According to the world meteorological organization, the years from 2015 to 2021 are on track to be the seven hottest on record. The UN agency has warned that the planet was heading into uncharted territory the global warming from greenhouse gas emissions threatens average temperatures.

UN agency says planet in heading into 'unchartered territory'

As the UN climate summit COP26 closed in Glasgow, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the "world is undeniably heading in the right direction".

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had said earlier that "COP26 outcome is a compromise"&nbsp;while adding that the "fragile planet is hanging by a thread".

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We must end fossil fuel subsidies. 
Phase out coal. 
Put a price on carbon. 
Protect vulnerable communities. 
And make good on the $100 billion climate finance commitment to support developing countries. 
 
We didn't achieve that at <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/COP26?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#COP26</a>, but we have building blocks for progress.
— António Guterres (@antonioguterres) <a href="https://twitter.com/antonioguterres/status/1459889354763952128?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 14, 2021</a></blockquote>
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The UK prime minister however asserted that although it is "tempting to be cynical", but "real action" was achieved.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/cop26-us-china-promoted-coal-phase-down-concept-then-why-is-india-getting-disproportionate-blame-for-it-429295">Also Read:&nbsp;US, China promoted 'coal phase down' concept. Then why is India getting disproportionate blame for it?</a>

"Even the most pessimistic will tell you the 1.5 deal is still very much alive," the British Prime Minister said.

"The language be it 'phase down' or 'phase out' doesn't mean much different to me, being an English speaking person. Every member made granular commitment to reduce carbon emissions," the British prime minister said.

However, the UK prime minister added that&nbsp;the summit was "tinged with disappointment" since global agreement on getting rid of hydrocarbons could not be achieved.

(With inputs from Agencies)

As the UN climate summit COP26 closed in Glasgow, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the "world is undeniably heading in the right direction". UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had said earlier that "COP26 outcome is a compromise" while adding that the "fragile planet is hanging by a thread".

As the UN climate summit COP26 closed in Glasgow, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the "world is undeniably heading in the right direction". UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had said earlier that "COP26 outcome is a compromise" while adding that the "fragile planet is hanging by a thread". We must end fossil fuel subsidies. Phase out coal. Put a price on carbon. Protect vulnerable communities. And make good on the $100 billion climate finance commitment to support developing countries. We didn't achieve that at #COP26, but we have building blocks for progress. — António Guterres (@antonioguterres) November 14, 2021 × The UK prime minister however asserted that although it is "tempting to be cynical", but "real action" was achieved. Also Read: US, China promoted 'coal phase down' concept. Then why is India getting disproportionate blame for it? "Even the most pessimistic will tell you the 1.5 deal is still very much alive," the British Prime Minister said. "The language be it 'phase down' or 'phase out' doesn't mean much different to me, being an English speaking person. Every member made granular commitment to reduce carbon emissions," the British prime minister said. However, the UK prime minister added that the summit was "tinged with disappointment" since global agreement on getting rid of hydrocarbons could not be achieved. (With inputs from Agencies)

World undeniably heading in the right direction, says UK PM Boris Johnson after COP26

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told delegates at the UN climate summit that the race for fossil fuels has created "geo-political tensions".

He was speaking at the COP26&nbsp;event on "accelerating clean technology innovation &amp; development" in Glasgow.

"Solar energy is totally clean and sustainable. The challenge, however, is that this energy is only available during the day and is dependent on the weather," he said.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/life-to-net-zero-emissions-key-takeaways-from-pm-modis-historic-cop26-speech-426012">Also Read |&nbsp;'LIFE' to 'net zero emissions: Key takeaways from PM Modi's historic COP26 speech</a>

"One Sun, one world and one grid&nbsp;is the solution to this problem," India's prime minister said.

"The use of fossil fuels made some countries prosperous but it made the Earth and environment poor. The race for fossil fuels also created geo-political tensions."&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Climate change is a massive threat to the world, says PM Modi

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/climate-change-is-a-massive-threat-to-the-world-says-indian-pm-modi-at-cop26-summit-426102/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"The amount of energy used by the world in a year, it's provided by the Sun in an hour- it is totally clean.

