<p>Surat is the first frontline warship of India's Maritime force that is being named after a city in the Western state of Gujarat. The destroyer-class warship of the Indian Navy will be commissioned into the force on January 15. The commissioning ceremony marks the formal induction of the ship into the force. Once commissioned, the ship will earn the INS-prefix, and thereafter be known as INS Surat (Indian Naval Ship Surat). Surat will be commissioned along with Nilgiri, a stealth frigate, and diesel-electric submarine <span data-olk-copy-source="MessageBody">Vagsheer</span>, in Mumbai.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>The significance behind the name - Surat&nbsp;</strong></h2>
<p>The city of Surat was among the most important maritime trade links between India and many other countries from the 16th to the 18th century. The city was also a flourishing centre for ship building activities and the vessels built in Surat, during this period, were especially renowned for their longevity as some ships had remained in service for more than 100 years.&nbsp;</p>
<p>In line with maritime traditions, many Indian warships have been named after prominent cities. We are immensely proud of naming the latest and the technologically most advanced warship after the city of Surat, said the Indian Navy. This is the first frontline warship to be named after a city of Gujarat. Similarly, in late 2023, the crest(unique emblem of the warship) of Surat was unveiled in the very city after which it has been named, marking a first.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>The Crest of Surat</strong></h2>
<p>The crest of Surat depicts the famous lighthouse at Hazira (Surat), located at southern entrance of the Gulf of Khambhat. Built in 1836, this lighthouse was one of the first lighthouses in India. The Asiatic lion on the crest, which is also the state animal of Gujarat, symbolises the ship&rsquo;s majesty and strength. Equipped with the latest advancements in naval warfare technology and combat capabilities, the warship Surat stands as a powerful embodiment of the navy&rsquo;s commitment to maritime security and national defence. This is well depicted by the wavy sea depicted on the crest.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Also Read:</strong> <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-visit-france-macron-8608790" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">PM Modi to visit France, announces Macron</a></p>
<h2><strong>About INS Surat&nbsp;</strong></h2>
<p>The fourth ship of the indigenously designed and constructed Project 15B (Vishakhapatnam Class) destroyers, Surat represents a remarkable leap in naval technology and capabilities. The ship has been constructed using innovative block construction methodology, wherein the ship's hull has been assembled at different geographical locations before being integrated at the Mazagaon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai. While also highlighting intricate precision and engineering excellence, this methodology underscores the growing refinement of India&rsquo;s shipbuilding prowess.</p>
<p>Surat has a displacement of 7,400 tons, is 163 meters long, and can sail at a top speed of nearly 60kmph. The ship has a maximum range of 15,000 km. This warship features a high level of automation and use of advanced technologies, which means that the ship can function with lesser number of crew when compared to a similar-sized warship of a previous generation .</p>
<p>Project 15B follows the success of the Project 15A (Kolkata Class) and serves as a testament to India&rsquo;s steadily growing naval prowess. Construction of the warship Surat exemplifies the nation&rsquo;s dedication to indigenous cutting-edge maritime technology and commitment to strategic military advancements. Notably, Surat is the seventh and the last of the Project 15 destroyers. The initial ships built in this Project 15A series are INS Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai. These were followed by the Project 15B series that includes INS Visakhapatnam, Imphal, Mormugao and Surat.</p>
<p><strong>Also Read:</strong> <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/singapore-prez-tharman-to-visit-india-from-14th-to-18th-january-8608590" rel="dofollow noopener" target="_blank">Singapore Prez Tharman to visit India from 14th to 18th January</a></p>
<h2><strong>A warship capable of undertaking multi-domain warfare</strong></h2>
<p>As a destroyer-class warship, Surat is capable of engaging aerial targets, surface targets, underwater targets, while also undertaking electronic warfare. It is equipped with the highly sophisticated Israel Aerospace Industries Elta MF-STAR radar that can track both air and surface targets and provide fire control guidance. MF-STAR is an acronym fo Multi-Function Surveillance, Track And Guidance Radar.</p>
<p>Surat can launch the Indo-Russian Brahmos supersonic cruise missiles, and the Indo-Israeli Medium-range Surface to Air Missile(MR-SAM), which is used against aircraft, drones, incoming missiles. The ship is equipped with a 76 mm OTO Melara naval gun and four AK-630M Close-In Weapon Systems for self-defence.</p>
<p>The destroyer is also equipped with torpedoes and countermeasures for both torpedoes and missiles. The ship is designed to carry two medium-sized helicopters such as the SeaKing, ALH Dhruv, MH-60 Romeo variants operated by the Indian Navy. &nbsp;</p>

News India | The fourth ship of the indigenously designed and constructed Project 15B (Vishakhapatnam Class) destroyers, Surat represents a remarkable leap in naval technology and capabilities.

Surat is the first frontline warship of India's Maritime force that is being named after a city in the Western state of Gujarat. The destroyer-class warship of the Indian Navy will be commissioned into the force on January 15. The commissioning ceremony marks the formal induction of the ship into the force. Once commissioned, the ship will earn the INS-prefix, and thereafter be known as INS Surat (Indian Naval Ship Surat). Surat will be commissioned along with Nilgiri, a stealth frigate, and diesel-electric submarine Vagsheer, in Mumbai. The significance behind the name - Surat The city of Surat was among the most important maritime trade links between India and many other countries from the 16th to the 18th century. The city was also a flourishing centre for ship building activities and the vessels built in Surat, during this period, were especially renowned for their longevity as some ships had remained in service for more than 100 years. In line with maritime traditions, many Indian warships have been named after prominent cities. We are immensely proud of naming the latest and the technologically most advanced warship after the city of Surat, said the Indian Navy. This is the first frontline warship to be named after a city of Gujarat. Similarly, in late 2023, the crest(unique emblem of the warship) of Surat was unveiled in the very city after which it has been named, marking a first. The Crest of Surat The crest of Surat depicts the famous lighthouse at Hazira (Surat), located at southern entrance of the Gulf of Khambhat. Built in 1836, this lighthouse was one of the first lighthouses in India. The Asiatic lion on the crest, which is also the state animal of Gujarat, symbolises the ship’s majesty and strength. Equipped with the latest advancements in naval warfare technology and combat capabilities, the warship Surat stands as a powerful embodiment of the navy’s commitment to maritime security and national defence. This is well depicted by the wavy sea depicted on the crest. Also Read: PM Modi to visit France, announces Macron About INS Surat The fourth ship of the indigenously designed and constructed Project 15B (Vishakhapatnam Class) destroyers, Surat represents a remarkable leap in naval technology and capabilities. The ship has been constructed using innovative block construction methodology, wherein the ship's hull has been assembled at different geographical locations before being integrated at the Mazagaon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai. While also highlighting intricate precision and engineering excellence, this methodology underscores the growing refinement of India’s shipbuilding prowess. Surat has a displacement of 7,400 tons, is 163 meters long, and can sail at a top speed of nearly 60kmph. The ship has a maximum range of 15,000 km. This warship features a high level of automation and use of advanced technologies, which means that the ship can function with lesser number of crew when compared to a similar-sized warship of a previous generation . Project 15B follows the success of the Project 15A (Kolkata Class) and serves as a testament to India’s steadily growing naval prowess. Construction of the warship Surat exemplifies the nation’s dedication to indigenous cutting-edge maritime technology and commitment to strategic military advancements. Notably, Surat is the seventh and the last of the Project 15 destroyers. The initial ships built in this Project 15A series are INS Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai. These were followed by the Project 15B series that includes INS Visakhapatnam, Imphal, Mormugao and Surat. Also Read: Singapore Prez Tharman to visit India from 14th to 18th January A warship capable of undertaking multi-domain warfare As a destroyer-class warship, Surat is capable of engaging aerial targets, surface targets, underwater targets, while also undertaking electronic warfare. It is equipped with the highly sophisticated Israel Aerospace Industries Elta MF-STAR radar that can track both air and surface targets and provide fire control guidance. MF-STAR is an acronym fo Multi-Function Surveillance, Track And Guidance Radar. Surat can launch the Indo-Russian Brahmos supersonic cruise missiles, and the Indo-Israeli Medium-range Surface to Air Missile(MR-SAM), which is used against aircraft, drones, incoming missiles. The ship is equipped with a 76 mm OTO Melara naval gun and four AK-630M Close-In Weapon Systems for self-defence. The destroyer is also equipped with torpedoes and countermeasures for both torpedoes and missiles. The ship is designed to carry two medium-sized helicopters such as the SeaKing, ALH Dhruv, MH-60 Romeo variants operated by the Indian Navy.

INS Surat - First frontline Indian warship named after a city in Gujarat

<p>Indian space agency ISRO has said that the twin SPADEX satellites are now moving closer to each other, in preparation for initialisation of docking. &ldquo;The drift has been arrested and spacecraft put in a slow drift course to move closer to each other. By tomorrow, it is expected to reach initialisation conditions,&rdquo; ISRO said. As per Switzerland-based firm S2a systems, the satellites are at a distance of 4.6 km from each other, as of evening, Thursday, 9th January, and have grown closer than they were this morning.&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m5pg7uon-6359eqf9-spgporgy">
<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Today&rsquo;s SpaDeX pass over Australia. Recorded on 2025-01-09, 11:46:09 UTC. Estimated distance between the two spacecraft near max elevation was about 4.6 km.<br>Two light curves generated last night during the pass over South America between 02:19 and 02:17 UTC indicate that attitude&hellip; <a href="https://t.co/9iNZVTJXdE">pic.twitter.com/9iNZVTJXdE</a></p>
&mdash; s2a systems (@s2a_systems) <a href="https://twitter.com/s2a_systems/status/1877342140939825286?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 9, 2025</a></blockquote>
<h2><br>Docking attempts postponed twice</h2>
<p><br>The SPADEX satellites were meant to complete autonomous docking in the morning hours of 9th Jan, Thursday. However, on Wednesday night, as one of the twin satellites initiated the drift to move closer from 500 m to 225 m, the drift between satellites was found to be more than desired, therefore leading to temporary postponement. Early on Thursday, private firms Digantara and s2a systems tracked the satellites when they were almost 6.5 km apart.</p>
<p>This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation.</p>
<p><strong>Also Read | </strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/legislation-introduced-in-us-house-to-terminate-designation-of-pakistan-as-major-non-nato-ally-8605071" rel="dofollow"><strong>Legislation introduced in US House to end Pakistan's designation as major non-NATO ally</strong></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<h2>Why is space docking so complicated?</h2>
<p><br>When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</p>
<p>When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth mechanical connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.</p>
<p><strong>Also Read | </strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/health-and-wellness/a-rare-case-uk-woman-hospitalised-with-severe-heatstroke-after-using-sauna-8604973" rel="dofollow"><strong>UK woman hospitalised with severe heatstroke after using sauna. Here's what happened</strong></a></p>
<p>Initially, the satellites were over 10 km apart from each other. Gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves. The inter-satellite distance had been lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m.</p>
<p>WION had earlier reported that SPADEX is ISRO&rsquo;s most complicated mission yet in orbit around the earth. ISRO&rsquo;s twin SPADEX satellites being of small size (and carrying commensurate fuel) also add to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler.</p>
<p><strong>Also Read | </strong><a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/prince-william-kate-middleton-birthday-kate-middleton-children-8605081" rel="dofollow"><strong>Prince William wishes &lsquo;remarkable&rsquo; Kate Middleton on her birthday: &lsquo;So proud of you&rsquo;</strong></a></p>
<p>As this is India&rsquo;s maiden docking mission, ISRO is predominantly relying upon the natural drift of the satellites to bring them closer, which is why it is a time consuming process. It must be noted that SPADEX was launched on 30th December and docking was expected at least a week later. In contrast, large cargo-carrying or human-carrying spacecrafts dock with the International space station in eight hours after being launched into space. This is done by firing the on-board engines of the spacecraft and syncing up in close proximity with the space station, leading to docking.</p>

India News | Trending: Initially, the satellites were over 10 km apart from each other. Gradually, they began to reduce the distance and the inter-satellite distance had been lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m.

