Human brain is the processor of all information we throw its way. It is also single-handedly responsible for keeping the body and mind in sync. A wireless machine, it never stops crunching data and is always processing information. All our thoughts pass through this celestial organ which is central to our nervous system.&nbsp;

Scientists were able to follow a thought as it moved through the brain, revealing the mechanisms of how our mind thinks and the processes involved therein. The study from 2018 assessed epilepsy patients who were undergoing surgery. Neuroscientists were able to track the trajectory of a thought through patients’ brains.

It was long asserted that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for linking interactions within the brain. This study reinforced those claims, for the region facilities complex interactions between different parts of the brain, which is how thoughts are processed.

To understand the movement of information from one part of the brain to another, scientists heavily rely on electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technologies. These provide a compelling insight into the workings of the mind, but its better understandings still require invasive procedures.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/indian-us-scientists-grow-human-brain-tissues-in-a-3d-printed-apparatus-385687" hreflang="en">Indian, US scientists grow human brain tissues in a 3D printed apparatus</a>

In the study, researchers from the University of California, Berkley recorded neurons’ electrical activity using a technique considered more precise. It is known as electrocorticograhy&nbsp;(ECoG). The technique poses many risks, but is necessary for patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy. This is why it served as a perfect opportunity for scientists to study the brain.

16 test subjects involved in the study were asked to perform varying tasks while their neural activity was being tracked. They were asked to listen to a stimulus and react, while many were shown images of certain objects and then asked to perform actions.

Even though the study mostly reaffirms what scientists already know about the brain, it shed light on how important prefrontal cortex is in helping humans act on different stimuli. The scientists observed the electrical activity from one part of the brain to another. They found that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for linking all human thoughts and actions.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/meet-indian-jumping-ants-who-can-shrink-and-re-grow-their-brains-377559" hreflang="en">Meet Indian jumping ants, who can shrink and re-grow their brains</a>

Human brain is the processor of all information we throw its way. It is also single-handedly responsible for keeping the body and mind in sync. A wireless machine, it never stops crunching data and is always processing information.

Human brain is the processor of all information we throw its way. It is also single-handedly responsible for keeping the body and mind in sync. A wireless machine, it never stops crunching data and is always processing information. All our thoughts pass through this celestial organ which is central to our nervous system. Scientists were able to follow a thought as it moved through the brain, revealing the mechanisms of how our mind thinks and the processes involved therein. The study from 2018 assessed epilepsy patients who were undergoing surgery. Neuroscientists were able to track the trajectory of a thought through patients’ brains. It was long asserted that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for linking interactions within the brain. This study reinforced those claims, for the region facilities complex interactions between different parts of the brain, which is how thoughts are processed. To understand the movement of information from one part of the brain to another, scientists heavily rely on electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technologies. These provide a compelling insight into the workings of the mind, but its better understandings still require invasive procedures. Also read: Indian, US scientists grow human brain tissues in a 3D printed apparatus In the study, researchers from the University of California, Berkley recorded neurons’ electrical activity using a technique considered more precise. It is known as electrocorticograhy (ECoG). The technique poses many risks, but is necessary for patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy. This is why it served as a perfect opportunity for scientists to study the brain. 16 test subjects involved in the study were asked to perform varying tasks while their neural activity was being tracked. They were asked to listen to a stimulus and react, while many were shown images of certain objects and then asked to perform actions. Even though the study mostly reaffirms what scientists already know about the brain, it shed light on how important prefrontal cortex is in helping humans act on different stimuli. The scientists observed the electrical activity from one part of the brain to another. They found that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for linking all human thoughts and actions. Also read: Meet Indian jumping ants, who can shrink and re-grow their brains

Scientists tracked a thought as it moved through the brain. What did they find?

In order to uninterruptedly observe brain tissues as they grow and develop, scientists from Indian and American institutes claim to have developed a novel solution in cell culture, ie, the controlled growth of cells in a lab. This technology is said to have the potential to speed up the medical discoveries for conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Cell culture is a crucial step in pre-clinical study of anything from COVID-19 to cancer, medicine discovery or any medicine that is to be used on humans.

