The F-35 programme has a $2 trillion lifetime cost through 2070. B-2 Spirit cost $44.75 billion for 21 aircraft. USS Gerald Ford costs $12.9 billion with advanced launch systems. Know more details below.


From F-35 Lightning II Programme to Manhattan Project: 10 most expensive defence projects in human history

<p>Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's <em>Oppenheimer</em>, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes.<br />
<br />
This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe.<br />
<br />
"Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com.</p>

<p><strong>ALSO READ |</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-oppenheimer-review-nolans-visually-stunning-epic-fuses-genius-and-guilt-618110">Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt</a></p>

<p>"This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity.<br />
<br />
"This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added.</p>

<h2><strong>Oppenheimer vs Einstein</strong></h2>

<p>At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist.<br />
<br />
However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth.<br />
<br />
Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes.</p>

<p><strong>WATCH |&nbsp;Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt</strong></p>

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<p>"Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added.<br />
<br />
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Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes.

Scientist J Robert Oppenheimer, whose twentieth-century fame has turned to cinematic acclaim with Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer, could very well be described as one of the first proponents who pioneered the study of black holes. This is because, the 'father of the atom bomb' had, along with his University of California Berkeley colleague Hartland S Snyder, published a pioneering paper in 1939 entitled "On Continued Gravitational Contraction," in which equations of Albert Einstein's general relativity and gravity were used to explain how black holes could be born in the universe. "Oppenheimer proposed the very first collapse model to describe how a star could collapse into a black hole," said Xavier Calmet, a professor of physics at the University of Sussex in England, while speaking to Space.com. ALSO READ | Oppenheimer review: Nolan's visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "This model explains the formation of black holes as a dynamical astrophysical process, the final stage of the evolution of heavy-enough stars. This model is still being used today,” he added. Calmet stated that the model was recently used by him in a paper which described the collapse of black holes when taking into account quantum gravity. "This model is very significant because it is analytically solvable — solving the equations can be done with pen and paper and does not require numerical work. All the physics is thus easily trackable," he stated. "Yet, despite its simplicity and maybe even crudeness, it is complex enough to describe many of the features of a collapsing star,” he added. Oppenheimer vs Einstein At a time when Oppenheimer and Snyder were working on the paper which was heavily dependent on the 1915 theory of general relativity, the father of the theory, Einstein, was completing the research which was aimed at proving that black holes do not exist. However, Oppenheimer and his colleagues are believed to be the first scientists who truly understood the black hole's physical birth. Three years after publishing the paper, Oppenheimer travelled to Los Alamos where he cemented his place in history and in the public's perception. However, despite his success with atomic bombs, many scientists still like to remember him as the father of black holes. WATCH | Oppenheimer: A visually stunning epic fuses genius and guilt "Oppenheimer made very significant contributions to black hole physics and physics as a whole," Calmet stated. "While the general public may associate his name with the bomb and the Manhattan Project, his contributions to physics and astrophysics are well appreciated by the scientific community. He was one of the leading physicists during his lifetime and was extremely influential, and his seminal work is still relevant today,” he added. You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Can Oppenheimer be called 'father of black holes'? This paper holds the answer

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<p>After a considerable buildup, the atomic scientists on Tuesday (Jan 23) announced the Doomsday Clock will remain unchanged at 90 seconds to midnight, which is the closest it has been since it was established in 1947.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Despite the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Hamas war and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), the armageddon predictors at the <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</em> keeping the clock unchanged from last year, came as a surprise to many.&nbsp;</p>

<p>However, the scientists warned that the clock not edging closer to midnight this year was not an indication of stability.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"Make no mistake: resetting the clock at 90 seconds to midnight is not an indication that the world is stable. Quite the opposite," said Rachel Bronson, president of the bulletin.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Bronson warned that instead of 'abandoning' nuclear weapons, countries were upgrading their arsenal and threatening to "create a new arms race, while massive floods, fires and other disasters marked the hottest year on record by far, with little meaningful action on climate change".&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>What is the Doomsday Clock?&nbsp;</strong></h2>