Indian space agency ISRO has said that the twin SPADEX satellites are now moving closer to each other, in preparation for initialisation of docking. “The drift has been arrested and spacecraft put in a slow drift course to move closer to each other. By tomorrow, it is expected to reach initialisation conditions,” ISRO said. As per Switzerland-based firm S2a systems, the satellites are at a distance of 4.6 km from each other, as of evening, Thursday, 9th January, and have grown closer than they were this morning. Today’s SpaDeX pass over Australia. Recorded on 2025-01-09, 11:46:09 UTC. Estimated distance between the two spacecraft near max elevation was about 4.6 km. Two light curves generated last night during the pass over South America between 02:19 and 02:17 UTC indicate that attitude… pic.twitter.com/9iNZVTJXdE — s2a systems (@s2a_systems) January 9, 2025 Docking attempts postponed twice The SPADEX satellites were meant to complete autonomous docking in the morning hours of 9th Jan, Thursday. However, on Wednesday night, as one of the twin satellites initiated the drift to move closer from 500 m to 225 m, the drift between satellites was found to be more than desired, therefore leading to temporary postponement. Early on Thursday, private firms Digantara and s2a systems tracked the satellites when they were almost 6.5 km apart. This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation. Also Read | Legislation introduced in US House to end Pakistan's designation as major non-NATO ally Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth mechanical connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously. Also Read | UK woman hospitalised with severe heatstroke after using sauna. Here's what happened Initially, the satellites were over 10 km apart from each other. Gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves. The inter-satellite distance had been lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m. WION had earlier reported that SPADEX is ISRO’s most complicated mission yet in orbit around the earth. ISRO’s twin SPADEX satellites being of small size (and carrying commensurate fuel) also add to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler. Also Read | Prince William wishes ‘remarkable’ Kate Middleton on her birthday: ‘So proud of you’ As this is India’s maiden docking mission, ISRO is predominantly relying upon the natural drift of the satellites to bring them closer, which is why it is a time consuming process. It must be noted that SPADEX was launched on 30th December and docking was expected at least a week later. In contrast, large cargo-carrying or human-carrying spacecrafts dock with the International space station in eight hours after being launched into space. This is done by firing the on-board engines of the spacecraft and syncing up in close proximity with the space station, leading to docking.

SPADEX satellites moving closer in prep for docking process: ISRO

<p>Indian Space Agency ISRO's twin SpaDeX satellites which were 500 meters apart and closing in on Wednesday night, have now drifted apart and are at a 13-fold distance, and are approximately 6.5 km away, as per private firms tracking the mission. Sharing their tracking data from the morning hours of January 9, Thursday, Indian private firm Digantara said that they tracked the SpaDeX A and B satellites as being 6.5 km apart. Likewise, Switzerland-based s2a systems tracked the twin satellites as they were 6.7 km apart.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isros-spadex-docking-mission-postponed-for-second-time-satellites-safe-8602897" rel="dofollow">ISRO's SPADEX docking mission postponed for second time; satellites safe</a></p>
<p>While ISRO mentioned that the satellites' drift was "more than expected" and that they are safe, the distance between them has not been specified at the time of writing.&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m5p2inri-rm3emgda-2eylcqae">
<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Tonight&rsquo;s SpaDeX from South America at 2025-01-09, 00:44:42 UTC. Estimated distance between the two spacecraft near max elevation: about 6.7 km. <a href="https://t.co/Avmu7Qky2s">pic.twitter.com/Avmu7Qky2s</a></p>
&mdash; s2a systems (@s2a_systems) <a href="https://twitter.com/s2a_systems/status/1877163316650401795?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 9, 2025</a></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m5p2j0q3-ler09s09-kanfqb8m">
<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Another update! Recorded at ~7:30 AM IST, <a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> SpaDeX A &amp; B were tracked with a separation of approx. 6.5 km at peak elevation. Stay tuned for more updates! <a href="https://t.co/lMtCBX5bqB">pic.twitter.com/lMtCBX5bqB</a></p>
&mdash; Digantara (@Digantarahq) <a href="https://twitter.com/Digantarahq/status/1877194601322164392?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 9, 2025</a></blockquote>
<p>Both private firms that shared the SpaDeX distance data are specialists in providing Space Situational Awareness(SSA)- which includes understanding and monitoring of the space environment, the identification, tracking, and characterisation of objects in space, such as satellites, debris, and others. SSA is aimed at ensuring the safe, sustainable, and secure use of space.</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science-tech/worlds-first-wooden-satellite-sent-to-earths-orbit-8602411" rel="dofollow">World's first wooden satellite sent to Earth's orbit</a></p>
<h2><br>Two postponed docking attempts</h2>
<p>The SpaDeX satellites were meant to complete autonomous docking in the morning hours of Jan 9, Thursday. However, on Wednesday night as one of the twin satellites initiated the drift to move closer from 500m to 225m, the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement. This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation. &nbsp;</p>
<p>Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/spadex-why-isro-chose-january-7th-for-docking-experiment-8594021" rel="dofollow">SpaDeX: Docking date shifts to January 9 - A developing story</a></p>
<h2><br>Why is space docking so complicated?</h2>
<p>When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two(the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</p>
<p>When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth mechanical connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.</p>
<p>Initially the satellites were over 10kms apart from each other. Gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves. The inter-satellite distance had been lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500m.&nbsp;</p>
<p>On Wednesday night, one of the twin satellites had initiated the drift to move closer from 500m to 225m, and that's when the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement with no new docking date announced so far.</p>
<p>WION had earlier reported that SpaDeX is ISRO's most complicated mission yet in orbit around Earth. ISRO's twin SpaDeX satellites being of small size(and carrying commensurate fuel) also add to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler.</p>
<p>As this is India's maiden docking mission, ISRO is predominantly relying upon the natural drift of the satellites to bring them closer, which is why it is a time-consuming process. It must be noted that SpaDeX was launched on 30th December and docking was expected at least a week later. In contrast, large cargo-carrying or human-carrying spacecraft dock with the International Space Station eight hours after being launched into space. This is done by firing the on-board engines of the spacecraft and syncing up in close proximity with the space station, leading to docking.</p>

The SpaDeX satellites were meant to complete autonomous docking in the morning hours of Jan 9, Thursday. They have now drifted apart and are at a 13-fold distance.

Indian Space Agency ISRO's twin SpaDeX satellites which were 500 meters apart and closing in on Wednesday night, have now drifted apart and are at a 13-fold distance, and are approximately 6.5 km away, as per private firms tracking the mission. Sharing their tracking data from the morning hours of January 9, Thursday, Indian private firm Digantara said that they tracked the SpaDeX A and B satellites as being 6.5 km apart. Likewise, Switzerland-based s2a systems tracked the twin satellites as they were 6.7 km apart. Also Read: ISRO's SPADEX docking mission postponed for second time; satellites safe While ISRO mentioned that the satellites' drift was "more than expected" and that they are safe, the distance between them has not been specified at the time of writing. Tonight’s SpaDeX from South America at 2025-01-09, 00:44:42 UTC. Estimated distance between the two spacecraft near max elevation: about 6.7 km. pic.twitter.com/Avmu7Qky2s — s2a systems (@s2a_systems) January 9, 2025 Another update! Recorded at ~7:30 AM IST, @isro SpaDeX A & B were tracked with a separation of approx. 6.5 km at peak elevation. Stay tuned for more updates! pic.twitter.com/lMtCBX5bqB — Digantara (@Digantarahq) January 9, 2025 Both private firms that shared the SpaDeX distance data are specialists in providing Space Situational Awareness(SSA)- which includes understanding and monitoring of the space environment, the identification, tracking, and characterisation of objects in space, such as satellites, debris, and others. SSA is aimed at ensuring the safe, sustainable, and secure use of space. Also Read: World's first wooden satellite sent to Earth's orbit Two postponed docking attempts The SpaDeX satellites were meant to complete autonomous docking in the morning hours of Jan 9, Thursday. However, on Wednesday night as one of the twin satellites initiated the drift to move closer from 500m to 225m, the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement. This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation. Also Read: SpaDeX: Docking date shifts to January 9 - A developing story Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two(the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth mechanical connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously. Initially the satellites were over 10kms apart from each other. Gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves. The inter-satellite distance had been lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500m. On Wednesday night, one of the twin satellites had initiated the drift to move closer from 500m to 225m, and that's when the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement with no new docking date announced so far. WION had earlier reported that SpaDeX is ISRO's most complicated mission yet in orbit around Earth. ISRO's twin SpaDeX satellites being of small size(and carrying commensurate fuel) also add to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler. As this is India's maiden docking mission, ISRO is predominantly relying upon the natural drift of the satellites to bring them closer, which is why it is a time-consuming process. It must be noted that SpaDeX was launched on 30th December and docking was expected at least a week later. In contrast, large cargo-carrying or human-carrying spacecraft dock with the International Space Station eight hours after being launched into space. This is done by firing the on-board engines of the spacecraft and syncing up in close proximity with the space station, leading to docking.