Generally, the major challenge while performing cell culture is the inability to grow cells for long durations. As per current cell culture protocols, the cells being grown must be physically transferred from one chamber to another for imaging purposes. However, this could also lead to false results and contamination.

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and Massachusetts Institute of Technology came up with a single 3D printed apparatus, which consisted of a micro-incubator and imaging chamber. This palm-sized platform is said to have successfully demonstrated the simultaneous growth and real-time imaging of human brain cells&nbsp;in the long term.

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According to Prof. Anil Prabhakar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, the apparatus (bioreactor) that they have made can&nbsp;be used to conduct studies in basic and applied science. The device can be completely automated with different protocols and used for drug discovery, thereby reducing labour costs, errors and the time to make the resultant discovery available in the market. Different environmental sensors can be combined with this micro-incubator and our device fits with most of the microscopes for live-cell imaging, he added.

The findings of this research were recently published in the reputed, peer-reviewed international journal&nbsp;Biomicrofluidics. The Research Team included Mr. Ikram Khan (first author) and Prof. Anil Prabhakar from IIT Madras and Ms. Chloe Delepine, Ms. Hayley Tsang, Mr. Vincent Pham, and Prof. Mriganka Sur from MIT.

Prof. Anil Prabhakar is a faculty in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras. Mr. Ikram Khan S.I. is an alumnus of IIT Madras (MS Opto-Electronics, 2015–19) and CEO of ISMO Bio-Photonics, an IIT Madras-incubated startup working on developing products like microfluidic bio-reactors, microfluidic accessories, and fibre&nbsp;lasers.

This technology has been patented in India and research team is exploring the feasibility of international collaborations.&nbsp;The project was taken up with the support of the&nbsp;Center for Computational Brain Research (CCBR)&nbsp;at IIT Madras for funding and&nbsp;Sur’s Lab&nbsp;at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), U.S., which guided the researchers.

Ikram Khan, CEO, ISMO Bio-Photonics says that their firm is working on a basic model of their product for the relevant industries, considering its importance in the medical and pharmaceutical domains.

In order to uninterruptedly observe brain tissues as they grow and develop, scientists from Indian and American institutes claim to have developed a novel solution in cell culture, ie, the controlled growth of cells in a lab.

In order to uninterruptedly observe brain tissues as they grow and develop, scientists from Indian and American institutes claim to have developed a novel solution in cell culture, ie, the controlled growth of cells in a lab. This technology is said to have the potential to speed up the medical discoveries for conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Cell culture is a crucial step in pre-clinical study of anything from COVID-19 to cancer, medicine discovery or any medicine that is to be used on humans. Generally, the major challenge while performing cell culture is the inability to grow cells for long durations. As per current cell culture protocols, the cells being grown must be physically transferred from one chamber to another for imaging purposes. However, this could also lead to false results and contamination. Scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and Massachusetts Institute of Technology came up with a single 3D printed apparatus, which consisted of a micro-incubator and imaging chamber. This palm-sized platform is said to have successfully demonstrated the simultaneous growth and real-time imaging of human brain cells in the long term. According to Prof. Anil Prabhakar, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, the apparatus (bioreactor) that they have made can be used to conduct studies in basic and applied science. The device can be completely automated with different protocols and used for drug discovery, thereby reducing labour costs, errors and the time to make the resultant discovery available in the market. Different environmental sensors can be combined with this micro-incubator and our device fits with most of the microscopes for live-cell imaging, he added. The findings of this research were recently published in the reputed, peer-reviewed international journal Biomicrofluidics. The Research Team included Mr. Ikram Khan (first author) and Prof. Anil Prabhakar from IIT Madras and Ms. Chloe Delepine, Ms. Hayley Tsang, Mr. Vincent Pham, and Prof. Mriganka Sur from MIT. Prof. Anil Prabhakar is a faculty in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras. Mr. Ikram Khan S.I. is an alumnus of IIT Madras (MS Opto-Electronics, 2015–19) and CEO of ISMO Bio-Photonics, an IIT Madras-incubated startup working on developing products like microfluidic bio-reactors, microfluidic accessories, and fibre lasers. This technology has been patented in India and research team is exploring the feasibility of international collaborations. The project was taken up with the support of the Center for Computational Brain Research (CCBR) at IIT Madras for funding and Sur’s Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), U.S., which guided the researchers. Ikram Khan, CEO, ISMO Bio-Photonics says that their firm is working on a basic model of their product for the relevant industries, considering its importance in the medical and pharmaceutical domains.