"ISRO is going to provide a solar calculator which will help in measuring the solar power potential of any area in the world which will help in&nbsp;installing solar plants," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told delegates at the UN climate summit that the race for fossil fuels has created "geo-political tensions". He was speaking at the COP26 event on "accelerating clean technology innovation & development" in Glasgow.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told delegates at the UN climate summit that the race for fossil fuels has created "geo-political tensions". He was speaking at the COP26 event on "accelerating clean technology innovation & development" in Glasgow. "Solar energy is totally clean and sustainable. The challenge, however, is that this energy is only available during the day and is dependent on the weather," he said. Also Read | 'LIFE' to 'net zero emissions: Key takeaways from PM Modi's historic COP26 speech "One Sun, one world and one grid is the solution to this problem," India's prime minister said. "The use of fossil fuels made some countries prosperous but it made the Earth and environment poor. The race for fossil fuels also created geo-political tensions." Watch: Climate change is a massive threat to the world, says PM Modi "The amount of energy used by the world in a year, it's provided by the Sun in an hour- it is totally clean. "ISRO is going to provide a solar calculator which will help in measuring the solar power potential of any area in the world which will help in installing solar plants," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Race for fossil fuels created 'geo-political tensions', says Indian PM Modi at COP26

Representatives from nearly 200 countries will meet in Glasgow, Scotland, from October&nbsp;31-November&nbsp;12 for climate talks to strengthen action to tackle global warming under the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Against the backdrop of extreme weather events around the world and a United Nations&nbsp;climate report that said global warming was close to spiralling out of control, the actions of governments at this conference will determine whether it is a success.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/countries-lobbying-to-reduce-climate-change-goals-ahead-of-cop26-reveal-leaked-documents-422610">Countries lobbying to reduce climate change goals ahead of COP26, reveal leaked documents</a>

Here are some of the issues which need to be resolved:

Emission Cut Pledges

Six years ago in Paris, countries agreed to cut greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius and ideally 1.5C (2.7 Fahrenheit). To do this, emissions need to be cut in half by 2030 and reach net-zero by around mid-century.

As the UN&nbsp;conference was postponed last year due to the pandemic, this year is the deadline for countries to make steeper emissions cut pledges (called nationally determined contributions or NDCs).

The annual "emissions gap"&nbsp;report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which measures the gap between anticipated emissions and those consistent with limiting the temperature rise this century as agreed in the Paris accord, said updated pledges only reduce forecast 2030 emissions by an additional 7.5 per cent, compared to the previous commitments.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/75-of-europeans-are-more-concerned-about-the-climate-crisis-than-their-governments-survey-424428">75% of Europeans are more concerned about the climate crisis than their governments: Survey</a>

If continued throughout this century, this would lead to warming of 2.7C, slightly less than the 3C UNEP forecast in its last report. A 30&nbsp;per cent cut is needed to limit warming to 2C and a 55 per cent cut is needed to limit to 1.5C.

It said current commitments to net zero could limit warming to around 2.2C by the end of the century, but 2030 pledges so far do not put major emitters on a clear path to this.

Major emitters China and India - together responsible for around a third of global greenhouse gas emissions - have not yet come forward with strengthened NDCs and need to do so at this conference, known as COP26.

Finance

As far back as 2009, developed countries agreed to raise $100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries deal with the impacts of climate change.

But a plan on how to do so, prepared by Canada and Germany ahead of the United Nations COP26 summit in Scotland, said the annual target would now not be met until 2023.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/australian-indigenous-islanders-file-lawsuit-against-government-demand-climate-action-424150" hreflang="en">Australian indigenous islanders file lawsuit against government, demand climate action</a>

As rich nations are not meeting the $100 billion a year goal, it can break down trust at the climate talks, experts say. And a new finance goal needs to be worked out for 2025 onwards.

Loss And Damage

Governments agreed to address the impact of climate change on developing countries but there is no detail about liability or compensation, a bone of contention for many poorer countries.

