<p><strong>Iran-Israel war - Ceasefire and future of Iranian nuclear programme: </strong>Remarks made by former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev, hinting that other countries can help Iran get a nuclear weapon, have ruffled quite a few feathers, with even US President Donald Trump slamming him. While Medvedev later clarified his remarks that he didn't mean Russia will give Iran the bomb, the reality is that Moscow is deeply entrenched in the Iranian nuclear programme. The Russian nuclear export industry is in fact one of the biggest in the world, helping several countries in their peaceful nuclear programmes. While Russia may not directly help Iran with the nuclear bomb, one must not forget Russia's deep involvement in the Iranian nuclear programme through personnel, material and knowledge transfer. Here is what you should know about the Russian nuclear industry, and how it has been helping Iran.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Russian nuclear industry is a multi-billion-dollar enterprise</h2><p>Led by state-run Rosatom, Russia is a top global player in the nuclear export industry. As of 2023, Rosatom made $11.8 billion in revenue. Nuclear material exports, reactor construction, fuel supply, and related services contributed to this. Globally, Russia controls nearly 38 per cent of uranium conversion and 46 per cent of uranium enrichment. This makes Russia a dominant supplier in the nuclear fuel cycle in the world.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/nato-summit-2025-donald-trump-says-iran-nuclear-facility-collapsed-nobody-can-go-inside-1750853229936/embed">https://www.wionews.com/videos/nato-summit-2025-donald-trump-says-iran-nuclear-facility-collapsed-nobody-can-go-inside-1750853229936/embed</a></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Russian nuclear exports include a variety of services and materials: building nuclear power plants, supply of nuclear fuel, technical expertise and consulting. Russia has contracts with countries across continents.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Which countries' nuclear programmes has Russia helped?</h2><p>Russia's clients for mainly peaceful nuclear programmes include Iran, China, India, Turkey and Egypt. Much of this is in the nuclear power generation, such as Turkey's Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant, Egypt's El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant, India's Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, China's Tianwan and Xudabao Nuclear Power Plants, Bangladesh's Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary's Paks II Nuclear Power Plant and Belarus' Ostrovets Nuclear Power Plant.</p><p>Russia has nuclear tech and fuel supply agreements with Vietnam and Uzbekistan.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Russian civilian nuclear partnerships have raised dual-use concerns</h2><p>There are concerns that some of the dual-use material Russia has provided could cause the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The most significant currently is the case of Iran. Russia has, over the decades, extensively supported Iranian civilian nuclear infrastructure. From the Soviet Union era onwards, Russia has helped the nuclear programme of North Korea, though the cooperation currently is of limited scope. While Russia did discuss nuclear cooperation with Syria during the Assad regime, there are no active programmes, mainly due to international pressure.</p><p>While Russia maintains that its nuclear exports are for civilian purposes, how the technology transfers could be used for military capabilities is a cause of concern, something Moscow may not be able to control.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>From manpower to fuel to infra, Russia has deep links to the Iranian nuclear programme</h2><p>Hundreds of Russian specialists are working at Iran’s Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant. They are engineers and technicians from Rosatom, and come from prestigious institutions like the Kurchatov Institute. They are engaged in overseeing reactor operations and maintenance and have trained Iranians for years, enhancing the Islamic Republic's nuclear know-how. According to some recent estimates, there are some 300 Russian firms and research institutions involved in the Iranian nuclear programme.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>On the one hand, it gives employment to Russians in the nuclear sector, while on the other, it provides an additional workforce for the Iranian nuclear programme.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>How Russia is helping Iranian nuclear programme</h2><p>Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is the flagship entity in Iran's civil nuclear programme. Russia became the main contractor of the plant after the Germans, who started it, left the plant after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Russia helped build the first VVER-1000 reactor at Bushehr in 2011 and is helping the construction of two more reactors - Bushehr 2 and 3. In 2014, the two nations signed contracts for up to eight more reactors. Russia exports the nuclear fuel for Bushehr, monitored by the IAEA. Moscow has also conducted feasibility studies for additional reactors.