<p>Although the name is straight out of a sci-fi comic book, the Doomsday Clock is a symbolic timepiece, depicting how close the Earth is to annihilation.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>What are the origins of the Doomsday Clock?</strong></h2>

<p>The Doomsday Clock's origins lie in the creation of the <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago</em> (later shortened to the <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</em>) and the Manhattan Project - the secret US government mission which created the first atomic bomb.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Physicists Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein wrote a letter to US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1939, warning about the potential of an atomic bomb and how it may give the Nazis an edge if they managed to develop one.&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/doomsday-clock-remains-at-90-seconds-to-midnight-682944"><strong>Also read |&nbsp;‘Doomsday Clock’ remains at 90 seconds to midnight amid fears of ‘global catastrophe’</strong></a></p>

<p>In June 1945, Szilard, alongside other Manhattan Project scientists urged the US to publicly demonstrate the power of nuclear weapons they had developed in an uninhabited area. The idea was to use the threat to press Japan to surrender. However, the idea failed and the US dropped the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Worried about the bomb's impact on humanity, Szilard and several other Manhattan Project scientists met and by September 1945, <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists </em>was born.&nbsp;</p>

<p>As the readership grew, the magazine co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked artist Martyl Langsdorf to come up with a design for the cover of the June 1947 edition. Martyl, married to physicist Alexander Langsdorf, who worked on the Manhattan Project came up with the idea to sketch a clock that suggested we didn't have much time left to get the atomic weapons under control. And that's how the Doomsday Clock was born.&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>What time did Doomsday Clock display at the start?</strong></h2>

<p>More than 76 years ago the memorable and minimalist clock and its hands were set at seven minutes to midnight, partly because it "looked good" to Martyl's eye.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Ever since then, the clock's hands have changed on numerous occasions. Graphic designer Michael Bierut reimagined the iconic clock in 2007.</p>

<h2><strong>Who decides what time is it?</strong></h2>

<p>In the early days, <em>Bulletin </em>editor Eugene Rabinowitch decided where the hand should be moved. However, after his death in 1973, the <em>Bulletin’s</em> Science and Security Board took over.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Apart from the board, other experts in nuclear technology and climate science, including 13 Nobel Laureates, discuss world events and determine where to place the hands of the clock each year, usually in January.</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/doomsday-clock-how-many-minutes-until-humanity-destroys-itself-683212"><strong>Watch |&nbsp;Doomsday Clock: How many minutes until humanity destroys itself?</strong></a></p>

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<h2><strong>Where is the Doomsday Clock located?</strong></h2>

<p>The Doomsday Clock is located at the <em>Bulletin</em> office&nbsp;at 1307 E. 60th St., in the lobby of the Keller Center, home to the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy.</p>

<h2><strong>When was the Doomsday Clock furthest from midnight?&nbsp;</strong></h2>

<p>The clock was furthest from doomsday in 1991 when it was set 17 minutes from midnight, after the end of Cold War.</p>

<p>At the time, the US and Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty that substantially reduced both countries' nuclear arsenals.&nbsp;</p>

<p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/want-to-escape-doomsday-a-us-company-is-selling-affordable-55k-bunkers-to-survive-end-of-times-668544" target="_blank"><strong>Also read | Want to escape doomsday? A US company is selling affordable $55K bunkers to survive end of times</strong></a></p>

<h2><strong>What happens when the Doomsday Clock strikes midnight?&nbsp;</strong></h2>

<p>The clock has never hit midnight and according to Bronson, she hopes that it never happens.&nbsp;</p>

<p>In a release, Brinson, however, addressed the curiosity as to what happens if the clock struck 12 someday.&nbsp;</p>

<p>"When the clock is at midnight, that means there’s been some sort of nuclear exchange or catastrophic climate change that’s wiped out humanity. We never really want to get there and we won’t know it when we do," she said.&nbsp;</p>

<p>If the apocalypse does arrive, not many would be concerned about the Doomsday Clock but it is a reminder to the global leaders and the layman that we near the precipice of doom and quick action is needed to stop humanity from imploding.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>


After a considerable buildup, the atomic scientists on Tuesday (Jan 23) announced the Doomsday Clock will remain unchanged at 90 seconds to midnight, which is the closest it has been since it was established in 1947.