Watch |&nbsp;UN sounds alarm on climate crisis ahead of high stakes COP26 summit

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A platform to enable technical assistance for vulnerable countries was established in 2019 but developing nations want a more robust mechanism to include financing.

Fossil Fuels

The UK COP26 president, Alok Sharma, has said he wants this conference to be the one where coal power is consigned to history.

The UN&nbsp;has called for phasing out coal by 2030 in OECD countries, but environment ministers from the Group of 20 big economies have failed to agree a timeline.

Article 6

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which covers the role of carbon markets, has not been resolved since the pact was struck. Progress on it broke down at the last talks in 2019.

The article calls for "robust accounting" to avoid "double counting" of emissions reductions. It also aims to establish a central UN&nbsp;mechanism to trade carbon credits from emissions reductions generated from low-carbon projects.

Representatives from nearly 200 countries will meet in Glasgow, Scotland, from October 31-November 12 for climate talks to strengthen action to tackle global warming under the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Representatives from nearly 200 countries will meet in Glasgow, Scotland, from October 31-November 12 for climate talks to strengthen action to tackle global warming under the 2015 Paris Agreement. Against the backdrop of extreme weather events around the world and a United Nations climate report that said global warming was close to spiralling out of control, the actions of governments at this conference will determine whether it is a success. Also Read | Countries lobbying to reduce climate change goals ahead of COP26, reveal leaked documents Here are some of the issues which need to be resolved: Emission Cut Pledges Six years ago in Paris, countries agreed to cut greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius and ideally 1.5C (2.7 Fahrenheit). To do this, emissions need to be cut in half by 2030 and reach net-zero by around mid-century. As the UN conference was postponed last year due to the pandemic, this year is the deadline for countries to make steeper emissions cut pledges (called nationally determined contributions or NDCs). The annual "emissions gap" report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which measures the gap between anticipated emissions and those consistent with limiting the temperature rise this century as agreed in the Paris accord, said updated pledges only reduce forecast 2030 emissions by an additional 7.5 per cent, compared to the previous commitments. Also read | 75% of Europeans are more concerned about the climate crisis than their governments: Survey If continued throughout this century, this would lead to warming of 2.7C, slightly less than the 3C UNEP forecast in its last report. A 30 per cent cut is needed to limit warming to 2C and a 55 per cent cut is needed to limit to 1.5C. It said current commitments to net zero could limit warming to around 2.2C by the end of the century, but 2030 pledges so far do not put major emitters on a clear path to this. Major emitters China and India - together responsible for around a third of global greenhouse gas emissions - have not yet come forward with strengthened NDCs and need to do so at this conference, known as COP26. Finance As far back as 2009, developed countries agreed to raise $100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries deal with the impacts of climate change. But a plan on how to do so, prepared by Canada and Germany ahead of the United Nations COP26 summit in Scotland, said the annual target would now not be met until 2023. Also read | Australian indigenous islanders file lawsuit against government, demand climate action As rich nations are not meeting the $100 billion a year goal, it can break down trust at the climate talks, experts say. And a new finance goal needs to be worked out for 2025 onwards. Loss And Damage Governments agreed to address the impact of climate change on developing countries but there is no detail about liability or compensation, a bone of contention for many poorer countries. Watch | UN sounds alarm on climate crisis ahead of high stakes COP26 summit A platform to enable technical assistance for vulnerable countries was established in 2019 but developing nations want a more robust mechanism to include financing. Fossil Fuels The UK COP26 president, Alok Sharma, has said he wants this conference to be the one where coal power is consigned to history. The UN has called for phasing out coal by 2030 in OECD countries, but environment ministers from the Group of 20 big economies have failed to agree a timeline. Article 6 Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which covers the role of carbon markets, has not been resolved since the pact was struck. Progress on it broke down at the last talks in 2019. The article calls for "robust accounting" to avoid "double counting" of emissions reductions. It also aims to establish a central UN mechanism to trade carbon credits from emissions reductions generated from low-carbon projects.

Explainer | Sticking points at the UN climate conference

According to the Kremlin, Russian President Vladimir Putin won't be attending the UN climate summit or COP26 to be&nbsp;held in Glasgow from October 31.