SpaDeX satellites drift apart 13-fold, 6.5kms away from each other: Data

<p>The Indian space agency <a href="https://www.wionews.com/web-stories/science-technology/isros-new-era-incoming-chief-v-narayanan-to-face-major-challenges-amid-gaganyaans-grand-mission-8600247">ISRO</a> has postponed the 9th January, Thursday morning's planned docking of its twin SPADEX satellites, owing to a drift or growing distance between the two satellites that are meant to gradually get closer to each other and mechanically attach themselves, all fully autonomously.&nbsp;</p>
<p>This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation before proceeding with the docking.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/dr-v-narayanan-from-indias-cryogenic-engine-expert-to-isro-chief-8601762">Dr. V. Narayanan - From India's cryogenic engine expert to ISRO Chief</a></strong></p>
<p>While ISRO has assured that the satellites are safe, it will take a short while before ground-based antennas will be able to "see and speak" to the satellites. Typically, satellites that are closer to earth (SPADEX satellites are 470 km above earth) are only visible for a couple of minutes from each ground-based station, as the satellites move at speeds of over 28,000 kmph.</p>
<h2><strong>Why is space docking so complicated?</strong></h2>
<p>When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/life-sprouts-in-space-isro-successfully-germinates-cowpea-seeds-under-microgravity-conditions-8593347">'Life sprouts in space'; ISRO successfully germinates cowpea seeds under microgravity conditions</a></strong></p>
<p>When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.</p>
<p>Initially, the satellites were 20 km apart from each other, and gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves.&nbsp;</p>
<p>From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance had been gradually lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m.&nbsp;</p>
<p>On Wednesday night, one of the twin satellites had initiated the drift to move closer from 500 m to 225 m, and that's when the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/bangladesh/india-extends-ousted-bangladesh-pm-hasinas-visa-as-dhaka-presses-for-extradition-8601765">India extends ousted Bangladesh PM Hasina&rsquo;s visa as Dhaka presses for extradition</a></strong></p>
<p>Wion had earlier reported that SPADEX is ISRO's most complicated mission yet in orbit around the earth. ISRO's twin SPADEX satellites being of small size (and carrying commensurate fuel) also adds to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler.</p>

India news: This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation before proceeding with the docking. 

The Indian space agency ISRO has postponed the 9th January, Thursday morning's planned docking of its twin SPADEX satellites, owing to a drift or growing distance between the two satellites that are meant to gradually get closer to each other and mechanically attach themselves, all fully autonomously. This is the second postponement of the docking. Earlier this week, the docking was postponed as ISRO wanted to perform a software test and on-ground simulation before proceeding with the docking. Also read: Dr. V. Narayanan - From India's cryogenic engine expert to ISRO Chief While ISRO has assured that the satellites are safe, it will take a short while before ground-based antennas will be able to "see and speak" to the satellites. Typically, satellites that are closer to earth (SPADEX satellites are 470 km above earth) are only visible for a couple of minutes from each ground-based station, as the satellites move at speeds of over 28,000 kmph. Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) and the distance between the two must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. Also read: 'Life sprouts in space'; ISRO successfully germinates cowpea seeds under microgravity conditions When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously. Initially, the satellites were 20 km apart from each other, and gradually, the satellites began to autonomously reduce the distance between themselves. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance had been gradually lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m. On Wednesday night, one of the twin satellites had initiated the drift to move closer from 500 m to 225 m, and that's when the drift between satellites was found to be more than expected, therefore leading to temporary postponement. Also read: India extends ousted Bangladesh PM Hasina’s visa as Dhaka presses for extradition Wion had earlier reported that SPADEX is ISRO's most complicated mission yet in orbit around the earth. ISRO's twin SPADEX satellites being of small size (and carrying commensurate fuel) also adds to the complexity of the mission. It is widely regarded that docking larger satellites with larger quantities of fuel is relatively simpler.

ISRO's SPADEX docking mission postponed for second time; satellites safe

<div class="x_elementToProof">"He is the key person in the development and successful flight testing of the first Indian cryogenic stage in GSLV-D5 vehicle. He is also the designer of CE20 Cryogenic engine. He is the Project Director of C25 Cryogenic Project of GSLV MkIII Vehicle(now known as LVM3). The Cryogenic Engine Mathematical Modelling and Simulation software developed by him is routinely used in the development of cryogenic engines and stages," that is how an ISRO-authored book on India's space journey describes Dr. V. Narayanan, presently the senior-most ISRO Director and Chairman-designate of the Indian space agency.&nbsp;</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m5nsjqji-xy4x1f51-964z7c20">
<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Dr. V. Narayanan has been appointed <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> Chairman and Secretary, Dept of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Space?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Space</a><br><br>At present, he leads ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, which designs and develops liquid-fuel rocket engines.. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/india?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#india</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/isro?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#isro</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/science?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#science</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tech?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#tech</a> <a href="https://t.co/lE3g8d81Ry">pic.twitter.com/lE3g8d81Ry</a></p>
&mdash; Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) <a href="https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1876689606818619790?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 7, 2025</a></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><a class="x_OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnk547404" data-auth="NotApplicable" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/sdhrthmp/status/1876689606818619790" title="https://x.com/sdhrthmp/status/1876689606818619790" data-linkindex="0"></a></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">An expert in rocket engine development, Dr Narayanan specialises in the domain of cryogenic propulsion systems, which are among the most sophisticated avenues in the vast world of rocketry. Typically, cryogenic propulsion systems burn Liquid Hydrogen (a supercooled fuel that is maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and Liquid Oxygen (a super supercooled fuel that is maintained at minus 183 degrees Celsius). So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, Japan, China, and India have the capability to design, develop, and produce cryogenic propulsion systems.&nbsp;</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><strong>Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/post/8600424" rel="dofollow">Dr V Narayanan: The rocket scientist who will now lead ISRO</a></strong></div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Education and Academic achievements&nbsp;</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">Dr. V. Narayanan completed his schooling at a village school in the&nbsp; Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Later, he completed his M.Tech and Ph.D. from IIT, Kharagpur, where he was awarded a Silver Medal for securing the first rank in his M.Tech programme. He has also been honoured with the Distinguished Alumni Award and the Life Fellowship Award.&nbsp;</div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Professional achievements&nbsp;</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">As the Cryogenic Rocket Engine technology was denied to India by other spacefaring nations, Dr. V. Narayanan successfully developed the C25 Cryogenic stage (cryogenic engine and related components, structures), while serving as the Project Director of the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage. The Indigenous C25 Cryogenic stage has delivered success in all six launch missions of India's largest and heaviest LVM3 rocket, including the Chandrayaan-2 &amp; 3 moon missions. The C25 is the final stage of the three-stage LVM3 rocket, and it is the cryogenic stage that enables efficient delivery of heavier payloads to space at high velocities. He has also contributed towards the development of the cryogenic upper stage for the GSLV Mk2 rocket, which is the younger sibling of the LVM3 rocket.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><strong><iframe width="600" height="400" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wo2i8zi9x4o?feature=oembed" title="V Narayanan Appointed New Space Secretary &amp; ISRO Chief, Will Take Over From S Somanath | WION" class="publive-iframes-block publive-YouTube-block" id="PL_iframe_block-m5nsl8b8-7g4c9hwd-mdi6lg2b"></iframe></strong></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><strong></strong></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">During his tenure as LPSC Director, the ISRO facility delivered more than 220 propulsion systems (engines) for 40 rockets and 40 satellite missions. He is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), and presently the National President of the Indian Society of Systems for Science &amp; Engineering (ISSE).&nbsp;</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><strong>Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/post/8570243" rel="dofollow">Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space</a></strong><o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Contributions towards Chandrayaan-3</b></h2>
<div>He was the Chairperson of the National Level Expert Committee which completed the analysis, pinpointed the reasons for the hard landing of Chandrayaan-2 (India's second Lunar mission and maiden Lunar landing attempt), and submitted a report with 105 recommendations for Chandrayaan-3 in record time of 30 days. Chandrayaan-3 is India's maiden lunar soft landing and made India the fourth nation to land on the moon and the first to do so near the Lunar south pole.</div>
<div></div>
<div><strong>Also Read | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/post/8068441" rel="dofollow">ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it?</a></strong><o:p></o:p></div>
<div></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">As the Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion System Centre, his teams developed and delivered the engines that propelled Chandrayaan-3 to the moon and enabled the soft landing of the Vikram lander.&nbsp;</div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Contributions towards Aditya-L1</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">For the PSLV C57/Aditya-L1 mission, the team under him delivered the liquid-fuel engines that propel the rocket and the spacecraft. As mission readiness review committee chairman, he reviewed and cleared the mission and helped India become the fourth&nbsp;nation to successfully accomplish the study mission.</div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Contributions towards Gaganyaan programme&nbsp;</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">He is the Chairman of the Space Transportation System Programme Management Council, guiding all the teams involved in rocket development and operationalisation. His teams have completed the development of all four liquid propulsion systems for India's astronaut-carrying rocket and the crew capsule. He heads the team that is developing the major systems for Environmental (pressure, temperature and oxygen) Control and Safety Systems, which create a safe Earth-like habitat for astronauts in the crew capsule. He is the Chairman of the National Level Human Rating Certification Board, which certifies ISRO's LVM3 rocket for their ambitious astronaut-carrying missions as part of the Gaganyaan programme.</div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Ongoing and future projects</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">As the core designer and leader, he is contributing towards India's most powerful rocket engine, a 200-tonne thrust Semi-Cryogenic engine that burns kerosene and liquid oxygen. The Semi-cryogenic stage (engine and components) and the C32 Cryogenic stage are meant to be used, respectively, as the second and third stages of the LVM3 rocket to enable its lifting capacity and reduce its launch cost by around 30 per cent. This upgraded LVM3 rocket is to be used to place different segments of the proposed Indian space station (Bharatiya Antariksh Station) in orbit around the Earth.&nbsp;</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><iframe width="600" height="400" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fytjjRwUkwo?feature=oembed" title="India's Most Powerful Rocket Engine In Development | World News | WION" class="publive-iframes-block publive-YouTube-block" id="PL_iframe_block-m5nslxwz-iyyyx843-f7fkzjvo"></iframe></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"><a class="x_OWAAutoLink" id="LPlnkOWA2c11fe79-2acb-9bbc-d8b3-48efa79a4988" data-auth="NotApplicable" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fytjjRwUkwo" title="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fytjjRwUkwo" data-linkindex="2"></a></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">Dr Narayanan has been leading the development of a methane-liquid oxygen-powered rocket engine, related components, and the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (rocket), which will help execute India's plans to land its astronauts on the moon. His teams are also working on the engines that will propel India's fourth lunar mission, Chandrayaan-4 (meant to bring back samples from the moon's surface) and the Venus orbiter mission.&nbsp;</div>
<div></div>
<div>In a recent interview, he told WION that ISRO has carried out four ignition tests of the new semi-cryogenic engine. "In about two years, we are planning to complete the entire development of the semi-cryogenic engine," he added. Further, he also mentioned that ISRO has built a 20-tonne thrust-generating methane-liquid oxygen-powered engine and conducted seven test firings to demonstrate its capabilities. "Now, we are in the process of designing the 110-tonne thrust methane-liquid oxygen engine, which will be used in the future rocket, the Next Generation Launch vehicle," he added.&nbsp;</div>

India News | Trending: As the cryogenic rocket engine technology was denied to India by other spacefaring nations, Dr. V. Narayanan successfully developed the C25 cryogenic stage as the project director.

