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) on the James Webb collaborates with MIRI. The MRS can distinguish between cool and warm water, which is essential for unravelling the convoluted picture in protoplanetary discs. The MRS statistics suggested that compact discs contain more cool water than extended discs. The authors of the study said that they interpret the cool water emission as ice sublimation and vapour diffusion near the snow line, suggesting that there is indeed a higher inward mass flux of icy pebbles in compact disks. "Observation of this process opens up multiple exciting prospects to study planet formation chemistry in inner disks with JWST," the article read.

James Webb telescope's observations show ice-covered pebbles delivering water to young planets

<p>With oxygen – the elixir of life - being omnipresent on Earth, it is impossible to imagine our world and life without it.<br />
<br />
The life-sustaining gas in today's time constitutes nearly 21 per cent of the atmosphere of Earth and plays an important role in the survival of many species. However, the oxygen was not always present on Earth from the beginning.<br />
<br />
When the planet came into existence nearly 4.5 billion years ago, the conditions on Earth were extremely different. Water vapour, methane and carbon dioxide were dominant in the atmosphere of the Earth.</p>

<p><strong>Also read:&nbsp;</strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-discover-closest-known-earth-sized-world-only-22-light-years-away-659867">Scientists discover closest known Earth-sized world only 22 light-years away</a></p>

<p>And now scientists have predicted that the atmosphere of Earth in future will go back to the one that is low in oxygen.<br />
<br />
A study, which was published in Nature, described the scenario when it will take place. However, such a scenario is likely to occur billion years away, however, when the change occurs, it will occur fairly rapidly.</p>

<h2><strong>Earth to go back to its birth state</strong></h2>

<p>The study stated that the shift will take back Earth to the kind of state it was in before which was called as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) nearly 2.4 billion years ago, stated the study.<br />
<br />
The research has been in discussion as scientists are trying to find habitable planets outside the Solar System. It stated that atmospheric oxygen is not likely to be a permanent feature of all habitable worlds.<br />
<br />
"The drop in oxygen is very, very extreme. We're talking around a million times less oxygen than there is today," stated Chris Reinhard, from the Georgia Institute of Technology, while speaking to New Scientist.</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;Remains of an ancient planet lie deep within earth</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/remains-of-an-ancient-planet-lie-deep-within-earth-654586/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>Scientists, who gave predictions regarding the doomsday scenario, stated, "The model projects that a deoxygenation of the atmosphere, with atmospheric O2 dropping sharply to levels reminiscent of the Archaean Earth, will most probably be triggered before the inception of moist greenhouse conditions in Earth's climate system and before the extensive loss of surface water from the atmosphere."<br />
<br />
Detailed models of the atmosphere of the Earth were created by the researchers and changes in the Sun's brightness and the corresponding drop in the levels of carbon dioxide was analysed.<br />
<br />
Less carbon dioxide means there are fewer photosynthesising organisms such as plants, which eventually results in less oxygen.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;</em></p>


With oxygen – the elixir of life - being omnipresent on Earth, it is impossible to imagine our world and life without it. The life-sustaining gas in today's time constitutes nearly 21 per cent of the atmosphere of Earth and plays an important role in the survival of many species.

With oxygen – the elixir of life - being omnipresent on Earth, it is impossible to imagine our world and life without it. The life-sustaining gas in today's time constitutes nearly 21 per cent of the atmosphere of Earth and plays an important role in the survival of many species. However, the oxygen was not always present on Earth from the beginning. When the planet came into existence nearly 4.5 billion years ago, the conditions on Earth were extremely different. Water vapour, methane and carbon dioxide were dominant in the atmosphere of the Earth. Also read: Scientists discover closest known Earth-sized world only 22 light-years away And now scientists have predicted that the atmosphere of Earth in future will go back to the one that is low in oxygen. A study, which was published in Nature, described the scenario when it will take place. However, such a scenario is likely to occur billion years away, however, when the change occurs, it will occur fairly rapidly. Earth to go back to its birth state The study stated that the shift will take back Earth to the kind of state it was in before which was called as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) nearly 2.4 billion years ago, stated the study. The research has been in discussion as scientists are trying to find habitable planets outside the Solar System. It stated that atmospheric oxygen is not likely to be a permanent feature of all habitable worlds. "The drop in oxygen is very, very extreme. We're talking around a million times less oxygen than there is today," stated Chris Reinhard, from the Georgia Institute of Technology, while speaking to New Scientist. Watch: Remains of an ancient planet lie deep within earth Scientists, who gave predictions regarding the doomsday scenario, stated, "The model projects that a deoxygenation of the atmosphere, with atmospheric O2 dropping sharply to levels reminiscent of the Archaean Earth, will most probably be triggered before the inception of moist greenhouse conditions in Earth's climate system and before the extensive loss of surface water from the atmosphere." Detailed models of the atmosphere of the Earth were created by the researchers and changes in the Sun's brightness and the corresponding drop in the levels of carbon dioxide was analysed. Less carbon dioxide means there are fewer photosynthesising organisms such as plants, which eventually results in less oxygen. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth without oxygen? This is when our planet will lose an oxygen-rich atmosphere