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Beyond nuclear fuel, the main help Iran gets from Russia is in technology transfer: reactor design, operational protocols and training. There is worry among the international community, particularly Israel and the US, that Iran could use the Russian expertise for a nuclear weapon, specifically in uranium enrichment and fuel cycle technologies.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>The Medvedev remarks: Can countries other than Russia help Iran in building the bomb?</h2><p>As per official records, Russia has not provided bomb-grade enrichment technology directly to Iran. But over the years, Russia has helped in Iran’s nuclear research and uranium mining capabilities, things that could be used by Tehran in its alleged quest for the bomb.</p><p>It is in this context that Medvedev’s remarks should be seen. He said that “a number of countries are ready to directly supply Iran with their own nuclear warheads”. His comments came after American B2 bombers struck Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Was Medvedev making a threat?</h2><p>Observers think Medvedevs' remarks were mostly rhetoric. An assessment by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, for instance, said that direct transfer of nuclear warheads is not practical: it is technically complex and can be traced.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Note that nuclear weapons require specialised delivery systems and maintenance. Fissile material forensics can trace back any such transfers, including from Russia, if it indeed supplies nuclear warheads to Iran. Any such move by Russia will lead to global retaliation, particularly from the US, and will be violative of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>For the civil nuclear programme, Russia will continue to be a key helper for Iran</h2><p>In all likelihood, the Russian cooperation with Iran in its civilian nuclear programme will continue, partly due to the revenue and employment aspects mentioned earlier.</p><p>Russia’s foreign ministry has already condemned the Israeli and American strikes on Iranian nuclear sites as violating international law. Russia vowed it will continue cooperating with Iran for a peaceful nuclear programme, including ongoing work at Bushehr. It might also include support for new enrichment facilities, given that Iran said after the strikes that it plans to install advanced centrifuges.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>What's Russia’s motivation to continue help in Iran's nuclear programme?</h2><p>Much of it has to do with global power play. Russia, under President Vladimir Putin, wants to continue countering US dominance, and keep its influence alive in the West Asian region. Nuclear energy contracts are lucrative, and a key aspect of the Russian economy.</p><p>Therefore, Russia will most likely continue giving Iran fuel, technical expertise, and infrastructure support, ostensibly for the civilian nuclear programme, which might contain dual-use material that can be leveraged by Iran for the bomb.&nbsp;</p>

While Russia may not directly help Iran with the nuclear bomb, one must not forget Russian involvement in the Iranian nuclear programme through fuel, personnel, and knowledge transfers



Iran-Israel war - Ceasefire and future of Iranian nuclear programme: Remarks made by former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev, hinting that other countries can help Iran get a nuclear weapon, have ruffled quite a few feathers, with even US President Donald Trump slamming him. While Medvedev later clarified his remarks that he didn't mean Russia will give Iran the bomb, the reality is that Moscow is deeply entrenched in the Iranian nuclear programme. The Russian nuclear export industry is in fact one of the biggest in the world, helping several countries in their peaceful nuclear programmes. While Russia may not directly help Iran with the nuclear bomb, one must not forget Russia's deep involvement in the Iranian nuclear programme through personnel, material and knowledge transfer. Here is what you should know about the Russian nuclear industry, and how it has been helping Iran. Russian nuclear industry is a multi-billion-dollar enterprise Led by state-run Rosatom, Russia is a top global player in the nuclear export industry. As of 2023, Rosatom made $11.8 billion in revenue. Nuclear material exports, reactor construction, fuel supply, and related services contributed to this. Globally, Russia controls nearly 38 per cent of uranium conversion and 46 per cent of uranium enrichment. This makes Russia a dominant supplier in the nuclear fuel cycle in the world. https://www.wionews.com/videos/nato-summit-2025-donald-trump-says-iran-nuclear-facility-collapsed-nobody-can-go-inside-1750853229936/embed Russian nuclear exports include a variety of services and materials: building nuclear power plants, supply of nuclear fuel, technical expertise and consulting. Russia has contracts with countries across continents. Which countries' nuclear programmes has Russia helped? Russia's clients for mainly peaceful nuclear programmes include Iran, China, India, Turkey and Egypt. Much of this is in the nuclear power generation, such as Turkey's Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant, Egypt's El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant, India's Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, China's Tianwan and