"He is the key person in the development and successful flight testing of the first Indian cryogenic stage in GSLV-D5 vehicle. He is also the designer of CE20 Cryogenic engine. He is the Project Director of C25 Cryogenic Project of GSLV MkIII Vehicle(now known as LVM3). The Cryogenic Engine Mathematical Modelling and Simulation software developed by him is routinely used in the development of cryogenic engines and stages," that is how an ISRO-authored book on India's space journey describes Dr. V. Narayanan, presently the senior-most ISRO Director and Chairman-designate of the Indian space agency. Dr. V. Narayanan has been appointed #ISRO Chairman and Secretary, Dept of #Space At present, he leads ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, which designs and develops liquid-fuel rocket engines.. #india #isro #science #tech pic.twitter.com/lE3g8d81Ry — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) January 7, 2025 An expert in rocket engine development, Dr Narayanan specialises in the domain of cryogenic propulsion systems, which are among the most sophisticated avenues in the vast world of rocketry. Typically, cryogenic propulsion systems burn Liquid Hydrogen (a supercooled fuel that is maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and Liquid Oxygen (a super supercooled fuel that is maintained at minus 183 degrees Celsius). So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, Japan, China, and India have the capability to design, develop, and produce cryogenic propulsion systems. Also Read | Dr V Narayanan: The rocket scientist who will now lead ISRO Education and Academic achievements Dr. V. Narayanan completed his schooling at a village school in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Later, he completed his M.Tech and Ph.D. from IIT, Kharagpur, where he was awarded a Silver Medal for securing the first rank in his M.Tech programme. He has also been honoured with the Distinguished Alumni Award and the Life Fellowship Award. Professional achievements As the Cryogenic Rocket Engine technology was denied to India by other spacefaring nations, Dr. V. Narayanan successfully developed the C25 Cryogenic stage (cryogenic engine and related components, structures), while serving as the Project Director of the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage. The Indigenous C25 Cryogenic stage has delivered success in all six launch missions of India's largest and heaviest LVM3 rocket, including the Chandrayaan-2 & 3 moon missions. The C25 is the final stage of the three-stage LVM3 rocket, and it is the cryogenic stage that enables efficient delivery of heavier payloads to space at high velocities. He has also contributed towards the development of the cryogenic upper stage for the GSLV Mk2 rocket, which is the younger sibling of the LVM3 rocket. During his tenure as LPSC Director, the ISRO facility delivered more than 220 propulsion systems (engines) for 40 rockets and 40 satellite missions. He is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), and presently the National President of the Indian Society of Systems for Science & Engineering (ISSE). Also Read | Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space Contributions towards Chandrayaan-3 He was the Chairperson of the National Level Expert Committee which completed the analysis, pinpointed the reasons for the hard landing of Chandrayaan-2 (India's second Lunar mission and maiden Lunar landing attempt), and submitted a report with 105 recommendations for Chandrayaan-3 in record time of 30 days. Chandrayaan-3 is India's maiden lunar soft landing and made India the fourth nation to land on the moon and the first to do so near the Lunar south pole. Also Read | ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it? As the Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion System Centre, his teams developed and delivered the engines that propelled Chandrayaan-3 to the moon and enabled the soft landing of the Vikram lander. Contributions towards Aditya-L1 For the PSLV C57/Aditya-L1 mission, the team under him delivered the liquid-fuel engines that propel the rocket and the spacecraft. As mission readiness review committee chairman, he reviewed and cleared the mission and helped India become the fourth nation to successfully accomplish the study mission. Contributions towards Gaganyaan programme He is the Chairman of the Space Transportation System Programme Management Council, guiding all the teams involved in rocket development and operationalisation. His teams have completed the development of all four liquid propulsion systems for India's astronaut-carrying rocket and the crew capsule. He heads the team that is developing the major systems for Environmental (pressure, temperature and oxygen) Control and Safety Systems, which create a safe Earth-like habitat for astronauts in the crew capsule. He is the Chairman of the National Level Human Rating Certification Board, which certifies ISRO's LVM3 rocket for their ambitious astronaut-carrying missions as part of the Gaganyaan programme. Ongoing and future projects As the core designer and leader, he is contributing towards India's most powerful rocket engine, a 200-tonne thrust Semi-Cryogenic engine that burns kerosene and liquid oxygen. The Semi-cryogenic stage (engine and components) and the C32 Cryogenic stage are meant to be used, respectively, as the second and third stages of the LVM3 rocket to enable its lifting capacity and reduce its launch cost by around 30 per cent. This upgraded LVM3 rocket is to be used to place different segments of the proposed Indian space station (Bharatiya Antariksh Station) in orbit around the Earth. Dr Narayanan has been leading the development of a methane-liquid oxygen-powered rocket engine, related components, and the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (rocket), which will help execute India's plans to land its astronauts on the moon. His teams are also working on the engines that will propel India's fourth lunar mission, Chandrayaan-4 (meant to bring back samples from the moon's surface) and the Venus orbiter mission. In a recent interview, he told WION that ISRO has carried out four ignition tests of the new semi-cryogenic engine. "In about two years, we are planning to complete the entire development of the semi-cryogenic engine," he added. Further, he also mentioned that ISRO has built a 20-tonne thrust-generating methane-liquid oxygen-powered engine and conducted seven test firings to demonstrate its capabilities. "Now, we are in the process of designing the 110-tonne thrust methane-liquid oxygen engine, which will be used in the future rocket, the Next Generation Launch vehicle," he added.

Dr. V. Narayanan - From India's cryogenic engine expert to ISRO Chief

<div class="x_elementToProof">Since the launch of the mission on 30th December 2024 (last Monday), the Indian space agency ISRO has been working towards carrying out the complicated Space Docking Experiment, a process of mechanically attaching two satellites that are travelling around the earth at speeds of 28,000 kmph. On Monday, 6<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;January, ISRO announced the docking of its twin SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) satellites is being pushed to 9<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;January, Thursday, from the initial expected date Tuesday, 7<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;January. ISRO said that the docking process requires further validation through ground simulations based on an abort scenario identified.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">"While performing precise autonomous docking of two satellites, there are many scenarios where the on-board system has to decide and abort the docking process (based on the real-time measurements). These are tested and validated using simulation. Today, we saw a new case that has to be handled. The updated algorithm has to be tested before being implemented in the satellite," ISRO Chief Dr. S. Somanath explained to WION.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>Why does SPADEX need longer than a week for docking?</b></h2>
<div class="x_elementToProof">Typically, when a spacecraft (carrying either crew or cargo) is launched from earth, depending on the approach taken, it takes around six hours or thirty-six hours for the craft to dock (mechanically connect) with the international space station. The former approach is known as the fast-track approach, while the latter is known as the traditional approach. However, India's space docking experiment (SPADEX) to mechanically attach two satellites in space requires slightly longer than a week. So far, the US, Russia, Europe, and China have performed and mastered space docking technology, and India is to soon join this elite list. India's SPADEX satellites were launched on December 30<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;2024, and they are expected to dock by January 10th.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">"The foreign spacecraft that dock in less than eight hours or in a day are heavy ones that weigh several tonnes and carry massive quantities of fuel. Those crafts are built to carry lots of fuel that help them fire their thrusters and manoeuvre in such a way that they can align with the space station and dock in a very limited period of time. In our case, performing docking rapidly is not the goal. Our goal is to test the homegrown docking technology for the first time in space. We are relying on the natural drift of the two docking satellites and consuming minimal fuel, as our satellites weigh just about 220 kg and carry only a commensurate amount of fuel," M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, explained to WION.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">Docking is a process that is traditionally used to transfer goods or astronauts between a spacecraft and the International Space Station. Docking is a technology that has various applications; it is critical for performing sample return missions from the moon and other celestial bodies, and it can be used to transfer fuel from one space vehicle to another. Docking can also be used to de-orbit a craft that is circling the earth. Various commercial entities are exploring methods to extend the life of satellites by refuelling via docking, providing in-orbit servicing, etc.</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">ISRO Chief Dr. S. Somanath added that ISRO will attempt even more sophisticated space docking missions in the future. He emphasised that the future Indian docking missions would be more complex and the satellites would be bigger in size and mass. India needs to master docking technology to accomplish future missions such as Chandrayaan-4 (lunar sample return) and the proposed Bharatiya Antariksh Station (Indian Space Station). Space stations are built by launching and assembling (docking) large components in space.&nbsp;</div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<h2 class="x_elementToProof"><b>How is ISRO executing SPADEX?</b></h2>
<div>The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft: SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface.&nbsp;</div>
<div></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">At the time of ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket gave a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser.</div>
<div></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc.&nbsp;</div>
<div></div>
<div>After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years.</div>
<div></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof">ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the twin satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirement and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts.<b></b></div>
<div class="x_elementToProof"></div>
<h2><b>Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites</b></h2>
<div>SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC).</div>
<div></div>
<div>SDX02, the Target carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions.&nbsp;</div>
<div></div>
<h2><b>Why is Space docking so complicated?&nbsp;</b></h2>
<div>When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</div>
<div></div>
<div>When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.</div>

India News | Science & Tech: India's space docking experiment to mechanically attach two satellites in space requires slightly longer than a week. The US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking.