<p><meta name="uuid" content="uuidkTA7ejjpU78m" /><meta charset="utf-8" /></p>

<p>A tool bag, which was dropped accidentally by astronauts during a space walk at the International Space Station (ISS), is now orbiting around us, and is even visible to the naked eye.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said in a blog post earlier that its astronauts, Jasmin Moghbeli and Loral O'Hara, were replacing parts of the ISS station when the tool bag was "inadvertently lost". NASA said that the tool bag was even visible to the flight controllers, who spotted it using external station cameras.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"Mission Control analyzed the bag's trajectory and determined that risk of recontacting the station is low and that the onboard crew and space station are safe with no action required," the blog added.&nbsp;</p>

<p>NASA said that the bag is circling the planet in low-Earth orbit and is not a threat to the space station. The tool bag has been labeled: 1998-067WC/58229.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>Where is it right now?</strong>&nbsp;</h2>

<p>European Space Agency astronaut Meganne Christian shared the video on a social media platform, stating that the bag was last spotted by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Satoshi Furukawa.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Christian posted the video when the tool bag was seen floating away during the Nov 1 spacewalk.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Last seen by <a href="https://twitter.com/Astro_Satoshi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@Astro_Satoshi</a> while floating over Mount Fuji 🗻 the 'Orbital Police' can confirm that the lost EVA gear is being tracked 🫡 <a href="https://t.co/wz4MITmAfM">https://t.co/wz4MITmAfM</a> <a href="https://t.co/eksfu9fPFw">pic.twitter.com/eksfu9fPFw</a></p>
— Dr Meganne Christian (@astro_meganne) <a href="https://twitter.com/astro_meganne/status/1721297966999236802?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 5, 2023</a></blockquote>
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<h2><strong>Have you seen it recently?&nbsp;</strong></h2>

<p>N2YO, which tracks satellites and space stations in real time, is following the bag. As per its data, the bag was flying just above Japan and over the Pacific Ocean as of Wednesday morning. However, it is moving very fast.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Several social media users shared images, claiming to have located it.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Astronauts Jasmine Moghbeli and Loral O'Gara lost their tool bag during a spacewalk from the ISS. It is now orbiting the Earth, Space reports.<br />
<br />
It cannot be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with binoculars.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#NASA</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Space?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Space</a> <a href="https://t.co/tOr7aKMeJq">pic.twitter.com/tOr7aKMeJq</a></p>
— WBC Defenders (@WBCdefenders) <a href="https://twitter.com/WBCdefenders/status/1723251410865946695?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 11, 2023</a></blockquote>
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<p dir="ltr" lang="en"><a href="https://twitter.com/AstroJaws?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@AstroJaws</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/lunarloral?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@lunarloral</a>: here it is the tool bag floating in space, spotted on 15 Nov. 2023 through our robotic telescopes in Italy.<br />
👜🛰️✨🌎🔭<br />
👉More: <a href="https://t.co/ORs9DeL9W3">https://t.co/ORs9DeL9W3</a> <a href="https://t.co/aUakukmWKj">pic.twitter.com/aUakukmWKj</a></p>
— Virtual Telescope (@VirtualTelescop) <a href="https://twitter.com/VirtualTelescop/status/1725448697377357906?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 17, 2023</a></blockquote>
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<p dir="ltr" lang="en"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/wagnertonight?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#wagnertonight</a><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/maddow?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#maddow</a><br />
Science break.<br />
A telescope image from Nov. 16, 2023 shows a lost tool bag (center) from the International Space Station, after it slipped away during a Nov. 1 spacewalk. <a href="https://t.co/3z9XTJsUcb">pic.twitter.com/3z9XTJsUcb</a></p>
— Firecaptain and Jack (@Firecaptain16) <a href="https://twitter.com/Firecaptain16/status/1725705082769920277?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 18, 2023</a></blockquote>
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<p>Skywatchers are hoping to see the tool bag in orbit. It may be visible on a clear night and can be picked up with binoculars.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The tool bag will most likely be visible for a few months before its orbit decreases and it falls towards Earth.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Reports have mentioned that the bag will&nbsp;burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere, similar to other small objects in low-Earth orbit, such as discarded rocket pieces and small satellites.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>Massive issue with space junk</strong>&nbsp;</h2>

<p>Space junk is any piece of machinery or debris left by humans in space. It refers to dead satellites that have failed or been left in orbit at the end of their mission. Space debris is an example of a "tragedy of the commons," in which several interests have access to a common resource, and it may become depleted and unusable to all because no interest can prevent another from overexploiting the resource.&nbsp;</p>


A tool bag, which was dropped accidentally by astronauts during a space walk at the International Space Station (ISS), is now orbiting around us, and is even visible to the naked eye.