After a considerable buildup, the atomic scientists on Tuesday (Jan 23) announced the Doomsday Clock will remain unchanged at 90 seconds to midnight, which is the closest it has been since it was established in 1947. Despite the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Hamas war and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), the armageddon predictors at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists keeping the clock unchanged from last year, came as a surprise to many. However, the scientists warned that the clock not edging closer to midnight this year was not an indication of stability. "Make no mistake: resetting the clock at 90 seconds to midnight is not an indication that the world is stable. Quite the opposite," said Rachel Bronson, president of the bulletin. Bronson warned that instead of 'abandoning' nuclear weapons, countries were upgrading their arsenal and threatening to "create a new arms race, while massive floods, fires and other disasters marked the hottest year on record by far, with little meaningful action on climate change". What is the Doomsday Clock? Although the name is straight out of a sci-fi comic book, the Doomsday Clock is a symbolic timepiece, depicting how close the Earth is to annihilation. What are the origins of the Doomsday Clock? The Doomsday Clock's origins lie in the creation of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago (later shortened to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists) and the Manhattan Project - the secret US government mission which created the first atomic bomb. Physicists Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein wrote a letter to US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1939, warning about the potential of an atomic bomb and how it may give the Nazis an edge if they managed to develop one. Also read | ‘Doomsday Clock’ remains at 90 seconds to midnight amid fears of ‘global catastrophe’ In June 1945, Szilard, alongside other Manhattan Project scientists urged the US to publicly demonstrate the power of nuclear weapons they had developed in an uninhabited area. The idea was to use the threat to press Japan to surrender. However, the idea failed and the US dropped the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Worried about the bomb's impact on humanity, Szilard and several other Manhattan Project scientists met and by September 1945, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was born. As the readership grew, the magazine co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked artist Martyl Langsdorf to come up with a design for the cover of the June 1947 edition. Martyl, married to physicist Alexander Langsdorf, who worked on the Manhattan Project came up with the idea to sketch a clock that suggested we didn't have much time left to get the atomic weapons under control. And that's how the Doomsday Clock was born. What time did Doomsday Clock display at the start? More than 76 years ago the memorable and minimalist clock and its hands were set at seven minutes to midnight, partly because it "looked good" to Martyl's eye. Ever since then, the clock's hands have changed on numerous occasions. Graphic designer Michael Bierut reimagined the iconic clock in 2007. Who decides what time is it? In the early days, Bulletin editor Eugene Rabinowitch decided where the hand should be moved. However, after his death in 1973, the Bulletin’s Science and Security Board took over. Apart from the board, other experts in nuclear technology and climate science, including 13 Nobel Laureates, discuss world events and determine where to place the hands of the clock each year, usually in January. Watch | Doomsday Clock: How many minutes until humanity destroys itself? × Where is the Doomsday Clock located? The Doomsday Clock is located at the Bulletin office at 1307 E. 60th St., in the lobby of the Keller Center, home to the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy. When was the Doomsday Clock furthest from midnight? The clock was furthest from doomsday in 1991 when it was set 17 minutes from midnight, after the end of Cold War. At the time, the US and Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty that substantially reduced both countries' nuclear arsenals. Also read | Want to escape doomsday? A US company is selling affordable $55K bunkers to survive end of times What happens when the Doomsday Clock strikes midnight? The clock has never hit midnight and according to Bronson, she hopes that it never happens. In a release, Brinson, however, addressed the curiosity as to what happens if the clock struck 12 someday. "When the clock is at midnight, that means there’s been some sort of nuclear exchange or catastrophic climate change that’s wiped out humanity. We never really want to get there and we won’t know it when we do," she said. If the apocalypse does arrive, not many would be concerned about the Doomsday Clock but it is a reminder to the global leaders and the layman that we near the precipice of doom and quick action is needed to stop humanity from imploding.