Xudabao Nuclear Power Plants, Bangladesh's Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary's Paks II Nuclear Power Plant and Belarus' Ostrovets Nuclear Power Plant. Russia has nuclear tech and fuel supply agreements with Vietnam and Uzbekistan. Russian civilian nuclear partnerships have raised dual-use concerns There are concerns that some of the dual-use material Russia has provided could cause the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The most significant currently is the case of Iran. Russia has, over the decades, extensively supported Iranian civilian nuclear infrastructure. From the Soviet Union era onwards, Russia has helped the nuclear programme of North Korea, though the cooperation currently is of limited scope. While Russia did discuss nuclear cooperation with Syria during the Assad regime, there are no active programmes, mainly due to international pressure. While Russia maintains that its nuclear exports are for civilian purposes, how the technology transfers could be used for military capabilities is a cause of concern, something Moscow may not be able to control. From manpower to fuel to infra, Russia has deep links to the Iranian nuclear programme Hundreds of Russian specialists are working at Iran’s Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant. They are engineers and technicians from Rosatom, and come from prestigious institutions like the Kurchatov Institute. They are engaged in overseeing reactor operations and maintenance and have trained Iranians for years, enhancing the Islamic Republic's nuclear know-how. According to some recent estimates, there are some 300 Russian firms and research institutions involved in the Iranian nuclear programme. On the one hand, it gives employment to Russians in the nuclear sector, while on the other, it provides an additional workforce for the Iranian nuclear programme. How Russia is helping Iranian nuclear programme Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is the flagship entity in Iran's civil nuclear programme. Russia became the main contractor of the plant after the Germans, who started it, left the plant after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Russia helped build the first VVER-1000 reactor at Bushehr in 2011 and is helping the construction of two more reactors - Bushehr 2 and 3. In 2014, the two nations signed contracts for up to eight more reactors. Russia exports the nuclear fuel for Bushehr, monitored by the IAEA. Moscow has also conducted feasibility studies for additional reactors. Beyond nuclear fuel, the main help Iran gets from Russia is in technology transfer: reactor design, operational protocols and training. There is worry among the international community, particularly Israel and the US, that Iran could use the Russian expertise for a nuclear weapon, specifically in uranium enrichment and fuel cycle technologies. The Medvedev remarks: Can countries other than Russia help Iran in building the bomb? As per official records, Russia has not provided bomb-grade enrichment technology directly to Iran. But over the years, Russia has helped in Iran’s nuclear research and uranium mining capabilities, things that could be used by Tehran in its alleged quest for the bomb. It is in this context that Medvedev’s remarks should be seen. He said that “a number of countries are ready to directly supply Iran with their own nuclear warheads”. His comments came after American B2 bombers struck Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan. Was Medvedev making a threat? Observers think Medvedevs' remarks were mostly rhetoric. An assessment by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, for instance, said that direct transfer of nuclear warheads is not practical: it is technically complex and can be traced. Note that nuclear weapons require specialised delivery systems and maintenance. Fissile material forensics can trace back any such transfers, including from Russia, if it indeed supplies nuclear warheads to Iran. Any such move by Russia will lead to global retaliation, particularly from the US, and will be violative of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). For the civil nuclear programme, Russia will continue to be a key helper for Iran In all likelihood, the Russian cooperation with Iran in its civilian nuclear programme will continue, partly due to the revenue and employment aspects mentioned earlier. Russia’s foreign ministry has already condemned the Israeli and American strikes on Iranian nuclear sites as violating international law. Russia vowed it will continue cooperating with Iran for a peaceful nuclear programme, including ongoing work at Bushehr. It might also include support for new enrichment facilities, given that Iran said after the strikes that it plans to install advanced centrifuges. What's Russia’s motivation to continue help in Iran's nuclear programme? Much of it has to do with global power play. Russia, under President Vladimir Putin, wants to continue countering US dominance, and keep its influence alive in the West Asian region. Nuclear energy contracts are lucrative, and a key aspect of the Russian economy. Therefore, Russia will most likely continue giving Iran fuel, technical expertise, and infrastructure support, ostensibly for the civilian nuclear programme, which might contain dual-use material that can be leveraged by Iran for the bomb.