A tool bag, which was dropped accidentally by astronauts during a space walk at the International Space Station (ISS), is now orbiting around us, and is even visible to the naked eye. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said in a blog post earlier that its astronauts, Jasmin Moghbeli and Loral O'Hara, were replacing parts of the ISS station when the tool bag was "inadvertently lost". NASA said that the tool bag was even visible to the flight controllers, who spotted it using external station cameras. "Mission Control analyzed the bag's trajectory and determined that risk of recontacting the station is low and that the onboard crew and space station are safe with no action required," the blog added. NASA said that the bag is circling the planet in low-Earth orbit and is not a threat to the space station. The tool bag has been labeled: 1998-067WC/58229. Where is it right now? European Space Agency astronaut Meganne Christian shared the video on a social media platform, stating that the bag was last spotted by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Satoshi Furukawa. Christian posted the video when the tool bag was seen floating away during the Nov 1 spacewalk. Last seen by @Astro_Satoshi while floating over Mount Fuji 🗻 the 'Orbital Police' can confirm that the lost EVA gear is being tracked 🫡 https://t.co/wz4MITmAfM pic.twitter.com/eksfu9fPFw — Dr Meganne Christian (@astro_meganne) November 5, 2023 × Have you seen it recently? N2YO, which tracks satellites and space stations in real time, is following the bag. As per its data, the bag was flying just above Japan and over the Pacific Ocean as of Wednesday morning. However, it is moving very fast. Several social media users shared images, claiming to have located it. Astronauts Jasmine Moghbeli and Loral O'Gara lost their tool bag during a spacewalk from the ISS. It is now orbiting the Earth, Space reports. It cannot be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with binoculars.#NASA #Space pic.twitter.com/tOr7aKMeJq — WBC Defenders (@WBCdefenders) November 11, 2023 × @AstroJaws and @lunarloral: here it is the tool bag floating in space, spotted on 15 Nov. 2023 through our robotic telescopes in Italy. 👜🛰️✨🌎🔭 👉More: https://t.co/ORs9DeL9W3 pic.twitter.com/aUakukmWKj — Virtual Telescope (@VirtualTelescop) November 17, 2023 × #wagnertonight#maddow Science break. A telescope image from Nov. 16, 2023 shows a lost tool bag (center) from the International Space Station, after it slipped away during a Nov. 1 spacewalk. pic.twitter.com/3z9XTJsUcb — Firecaptain and Jack (@Firecaptain16) November 18, 2023 × Skywatchers are hoping to see the tool bag in orbit. It may be visible on a clear night and can be picked up with binoculars. The tool bag will most likely be visible for a few months before its orbit decreases and it falls towards Earth. Reports have mentioned that the bag will burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere, similar to other small objects in low-Earth orbit, such as discarded rocket pieces and small satellites. Massive issue with space junk Space junk is any piece of machinery or debris left by humans in space. It refers to dead satellites that have failed or been left in orbit at the end of their mission. Space debris is an example of a "tragedy of the commons," in which several interests have access to a common resource, and it may become depleted and unusable to all because no interest can prevent another from overexploiting the resource.

Tool bag from space ends up orbiting around Earth? See where it is

<p>Scientists have warned that the ice sheets in the world have been melting at a faster pace than estimated, and the climate ambitions of the world need to be reconstructed to avoid any catastrophic increase in sea levels.<br />
<br />
The report was published on Thursday (Nov 16) by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), a network of policy experts and researchers. They appealed the world leaders to pay attention to their warnings when they gather to attend the United Nations’ COP28 climate conference later this month.<br />
<br />
The report stated that if global average temperatures reach 2 degrees Celsius beyond the preindustrial baseline, Earth can see more than 40 feet of sea-level rise – a melt which will take centuries and reshape societies across the world.</p>

<p><strong>Also read:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/researchers-believe-the-collapse-of-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-is-preventable-report-658865">Researchers believe the collapse of West Antarctic ice sheet is preventable: Report</a></p>

<p>In the climate science community, the collapse of ice shelves and ice sheets has been a major point of uncertainty.</p>

<p>However, the new research suggests that dangerous tipping points are closer than expected, and there is less room in the carbon budget of the Earth.<br />
<br />
“We might be reaching these temperature thresholds that we’ve been talking about for a long time sooner than we were thinking about years ago,” stated Rob DeConto, the director of the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Earth &amp; Sustainability and an author of the report.<br />
<br />
“And it may be that the thresholds for some of these processes that can drive really rapid ice loss are lower than we were thinking just a few years ago,” he added, as reported by NBC News.</p>

<h2><strong>People will be forced to escape coastal communities: Scientists</strong></h2>

<p>If there is no dramatic change in the speed of climate action, such factors can leave humanity “facing rates of sea-level rise way outside the range of adaptability,” DeConto stated.<br />
<br />
In the report, the scientists emphasised that an increase in global temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius will force many people to escape coastal communities.</p>

<p><strong>Watch:&nbsp;Global warming: Polar seas could suffer acidification</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/global-warming-polar-seas-could-suffer-acidification-659637/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>“We’re displacing millions of people with the decisions being made now,” stated report author Julie Brigham-Grette, who is a geosciences professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.<br />
<br />
The report has recorded the contributions of more than 60 scientists. Many of these scientists are experts in their specialities, and some were involved in past reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading body that assesses the climate crisis in the world.<br />
<br />
“Many ice sheet scientists now believe that by 2°C, nearly all of Greenland, much of West Antarctica, and even vulnerable portions of East Antarctica will be triggered to very long-term, inexorable sea-level rise, even if air temperatures later decrease,” the new ICCI report stated.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;</em></p>


Scientists have warned that the ice sheets in the world have been melting at a faster pace than estimated, and the climate ambitions of the world need to be reconstructed to avoid any catastrophic increase in sea levels.