Explained | What is the Doomsday Clock? How does it work?

Most people have heard about the Manhattan project. And how the United States beat Nazi Germany in the nuclear race to produce the first Atomic Bomb. But what very few people seem to be aware of is the cost that the Democratic Republic of Congo has paid in America's quest for the nuclear bomb. The name Shinkolobwe may not ring a bell for many people. But this small Uranium mine located in the southern province of Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo is from where the United States sourced much of its Uranium ore that was used in the Manhattan project. WION's Mohammed Saleh tells you how the United States effected a military coup to control Congo's Uranium mine.

The Oppenheimer Story | What the United States hides from the world?

<p>Ace filmmaker Christopher Nolan’s <em>Oppenheimer</em> has earned itself an R-rating. Not the first time, but it is definitely a rare feature in his film. Nolan’s other films that got this rating were&nbsp;2000 release <em>Memento</em> and <em>Insomnia</em> in 2002. Post that, all his films largely stayed in the PG-13 area.</p>

<p>In fact, actor David Dastmalchian once revealed that <em>The Dark Knight</em> film had edited out a scene involving his character to maintain the PG-13 rating. Interestingly, his war film, <em>Dunkirk</em>, also earned a PG-13 rating despite of featuring multiple battle scenes.&nbsp;</p>

<p>As for the upcoming film, <em>Oppenheimer,</em> will release on July 21 and is Christopher Nolan’s first film since the pandemic era-<em>Tenet</em>. <em>Tenet</em> came out in 2020.&nbsp;</p>

<p><em>Oppenheimer</em> is also the longest film of his career at nearly three hours. It stars Cillian Murphy as J. Robert Oppenheimer, considered to be the father of the atomic bomb as leader of the World War II-era Manhattan Project. Nolan showed off footage in April at CinemaCon, where he spoke about his reasoning for making a film about the theoretical physicist.</p>

<p>The film also stars Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, Emily Blunt and Florence Pugh.</p>

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Ace filmmaker Christopher Nolan’s Oppenheimer has earned itself an R-rating. Not the first time, but it is definitely a rare feature in his film. Nolan’s other films that got this rating were 2000 release Memento and Insomnia in 2002.

Ace filmmaker Christopher Nolan’s Oppenheimer has earned itself an R-rating. Not the first time, but it is definitely a rare feature in his film. Nolan’s other films that got this rating were 2000 release Memento and Insomnia in 2002. Post that, all his films largely stayed in the PG-13 area. In fact, actor David Dastmalchian once revealed that The Dark Knight film had edited out a scene involving his character to maintain the PG-13 rating. Interestingly, his war film, Dunkirk, also earned a PG-13 rating despite of featuring multiple battle scenes. As for the upcoming film, Oppenheimer, will release on July 21 and is Christopher Nolan’s first film since the pandemic era-Tenet. Tenet came out in 2020. Oppenheimer is also the longest film of his career at nearly three hours. It stars Cillian Murphy as J. Robert Oppenheimer, considered to be the father of the atomic bomb as leader of the World War II-era Manhattan Project. Nolan showed off footage in April at CinemaCon, where he spoke about his reasoning for making a film about the theoretical physicist. The film also stars Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, Emily Blunt and Florence Pugh. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Oppenheimer is Christopher Nolan’s first R-rated film in 20 years

<p>In the early morning of July 16, 1945, J Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist, and director of the Manhattan Project, watched as the world's first nuclear bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. The blast was so powerful that it lit up the sky like a second sun, and Oppenheimer later recalled that he thought of a verse from the Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita just then: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one." It was one other verse from the scripture that he spoke of and has come to be deeply associated with him. Lord Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, is in his universal form, and proclaims to Arjun: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."&nbsp;</p>

<p>The technology that Oppenheimer helped develop served as the basis of Little Boy and Fat Man, two atomic bombs that laid waste to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The bombings effectively ended World War II, as Imperial Japan surrendered.</p>

<p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lb13ynu3Iac" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></p>