Since the launch of the mission on 30th December 2024 (last Monday), the Indian space agency ISRO has been working towards carrying out the complicated Space Docking Experiment, a process of mechanically attaching two satellites that are travelling around the earth at speeds of 28,000 kmph. On Monday, 6th January, ISRO announced the docking of its twin SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) satellites is being pushed to 9th January, Thursday, from the initial expected date Tuesday, 7th January. ISRO said that the docking process requires further validation through ground simulations based on an abort scenario identified. "While performing precise autonomous docking of two satellites, there are many scenarios where the on-board system has to decide and abort the docking process (based on the real-time measurements). These are tested and validated using simulation. Today, we saw a new case that has to be handled. The updated algorithm has to be tested before being implemented in the satellite," ISRO Chief Dr. S. Somanath explained to WION. Why does SPADEX need longer than a week for docking? Typically, when a spacecraft (carrying either crew or cargo) is launched from earth, depending on the approach taken, it takes around six hours or thirty-six hours for the craft to dock (mechanically connect) with the international space station. The former approach is known as the fast-track approach, while the latter is known as the traditional approach. However, India's space docking experiment (SPADEX) to mechanically attach two satellites in space requires slightly longer than a week. So far, the US, Russia, Europe, and China have performed and mastered space docking technology, and India is to soon join this elite list. India's SPADEX satellites were launched on December 30th 2024, and they are expected to dock by January 10th. "The foreign spacecraft that dock in less than eight hours or in a day are heavy ones that weigh several tonnes and carry massive quantities of fuel. Those crafts are built to carry lots of fuel that help them fire their thrusters and manoeuvre in such a way that they can align with the space station and dock in a very limited period of time. In our case, performing docking rapidly is not the goal. Our goal is to test the homegrown docking technology for the first time in space. We are relying on the natural drift of the two docking satellites and consuming minimal fuel, as our satellites weigh just about 220 kg and carry only a commensurate amount of fuel," M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, explained to WION. Docking is a process that is traditionally used to transfer goods or astronauts between a spacecraft and the International Space Station. Docking is a technology that has various applications; it is critical for performing sample return missions from the moon and other celestial bodies, and it can be used to transfer fuel from one space vehicle to another. Docking can also be used to de-orbit a craft that is circling the earth. Various commercial entities are exploring methods to extend the life of satellites by refuelling via docking, providing in-orbit servicing, etc. ISRO Chief Dr. S. Somanath added that ISRO will attempt even more sophisticated space docking missions in the future. He emphasised that the future Indian docking missions would be more complex and the satellites would be bigger in size and mass. India needs to master docking technology to accomplish future missions such as Chandrayaan-4 (lunar sample return) and the proposed Bharatiya Antariksh Station (Indian Space Station). Space stations are built by launching and assembling (docking) large components in space. How is ISRO executing SPADEX? The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft: SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface. At the time of ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket gave a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser. Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years. ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the twin satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirement and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts. Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC). SDX02, the Target carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions. Why is Space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near-zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.

Explained: Why is ISRO's SPADEX docking postponed to 9th Jan?

<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue, two iconic monuments off the coast of Kanyakumari, the southernmost district in mainland India, are now connected by an architectural marvel - the country's first glass bridge at sea. Built at a cost of approx USD 4.3 million (Rs 37 crore), the bridge was inaugurated by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The 77-metre-long, 10-metre-wide walkway is meant to help visitors walk from one monument to another</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, without availing</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> of the boat service, which was the only option thus far connecting </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the at-sea monuments. Henceforth, visitors have to only avail the boat ride from the mainland to one of the monuments</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">and the return ride to the mainland.</span></p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m5csfwqu-zf40x92y-rrigj29o">
<p dir="ltr" lang="ta">அய்யன் வள்ளுவர் சிலையை விவேகானந்தர் பாறையுடன் இணைக்கக் கடல் நடுவே அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள கண்ணாடி இழைப் பாலம் திறப்பு,<br><br>பல்வேறு வகைகளிலும் குறள்நெறி பரப்பும் தகைமையாளர்களுக்குச் சிறப்பு,<br><br>அறிவார்ந்தோரின் கருத்துச் செறிவுமிக்க பேச்சில் வள்ளுவத்தின் பயன் குறித்த பட்டிமன்றம் - என &ldquo;வள்ளுவம்&hellip; <a href="https://t.co/EmATLQhPLh">pic.twitter.com/EmATLQhPLh</a></p>
&mdash; M.K.Stalin (@mkstalin) <a href="https://twitter.com/mkstalin/status/1873766608264437991?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 30, 2024</a></blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The bridge was inaugurated on Monday (Dec 30), aligning with the silver jubilee </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">of the</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> unveiling of the 133-foot-tall Thiruvalluvar statue by the late chief minister M Karunanidhi.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/violation-of-silent-period-tamil-nadu-congress-reaches-court-against-pm-modis-kanyakumari-visit-727484" rel="dofollow"><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: 'Violation of silent period,' Tamil Nadu Congress moves court against PM Modi's Kanyakumari visit</span></strong></a></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The newly inaugurated bridge is sure to offer a unique experience to visitors </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">who</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> can enjoy the feel of walking over the seawater and rocks</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">while also enjoying the breathtaking views of the area.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Kanyakumari is also known as "The Land's End" as it is the southernmost point of the Indian mainland.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Tourists flock to the district to catch a glimpse of the sunsets and sunrises at the tip of the Indian peninsula, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">which is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the meeting point of the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Designed like a bowstring arch, the glass </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">fibre</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> bridge is said to be as durable as it is visually appealing. It is reportedly built to endure the region's harsh marine </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">environment and is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;capable of resisting the corrosive effects of salty sea air and the potential impact of exposure to high humidity.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Poet-philosopher <a href="Thiruvalluvar" rel="dofollow">Thiruvalluvar</a>, who is believed to have lived more than two millennia ago, penned 1,330 Tamil couplets known as Thirukkural, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">which is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> a world-renowned literary work on morality. Thirukkural remains the most translated and </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the most</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> cited among Tamil literary works. The couplets are considered a masterpiece and the text is one of the most important texts in Tamil literature.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Swami Vivekananda, born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian guru Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He was a key figure in </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the introduction of</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion in the late nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">In 1893, he </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">travelled</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> to the United States, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">where he</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. There he delivered a famous speech beginning with the words</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">: </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"Sisters and brothers of America..." introducing the ancient Hindu religious tradition to Americans and speaking about the essential unity of all spiritual paths.</span></p>

India news: The walkway is meant to help visitors walk from one monument to another without availing of the boat service, which was the only option thus far.

Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue, two iconic monuments off the coast of Kanyakumari, the southernmost district in mainland India, are now connected by an architectural marvel - the country's first glass bridge at sea. Built at a cost of approx USD 4.3 million (Rs 37 crore), the bridge was inaugurated by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin. The 77-metre-long, 10-metre-wide walkway is meant to help visitors walk from one monument to another, without availing of the boat service, which was the only option thus far connecting the at-sea monuments. Henceforth, visitors have to only avail the boat ride from the mainland to one of the monuments and the return ride to the mainland. அய்யன் வள்ளுவர் சிலையை விவேகானந்தர் பாறையுடன் இணைக்கக் கடல் நடுவே அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள கண்ணாடி இழைப் பாலம் திறப்பு, பல்வேறு வகைகளிலும் குறள்நெறி பரப்பும் தகைமையாளர்களுக்குச் சிறப்பு, அறிவார்ந்தோரின் கருத்துச் செறிவுமிக்க பேச்சில் வள்ளுவத்தின் பயன் குறித்த பட்டிமன்றம் - என “வள்ளுவம்… pic.twitter.com/EmATLQhPLh — M.K.Stalin (@mkstalin) December 30, 2024 The bridge was inaugurated on Monday (Dec 30), aligning with the silver jubilee of the unveiling of the 133-foot-tall Thiruvalluvar statue by the late chief minister M Karunanidhi. Also read: 'Violation of silent period,' Tamil Nadu Congress moves court against PM Modi's Kanyakumari visit The newly inaugurated bridge is sure to offer a unique experience to visitors who can enjoy the feel of walking over the seawater and rocks, while also enjoying the breathtaking views of the area. Kanyakumari is also known as "The Land's End" as it is the southernmost point of the Indian mainland. Tourists flock to the district to catch a glimpse of the sunsets and sunrises at the tip of the Indian peninsula, which is the meeting point of the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. Designed like a bowstring arch, the glass fibre bridge is said to be as durable as it is visually appealing. It is reportedly built to endure the region's harsh marine environment and is capable of resisting the corrosive effects of salty sea air and the potential impact of exposure to high humidity. Poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, who is believed to have lived more than two millennia ago, penned 1,330 Tamil couplets known as Thirukkural, which is a world-renowned literary work on morality. Thirukkural remains the most translated and the most cited among Tamil literary works. The couplets are considered a masterpiece and the text is one of the most important texts in Tamil literature. Swami Vivekananda, born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian guru Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He was a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. He is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion in the late nineteenth century. In 1893, he travelled to the United States, where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. There he delivered a famous speech beginning with the words: "Sisters and brothers of America..." introducing the ancient Hindu religious tradition to Americans and speaking about the essential unity of all spiritual paths.

India's first glass bridge at sea links two iconic monuments

<p>Germany, a part of Europe's 29-nation Schengen region, will be rolling out Digital Schengen Visas for Indians by the second quarter of 2025, said the Chennai-based German Consul General Michaela K&uuml;chler. This move comes at a juncture when the inflow of Indian visitors to Germany is at an all-time high.&nbsp;</p>
<p>In 2023, German diplomatic missions in India issued more than 1.8 lakh (180,000) Schengen Visas to Indians, and this year the number of Schengen Visas issued to Indians is expected to surpass the 2 lakh (200,000) mark. She added that the total time for obtaining a Schengen Visa (including appointment wait time and processing time) from a German mission takes less than four weeks for applicants from Southern India.</p>
<p>Schengen region refers to Europe's passport-free zone covering most European countries. The largest free travel area in the world, it spans 29 countries that have abolished their internal borders to allow the unrestricted movement of people. Schengen visas allow the holder to travel freely in the Schengen region for a maximum of 90 days in any 180 days. The visas are not purpose-bound, but they do not grant the right to work.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Also read | <a class="gh-archive-page-post-title-link" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/french-military-bombs-isis-positions-in-syria-the-first-since-fall-of-assad-govt-8581341" aria-label="French military bombs ISIS positions in Syria, the first since fall of Assad govt">French military bombs ISIS positions in Syria, the first since fall of Assad govt</a></strong></p>
<p>The 29 Schengen countries are Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.</p>
<p>Among travellers from India, Schengen visas are regarded as hard to obtain, owing to the types of proofs, documents, and personal and banking details that are to be submitted.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Given that these visa rules are decided by all the Schengen states, there are rigorous requirements.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Germany is India&rsquo;s prime trading partner in the European Union, with domains such as defence, automobiles, heavy engineering, manufacturing, electrical equipment, metallurgy, textiles, and chemicals as major drivers of trade ties.</p>
<p><strong>Also read | <a class="gh-archive-page-post-title-link" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/china-declares-two-new-counties-one-of-them-created-with-large-parts-of-indias-aksai-chin-8581294" aria-label="China declares two new counties, one of them created with large parts of India's Aksai Chin">China declares two new counties, one of them created with large parts of India's Aksai Chin</a></strong></p>
<p>Ranjit Pratap, Chairman of the Southern Region Council, Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, highlighted Germany's ageing population and the need for a young labour force, which offers opportunities for Indians and Indian businesses. According to the German Government, the country needs 400,000 skilled workers annually to support its economy and society, and Germany sees India as a key partner in meeting this need.</p>
<p>"Going forward, we see immense potential in Indo-German ties because Germany has launched a strategy to diversify economic engagement, and India plays a major role in that strategy. Germany's interest in looking towards India has increased a lot," Consul General Michaela K&uuml;chler added.</p>

World | India News: Schengen region refers to Europe's passport-free zone covering most European countries, and is the largest free travel area in the world. 