Scientists have warned that the ice sheets in the world have been melting at a faster pace than estimated, and the climate ambitions of the world need to be reconstructed to avoid any catastrophic increase in sea levels. The report was published on Thursday (Nov 16) by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), a network of policy experts and researchers. They appealed the world leaders to pay attention to their warnings when they gather to attend the United Nations’ COP28 climate conference later this month. The report stated that if global average temperatures reach 2 degrees Celsius beyond the preindustrial baseline, Earth can see more than 40 feet of sea-level rise – a melt which will take centuries and reshape societies across the world. Also read: Researchers believe the collapse of West Antarctic ice sheet is preventable: Report In the climate science community, the collapse of ice shelves and ice sheets has been a major point of uncertainty. However, the new research suggests that dangerous tipping points are closer than expected, and there is less room in the carbon budget of the Earth. “We might be reaching these temperature thresholds that we’ve been talking about for a long time sooner than we were thinking about years ago,” stated Rob DeConto, the director of the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Earth & Sustainability and an author of the report. “And it may be that the thresholds for some of these processes that can drive really rapid ice loss are lower than we were thinking just a few years ago,” he added, as reported by NBC News. People will be forced to escape coastal communities: Scientists If there is no dramatic change in the speed of climate action, such factors can leave humanity “facing rates of sea-level rise way outside the range of adaptability,” DeConto stated. In the report, the scientists emphasised that an increase in global temperatures of 2 degrees Celsius will force many people to escape coastal communities. Watch: Global warming: Polar seas could suffer acidification “We’re displacing millions of people with the decisions being made now,” stated report author Julie Brigham-Grette, who is a geosciences professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The report has recorded the contributions of more than 60 scientists. Many of these scientists are experts in their specialities, and some were involved in past reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is the leading body that assesses the climate crisis in the world. “Many ice sheet scientists now believe that by 2°C, nearly all of Greenland, much of West Antarctica, and even vulnerable portions of East Antarctica will be triggered to very long-term, inexorable sea-level rise, even if air temperatures later decrease,” the new ICCI report stated. (With inputs from agencies)

At global average temperature of 2 degrees, Earth likely to see disastrous 40 feet of sea level rise

Supernova are one of the universe's most cataclysmic events. If a planet is too close, it will be sterilised, even destroyed. When massive stars run out of nuclear fuel in their core, they produce x-rays and blast waves of fast particles that would render a planet like Earth uninhabitable. Watch this story to know how a star exploded 1.9 billion light-years away and our ozone layer took the hit.

Supernova's explosive end, destroyed parts of Ozone layer | Science News

<p>In a major breakthrough, scientists have recreated a chemical reaction which may have led to the creation of complex, self-replicating structures which eventually developed into living things on Earth.<br />
<br />
As per one school of thought, before the DNA-based life's current era, there was a type of molecule known as RNA (or ribonucleic acid). RNA, which has continued to remain a crucial component of life till today, has the potential of replicating itself and catalysing other chemical reactions.<br />
<br />
However, RNA molecules are made from smaller components known as ribonucleotides. Scientists have been trying to find out how these building blocks came into existence early on Earth and then combined into RNA.<br />
<br />
A chain of reactions is being recreated by the chemists which is needed to form RNA that leads to the emergence of life.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-solve-puzzle-of-origin-of-life-says-bouncing-comets-may-carry-seed-of-life-658866">Scientists solve puzzle of origin of life, says 'bouncing' comets may carry 'seed of life'</a></p>

<p>Speaking about recreating the chain of reactions, PhD Candidate in Prebiotic Chemistry, UNSW Sydney Quoc Phuong Tran said, “We know whatever chemical reaction created ribonucleotides must have been able to happen in the messy, complicated environment found on our planet billions of years ago.”</p>

<h2><strong>Autocatalytic reactions and their part in creating life</strong></h2>

<p>“I have been studying whether "autocatalytic" reactions may have played a part. These are reactions that produce chemicals that encourage the same reaction to happen again, which means they can sustain themselves in a wide range of circumstances,” he added.<br />
<br />
These comments of Phuong Tran were published in an article in The Conversation.<br />
<br />
“In our latest work, my colleagues and I have integrated autocatalysis into a well-known chemical pathway for producing the ribonucleotide building blocks, which could have plausibly happened with the simple molecules and complex conditions found on the early Earth,” the chemist stated.</p>

<p><strong>WATCH |&nbsp;Earthquakes from 1800s are triggering aftershocks: Scientists</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earthquakes-from-1800s-are-triggering-aftershocks-scientists-658903/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>Emphasising the importance of autocatalytic reactions, he stated that they play important roles in biology which can vary from regulating our heartbeats to creating patterns on seashells.<br />
<br />
“In fact, the replication of life itself, where one cell takes in nutrients and energy from the environment to produce two cells, is a particularly complicated example of autocatalysis. In our study, we tried adding another simple molecule called cyanamide to the formose reaction. This makes it possible for some of the molecules made during the reaction to be "siphoned off" to produce ribonucleotides,” he stated.<br />
<br />
<em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


In a major breakthrough, scientists have recreated a chemical reaction which may have led to the creation of complex, self-replicating structures which eventually developed into living things on Earth.