<p>Oppenheimer had been instrumental in the development of nuclear weapons, but witnessing the destructive power of the bomb he helped invent made him question the morality of what he had done. In the years that followed, he became an outspoken advocate for nuclear disarmament, a stunning transformation that actually came very quickly after the destruction in Japan.</p>

<h2>Who was J Robert Oppenheimer?</h2>

<p>Born in New York City in 1904, Oppenheimer was a child prodigy with a passion for science. He studied at Harvard University and the Christ's College, Cambridge, and in the 1930s, he became involved in the study of atomic physics. In 1942, he was recruited by the US government to work on the Manhattan Project, a top-secret program to develop the world's first nuclear bomb.</p>

<p>Oppenheimer was appointed as the director of the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico, where the bomb was designed and built. He oversaw a team of thousands of scientists, engineers, and support staff, and he worked tirelessly to ensure that the bomb was ready for use as soon as possible. Despite his efforts, the bomb was not completed in time to be used in the European theatre of World War II, but it was ultimately, as describe above, used to devastating effect against Japan.</p>

<p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bK6ldnjE3Y0" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></p>

<h2><strong>Oppenheimer, the unlikely apostle of peace</strong></h2>

<p>Only 11 days after the bombings in Japan, Oppenheimer urged then-US president Harry S. Truman to ban nuclear weapons. But the president was by now worried about Soviet Union's aggression and paid him no heed. Oppenheimer also told Truman that he (Oppenheimer) had blood on his hands.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It is believed by scholars that Oppenheimer's request to Truman was not actually driven by the death and destruction in Japan, but by the possibility of further devastation that atomic weapons in the future could bring.</p>

<p>Oppenheimer had become disillusioned with the technology he had helped create. He began to publicly speak out against the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and he became an advocate for arms control and disarmament.</p>

<p>He strongly opposed the development and test of the H-bomb, a weapon with far greater destructive power than the original atomic bomb, in 1952. But his opposition to the bomb did not go down well with the government. It was the time of McCarthyism, after all — a time of intense anti-communist suspicion and persecution of dissenting voices. He was removed from the Atomic Energy Commission.</p>

<p>In 1954, Oppenheimer's political views came under scrutiny when he was accused of being a security risk by the US government. During the height of the Cold War, Oppenheimer's past associations with left-wing political groups and his vocal opposition to nuclear testing made him a target of suspicion for many in the government.</p>

<p>Despite his contributions to the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer was ultimately stripped of his security clearance and barred from further government work. In the years that followed, Oppenheimer continued to speak out against nuclear weapons, and became a prominent voice in the anti-nuclear movement.&nbsp;</p>

<p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6DrdoBVMd9w" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe></p>

<h2><strong>The threat of nuclear weapons in the present time</strong></h2>

<p>The devastating impact of nuclear weapons is something that cannot be understated, with the potential to annihilate entire cities and leave a lasting impact on the environment for years to come. A full-fledged nuclear war would obliterate all life from earth. Moreover, the rise of non-state actors and terrorist groups has added a new dimension to the threat of nuclear weapons. The possibility of nuclear weapons falling into the wrong hands and being used for malicious purposes is hard to ignore. In the decades following Oppenheimer's death in 1967, there have been several scares, but until now, his fears have blessedly not come to pass.</p>

<h2><strong>Christopher Nolan's <em>Oppenheimer</em></strong></h2>

<p>Oppenheimer's story will be explored on the big screen with Christopher Nolan's upcoming biopic of the scientist, titled simply <em>Oppenheimer</em>. The film, which is set to star Cillian Murphy in the role, promises to be a thought-provoking and insightful exploration of Oppenheimer's life and legacy. The film also features Emily Blunt, Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, Rami Malek, Florence Pugh, Benny Safdie, Michael Angarano, Josh Hartnett, and Kenneth Branagh in the cast.</p>

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In the early morning of July 16, 1945, J Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist, and director of the Manhattan Project, watched as the world's first nuclear bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert.