Indian, US scientists grow human brain tissues in a 3D printed apparatus

Humans are closely related to other primates like Chimpanzees, Gorillas and so on. But what sets humans apart is intelligence. It is this alone that puts man at the top of global food chain&nbsp;and elevates the species&nbsp;to global dominance. We may lack the power, agility and speed of primates but with our intelligence, we have been able to overcome all these impediments.

Human brain is also larger than great apes. A healthy human brain reaches volume of 1500 cm3 in adulthood. Compare this with Gorillas (500cm3) and Chimpanzees (400 cm3) and we come to know the edge human intelligence has.

Scientists have now found the molecular reason behind why human brain is so big. Researchers at Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge and others published their finding in the journal Cell.

To understand and compare brain development process, the researchers took cells from human, Gorilla and Chimpanzee brains. They were reprogrammed into stem cells. Then they were grown in a way that they formed respective brain organoids, that is, little lumps of brain.

After several weeks, human brain organoids showed the biggest growth. The neural progenitor cells in human brains divided more quickly than it did in Gorilla and Chimpanzee samples. Scientists found that a gene by the name of Zeb2 was responsible for quick growth of human brain.

This gene functions as a molecular switch, which when turned on, results in an increased division of cells and thereby more growth of human brains compared to great apes.

Humans are closely related to other primates like Chimpanzees, Gorillas and so on. But what sets humans apart is intelligence. It is this alone that puts man at the top of global food chain and elevates the species to global dominance.

Humans are closely related to other primates like Chimpanzees, Gorillas and so on. But what sets humans apart is intelligence. It is this alone that puts man at the top of global food chain and elevates the species to global dominance. We may lack the power, agility and speed of primates but with our intelligence, we have been able to overcome all these impediments. Human brain is also larger than great apes. A healthy human brain reaches volume of 1500 cm3 in adulthood. Compare this with Gorillas (500cm3) and Chimpanzees (400 cm3) and we come to know the edge human intelligence has. Scientists have now found the molecular reason behind why human brain is so big. Researchers at Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge and others published their finding in the journal Cell. To understand and compare brain development process, the researchers took cells from human, Gorilla and Chimpanzee brains. They were reprogrammed into stem cells. Then they were grown in a way that they formed respective brain organoids, that is, little lumps of brain. After several weeks, human brain organoids showed the biggest growth. The neural progenitor cells in human brains divided more quickly than it did in Gorilla and Chimpanzee samples. Scientists found that a gene by the name of Zeb2 was responsible for quick growth of human brain. This gene functions as a molecular switch, which when turned on, results in an increased division of cells and thereby more growth of human brains compared to great apes.

Why is human brain big? Scientists discover the molecular reason

Scientists have remained perplexed by what psychedelic substances do to one's brain. But drugs like LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) possess the capability to help researchers and doctors understand how the brain operates.

Now, a new study sheds light on how LSD alters what happens in one's brain. The study, undertaken by scientists from the University of Cambridge, and Imperial College in London attempted to map the substance's effects on the brain, and how they vary from the brain's operations in normal circumstances.

They found that LSD enabled the brain to trespass anatomical rules, for it triggers an altered state of consciousness.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/technology/psychedelic-drug-dmt-causes-new-brain-cells-to-grow-among-mice-343909" hreflang="en">Psychedelic drug 'DMT' causes new brain cells to grow among mice</a>

ScienceAlert cited Andrea Luppi, one of the researchers from the University of Cambridge as saying that "the psychedelic compound LSD induces a profoundly altered state of consciousness".&nbsp;

In the larger academic sense, the study is attempting to understand "dynamic functional connectivity". As part of this, scientists try to understand whether activities in the brain display functional change over time and whether it is flowing like human consciousness.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-defrost-25000-year-old-woolly-rhino-in-worlds-coldest-region-359575" hreflang="en">Scientists defrost 25,000-year-old woolly rhino in world's coldest region</a>

The brain is constantly integrating and segregating information, to make its processing easier. This natural tendency to integrate and segregate information is intensely affected by psychedelic substances.&nbsp;

Brain imaging technology is helping scientists understand what such substances do to the human brain.