In a major breakthrough, scientists have recreated a chemical reaction which may have led to the creation of complex, self-replicating structures which eventually developed into living things on Earth. As per one school of thought, before the DNA-based life's current era, there was a type of molecule known as RNA (or ribonucleic acid). RNA, which has continued to remain a crucial component of life till today, has the potential of replicating itself and catalysing other chemical reactions. However, RNA molecules are made from smaller components known as ribonucleotides. Scientists have been trying to find out how these building blocks came into existence early on Earth and then combined into RNA. A chain of reactions is being recreated by the chemists which is needed to form RNA that leads to the emergence of life. ALSO READ | Scientists solve puzzle of origin of life, says 'bouncing' comets may carry 'seed of life' Speaking about recreating the chain of reactions, PhD Candidate in Prebiotic Chemistry, UNSW Sydney Quoc Phuong Tran said, “We know whatever chemical reaction created ribonucleotides must have been able to happen in the messy, complicated environment found on our planet billions of years ago.” Autocatalytic reactions and their part in creating life “I have been studying whether "autocatalytic" reactions may have played a part. These are reactions that produce chemicals that encourage the same reaction to happen again, which means they can sustain themselves in a wide range of circumstances,” he added. These comments of Phuong Tran were published in an article in The Conversation. “In our latest work, my colleagues and I have integrated autocatalysis into a well-known chemical pathway for producing the ribonucleotide building blocks, which could have plausibly happened with the simple molecules and complex conditions found on the early Earth,” the chemist stated. WATCH | Earthquakes from 1800s are triggering aftershocks: Scientists Emphasising the importance of autocatalytic reactions, he stated that they play important roles in biology which can vary from regulating our heartbeats to creating patterns on seashells. “In fact, the replication of life itself, where one cell takes in nutrients and energy from the environment to produce two cells, is a particularly complicated example of autocatalysis. In our study, we tried adding another simple molecule called cyanamide to the formose reaction. This makes it possible for some of the molecules made during the reaction to be "siphoned off" to produce ribonucleotides,” he stated. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists recreate a chemical reaction which may have sprung life on Earth

What if a Supernova exploded close to earth?

<p>How life began on Earth is a question that has kept scientists curious for centuries. There are theories that claim life started because the meteors brought life-sustaining materials&nbsp;to Earth. Other theories claim life emerged due to a wave of volcanic eruptions which&nbsp;occurred 4.5 billion years ago.</p>

<p>Amid these hypotheses, a new study has now claimed that the oldest continents in our Milky Way galaxy may have emerged five billion years before Earth's.&nbsp;The study, thereby, has given rise to the speculation that there could be multiple worlds in the Milky Way housing alien life.</p>

<p>The study was published in the journal&nbsp;Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society.</p>

<h2><strong>What did the researchers find?</strong></h2>

<p>Jane Greaves, the Cardiff University astronomer who carried out the study, found that two exoplanets' continents may have come four to five billion years before the Earth's.</p>

<p><strong>Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-was-more-charming-for-aliens-when-dinosaurs-existed-657525">Earth was more charming for aliens when dinosaurs existed, suggests study</a></strong></p>

<p>"If life on another planet had a five-billion-year head start, it could potentially host life more evolved than us," Greaves wrote in the study.</p>

<h2><strong>How was the study conducted?</strong></h2>

<p>Continents on Earth were formed due to movement of tectonic plates. This occurs because the rocks of the tectonic plates floats over the molten magma. The molten magma remains in that state because of the heat from radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium.</p>

<p>Cardiff University's Greaves analysed levels of uranium present in nearby stars. She then combined the data with the ages of stars measured from the Gaia satellite.</p>

<p><strong>Also watch |&nbsp;Aliens in Mexico? Sensational claim on aliens</strong></p>

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<p>She then configured the timeframe that the analysed stars were in when they became hot enough for the first emergence of tectonic plates there. Greaves discovered that the first continents were formed near Sun-like stars a few billion years before Earth's tectonic plates first emerged.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>What does it mean?</strong></h2>

<p>The study on potentially habitable planets is important for space missions of the future.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Greaves expects that her work will be a stepping stone for future work that will analyse more such planets.</p>


How life began on Earth is a question that has kept scientists curious for centuries. There are theories that claim life started because the meteors brought life-sustaining materials to Earth.