<p>While Russia may not directly help Iran with the nuclear bomb, one must not forget Russia's deep involvement in the Iranian nuclear programme through fuel, personnel, and knowledge transfer.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Will Russia help Iran rebuild nuclear programme hit hard by B2 bombers and Israeli strikes? Moscow is deeply involved in…

<p>As Israel launched Operation Rising Lion against Iran, targeting its nuclear facilities, top military officials, and nuclear scientists in the past few weeks, another operation has come into light. Israel also launched Operation Narnia, killing 10 Iranian nuclear scientists as a part of the ongoing war.</p><p>The Iranian nuclear scientists were killed while they were sleeping in their homes, Channel 12 reported.</p><p>Israel’s Operation Rising Lion eliminated many senior officials in the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and key individuals involved in Iran’s nuclear program.</p><h2>All about Operation Narnia</h2><p>Israel Defence Forces (IDF) targeted the scientists who had the most military expertise and the greatest difficulty in replacing them.</p><p>Then, Israel compiled a list of those scientists, ready for execution at command. The strike successfully targeted nuclear scientists with the help of the Intelligence Directorate’s precise intelligence.</p><p>Israel used a “special weapon” to eliminate these scientists, according to Channel 9 and Channel 12 reports. While the specifics of this have been barred from publication.</p><p>Those scientists were the key figures in Iran’s nuclear program, with years of experience in nuclear weapons development.</p><h2>Scientists killed by Israeli strike</h2><ul><li>Fereydoun Abbasi, a nuclear engineering expert</li><li>Mohammad Mahdi Tehranchi, a physics expert</li><li>Akbar Matlali Zadeh, a chemical engineering expert</li><li>Saeed Beraji, a materials engineering expert</li><li>Amir Hassan Faqahi, a physics expert</li><li>Abd al-Hamid Minushahr, a reactor physics expert</li><li>Mansour Asgari, a physics expert</li><li>Ahmad Reza Davalparki Daryani, a nuclear engineering expert</li><li>Ali Bakhayi Kathehremi, a mechanical expert</li></ul><p>Out of those 10 scientists, three of the most known were Fereydoun Abbasi, Mohammad Mahdi Tehranchi, and Akbar Matlali Zadeh.</p><p>Notably, many of those scientists were successors of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, who was popularly known as the father of Iran’s nuclear program. Fakhrizadeh himself was killed in 2020, by a robotic sniper, allegedly planned by Israel.<br>&nbsp;</p>

The Iranian nuclear scientists were killed while they were sleeping in their homes, Channel 12 reported.

As Israel launched Operation Rising Lion against Iran, targeting its nuclear facilities, top military officials, and nuclear scientists in the past few weeks, another operation has come into light. Israel also launched Operation Narnia, killing 10 Iranian nuclear scientists as a part of the ongoing war. The Iranian nuclear scientists were killed while they were sleeping in their homes, Channel 12 reported. Israel’s Operation Rising Lion eliminated many senior officials in the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and key individuals involved in Iran’s nuclear program. All about Operation Narnia Israel Defence Forces (IDF) targeted the scientists who had the most military expertise and the greatest difficulty in replacing them. Then, Israel compiled a list of those scientists, ready for execution at command. The strike successfully targeted nuclear scientists with the help of the Intelligence Directorate’s precise intelligence. Israel used a “special weapon” to eliminate these scientists, according to Channel 9 and Channel 12 reports. While the specifics of this have been barred from publication. Those scientists were the key figures in Iran’s nuclear program, with years of experience in nuclear weapons development. Scientists killed by Israeli strike Fereydoun Abbasi, a nuclear engineering expert Mohammad Mahdi Tehranchi, a physics expert Akbar Matlali Zadeh, a chemical engineering expert Saeed Beraji, a materials engineering expert Amir Hassan Faqahi, a physics expert Abd al-Hamid Minushahr, a reactor physics expert Mansour Asgari, a physics expert Ahmad Reza Davalparki Daryani, a nuclear engineering expert Ali Bakhayi Kathehremi, a mechanical expert Out of those 10 scientists, three of the most known were Fereydoun Abbasi, Mohammad Mahdi Tehranchi, and Akbar Matlali Zadeh. Notably, many of those scientists were successors of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, who was popularly known as the father of Iran’s nuclear program. Fakhrizadeh himself was killed in 2020, by a robotic sniper, allegedly planned by Israel.