As part of the study, 20 healthy volunteers' brains were scanned in two sessions, 14 days apart. In one of the sessions, they were given a placebo, while the other time they received an active dose of LSD.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-discover-solar-system-with-planets-in-a-strange-rhythm-359438" hreflang="en">Scientists discover solar system with planets in a strange 'rhythm'</a>

They found that LSD disrupted the connectivity constrains in the brain, while also changing how the brain integrates and segregates information. Luppi said that their main finding points to the lack of uniformity in terms of LSD's effects on how the brain operates. The findings were published in NeuroImage.

Scientists have remained perplexed by what psychedelic substances do to one's brain. But drugs like LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) possess the capability to help researchers and doctors understand how the brain operates.

Scientists have remained perplexed by what psychedelic substances do to one's brain. But drugs like LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) possess the capability to help researchers and doctors understand how the brain operates. Now, a new study sheds light on how LSD alters what happens in one's brain. The study, undertaken by scientists from the University of Cambridge, and Imperial College in London attempted to map the substance's effects on the brain, and how they vary from the brain's operations in normal circumstances. They found that LSD enabled the brain to trespass anatomical rules, for it triggers an altered state of consciousness. Also read: Psychedelic drug 'DMT' causes new brain cells to grow among mice ScienceAlert cited Andrea Luppi, one of the researchers from the University of Cambridge as saying that "the psychedelic compound LSD induces a profoundly altered state of consciousness". In the larger academic sense, the study is attempting to understand "dynamic functional connectivity". As part of this, scientists try to understand whether activities in the brain display functional change over time and whether it is flowing like human consciousness. Also read: Scientists defrost 25,000-year-old woolly rhino in world's coldest region The brain is constantly integrating and segregating information, to make its processing easier. This natural tendency to integrate and segregate information is intensely affected by psychedelic substances. Brain imaging technology is helping scientists understand what such substances do to the human brain. As part of the study, 20 healthy volunteers' brains were scanned in two sessions, 14 days apart. In one of the sessions, they were given a placebo, while the other time they received an active dose of LSD. Also read: Scientists discover solar system with planets in a strange 'rhythm' They found that LSD disrupted the connectivity constrains in the brain, while also changing how the brain integrates and segregates information. Luppi said that their main finding points to the lack of uniformity in terms of LSD's effects on how the brain operates. The findings were published in NeuroImage.

LSD allows brain to trespass anatomical rules, new study finds

Merriam-Webster’s defines a time warp as a “discontinuity, suspension or anomaly” in the otherwise normal passage of time; this year all three terms could apply. It seems like March happened 10 years ago; everyday may as well be Wednesday, and still, somehow, here come the holidays — fast, just like every year.

Some bard or novelist may yet come forth to help explain the paradoxes of pandemic time, both its Groundhog Days and the blurs of stress and fear for those on the front lines, or who had infectious people in their household. But brain science also has something to say about the relationship between perceived time and the Greenwich Mean variety, and why the two may slip out of sync.

In a new study, a research team based in Dallas reported the first strong evidence to date of so-called “time cells” in the human brain. The finding, posted by the journal PNAS, was not unexpected: In recent years, several research groups have isolated neurons in rodents that track time intervals. It’s where the scientists look for these cells, and how they identified them, that provide some insight into the subjective experiences of time.

“The first thing to say is that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as ‘time cells’ in the brain,” said Gyorgy Buzsaki, a neuroscientist at New York University who was not involved in the new research. “There is no neural clock. What happens in the brain is neurons change in response to other neurons.”

He added, “Having said that, it’s a useful concept to talk about how this neural substrate represents the passage of what we call time.”

In the new study, a team led by Dr. Bradley Lega, a neurosurgeon at UT Southwestern Medical Center, analyzed the firing of cells in the medial temporal area, a region deep in the brain that is essential for memory formation and retrieval. It’s a natural place to look: Memories must be somehow “time-stamped” to retain some semblance of sequence, or chronological order.