"Unfortunately, Putin will not fly to Glasgow," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said. Kremlin added&nbsp;that the Russian president would not be attending the G20 summit in Rome but would take part in it virtually and not in person due to the coronavirus situation in the country.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/cop26-queen-finds-world-leaders-irritating-because-they-only-talk-and-dont-act-420982">Also Read | COP26: Queen finds world leaders 'irritating' because they only 'talk' and don't 'act'</a>

"We need to work out in what format it will be possible to speak via video conference, at what moment," Kremlin spokesman Peskov said, adding, "The issues that will be discussed in Glasgow right now form one of the priorities of our foreign policy."

Chinese President Xi is yet to confirm his participation in the climate summit. China's special climate envoy&nbsp;Xie Zhenhua added that the country&nbsp;"attaches great importance to tackling climate change", however, it is still uncertain if the Chinese president would be attending the climate summit which is set to last until November 12.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/cop26-uk-to-push-plan-to-halt-and-reverse-global-deforestation-by-2030-421088">Also Read |&nbsp;COP26: UK to push plan to halt and reverse global deforestation by 2030</a>

US President Joe Biden will be attending the summit including&nbsp;Australian Scott Morrison who had earlier indicated he won't be attending.&nbsp;

(With inputs from Agencies)

According to the Kremlin, Russian President Vladimir Putin won't be attending the UN climate summit or COP26 to be held in Glasgow from October 31. "Unfortunately, Putin will not fly to Glasgow," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said.

According to the Kremlin, Russian President Vladimir Putin won't be attending the UN climate summit or COP26 to be held in Glasgow from October 31. "Unfortunately, Putin will not fly to Glasgow," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said. Kremlin added that the Russian president would not be attending the G20 summit in Rome but would take part in it virtually and not in person due to the coronavirus situation in the country. Also Read | COP26: Queen finds world leaders 'irritating' because they only 'talk' and don't 'act' "We need to work out in what format it will be possible to speak via video conference, at what moment," Kremlin spokesman Peskov said, adding, "The issues that will be discussed in Glasgow right now form one of the priorities of our foreign policy." Chinese President Xi is yet to confirm his participation in the climate summit. China's special climate envoy Xie Zhenhua added that the country "attaches great importance to tackling climate change", however, it is still uncertain if the Chinese president would be attending the climate summit which is set to last until November 12. Also Read | COP26: UK to push plan to halt and reverse global deforestation by 2030 US President Joe Biden will be attending the summit including Australian Scott Morrison who had earlier indicated he won't be attending. (With inputs from Agencies)

President Putin won't attend COP26 climate summit at Glasgow: Kremlin

The value of health gains from climate action would be approximately double the cost of mitigation policies at the global level, and the benefit-to-cost ratio is even higher in countries such as China and India, said a report from the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) in Katowice, Poland. &nbsp;

Meeting the targets of the Paris climate agreement would be expected to save over one million lives a year from air pollution alone by 2050, according to the most recent assessment.

The same analysis shows that the value of the health gains would be approximately twice the cost of the policies. The largest gains would be expected in China and India, which would generate even larger net benefits by pursuing the 1.5 °C target rather than the 2.0 °C target ($ 0.27–2.31 trillion in China and $ 3.28–8.4&nbsp;trillion in India).&nbsp;

The health gains of meeting the 2.0 °C target would also significantly offset the costs in other regions, such as the European Union (7–84%) and the USA (10–41%) (39), the report said.

A WHO report released on December 5 at COP24 highlighted why health considerations are critical to the advancement of climate action and outlines key recommendations for policymakers.

Exposure to air pollution causes 7 million deaths worldwide every year and costs an estimated US$ 5.11 trillion in welfare losses globally.

In the 15 countries that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are estimated to cost more than 4% of their GDP. Actions to meet the Paris goals would cost around 1% of global GDP, the report published on the World Health Organisation (WHO) website stated.

Switching to low-carbon energy sources will not only improve air quality but provide additional opportunities for immediate health benefits. For example, introducing active transport options such as cycling will help increase physical activity that can help prevent diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart disease, the report further said.