How life began on Earth is a question that has kept scientists curious for centuries. There are theories that claim life started because the meteors brought life-sustaining materials to Earth. Other theories claim life emerged due to a wave of volcanic eruptions which occurred 4.5 billion years ago. Amid these hypotheses, a new study has now claimed that the oldest continents in our Milky Way galaxy may have emerged five billion years before Earth's. The study, thereby, has given rise to the speculation that there could be multiple worlds in the Milky Way housing alien life. The study was published in the journal Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. What did the researchers find? Jane Greaves, the Cardiff University astronomer who carried out the study, found that two exoplanets' continents may have come four to five billion years before the Earth's. Also read | Earth was more charming for aliens when dinosaurs existed, suggests study "If life on another planet had a five-billion-year head start, it could potentially host life more evolved than us," Greaves wrote in the study. How was the study conducted? Continents on Earth were formed due to movement of tectonic plates. This occurs because the rocks of the tectonic plates floats over the molten magma. The molten magma remains in that state because of the heat from radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium. Cardiff University's Greaves analysed levels of uranium present in nearby stars. She then combined the data with the ages of stars measured from the Gaia satellite. Also watch | Aliens in Mexico? Sensational claim on aliens × She then configured the timeframe that the analysed stars were in when they became hot enough for the first emergence of tectonic plates there. Greaves discovered that the first continents were formed near Sun-like stars a few billion years before Earth's tectonic plates first emerged. What does it mean? The study on potentially habitable planets is important for space missions of the future. Greaves expects that her work will be a stepping stone for future work that will analyse more such planets.

Two exoplanets in the Milky Way had continents 5 billion years before Earth did

<p>A new study has found that a 1-in-10,000-year radiation burst from space was so powerful that it shook the Earth's upper atmosphere last year. The Earth's atmosphere, whose ionisation stability is critical to the evolution and survival of life, is subjected to the effects of cosmic explosions that produce high-energy gamma-ray bursts (GRB).&nbsp;</p>

<p>The study, published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday (Nov 14), said that the long-lasting GRB of light was likely from a newborn black hole which was billions of light-years away.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The burst has been named GRB 221009A and the study, titled "Evidence of an upper ionospheric electric field perturbation correlated with a gamma-ray burst", said that burst is more commonly called the Brightest Of All Time (Boat).&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/explained-isro-nasa-satellite-nisar-gets-a-feel-of-space-in-bengaluru-658925">ISRO-NASA satellite 'NISAR' gets a feel of space in Bengaluru</a>&nbsp;</strong></p>

<p>GRB 221009A broke records when it struck Earth last year on Oct 9, coming from around 2.4 billion light-years from our planet. As per the study, the light blazing with up to 18 teraelectronvolts of energy in said to be the brightest space explosion ever recorded.&nbsp;</p>

<p>The researchers, including those from the University of L'Aquila in Italy, said that the large variations in the electric field of the Earth's upper ionosphere could be a result of the powerful GRB. The large variations in the electric field of the ionosphere are said to be at an altitude of some 500km.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-calls-out-space-enthusiasts-to-get-their-names-added-to-its-europa-clipper-658893">NASA invites space enthusiasts to get their names added to its Europa Clipper</a>&nbsp;</strong></p>

<p>As quoted by Science Alert, a team led by astrophysicist Mirko Piersanti of the University of L'Aquila and the National Institute of Astrophysics in Italy, said: "In this work, we present the evidence of variation of the ionospheric electric field at about 500 kilometres induced by the strong gamma-ray burst [that] occurred on October 9th, 2022."&nbsp;</p>

<p>"Using both satellite observations and a new ad hoc developed analytical model, we prove that the GRB 221009A deeply impacted the Earth's ionospheric conductivity, causing a strong perturbation not only in the bottom-side ionosphere but also in the top-side ionosphere (at around 500 kilometres)," it added.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>What is gamma radiation?</strong>&nbsp;</h2>

<p>The gamma radiation is the most energetic component of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is followed by X-radiation. Gamma-ray photons have a billion to a trillion times the energy of visible photons and are emitted by highly energetic events.&nbsp;</p>


A new study has found that a 1-in-10,000-year radiation burst from space was so powerful that it shook the Earth's upper atmosphere last year. The Earth's atmosphere, whose ionisation stability is critical to the evolution and survival of life, is subjected to the effects of cosmic explosions that produce high-energy gamma-ray bursts (GRB).

A new study has found that a 1-in-10,000-year radiation burst from space was so powerful that it shook the Earth's upper atmosphere last year. The Earth's atmosphere, whose ionisation stability is critical to the evolution and survival of life, is subjected to the effects of cosmic explosions that produce high-energy gamma-ray bursts (GRB). The study, published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday (Nov 14), said that the long-lasting GRB of light was likely from a newborn black hole which was billions of light-years away. The burst has been named GRB 221009A and the study, titled "Evidence of an upper ionospheric electric field perturbation correlated with a gamma-ray burst", said that burst is more commonly called the Brightest Of All Time (Boat). Also read: ISRO-NASA satellite 'NISAR' gets a feel of space in Bengaluru GRB 221009A broke records when it struck Earth last year on Oct 9, coming from around 2.4 billion light-years from our planet. As per the study, the light blazing with up to 18 teraelectronvolts of energy in said to be the brightest space explosion ever recorded. The researchers, including those from the University of L'Aquila in Italy, said that the large variations in the electric field of the Earth's upper ionosphere could be a result of the powerful GRB. The large variations in the electric field of the ionosphere are said to be at an altitude of some 500km. Also read: NASA invites space enthusiasts to get their names added to its Europa Clipper As quoted by Science Alert, a team led by astrophysicist Mirko Piersanti of the University of L'Aquila and the National Institute of Astrophysics in Italy, said: "In this work, we present the evidence of variation of the ionospheric electric field at about 500 kilometres induced by the strong gamma-ray burst [that] occurred on October 9th, 2022." "Using both satellite observations and a new ad hoc developed analytical model, we prove that the GRB 221009A deeply impacted the Earth's ionospheric conductivity, causing a strong perturbation not only in the bottom-side ionosphere but also in the top-side ionosphere (at around 500 kilometres)," it added. What is gamma radiation? The gamma radiation is the most energetic component of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is followed by X-radiation. Gamma-ray photons have a billion to a trillion times the energy of visible photons and are emitted by highly energetic events.