The team took recordings from 27 people with epilepsy, who were being monitored for surgery; the monitoring requires a few weeks’ stay in the hospital, with electrodes implanted through the skull and into the brain, to get a reading on where seizures originate. And the medial temporal lobes, located about an inch in from the ears, are almost always monitored, as they are a common source of those seizures.

These patients played computer games that test thinking and memory, while researchers watched what happened to the firing patterns of cells. In this experiment, the subjects tried to memorize lists of words, presented one at a time, a second or so apart. The subjects then had 30 seconds to freely recall as many as they could.

The researchers found that certain neurons fired during a specific window of the free-recall period — from two to five seconds in, depending on the person. This firing was related only to time, not to anything else, such as the kinds of words being memorized and retrieved. And when those particular cells fired more precisely in a person’s temporal sweet spot, he or she did well on the recall, and remembered words in close to the order in which they were originally presented.

“These cells are encoding information related to time, and this information is clearly important for memory,” Lega said.

In effect, Lega said, the cells representing time fired to support an activity, in this case to track the passage of the 30-second interval. There is no constant rhythm or background beat; the time signal is conjured as needed. “There’s no internal metronome, or clock,” he said. The time cells are “firing to support what you’re doing.”

That is, time cells adjust to the demands being made on the brain, in real time, moment to moment. Another group of nearby neurons, called ramping cells, accelerates its firing as a task begins and decelerates or decays as the job winds down, marking off chunks of time. “As these cells are sensitive to contextual changes during experience, they could represent the slowly evolving nature of contextual information,” the authors write.

The coordinated activity of time cells and ramping cells, on its own, is far too basic to encompass the weirdness of pandemic time. This mechanism counts out time in seconds and minutes, not days and weeks. Our perception of those longer intervals seems to be shaped much more by the quantity and content of the memories that fill them, and by the emotions that help imprint them.

Starting in March, people had to absorb an enormous amount of news and information about the virus, the symptoms and various interventions, on top of work and child demands. But with stay-at-home orders, the context flattened. Each day looked a whole lot like the last, and the next, and the next. Like being lost at sea, we have floated in place while the Earth turned underfoot.

Pandemic time, the subjective kind, will likely feel warped for a while — until we make landfall, however that comes to pass.

Merriam-Webster’s defines a time warp as a “discontinuity, suspension or anomaly” in the otherwise normal passage of time; this year all three terms could apply.