The value of health gains from climate action would be approximately double the cost of mitigation policies at the global level, and the benefit-to-cost ratio is even higher in countries such as China and India, said a report from the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) in Katowice, Poland.

The value of health gains from climate action would be approximately double the cost of mitigation policies at the global level, and the benefit-to-cost ratio is even higher in countries such as China and India, said a report from the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) in Katowice, Poland. Meeting the targets of the Paris climate agreement would be expected to save over one million lives a year from air pollution alone by 2050, according to the most recent assessment. The same analysis shows that the value of the health gains would be approximately twice the cost of the policies. The largest gains would be expected in China and India, which would generate even larger net benefits by pursuing the 1.5 °C target rather than the 2.0 °C target ($ 0.27–2.31 trillion in China and $ 3.28–8.4 trillion in India). The health gains of meeting the 2.0 °C target would also significantly offset the costs in other regions, such as the European Union (7–84%) and the USA (10–41%) (39), the report said. A WHO report released on December 5 at COP24 highlighted why health considerations are critical to the advancement of climate action and outlines key recommendations for policymakers. Exposure to air pollution causes 7 million deaths worldwide every year and costs an estimated US$ 5.11 trillion in welfare losses globally. In the 15 countries that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are estimated to cost more than 4% of their GDP. Actions to meet the Paris goals would cost around 1% of global GDP, the report published on the World Health Organisation (WHO) website stated. Switching to low-carbon energy sources will not only improve air quality but provide additional opportunities for immediate health benefits. For example, introducing active transport options such as cycling will help increase physical activity that can help prevent diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart disease, the report further said.

India will gain upto 8.4 trillion by meeting 1.5 °C target climate action: WHO

With the direst environmental warnings yet still ringing in their ears, nations gathered in Poland Sunday for a UN summit aimed at heading off the "urgent threat" of runaway climate change.&nbsp;

The UN talks come at a crucial juncture in mankind's response to planetary warming. The smaller, poorer nations that will bare its devastating brunt are pushing for richer states to make good on the promises they made in the 2015 Paris agreement.

In Paris three years ago, countries committed to limit global temperature rises to well below two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and to the safer cap of 1.5C if at all possible.&nbsp;

But with only a single degree Celsius of warming so far, the world has already seen a crescendo of deadly wildfires, heatwaves and hurricanes made more destructive by rising seas.

"Climate change impacts have never been worse," Patricia Espinosa told journalists after Sunday's first negotiating session.&nbsp;

"This reality is telling us that we need to do much more."

In a rare intervention, presidents of previous UN climate summits issued a joint statement as the talks got underway, calling on states to take "decisive action... to tackle these urgent threats".&nbsp;

"The impacts of climate change are increasingly hard to ignore," said the statement, a copy of which was obtained by AFP. "We require deep transformations of our economies and societies."

At the COP24 climate talks, nations must agree to a rulebook palatable to all 183 states who have ratified the Paris deal.&nbsp;

This is far from a given: the dust is still settling from US President Donald Trump's decision to ditch the Paris accord.

G20 leaders on Saturday agreed a final communique after their summit in Buenos Aires, declaring that the Paris Agreement was "irreversible".&nbsp;

But it said the US "reiterates its decision to withdraw" from the landmark accord.

The UN negotiations got off to a chaotic start in the Polish mining city of Katowice Sunday, with the opening session delayed nearly three hours by a series out last-ditch submissions from countries.

Even solid progress on the Paris goals may not be enough to prevent runaway global warming, as a series of major climate reports have outlined.&nbsp;

'Failure to act will be catastrophic'

Just this week, the UN's environment programme said the voluntary national contributions agreed in Paris would have to triple if the world was to cap global warming below 2C.

For 1.5C, they must increase fivefold.&nbsp;

While the data are clear, a global political consensus over how to tackle climate change remains elusive.&nbsp;

"Katowice may show us if there will be any domino effect" following the US withdrawal, said Laurence Tubiana, CEO of the European Climate Foundation and a main architect of the Paris deal.