<p>The Iranian nuclear scientists were killed while they were sleeping in their homes, Channel 12 reported.</p>

'Killed in the sleep’: What was Israel’s Operation Narnia? Here’s how IDF strikes killed 10 Iranian nuclear scientists

<p>Israel's attack targeting Iran's nuclear programme on Friday (June 13) shed the limelight on its key nuclear facilities. Iran’s nuclear programme began under the US-backed Atoms for Peace initiative in the 1960s. The programme saw significant growth in the 1990s with assistance from Russia, China, and the AQ Khan network of Pakistan. Iran ran a nuclear weapons programme, the so-called Amad Plan, &nbsp;from late 1990s to around 2003, with facilities like Fordow, Varamin, and Parchin playing key roles. But that programme was reportedly stopped in 2003. Iran continued undeclared nuclear programme activities since then, raising concerns in the global community, particularly Israel, its arch rival in the region.</p><p><br>The 2015 nuclear deal, formally known as Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) imposed limits on the Iranian nuclear programme, in return for the easing of sanctions. The deal capped the uranium enrichment at 3.67 per cent, and imposed other restrictions, like limiting uranium stockpiles to 300 kg and allowing monitoring by IAEA, the UN nuclear watchdog. But after the US withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal under President Donald Trump's first term in 2018, Iran resumed enrichment beyond limits imposed on the pact.</p><p><br>Since then, its uranium stockpiles are thought to have exceeded 30 times the agreed limit and enrichment is thought to have reached anywhere between 60 to 83.7 per cent. Note that 90 per cent enriched uranium is considered weapons-grade, but nuclear weapons can be made even with 20 per cent enrichment, with some effort.</p><p><br>Iran has had a tense history with IAEA monitoring, with the nuclear agency reporting on Thursday it had violated several norms. Iran often restricted access to IAEA monitors, particularly since 2021, and failed to resolve issues at undeclared sites like Turquzabad and Varamin.&nbsp;<br><br>The IAEA has also accused Iran of non-compliance with safeguards of the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT , which Iran had ratified. There are specific fears regarding the undisclosed nuclear facilities of Iran.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>At this juncture, here is a detailed look at the key Iranian nuclear facilities and allied concerns, including those that are publicly known or inactive, as well as research facilities and universities.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Natanz Fuel Enrichment Complex<br>&nbsp;</h2><p>Located 322 km south of Tehran amid mountains outside Qom, Natanz is the primary uranium enrichment facility of Iranian nuclear programme.<br><br>Natanz produces most of Iran’s enriched uranium and is at the heart of its nuclear programme.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p><p>It has a Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP), &nbsp;a vast underground facility designed for commercial-scale enrichment. The FEP can house up to 50,000 centrifuges. This facility is possibly beyond the reach of even US-made bunker buster bombs. As of 2025, approximately 16,000 centrifuges are installed, out of which some 13,000 are believed to be operational, enriching uranium to 5 per cent purity.<br><br>Above ground, there is a Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP) that conducts research and smaller-scale enrichment.</p><h2><br>Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP)</h2><p>Fordow was once a covert uranium enrichment facility and part of the Amad Plan for weapons-grade uranium production. Under the 2015 JCPOA, Fordow was redesigned for non-enrichment research, but enrichment resumed after 2018.</p><p><br>Located Near Qom and dug into a mountain approximately 80–90 metres underground, Fordow is reported to have 1,000 centrifuges, including advanced IR-6 models, which are enriching uranium to 60 per cent. In 2023, uranium enriched to 83.7 per cent was detected in Fordow, which is very close to weapon-grade.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Fordow, to which IAEA monitoring access is restricted, is deep underground, making it Iran’s best-protected nuclear site. It is difficult to target with military strikes.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2>Arak (Khondab) Heavy Water Reactor (IR-40)</h2><p>Arak is a 40 MW heavy-water research reactor designed to produce plutonium that can be used for nuclear weapons. The core of the reactor, located near Arak in Markazi province, was removed after the Iran nuclear deal. It was filled with concrete to stop production of weapons-grade plutonium and the reactor was redesigned to use natural uranium fuel. In 2015, it was reported that Arak was being modified with Chinese assistance to prevent large-scale plutonium production. Iran has frequently denied IAEA monitoring of Arak.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Isfahan Nuclear Technology Centre</h2><p>Ishfahan is a nuclear research centre that hosts a Uranium Conversion Facility (UCF). The UCF converts yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride (UF6) for enrichment. The UCF produced 550 tonnes of natural UF6 by 2015, with about one-third transferred to Natanz.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Located on the outskirts of Isfahan, Iran’s second-largest city, the centre reportedly engages in centrifuge component manufacturing, and produces parts for IR-1 centrifuges. The centre was relocated to Isfahan in 2022 after an attack on the TESA Karaj complex.</p><p><br>It contains small research reactors, ostensibly for medical and industrial isotope production.