A 1-in-10,000-year radiation burst was so powerful that it shook Earth's upper atmosphere

<p>In a mind-baffling discovery, scientists have found that a supernova explosion billions of light-years away was so powerful that it 'temporarily destroyed' some of the Earth’s Ozone layer in 2022.<br />
<br />
On October 9, 2022, the telescopes captured a jet of high energy photons which were moving towards Earth. This was evidence of the explosion of a supernova which was 1.9 billion light-years away.<br />
<br />
Such astronomical events are called gamma-ray bursts and the astronomers who have studied them thoroughly called them the “brightest of all time”.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |&nbsp;</strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/technology/for-the-first-time-an-ai-system-discovers-supernova-without-human-intervention-647734">For the first time, an AI system discovers supernova without human intervention</a></p>

<p>In the latest discovery, it was found that this burst led to a measurable change in the number of ionized particles which were found in the upper atmosphere of the Earth, which included ozone molecules that readily absorb harmful solar radiation.<br />
<br />
“The ozone was partially depleted — was destroyed temporarily,” stated Pietro Ubertini, who is an astronomer at the National Institute of Astrophysics in Rome, which worked towards the discovery of the atmospheric event.<br />
<br />
The effect could be seen for some minutes before the ozone layer quickly repaired itself, so it was “nothing serious,” stated Dr Ubertini. However, he added that if a supernova occurred closer to us, then “it would be a catastrophe”.<br />
<br />
The discovery, which was reported on Tuesday (Nov 14) and was published in the journal Nature Communications, showed how explosions which occurred far from our solar system have the capability to influence the atmosphere which can be used as a giant detector to find an extreme cosmic phenomena.</p>

<h2><strong>Gamma rays can damage the Ozone layer for days or months</strong></h2>

<p>It is known that gamma-ray bursts ionize molecules at the bottom of the ionosphere. However, this is the first time scientists proved that the entire ionosphere can be affected by such cosmic explosions, as per Laura Hayes, a solar physicist at the European Space Agency, as reported by The New York Times.</p>

<p><strong>WATCH |&nbsp;European Space Agency released first images taken by Euclid's telescope</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/european-space-agency-released-first-images-taken-by-euclids-telescope-656604/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>Dr Hayes stated that it is uncommon for faraway cosmic phenomena to create such massive atmospheric disturbances. “Fortunately for us, this gamma-ray burst was extremely distant, making its effects more of a scientific curiosity than a threat,” she added.<br />
<br />
As per Dr Ubertini, if the gamma-ray burst is a million times larger, it can ionise enough ozone, weakening the protective barrier for days or months.</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


In a mind-baffling discovery, scientists have found that a supernova explosion billions of light-years away was so powerful that it 'temporarily destroyed' some of the Earth’s Ozone layer in 2022.

In a mind-baffling discovery, scientists have found that a supernova explosion billions of light-years away was so powerful that it 'temporarily destroyed' some of the Earth’s Ozone layer in 2022. On October 9, 2022, the telescopes captured a jet of high energy photons which were moving towards Earth. This was evidence of the explosion of a supernova which was 1.9 billion light-years away. Such astronomical events are called gamma-ray bursts and the astronomers who have studied them thoroughly called them the “brightest of all time”. ALSO READ | For the first time, an AI system discovers supernova without human intervention In the latest discovery, it was found that this burst led to a measurable change in the number of ionized particles which were found in the upper atmosphere of the Earth, which included ozone molecules that readily absorb harmful solar radiation. “The ozone was partially depleted — was destroyed temporarily,” stated Pietro Ubertini, who is an astronomer at the National Institute of Astrophysics in Rome, which worked towards the discovery of the atmospheric event. The effect could be seen for some minutes before the ozone layer quickly repaired itself, so it was “nothing serious,” stated Dr Ubertini. However, he added that if a supernova occurred closer to us, then “it would be a catastrophe”. The discovery, which was reported on Tuesday (Nov 14) and was published in the journal Nature Communications, showed how explosions which occurred far from our solar system have the capability to influence the atmosphere which can be used as a giant detector to find an extreme cosmic phenomena. Gamma rays can damage the Ozone layer for days or months It is known that gamma-ray bursts ionize molecules at the bottom of the ionosphere. However, this is the first time scientists proved that the entire ionosphere can be affected by such cosmic explosions, as per Laura Hayes, a solar physicist at the European Space Agency, as reported by The New York Times. WATCH | European Space Agency released first images taken by Euclid's telescope Dr Hayes stated that it is uncommon for faraway cosmic phenomena to create such massive atmospheric disturbances. “Fortunately for us, this gamma-ray burst was extremely distant, making its effects more of a scientific curiosity than a threat,” she added. As per Dr Ubertini, if the gamma-ray burst is a million times larger, it can ionise enough ozone, weakening the protective barrier for days or months. (With inputs from agencies)