Brazil's strongman president-elect Jair Bolsonaro, for one, has promised to follow the American lead during his campaign.

Even the most strident climate warnings -- spiralling temperatures, global sea-level rises, mass crop failures -- are something that many developed nations will only have to tackle in future.&nbsp;

But many other countries are already dealing with the droughts, higher seas and catastrophic storms climate change is exacerbating.&nbsp;

"A failure to act now risks pushing us beyond a point of no return with catastrophic consequences for life as we know it," said Amjad Abdulla, chief negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States, of the UN talks.

A key issue up for debate is how the fight against climate change is funded, with developed and developing nations still world's apart in their demands.

Poorer nations argue that rich countries, which are responsible for the vast majority of historic carbon emissions, must help others to fund climate action.&nbsp;

"Developed nations led by the US will want to ignore their historic responsibilities and will say the world has changed," said Meena Ramam, from the Third World Network advocacy group.&nbsp;

"The question really is: how do you ensure that ambitious actions are done in an equitable way?"

With the direst environmental warnings yet still ringing in their ears, nations gathered in Poland Sunday for a UN summit aimed at heading off the "urgent threat" of runaway climate change.

With the direst environmental warnings yet still ringing in their ears, nations gathered in Poland Sunday for a UN summit aimed at heading off the "urgent threat" of runaway climate change. The UN talks come at a crucial juncture in mankind's response to planetary warming. The smaller, poorer nations that will bare its devastating brunt are pushing for richer states to make good on the promises they made in the 2015 Paris agreement. In Paris three years ago, countries committed to limit global temperature rises to well below two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), and to the safer cap of 1.5C if at all possible. But with only a single degree Celsius of warming so far, the world has already seen a crescendo of deadly wildfires, heatwaves and hurricanes made more destructive by rising seas. "Climate change impacts have never been worse," Patricia Espinosa told journalists after Sunday's first negotiating session. "This reality is telling us that we need to do much more." In a rare intervention, presidents of previous UN climate summits issued a joint statement as the talks got underway, calling on states to take "decisive action... to tackle these urgent threats". "The impacts of climate change are increasingly hard to ignore," said the statement, a copy of which was obtained by AFP. "We require deep transformations of our economies and societies." At the COP24 climate talks, nations must agree to a rulebook palatable to all 183 states who have ratified the Paris deal. This is far from a given: the dust is still settling from US President Donald Trump's decision to ditch the Paris accord. G20 leaders on Saturday agreed a final communique after their summit in Buenos Aires, declaring that the Paris Agreement was "irreversible". But it said the US "reiterates its decision to withdraw" from the landmark accord. The UN negotiations got off to a chaotic start in the Polish mining city of Katowice Sunday, with the opening session delayed nearly three hours by a series out last-ditch submissions from countries. Even solid progress on the Paris goals may not be enough to prevent runaway global warming, as a series of major climate reports have outlined. 'Failure to act will be catastrophic' Just this week, the UN's environment programme said the voluntary national contributions agreed in Paris would have to triple if the world was to cap global warming below 2C. For 1.5C, they must increase fivefold. While the data are clear, a global political consensus over how to tackle climate change remains elusive. "Katowice may show us if there will be any domino effect" following the US withdrawal, said Laurence Tubiana, CEO of the European Climate Foundation and a main architect of the Paris deal. Brazil's strongman president-elect Jair Bolsonaro, for one, has promised to follow the American lead during his campaign. Even the most strident climate warnings -- spiralling temperatures, global sea-level rises, mass crop failures -- are something that many developed nations will only have to tackle in future. But many other countries are already dealing with the droughts, higher seas and catastrophic storms climate change is exacerbating. "A failure to act now risks pushing us beyond a point of no return with catastrophic consequences for life as we know it," said Amjad Abdulla, chief negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States, of the UN talks. A key issue up for debate is how the fight against climate change is funded, with developed and developing nations still world's apart in their demands. Poorer nations argue that rich countries, which are responsible for the vast majority of historic carbon emissions, must help others to fund climate action. "Developed nations led by the US will want to ignore their historic responsibilities and will say the world has changed," said Meena Ramam, from the Third World Network advocacy group. "The question really is: how do you ensure that ambitious actions are done in an equitable way?"