In the early morning of July 16, 1945, J Robert Oppenheimer, a physicist, and director of the Manhattan Project, watched as the world's first nuclear bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. The blast was so powerful that it lit up the sky like a second sun, and Oppenheimer later recalled that he thought of a verse from the Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita just then: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one." It was one other verse from the scripture that he spoke of and has come to be deeply associated with him. Lord Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, is in his universal form, and proclaims to Arjun: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." The technology that Oppenheimer helped develop served as the basis of Little Boy and Fat Man, two atomic bombs that laid waste to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The bombings effectively ended World War II, as Imperial Japan surrendered. Oppenheimer had been instrumental in the development of nuclear weapons, but witnessing the destructive power of the bomb he helped invent made him question the morality of what he had done. In the years that followed, he became an outspoken advocate for nuclear disarmament, a stunning transformation that actually came very quickly after the destruction in Japan. Who was J Robert Oppenheimer? Born in New York City in 1904, Oppenheimer was a child prodigy with a passion for science. He studied at Harvard University and the Christ's College, Cambridge, and in the 1930s, he became involved in the study of atomic physics. In 1942, he was recruited by the US government to work on the Manhattan Project, a top-secret program to develop the world's first nuclear bomb. Oppenheimer was appointed as the director of the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico, where the bomb was designed and built. He oversaw a team of thousands of scientists, engineers, and support staff, and he worked tirelessly to ensure that the bomb was ready for use as soon as possible. Despite his efforts, the bomb was not completed in time to be used in the European theatre of World War II, but it was ultimately, as describe above, used to devastating effect against Japan. Oppenheimer, the unlikely apostle of peace Only 11 days after the bombings in Japan, Oppenheimer urged then-US president Harry S. Truman to ban nuclear weapons. But the president was by now worried about Soviet Union's aggression and paid him no heed. Oppenheimer also told Truman that he (Oppenheimer) had blood on his hands. It is believed by scholars that Oppenheimer's request to Truman was not actually driven by the death and destruction in Japan, but by the possibility of further devastation that atomic weapons in the future could bring. Oppenheimer had become disillusioned with the technology he had helped create. He began to publicly speak out against the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and he became an advocate for arms control and disarmament. He strongly opposed the development and test of the H-bomb, a weapon with far greater destructive power than the original atomic bomb, in 1952. But his opposition to the bomb did not go down well with the government. It was the time of McCarthyism, after all — a time of intense anti-communist suspicion and persecution of dissenting voices. He was removed from the Atomic Energy Commission. In 1954, Oppenheimer's political views came under scrutiny when he was accused of being a security risk by the US government. During the height of the Cold War, Oppenheimer's past associations with left-wing political groups and his vocal opposition to nuclear testing made him a target of suspicion for many in the government. Despite his contributions to the Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer was ultimately stripped of his security clearance and barred from further government work. In the years that followed, Oppenheimer continued to speak out against nuclear weapons, and became a prominent voice in the anti-nuclear movement. The threat of nuclear weapons in the present time The devastating impact of nuclear weapons is something that cannot be understated, with the potential to annihilate entire cities and leave a lasting impact on the environment for years to come. A full-fledged nuclear war would obliterate all life from earth. Moreover, the rise of non-state actors and terrorist groups has added a new dimension to the threat of nuclear weapons. The possibility of nuclear weapons falling into the wrong hands and being used for malicious purposes is hard to ignore. In the decades following Oppenheimer's death in 1967, there have been several scares, but until now, his fears have blessedly not come to pass. Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer Oppenheimer's story will be explored on the big screen with Christopher Nolan's upcoming biopic of the scientist, titled simply Oppenheimer. The film, which is set to star Cillian Murphy in the role, promises to be a thought-provoking and insightful exploration of Oppenheimer's life and legacy. The film also features Emily Blunt, Robert Downey Jr., Matt Damon, Rami Malek, Florence Pugh, Benny Safdie, Michael Angarano, Josh Hartnett, and Kenneth Branagh in the cast. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Explained | The mind of Oppenheimer, inventor of nuclear bomb who turned pacifist