A star exploded 1.9 billion light-years away and our Ozone layer took the hit

<p>An asteroid, as big as an aeroplane, is hurtling towards Earth at a breakneck speed of 34,727 kilometres per hour and NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) is tracking this space rock.<br />
<br />
The asteroid is set to make its closest approach to Earth on November 9 when it passes at a distance of 2.4 million kilometres from the surface of the Earth.</p>

<h2><strong>Is the asteroid hazardous for Earth?</strong></h2>

<p>As per NASA, the asteroid's size is not big enough to be marked as a Potentially Hazardous Object. A celestial object which is at least 492 feet wide and passes at a distance less than 7.5 million kilometres from Earth is considered a Potentially Hazardous Object.<br />
<br />
However, Asteroid 2023 VC is only 91 feet wide which makes it as big as an aeroplane. But, even an aeroplane-sized asteroid can have a potential impact on Earth.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/alien-worlds-nasas-telescope-hunts-down-8-super-earths-to-solve-cosmic-puzzle-656913">Alien worlds: NASA's telescope hunts down 8 'super-Earths' to solve cosmic puzzle</a></p>

<p>The asteroid is part of the Apollo group of Near-Earth Asteroids, which are a type of Earth-crossing space rocks and have semi-major axes which are larger in comparison to that of Earth. The asteroids, which belong to this group, have been named after the humongous 1862 Apollo asteroid, which was found in the 1930s by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth.<br />
<br />
This will be the first-ever close approach of Asteroid 2023 VC towards our planet in history. According to data collected by NASA, the asteroid is not likely to pass across any planet in the near future.</p>

<h2><strong>NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tracks asteroid's orbit</strong></h2>

<p>The asteroid's orbit is being tracked by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and its characteristics are being studied by them as part of their near-Earth object programme.<br />
<br />
Similar to other asteroids, Asteroid 2023 VC has also been formed through a process&nbsp;called “accretion”.</p>

<p><strong>WATCH |&nbsp;Cosmic journey: Space balloons &amp; space station visit part of the tour</strong></p>

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/cosmic-journey-space-balloons-space-station-visit-part-of-the-tour-636823/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

<p>The process involves&nbsp;dust specks and tiny particles colliding with each other and sticking together because of gravity in a protoplanetary disc and eventually taking the form of larger bodies like asteroids.<br />
<br />
Near-Earth objects (NEOs) like Asteroid 2023 VC are closely monitored by NASA and other space agencies to ensure they do not threaten our planet.<br />
<br />
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Centre for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOs) use different methods to detect and monitor such objects, like using the Sentry system, comparing different images, funding related projects and conducting telescopic search efforts.<br />
<br />
<em>(With inputs from agencies)</em></p>


An asteroid, as big as an aeroplane, is hurtling towards Earth at a breakneck speed of 34,727 kilometres per hour and NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) is tracking this space rock.

An asteroid, as big as an aeroplane, is hurtling towards Earth at a breakneck speed of 34,727 kilometres per hour and NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) is tracking this space rock. The asteroid is set to make its closest approach to Earth on November 9 when it passes at a distance of 2.4 million kilometres from the surface of the Earth. Is the asteroid hazardous for Earth? As per NASA, the asteroid's size is not big enough to be marked as a Potentially Hazardous Object. A celestial object which is at least 492 feet wide and passes at a distance less than 7.5 million kilometres from Earth is considered a Potentially Hazardous Object. However, Asteroid 2023 VC is only 91 feet wide which makes it as big as an aeroplane. But, even an aeroplane-sized asteroid can have a potential impact on Earth. ALSO READ | Alien worlds: NASA's telescope hunts down 8 'super-Earths' to solve cosmic puzzle The asteroid is part of the Apollo group of Near-Earth Asteroids, which are a type of Earth-crossing space rocks and have semi-major axes which are larger in comparison to that of Earth. The asteroids, which belong to this group, have been named after the humongous 1862 Apollo asteroid, which was found in the 1930s by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth. This will be the first-ever close approach of Asteroid 2023 VC towards our planet in history. According to data collected by NASA, the asteroid is not likely to pass across any planet in the near future. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tracks asteroid's orbit The asteroid's orbit is being tracked by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and its characteristics are being studied by them as part of their near-Earth object programme. Similar to other asteroids, Asteroid 2023 VC has also been formed through a process called “accretion”. WATCH | Cosmic journey: Space balloons & space station visit part of the tour The process involves dust specks and tiny particles colliding with each other and sticking together because of gravity in a protoplanetary disc and eventually taking the form of larger bodies like asteroids. Near-Earth objects (NEOs) like Asteroid 2023 VC are closely monitored by NASA and other space agencies to ensure they do not threaten our planet. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Centre for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOs) use different methods to detect and monitor such objects, like using the Sentry system, comparing different images, funding related projects and conducting telescopic search efforts. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA tracks an aeroplane-sized asteroid hurtling towards Earth

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