Climate change threat 'never been worse': UN climate chief in Poland

It was a successful win for India and other developing countries at the Bonn climate change talk, having the request for discussion of &#39;pre-2020 actions&#39; agreed upon by the officials.&nbsp;

The key demands addressed by India will be included in the draft decision which will be presented towards the end of the two-week meetings, reports said.&nbsp;

India, including a group of 20 other developing countries - as a part of &#39;pre-2020 actions&#39; - had demanded that in reference to the agreement that was settled at the UN Climate Change Conference in Fiji, have requested all the countries to formalize&nbsp;information on steps they were going&nbsp;take&nbsp;to fulfil their &lsquo;pre-2020&rsquo; obligations and to ratify the 2012 Doha Amendments by May 1 next year or earlier, in order to give a legal structure to the &#39;pre-2020&#39; commitments.

They have also demanded to include the pre-2020 climate actions in the formal agenda of negotiations, since the commencement of the summit on November 6. However, the developed world has been trying not to take the motion.&nbsp;

According to reports, developed countries had been told not to split from the pre-2020 commitments from the post-2020 climate actions as a section of the 2015 Paris Agreement. &nbsp;

It was agreed that the next two climate talks, in 2018 and 2019, will include separate &lsquo;stock-taking&rsquo; talks on the &lsquo;pre-2020 actions&rsquo; being taken by different countries.&nbsp;

This stock-take would not only comprise of the attempts that countries&nbsp;inculcating in order to reduce the omission if greenhouse gas but also the level of support developed nations gave in terms of financial and technology obligations to developing countries in order to eradicate climate issues.&nbsp;

Environment Secretary C K Mishra said that 2018 will be a significant year and would help conclude the Paris Agreement rulebook and possibly also be the &#39;last opportunity to close the emissions gap by developed countries.&#39;

The conference, which took place on November 6, is expected to undertake several decisions required to boost the Paris Agreement, including proper progress on the agreement to execute directions to keep global warming levels under1.5 degrees Celsius and also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels.&nbsp;

Right from the first day of the conference a negotiating group of more than 20 countries had demanded that 'pre-2020 actions' be included in the official agenda of discussions.

It was a successful win for India and other developing countries at the Bonn climate change talk, having the request for discussion of 'pre-2020 actions' agreed upon by the officials. The key demands addressed by India will be included in the draft decision which will be presented towards the end of the two-week meetings, reports said. India, including a group of 20 other developing countries - as a part of 'pre-2020 actions' - had demanded that in reference to the agreement that was settled at the UN Climate Change Conference in Fiji, have requested all the countries to formalize information on steps they were going take to fulfil their ‘pre-2020’ obligations and to ratify the 2012 Doha Amendments by May 1 next year or earlier, in order to give a legal structure to the 'pre-2020' commitments. They have also demanded to include the pre-2020 climate actions in the formal agenda of negotiations, since the commencement of the summit on November 6. However, the developed world has been trying not to take the motion. According to reports, developed countries had been told not to split from the pre-2020 commitments from the post-2020 climate actions as a section of the 2015 Paris Agreement. It was agreed that the next two climate talks, in 2018 and 2019, will include separate ‘stock-taking’ talks on the ‘pre-2020 actions’ being taken by different countries. This stock-take would not only comprise of the attempts that countries inculcating in order to reduce the omission if greenhouse gas but also the level of support developed nations gave in terms of financial and technology obligations to developing countries in order to eradicate climate issues. Environment Secretary C K Mishra said that 2018 will be a significant year and would help conclude the Paris Agreement rulebook and possibly also be the 'last opportunity to close the emissions gap by developed countries.' The conference, which took place on November 6, is expected to undertake several decisions required to boost the Paris Agreement, including proper progress on the agreement to execute directions to keep global warming levels under1.5 degrees Celsius and also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels.

Successful talk for India at the Bonn Climate Summit