Merriam-Webster’s defines a time warp as a “discontinuity, suspension or anomaly” in the otherwise normal passage of time; this year all three terms could apply. It seems like March happened 10 years ago; everyday may as well be Wednesday, and still, somehow, here come the holidays — fast, just like every year. Some bard or novelist may yet come forth to help explain the paradoxes of pandemic time, both its Groundhog Days and the blurs of stress and fear for those on the front lines, or who had infectious people in their household. But brain science also has something to say about the relationship between perceived time and the Greenwich Mean variety, and why the two may slip out of sync. In a new study, a research team based in Dallas reported the first strong evidence to date of so-called “time cells” in the human brain. The finding, posted by the journal PNAS, was not unexpected: In recent years, several research groups have isolated neurons in rodents that track time intervals. It’s where the scientists look for these cells, and how they identified them, that provide some insight into the subjective experiences of time. “The first thing to say is that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as ‘time cells’ in the brain,” said Gyorgy Buzsaki, a neuroscientist at New York University who was not involved in the new research. “There is no neural clock. What happens in the brain is neurons change in response to other neurons.” He added, “Having said that, it’s a useful concept to talk about how this neural substrate represents the passage of what we call time.” In the new study, a team led by Dr. Bradley Lega, a neurosurgeon at UT Southwestern Medical Center, analyzed the firing of cells in the medial temporal area, a region deep in the brain that is essential for memory formation and retrieval. It’s a natural place to look: Memories must be somehow “time-stamped” to retain some semblance of sequence, or chronological order. The team took recordings from 27 people with epilepsy, who were being monitored for surgery; the monitoring requires a few weeks’ stay in the hospital, with electrodes implanted through the skull and into the brain, to get a reading on where seizures originate. And the medial temporal lobes, located about an inch in from the ears, are almost always monitored, as they are a common source of those seizures. These patients played computer games that test thinking and memory, while researchers watched what happened to the firing patterns of cells. In this experiment, the subjects tried to memorize lists of words, presented one at a time, a second or so apart. The subjects then had 30 seconds to freely recall as many as they could. The researchers found that certain neurons fired during a specific window of the free-recall period — from two to five seconds in, depending on the person. This firing was related only to time, not to anything else, such as the kinds of words being memorized and retrieved. And when those particular cells fired more precisely in a person’s temporal sweet spot, he or she did well on the recall, and remembered words in close to the order in which they were originally presented. “These cells are encoding information related to time, and this information is clearly important for memory,” Lega said. In effect, Lega said, the cells representing time fired to support an activity, in this case to track the passage of the 30-second interval. There is no constant rhythm or background beat; the time signal is conjured as needed. “There’s no internal metronome, or clock,” he said. The time cells are “firing to support what you’re doing.” That is, time cells adjust to the demands being made on the brain, in real time, moment to moment. Another group of nearby neurons, called ramping cells, accelerates its firing as a task begins and decelerates or decays as the job winds down, marking off chunks of time. “As these cells are sensitive to contextual changes during experience, they could represent the slowly evolving nature of contextual information,” the authors write. The coordinated activity of time cells and ramping cells, on its own, is far too basic to encompass the weirdness of pandemic time. This mechanism counts out time in seconds and minutes, not days and weeks. Our perception of those longer intervals seems to be shaped much more by the quantity and content of the memories that fill them, and by the emotions that help imprint them. Starting in March, people had to absorb an enormous amount of news and information about the virus, the symptoms and various interventions, on top of work and child demands. But with stay-at-home orders, the context flattened. Each day looked a whole lot like the last, and the next, and the next. Like being lost at sea, we have floated in place while the Earth turned underfoot. Pandemic time, the subjective kind, will likely feel warped for a while — until we make landfall, however that comes to pass.

Brain scientists explore the how of when

The frozen neuronal structures were discovered at the at the archaeological site of Herculaneum, an ancient Roman city, as described by news agency AFP.&nbsp;

"The study of vitrified tissue as the one we found at Herculaneum... may save lives in future," said the study's lead author Pier Paolo Petrone, forensic anthropologist at Naples' University Federico II.

Also read&nbsp;| <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/24-planets-may-have-more-suitable-conditions-for-life-than-earth-study-332631">24 planets may have more suitable conditions for life than Earth: Study</a>

"The experimentation continues on several research fields, and the data and information we are obtaining will allow us to clarify other and newer aspects of what happened 2000 years ago during the most famous eruption of Vesuvius."

Also read&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-new-stunning-time-lapse-video-shows-a-gigantic-star-exploding-332599">NASA's new stunning time lapse video shows a gigantic star exploding</a>

It is being said that the man was around the age of 20 when he was killed and his remains were found in the 1960s spread out on a wooden bed.&nbsp;

The lead author of the study published in science journal PLOS ONE explained that the extreme heat and the instant cooling of the eruption transformed the brain material into a glassy material, which froze the neuronal structures. &nbsp;

"The evidence of a rapid drop of temperature -- witnessed by the vitrified brain tissue -- is a unique feature of the volcanic processes occurring during the eruption, as it could provide relevant information for possible interventions by civil protection authorities during the initial stages of a future eruption," said Petrone. 
&nbsp;

The frozen neuronal structures were discovered at the at the archaeological site of Herculaneum, an ancient Roman city, as described by news agency AFP. "The study of vitrified tissue as the one we found at Herculaneum.

The frozen neuronal structures were discovered at the at the archaeological site of Herculaneum, an ancient Roman city, as described by news agency AFP. "The study of vitrified tissue as the one we found at Herculaneum... may save lives in future," said the study's lead author Pier Paolo Petrone, forensic anthropologist at Naples' University Federico II. Also read | 24 planets may have more suitable conditions for life than Earth: Study "The experimentation continues on several research fields, and the data and information we are obtaining will allow us to clarify other and newer aspects of what happened 2000 years ago during the most famous eruption of Vesuvius." Also read | NASA's new stunning time lapse video shows a gigantic star exploding It is being said that the man was around the age of 20 when he was killed and his remains were found in the 1960s spread out on a wooden bed. The lead author of the study published in science journal PLOS ONE explained that the extreme heat and the instant cooling of the eruption transformed the brain material into a glassy material, which froze the neuronal structures. "The evidence of a rapid drop of temperature -- witnessed by the vitrified brain tissue -- is a unique feature of the volcanic processes occurring during the eruption, as it could provide relevant information for possible interventions by civil protection authorities during the initial stages of a future eruption," said Petrone.