Germany, a part of Europe's 29-nation Schengen region, will be rolling out Digital Schengen Visas for Indians by the second quarter of 2025, said the Chennai-based German Consul General Michaela Küchler. This move comes at a juncture when the inflow of Indian visitors to Germany is at an all-time high. In 2023, German diplomatic missions in India issued more than 1.8 lakh (180,000) Schengen Visas to Indians, and this year the number of Schengen Visas issued to Indians is expected to surpass the 2 lakh (200,000) mark. She added that the total time for obtaining a Schengen Visa (including appointment wait time and processing time) from a German mission takes less than four weeks for applicants from Southern India. Schengen region refers to Europe's passport-free zone covering most European countries. The largest free travel area in the world, it spans 29 countries that have abolished their internal borders to allow the unrestricted movement of people. Schengen visas allow the holder to travel freely in the Schengen region for a maximum of 90 days in any 180 days. The visas are not purpose-bound, but they do not grant the right to work. Also read | French military bombs ISIS positions in Syria, the first since fall of Assad govt The 29 Schengen countries are Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Among travellers from India, Schengen visas are regarded as hard to obtain, owing to the types of proofs, documents, and personal and banking details that are to be submitted. Given that these visa rules are decided by all the Schengen states, there are rigorous requirements. Germany is India’s prime trading partner in the European Union, with domains such as defence, automobiles, heavy engineering, manufacturing, electrical equipment, metallurgy, textiles, and chemicals as major drivers of trade ties. Also read | China declares two new counties, one of them created with large parts of India's Aksai Chin Ranjit Pratap, Chairman of the Southern Region Council, Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, highlighted Germany's ageing population and the need for a young labour force, which offers opportunities for Indians and Indian businesses. According to the German Government, the country needs 400,000 skilled workers annually to support its economy and society, and Germany sees India as a key partner in meeting this need. "Going forward, we see immense potential in Indo-German ties because Germany has launched a strategy to diversify economic engagement, and India plays a major role in that strategy. Germany's interest in looking towards India has increased a lot," Consul General Michaela Küchler added.

Germany to introduce Digital Schengen Visa for Indians from 2025

<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO's workhorse PSLV rocket roared to life from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, lighting up the night skies as it soared to space. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Barely 15 minutes after launch, the vehicle ejected the twin <a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/isro-pslv-c60-launches-spadex-for-critical-space-docking-experiment-launches-successfully">SPADEX</a> satellites into their designated orbit 475 km above the earth's surface. "PSLV has placed the satellites in the right orbit. Panels of the satellites have been deployed successfully," ISRO Chief Dr. S.Somanath confirmed in his post-launch address. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">We are hoping to achieve docking by the </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">7th January forenoon</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft. He added that the satellites need a week's time to be in an appropriate position with respect to the sun</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;to</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> harness solar power using </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">their</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> onboard solar panels.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<h2><span data-preserver-spaces="true">What is SPADEX? </span></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the Earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the process of</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">also</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-space-agency-isro-launches-spadex-mission-8578903">Watch: Indian space agency ISRO launches SpaDeX mission</a></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Applications of space docking </span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">delivered to the space station in a similar fashion</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">. Likewise, docking can enable </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the transfer of fuel</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> between two </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">spacecrafts</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft. </span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">How will ISRO execute SPADEX?</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> - </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">SDX01, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">which is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">kg</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">,</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">470 </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">km above the earth's surface.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-spadex-explainer-indias-most-sophisticated-mission-around-earth-8576199">Explainer: Why SPADEX is India's most sophisticated mission around Earth</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">At the time of the ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">be travelling</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">carrying out</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/exclusive-indian-astronauts-us-training-to-go-on-for-three-months-750880">ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath</a> had told WION. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">availability of fuel</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> on both crafts. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">As small satellites weighing</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">when</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> compared to their larger counterparts.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC).</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">SDX02, the Target, carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, which</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Why is space docking so complicated? </span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">When a chaser spacecraft </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">is approaching</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the target spacecraft, the relative velocity </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">between the two (the</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">When the spacecraft docks, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">in the same</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">.</span></p>

India News: We are hoping to achieve docking by the 7th January forenoon, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft.

ISRO's workhorse PSLV rocket roared to life from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, lighting up the night skies as it soared to space. Barely 15 minutes after launch, the vehicle ejected the twin SPADEX satellites into their designated orbit 475 km above the earth's surface. "PSLV has placed the satellites in the right orbit. Panels of the satellites have been deployed successfully," ISRO Chief Dr. S.Somanath confirmed in his post-launch address. We are hoping to achieve docking by the 7th January forenoon, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft. He added that the satellites need a week's time to be in an appropriate position with respect to the sun to harness solar power using their onboard solar panels. What is SPADEX? SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the Earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is the process of coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will also involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology. Also read: Watch: Indian space agency ISRO launches SpaDeX mission Applications of space docking Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also delivered to the space station in a similar fashion. Likewise, docking can enable the transfer of fuel between two spacecrafts, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft. How will ISRO execute SPADEX? The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft - SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg, and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface. Also read: Explainer: Why SPADEX is India's most sophisticated mission around Earth At the time of the ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser. Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath had told WION. After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years. ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts. Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC). SDX02, the Target, carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions. Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft docks, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.

ISRO successfully launches PSLV SpaDex: All you need to know about the space docking mission

<p>The Indian Space agency has commenced the 25-hour countdown to the 22:00hrs, 30th December, Monday, launch of the PSLV-C60 mission that will be carrying the SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) satellites to orbit. The countdown timer began ticking at 21:00hrs on Sunday, WION has learnt. Countdown is a critical pre-launch phase when comprehensive health checks of all rocket and satellite systems are carried out. Fuel filling in the liquid-propelled stages of the launch vehicle is also carried out during the countdown phase. In this case, the PSLV rocket's second and fourth (final) stages are liquid-propelled ones.&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet publive-iframes-block publive-Twitter-block" contenteditable="false" width="600" height="400" id="PL_blockquote_block-m59v0o34-2nuocvg6-xcn880e7">
<p dir="ltr" lang="en">⚠️ Alert ⚠️ <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/SPADEX?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#SPADEX</a> launch will be at 10:00pm tomorrow... Originally, liftoff time was announced as 9:58pm.. <br>(I've sourced this info from those involved) <br>Looking forward to a late night at <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Sriharikota?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Sriharikota</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/AndhraPradesh?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#AndhraPradesh</a> tomorrow :) <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Space?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Space</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/science?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#science</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tech?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#tech</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/news?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#news</a> <a href="https://t.co/bAUdvbgTfg">pic.twitter.com/bAUdvbgTfg</a></p>
&mdash; Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) <a href="https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1873407682339828066?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 29, 2024</a></blockquote>
<h2><strong>What is SPADEX?&nbsp;</strong></h2>
<p>SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is the process of coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will also involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>Applications of Space docking&nbsp;</strong></h2>
<p>Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also delivered to the space station in a similar fashion. Likewise, docking can enable the transfer of fuel between two spacecrafts, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>How will ISRO execute SPADEX?</strong></h2>
<p>The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft - SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface.&nbsp;</p>
<p>At the time of ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser.</p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-probe-to-make-closest-approach-ever-in-human-history-to-fiery-surface-of-sun-on-christmas-eve-785998">NASA probe to make closest approach ever in human history to fiery surface of sun on Christmas Eve</a></strong></p>
<p>Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath told WION.&nbsp;</p>
<p>After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years.</p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/russia-not-satisfied-with-us-president-elect-trumps-nato-freeze-and-peacekeeper-plan-for-ukraine-report-8576040">Russia 'not satisfied' with Donald Trump's Ukraine peace plan:&nbsp;Report</a></strong></p>
<p>ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites</strong></h2>
<p>SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC).</p>
<p>SDX02, the Target carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions.&nbsp;</p>
<h2><strong>Why is space docking so complicated?&nbsp;</strong></h2>
<p>When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.</p>
<p>When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.</p>

India news | The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft.

The Indian Space agency has commenced the 25-hour countdown to the 22:00hrs, 30th December, Monday, launch of the PSLV-C60 mission that will be carrying the SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) satellites to orbit. The countdown timer began ticking at 21:00hrs on Sunday, WION has learnt. Countdown is a critical pre-launch phase when comprehensive health checks of all rocket and satellite systems are carried out. Fuel filling in the liquid-propelled stages of the launch vehicle is also carried out during the countdown phase. In this case, the PSLV rocket's second and fourth (final) stages are liquid-propelled ones. ⚠️ Alert ⚠️ #ISRO #SPADEX launch will be at 10:00pm tomorrow... Originally, liftoff time was announced as 9:58pm.. (I've sourced this info from those involved) Looking forward to a late night at #Sriharikota #AndhraPradesh tomorrow :) #Space #science #tech #news pic.twitter.com/bAUdvbgTfg — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) December 29, 2024 What is SPADEX? SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is the process of coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will also involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology. Applications of Space docking Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also delivered to the space station in a similar fashion. Likewise, docking can enable the transfer of fuel between two spacecrafts, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft. How will ISRO execute SPADEX? The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft - SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface. At the time of ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser. Also read: NASA probe to make closest approach ever in human history to fiery surface of sun on Christmas Eve Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath told WION. After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years. Also read: Russia 'not satisfied' with Donald Trump's Ukraine peace plan: Report ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts. Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC). SDX02, the Target carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions. Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft dock, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.