Oldest human brain? Cells of man killed 2,000 years ago found

Elon Musk has said that he is working on a technology that could make the human language obsolete.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-to-defy-alameda-county-orders-to-restart-production-298123">Tesla CEO Elon Musk to defy Alameda County orders to restart production</a>

In a podcast, the Tesla chief was discussing his neurotechnology firm Neuralink, where he said that his company will soon be able to connect a Neuralink device to a brain within a few years. If this happens, it will be for the very first time.&nbsp;

According to Musk, a battery-powered chip will be implanted in the human skull and the electrodes will then "carefully" insert into the brain.&nbsp;

He said: "It can interface with anywhere in your brain, so it could be something that helps cure eyesight. In principle, it can fix almost anything that’s wrong with the brain."

He said the first edition of these devices will focus on treating brain injury or disorders, however, the later versions might be capable of more.&nbsp;

"You wouldn’t need to talk," Musk said, adding: "We could still do it for sentimental reasons."

He went on: "You would be able to communicate very quickly and with far more precision … I’m not sure what would happen to language. In a situation like this, it would kind of be like The Matrix. You wanna speak in a different language? No problem, just download the program."

When asked about the duration of such a device, he said between 5 to 10 years only if the research is allowed to continue.&nbsp;

Elon Musk has said that he is working on a technology that could make the human language obsolete. Also read: Tesla CEO Elon Musk to defy Alameda County orders to restart production In a podcast, the Tesla chief was discussing his neurotechnology firm Neuralink, where he said that his company will soon be able to connect a Neuralink device to a brain within a few years.

Elon Musk has said that he is working on a technology that could make the human language obsolete. Also read: Tesla CEO Elon Musk to defy Alameda County orders to restart production In a podcast, the Tesla chief was discussing his neurotechnology firm Neuralink, where he said that his company will soon be able to connect a Neuralink device to a brain within a few years. If this happens, it will be for the very first time. According to Musk, a battery-powered chip will be implanted in the human skull and the electrodes will then "carefully" insert into the brain. He said: "It can interface with anywhere in your brain, so it could be something that helps cure eyesight. In principle, it can fix almost anything that’s wrong with the brain." He said the first edition of these devices will focus on treating brain injury or disorders, however, the later versions might be capable of more. "You wouldn’t need to talk," Musk said, adding: "We could still do it for sentimental reasons." He went on: "You would be able to communicate very quickly and with far more precision … I’m not sure what would happen to language. In a situation like this, it would kind of be like The Matrix. You wanna speak in a different language? No problem, just download the program." When asked about the duration of such a device, he said between 5 to 10 years only if the research is allowed to continue.

Neuralink devices could make human language obsolete in five years: Elon Musk

People with a a long history of offences have structurally smaller and thinner brains according to a study published in the <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/eat-lancet-diet-unaffordable-for-158-billion-people-study-260880">Lancet psychiatry journal.</a>

Long-term offenders show striking differences in brain structure compared with those who have a clean track record.

Researchers from the University College of London conducted the study on 672 people from <a href="https://www.wionews.com/opinions/new-zealand-massacre-lack-of-racial-empathy-a-major-cause-of-concern-for-asians-204023">New Zealand</a>.

Watch: Playing with your mind: Quadriplegic controls video game using brain

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/playing-with-your-mind-quadriplegic-controls-video-game-using-brain-239699/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

Detailed records of participants’ anti-social behaviour were collected at regular intervals from the age of seven up until the age of 26 .&nbsp;

The brains of the participants were scanned when they were 45 years old.

The participants were split into three groups based on their history of <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/police-thwart-climate-activists-drone-bid-to-close-heathrow-249469">anti-social behaviour</a>.