Explainer: Why SPADEX is India's most sophisticated mission around Earth

<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO's PSLV-C60/SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) mission which will launch on 30th December 2024, is all about high-profile experiments&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">that are</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> aimed at enabling India's human spaceflight ambitions and exploration missions like Chandrayaan-4. While the SPADEX satellite docking is a preliminary step towards space station assembly technology, <a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/isro-to-launch-its-key-spadex-mission-on-december-30-786422">ISRO</a> is also testing several other equipment that can be used in the proposed 'Bharatiya Antariksh Station', which ISRO hopes to </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">get</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> fully operational by 2035. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">By 2028, ISRO plans to launch the first module of the space station and gradually expand it by docking more modules. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">It</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> is envisioned as a robotic space station </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">at first, which</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> will later be capable of hosting astronauts.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-isro-can-now-restart-its-ce20-cryogenic-engine-in-space-8570243">Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Here are the exciting experiments that ISRO Centres are launching aboard the POEM or PSLV Orbital Experimental Module(POEM):&nbsp;</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Walking Robotic Arm</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO's Thiruvananthapuram-based ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) has already developed Vyommitra, a humanoid robot that will fly on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/isro-starts-assembling-astronaut-carrying-rocket-hlvm3-785062">Gaganyaan</a> uncrewed test flights. However, the walking robotic arm is an attempt at creating a walking robotic arm that moves around like a worm.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"In the microgravity environment of space, every free object floats. Therefore, we wanted to build and demonstrate a robotic arm that can walk around in space. We have placed a few grappling points on the experimental platform and the robotic arm will be connected to one such point. On command, the robotic arm can move like a worm - if the tail is now attached to one grappling point, its head can move to the next grappling point and attach itself over there. Once the head is attached to a grappling point, the tail can detach and move freely. Therefore, with multiple grappling points placed throughout the proposed Indian space station, we can try and use a 'walking robotic arm' to move around and carry out various functions, including the operation of systems, performing repairs, etc.," Padmakumar, the Director of ISRO's IISU told WION.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">He added that this </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">1-metre-long robotic arm is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> specifically developed for the space environment and cannot be used on Earth. According to him, this walking robotic arm could serve various purposes in the future, such as performing repairs inside and outside the space station.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/isro-simulates-space-conditions-for-astronauts-in-habitat-1-heres-what-it-is-785041">ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"Usually, astronauts have to venture out of the space station into the harsh and risky space environment to perform some repairs. However, we foresee that such walking robotic arms can </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">someday</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> perform some part of this role. This seems practical given the rate at which robotics and AI technology is progressing," he explained.&nbsp;</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Debris Capture Robotic Manipulator</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Developed by ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, which focuses on developing space transportation systems, the objective of this experiment is to demonstrate </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the capturing of tethered (tied, but free-floating) debris using a robotic arm. Once in space, the robotic arm will perform 'visual servoing' (a control technique that uses visual feedback from a camera to guide the movement of a robot) and capture the tethered object that is freely floating in space.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"There are various applications of </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">being able to capture</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> an object in space using a robotic arm. It can be deployed to capture pieces of free-floating space debris; it can be used to capture a satellite, repair it, carry out refuelling of a satellite," Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's VSSC told WION. According to ISRO, this robotic arm will be capable of capturing free-floating debris and refuelling tethered and free-floating spacecraft in future POEM missions.</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Lead Exempt Experimental System (LEXS)</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Lead has </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">been traditionally</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> used in soldering (joining pieces of metal or wire together using a mixture of metals </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">that is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> heated and melted). The primary reasons for using lead in soldering include its desirable properties such as low melting point, reliability, and ease of use, which make it suitable for a variety of applications across electronics, aerospace, electrical wiring, etc.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">However, despite its effectiveness, the use of lead in soldering has been increasingly restricted due to the health hazards associated with lead exposure and the environmental concerns. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)&nbsp;directive, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">which was</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> adopted by the European Union in 2003, restricts the use of lead and other hazardous substances in electronic products.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO's VSSC has developed a DC-DC Converter using lead-free (RoHS-compliant) components and processes. The objective is to demonstrate and assess the reliability and functionality of a RoHS-compliant system in a microgravity environment. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"Our goal is to test this new system in </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> harsh </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">conditions of</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> space.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Once it is proven to work in space, it can be adopted in our processes on earth </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">as well</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, thereby improving our compliance with electronics industry-approved practices," Dr Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, explained to WION.&nbsp;</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS)</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The CROPS payload, developed by VSSC, is envisioned as a multi-phase platform to </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">develop</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> and evolve ISRO&rsquo;s capabilities for growing and sustaining flora in extraterrestrial environments. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Designed as a fully automated system, a week-long experiment </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">is planned to</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> demonstrate seed germination and plant sustenance until the two-leaf stage in a microgravity environment. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The experiment plans to grow eight cowpea seeds</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> in a closed-box environment with active thermal control.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Passive measurements, including camera imaging, O2 and CO2 concentrations, relative humidity (RH), temperature, and soil moisture monitoring, are available for </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">monitoring</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> plant growth.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"Plant growth in the microgravity environment of space is drastically different from that of Earth. On Earth, we have gravity, whereas in space, the plant's shoot need not be </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">against</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> gravity. This is our attempt at space farming. This will be of great use when we have our own functional space station with astronauts on board," Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's VSSC, explained to WION.</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA)</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">A reaction whee</span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">l</span></strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> is a crucial component used in the attitude control system (ACS) of satellites. It helps control and stabilize the orientation (attitude) of the spacecraft in space without relying on thrusters or external forces. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">As per the mission requirement, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the satellite is required to orient towards</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> a particular direction, and reaction wheels help accomplish that. This payload developed by IISU, is meant to study the attitude stabilisation of the POEM platform.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"All our satellites are controlled by reaction wheels. When the wheels </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">rotate</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> in one direction, the satellite moves in the opposite direction. This time we have made these reaction wheels using commercially available electronics, which helps bring down the overall cost of the device and makes it affordable for academia and startups," Padmakumar, Director, IISU, explained to WION.&nbsp;</span></p>

India News: By 2028, ISRO plans to launch the first module of the space station and gradually expand it by docking more modules. It is envisioned as a robotic space station at first, which will later be capable of hosting astronauts.

ISRO's PSLV-C60/SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) mission which will launch on 30th December 2024, is all about high-profile experiments that are aimed at enabling India's human spaceflight ambitions and exploration missions like Chandrayaan-4. While the SPADEX satellite docking is a preliminary step towards space station assembly technology, ISRO is also testing several other equipment that can be used in the proposed 'Bharatiya Antariksh Station', which ISRO hopes to get fully operational by 2035. By 2028, ISRO plans to launch the first module of the space station and gradually expand it by docking more modules. It is envisioned as a robotic space station at first, which will later be capable of hosting astronauts. Also read: Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space Here are the exciting experiments that ISRO Centres are launching aboard the POEM or PSLV Orbital Experimental Module(POEM): Walking Robotic Arm ISRO's Thiruvananthapuram-based ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) has already developed Vyommitra, a humanoid robot that will fly on the Gaganyaan uncrewed test flights. However, the walking robotic arm is an attempt at creating a walking robotic arm that moves around like a worm. "In the microgravity environment of space, every free object floats. Therefore, we wanted to build and demonstrate a robotic arm that can walk around in space. We have placed a few grappling points on the experimental platform and the robotic arm will be connected to one such point. On command, the robotic arm can move like a worm - if the tail is now attached to one grappling point, its head can move to the next grappling point and attach itself over there. Once the head is attached to a grappling point, the tail can detach and move freely. Therefore, with multiple grappling points placed throughout the proposed Indian space station, we can try and use a 'walking robotic arm' to move around and carry out various functions, including the operation of systems, performing repairs, etc.," Padmakumar, the Director of ISRO's IISU told WION. He added that this 1-metre-long robotic arm is specifically developed for the space environment and cannot be used on Earth. According to him, this walking robotic arm could serve various purposes in the future, such as performing repairs inside and outside the space station. Also read: ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is "Usually, astronauts have to venture out of the space station into the harsh and risky space environment to perform some repairs. However, we foresee that such walking robotic arms can someday perform some part of this role. This seems practical given the rate at which robotics and AI technology is progressing," he explained. Debris Capture Robotic Manipulator Developed by ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, which focuses on developing space transportation systems, the objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the capturing of tethered (tied, but free-floating) debris using a robotic arm. Once in space, the robotic arm will perform 'visual servoing' (a control technique that uses visual feedback from a camera to guide the movement of a robot) and capture the tethered object that is freely floating in space. "There are various applications of being able to capture an object in space using a robotic arm. It can be deployed to capture pieces of free-floating space debris; it can be used to capture a satellite, repair it, carry out refuelling of a satellite," Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's VSSC told WION. According to ISRO, this robotic arm will be capable of capturing free-floating debris and refuelling tethered and free-floating spacecraft in future POEM missions. Lead Exempt Experimental System (LEXS) Lead has been traditionally used in soldering (joining pieces of metal or wire together using a mixture of metals that is heated and melted). The primary reasons for using lead in soldering include its desirable properties such as low melting point, reliability, and ease of use, which make it suitable for a variety of applications across electronics, aerospace, electrical wiring, etc. However, despite its effectiveness, the use of lead in soldering has been increasingly restricted due to the health hazards associated with lead exposure and the environmental concerns. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, which was adopted by the European Union in 2003, restricts the use of lead and other hazardous substances in electronic products. ISRO's VSSC has developed a DC-DC Converter using lead-free (RoHS-compliant) components and processes. The objective is to demonstrate and assess the reliability and functionality of a RoHS-compliant system in a microgravity environment. "Our goal is to test this new system in the harsh conditions of space. Once it is proven to work in space, it can be adopted in our processes on earth as well, thereby improving our compliance with electronics industry-approved practices," Dr Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, explained to WION. Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS) The CROPS payload, developed by VSSC, is envisioned as a multi-phase platform to develop and evolve ISRO’s capabilities for growing and sustaining flora in extraterrestrial environments. Designed as a fully automated system, a week-long experiment is planned to demonstrate seed germination and plant sustenance until the two-leaf stage in a microgravity environment. The experiment plans to grow eight cowpea seeds in a closed-box environment with active thermal control. Passive measurements, including camera imaging, O2 and CO2 concentrations, relative humidity (RH), temperature, and soil moisture monitoring, are available for monitoring plant growth. "Plant growth in the microgravity environment of space is drastically different from that of Earth. On Earth, we have gravity, whereas in space, the plant's shoot need not be against gravity. This is our attempt at space farming. This will be of great use when we have our own functional space station with astronauts on board," Dr. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's VSSC, explained to WION. Reaction Wheel Assembly (RWA) A reaction wheel is a crucial component used in the attitude control system (ACS) of satellites. It helps control and stabilize the orientation (attitude) of the spacecraft in space without relying on thrusters or external forces. As per the mission requirement, the satellite is required to orient towards a particular direction, and reaction wheels help accomplish that. This payload developed by IISU, is meant to study the attitude stabilisation of the POEM platform. "All our satellites are controlled by reaction wheels. When the wheels rotate in one direction, the satellite moves in the opposite direction. This time we have made these reaction wheels using commercially available electronics, which helps bring down the overall cost of the device and makes it affordable for academia and startups," Padmakumar, Director, IISU, explained to WION.