Out of these,&nbsp;441 showed little sign of such behaviour, 151 were only <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/police-thwart-climate-activists-drone-bid-to-close-heathrow-249469">anti-social</a> as adolescents and 80 displayed anti-social behaviour from childhood onwards.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science-tech/facebook-may-soon-let-you-type-directly-from-your-brain-14714">Facebook may soon let you type directly from your brain</a>

Researchers found brain scans of adults who had a long history of offending showed a smaller surface area in many regions of the brain compared with those with a clean track record.

&nbsp;<img alt="brain" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f2291408-3e3a-404b-bd00-162e45673d10" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/24847088-8013069-Life_long_criminals_have_smaller_brains_and_it_may_explain_why_t-a-31_1581961646499.jpg" />

In photo: The average brain of a life-long criminal. Blue areas indicate which parts are smaller when comparing to someone who has never committed a crime.

They also had thinner grey matter in regions linked to regulation of emotions, motivation and control of behaviour which are aspects of behaviour they are known to have struggled with.&nbsp;

The team said that&nbsp;the findings remained even when other factors such as <a href="https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/indian-child-prodigy-invited-to-join-high-iq-club-mensa-1930">Intelligence Quotient </a>and socio-economic status were taken into account.

The study claims that genetic and environmental factors such as childhood deprivation may have shaped their brains early in life and it is also possible that other factors such as smoking, alcohol or <a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/celebrity-news-justin-bieber-opens-up-about-drug-abuse-it-was-legit-crazy-scary-278642">drug abuse</a> could have caused the brain changes.

Professor Terrie Moffitt who is the co-author of the research said the study helped to shed light on what may be behind the persistent anti-social behaviour of criminals.

According to Professor Terrie Moffitt, another co-author of the study, although these individuals have committed serious crimes but they need to be treated with compassion.

The team say the findings suggest more needs to be done to identify children who show signs of ongoing antisocial behaviour and to offer them or their parents support a move they say could reduce crime later on.

They claim the study provides a 'valuable' insight into what drives crime and how to prevent it happening.

People with a a long history of offences have structurally smaller and thinner brains according to a study published in the Lancet psychiatry journal. Long-term offenders show striking differences in brain structure compared with those who have a clean track record.

People with a a long history of offences have structurally smaller and thinner brains according to a study published in the Lancet psychiatry journal. Long-term offenders show striking differences in brain structure compared with those who have a clean track record. Researchers from the University College of London conducted the study on 672 people from New Zealand. Watch: Playing with your mind: Quadriplegic controls video game using brain Detailed records of participants’ anti-social behaviour were collected at regular intervals from the age of seven up until the age of 26 . The brains of the participants were scanned when they were 45 years old. The participants were split into three groups based on their history of anti-social behaviour. Out of these, 441 showed little sign of such behaviour, 151 were only anti-social as adolescents and 80 displayed anti-social behaviour from childhood onwards. Also read: Facebook may soon let you type directly from your brain Researchers found brain scans of adults who had a long history of offending showed a smaller surface area in many regions of the brain compared with those with a clean track record. In photo: The average brain of a life-long criminal. Blue areas indicate which parts are smaller when comparing to someone who has never committed a crime. They also had thinner grey matter in regions linked to regulation of emotions, motivation and control of behaviour which are aspects of behaviour they are known to have struggled with. The team said that the findings remained even when other factors such as Intelligence Quotient and socio-economic status were taken into account. The study claims that genetic and environmental factors such as childhood deprivation may have shaped their brains early in life and it is also possible that other factors such as smoking, alcohol or drug abuse could have caused the brain changes. Professor Terrie Moffitt who is the co-author of the research said the study helped to shed light on what may be behind the persistent anti-social behaviour of criminals. According to Professor Terrie Moffitt, another co-author of the study, although these individuals have committed serious crimes but they need to be treated with compassion. The team say the findings suggest more needs to be done to identify children who show signs of ongoing antisocial behaviour and to offer them or their parents support a move they say could reduce crime later on. They claim the study provides a 'valuable' insight into what drives crime and how to prevent it happening.

Long-term offenders have smaller and thinner brains: Study

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