Explained: ISRO to test robotic arms, plant growth in space

<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Recently, the Indian space agency (ISRO) successfully conducted a crucial test that will enable its largest rocket LVM3 to inject satellites into orbits at different altitudes, all in a single mission. This restart capability is made possible due to the development of a 'multi-element ignitor' that can help restart the 'CE-20' Cryogenic engine that sits atop the LVM3 rocket. During this test,&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">both</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the engine and facility performance were normal, and the required engine performance parameters were achieved as anticipated, ISRO said.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/isro-starts-assembling-astronaut-carrying-rocket-hlvm3-785062">ISRO starts assembling astronaut-carrying rocket 'HLVM3'</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">As</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the final stage of the LVM3 rocket</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">, it is the Cryogenic engine that</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits (altitudes) in space. This capability improves&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">the</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> operational flexibility and commercial potential </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">of a rocket</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">When ferrying multiple satellites, it is crucial to have the capability to restart the final stage engine. That way, a single rocket can place&nbsp;</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">multiple</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> satellites in different orbits in an efficient manner, thereby avoiding the need for </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">multiple</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> rockets and multiple launches. In this case, ISRO tested only the first element of the multi-element ignitor, while monitoring the health of the other two </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">elements</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">. Eventually, ISRO </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">would be able to</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> perform two or three re-starts of the cryogenic engine.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">PSLV has done several missions where it has placed multiple satellites in different orbits. For example, in April 2019, India&rsquo;s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), launched EMISAT, the primary satellite and 28 international customer satellites. The primary Satellite was injected into a 749 km orbit, followed by two fourth-stage restarts to achieve a 504 km orbit, where all customer satellites were injected. Subsequently, the fourth stage was restarted again to achieve a 485km orbit to serve as an orbital platform </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">to carry out</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> space-borne experimentation.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/isro-simulates-space-conditions-for-astronauts-in-habitat-1-heres-what-it-is-785041">ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Significantly, this latest Cryogenic engine restart test was carried out using a specialised test apparatus. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Typically, ISRO tests the Cryogenic engine at a </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">High Altitude Test</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Facility, which simulates space-like vacuum conditions. However, the </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">High Altitude Test</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> is a highly sophisticated process </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">and it has</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> certain technical limitations.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"While the Cryogenic engine is meant to fire in space for 200-300 seconds, we </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">are only able to</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> test fire it for a maximum of 25 seconds at the ISRO High Altitude Test Facility. This 25 seconds is just a fraction of the engine's </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">actual</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> burn time. Therefore, we devised a unique method to test fire the Cryogenic engine for its actual burn time. Known as a Sea Level test, this method is typically unsuitable for testing Cryogenic engines, but we introduced some new techniques that helped us test the Cryogenic engine successfully at normal earth-like conditions," Dr. V. Narayanan, Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre explained to WION.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">We devised a Nozzle Protection System that has paved the way for a cost-effective and less complex procedure for acceptance testing of cryogenic engines.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-european-space-agency-to-help-india-see-and-speak-to-gaganyaan-782093">Explained: European Space Agency to help India 'see and speak' to Gaganyaan</a></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">How ISRO launched 36 satellites using LVM3, before having re-start capability</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">In October 2022 and March 2023, the LVM3 performed commercial missions for the private firm OneWeb (now Eutelsat OneWeb), launching 36 satellites during each mission. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">While ISRO had not developed the Cryogenic engine re-start technology back then, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">ISRO made use of</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Cold Gas thrusters to deftly move the Cryogenic stage of the rocket to safely place all satellites in their respective slots.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">"The remaining liquid hydrogen in the Cryogenic fuel tank was used to manoeuvre the upper stage in a manner in which we could eject all 36 satellites in their designated orbital slots. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">This is known as a cold gas thruster because </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">there is</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> no fuel burning involved.</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> This method provides small amounts of thrust that can help achieve minor variations in the orbit and attitude(orientation) of the rocket stage. This is used in some satellites as well, due to its safe and simple operation," Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre explained to WION. </span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">So far, only the SSLV(smallest rocket) and PSLV(workhorse rocket) had the upper stage re-start capability. Now, the LVM3 also has this capability and it goes on to further enhance the commercial potential of our largest rocket, he added.</span></p>
<h2><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">About the 'CE 20' Cryogenic engine</span></strong></h2>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">A cryogenic engine is among the most efficient and complex rocket propulsion systems. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Cryogenic engines typically </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">make use of</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). The former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">degree</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> Celsius. The complex storage requirements for these super-cooled propellants make cryogenic engines more challenging to design and operate </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">compared to</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> conventional engines.</span></p>
<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-space-agency-isro-launches-proba-3-mission-satellites-781717">India's space agency ISRO launches Proba-3 mission satellites</a></span></strong></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">The </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">indigenous</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> CE20 cryogenic engine developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">is powering</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> the upper stage of the LVM3 launch vehicle and has been qualified to operate at a thrust level of 19 tonnes.</span></p>
<p><span data-preserver-spaces="true">This engine has successfully powered the upper stage of six LVM3 missions so far. </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">Recently, the engine was qualified for the Gaganyaan mission with a thrust level of 20 tonnes and also </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">to an upgrated</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> thrust level of 22 tonnes for the future C32 stage, </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true">towards</span><span data-preserver-spaces="true"> enhancing the payload capability of the LVM3 launch vehicle.</span></p>

As the final stage of the LVM3 rocket, it is the Cryogenic engine that is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits(altitudes) in space. .

Recently, the Indian space agency (ISRO) successfully conducted a crucial test that will enable its largest rocket LVM3 to inject satellites into orbits at different altitudes, all in a single mission. This restart capability is made possible due to the development of a 'multi-element ignitor' that can help restart the 'CE-20' Cryogenic engine that sits atop the LVM3 rocket. During this test, both the engine and facility performance were normal, and the required engine performance parameters were achieved as anticipated, ISRO said. Also read: ISRO starts assembling astronaut-carrying rocket 'HLVM3' As the final stage of the LVM3 rocket, it is the Cryogenic engine that is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits (altitudes) in space. This capability improves the operational flexibility and commercial potential of a rocket. When ferrying multiple satellites, it is crucial to have the capability to restart the final stage engine. That way, a single rocket can place multiple satellites in different orbits in an efficient manner, thereby avoiding the need for multiple rockets and multiple launches. In this case, ISRO tested only the first element of the multi-element ignitor, while monitoring the health of the other two elements. Eventually, ISRO would be able to perform two or three re-starts of the cryogenic engine. PSLV has done several missions where it has placed multiple satellites in different orbits. For example, in April 2019, India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), launched EMISAT, the primary satellite and 28 international customer satellites. The primary Satellite was injected into a 749 km orbit, followed by two fourth-stage restarts to achieve a 504 km orbit, where all customer satellites were injected. Subsequently, the fourth stage was restarted again to achieve a 485km orbit to serve as an orbital platform to carry out space-borne experimentation. Also read: ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is Significantly, this latest Cryogenic engine restart test was carried out using a specialised test apparatus. Typically, ISRO tests the Cryogenic engine at a High Altitude Test Facility, which simulates space-like vacuum conditions. However, the High Altitude Test is a highly sophisticated process and it has certain technical limitations. "While the Cryogenic engine is meant to fire in space for 200-300 seconds, we are only able to test fire it for a maximum of 25 seconds at the ISRO High Altitude Test Facility. This 25 seconds is just a fraction of the engine's actual burn time. Therefore, we devised a unique method to test fire the Cryogenic engine for its actual burn time. Known as a Sea Level test, this method is typically unsuitable for testing Cryogenic engines, but we introduced some new techniques that helped us test the Cryogenic engine successfully at normal earth-like conditions," Dr. V. Narayanan, Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre explained to WION. We devised a Nozzle Protection System that has paved the way for a cost-effective and less complex procedure for acceptance testing of cryogenic engines. Also read: Explained: European Space Agency to help India 'see and speak' to Gaganyaan How ISRO launched 36 satellites using LVM3, before having re-start capability In October 2022 and March 2023, the LVM3 performed commercial missions for the private firm OneWeb (now Eutelsat OneWeb), launching 36 satellites during each mission. While ISRO had not developed the Cryogenic engine re-start technology back then, ISRO made use of Cold Gas thrusters to deftly move the Cryogenic stage of the rocket to safely place all satellites in their respective slots. "The remaining liquid hydrogen in the Cryogenic fuel tank was used to manoeuvre the upper stage in a manner in which we could eject all 36 satellites in their designated orbital slots. This is known as a cold gas thruster because there is no fuel burning involved. This method provides small amounts of thrust that can help achieve minor variations in the orbit and attitude(orientation) of the rocket stage. This is used in some satellites as well, due to its safe and simple operation," Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre explained to WION. So far, only the SSLV(smallest rocket) and PSLV(workhorse rocket) had the upper stage re-start capability. Now, the LVM3 also has this capability and it goes on to further enhance the commercial potential of our largest rocket, he added. About the 'CE 20' Cryogenic engine A cryogenic engine is among the most efficient and complex rocket propulsion systems. Cryogenic engines typically make use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). The former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 degree Celsius. The complex storage requirements for these super-cooled propellants make cryogenic engines more challenging to design and operate compared to conventional engines. Also read: India's space agency ISRO launches Proba-3 mission satellites The indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is powering the upper stage of the LVM3 launch vehicle and has been qualified to operate at a thrust level of 19 tonnes. This engine has successfully powered the upper stage of six LVM3 missions so far. Recently, the engine was qualified for the Gaganyaan mission with a thrust level of 20 tonnes and also to an upgrated thrust level of 22 tonnes for the future C32 stage, towards enhancing the payload capability of the LVM3 launch vehicle.

Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space

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