</p><p><br>It is believed that China provided Iran with the blueprints for UCF, in spite of a 1997 agreement to halt nuclear cooperation.</p><p><br>Isfahan is critical for the nuclear fuel cycle and plays a crucial role in Iran’s enrichment programme.</p><h2><br>Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant</h2><p>This is Iran’s only operational nuclear power reactor. The Russian-designed VVER-1000 unit, located in the Gulf coast near Bushehr, has been generating electricity since 2011. Russia supplies the fuel, and spent fuel is returned to Russia.</p><p><br>Two additional units are planned, and construction of the first started in 2019.</p><h2>Tehran Nuclear Research Centre (TNRC)</h2><p>This is Iran’s largest nuclear research facility, hosting a small research reactor and laboratories for plutonium separation and purification as well as uranium conversion. Note that polonium production has dual-use potential for nuclear weapons triggers.</p><p><br>Located in the capital Tehran, TNRC houses some 3,000 scientists.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Parchin Military Complex</h2><p>Located 20 miles southeast of Tehran, Parchin is a multi-purpose military complex involved in missile and ammunition development, with suspected nuclear weapons research involvement. It houses Taleghan 2, part of the Amad Plan, and was used for nuclear weapons-related research until at least 2018. This was attacked and destroyed by Israel in 2024.</p><p><br>The complex also has an underground tunnel complex linked to the Amad Plan, which was operational as recently as 2018.</p><p><br>There had been reports in the past of high-explosive testing for hydrodynamic experiments, potentially related to nuclear warhead development, in the complex.</p><p><br>Iran has consistently opposed IAEA monitoring access to the complex.</p><h2>Lavisan-Shian undeclared nuclear site</h2><p>Located near Tehran, this was a suspected site of undeclared nuclear activities by Tehran. &nbsp;It is believed that Iran conducts neutron detector development and testing for nuclear weapons from this site. Subject of an investigation, it was allegedly sanitised and destroyed in 2004 to remove evidence.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Varamin secret unarium conversion site</h2><p>This was a secret pilot uranium conversion site operating between 1999 and 2003. Codenamed the New Tehran Plant, this site processed uranium ore into yellowcake, UF4, and UF6 during the Amad Plan. It was overhauled in 2004 and has been inactive since then.</p><h2>Turquzabad storage site</h2><p>This is a suspected storage site for nuclear material and equipment, identified in 2018 by the IAEA. Environmental samples in 2019 detected uranium particles in the site, located near Tehran, which is thought to have been a warehouse for Amad Plan.</p><h2>Marivan suspected explosive testing site</h2><p>Located in western Iran, Marivan was a suspected high-explosive testing site for nuclear weapons under the Amad Plan. Iran is believed to have conducted neutron detector experiments at this site. While linked to Iran’s historical weapons programme, there is no evidence of current activity at Marivan.</p><h2>Ivanaki (Rangin Kaman or Rainbow Site)</h2><p>Located in the Semnan Province, southeast of Tehran, Ivanaki is a suspected covert site of the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research (SPND). Since 2009, this place, publicly known as Diba Energy Sina Company's chemical plant, has reportedly focused on tritium extraction for boosted nuclear warheads and hydrogen bomb development. If confirmed, this could be a site of ongoing nuclear weapons research, but nothing has been said to this extent by the IAEA.</p><h2>Gorgan (Neka) alleged nuclear research site</h2><p>Gorgan in northern Iran allegedly hosted a secret nuclear research facility, possibly for weapons development, in the 1990s. It is thought to have hosted scientists from Iran, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. There have been reports of military applications at this site, but authentic data is not available.</p><h2>Sharif University of Technology</h2><p>This university in Tehran is the centre of Iran's nuclear research and is allegedly involved in uranium centrifuge development. It has helped in the development of small research reactors at the University of Tehran.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Iran is thought to have reached anywhere between 60 to 83.7 per cent. Note that 90 per cent enriched uranium is considered weapons-grade, but nuclear weapons can be made even with 20 per cent enrichment, with some effort.

Israel's attack targeting Iran's nuclear programme on Friday (June 13) shed the limelight on its key nuclear facilities. Iran’s nuclear programme began under the US-backed Atoms for Peace initiative in the 1960s. The programme saw significant growth in the 1990s with assistance from Russia, China, and the AQ Khan network of Pakistan. Iran ran a nuclear weapons programme, the so-called Amad Plan, from late 1990s to around 2003, with facilities like Fordow, Varamin, and Parchin playing key roles. But that programme was reportedly stopped in 2003. Iran continued undeclared nuclear programme activities since then, raising concerns in the global community, particularly Israel, its arch rival in the region. The 2015 nuclear deal, formally known as Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) imposed limits on the Iranian nuclear programme, in return for the easing of sanctions. The deal capped the uranium enrichment at 3.67 per cent, and imposed other restrictions, like limiting uranium stockpiles to 300 kg and allowing monitoring by IAEA, the UN nuclear watchdog. But after the US withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal under President Donald Trump's first term in 2018, Iran resumed enrichment beyond limits imposed on the pact. Since then, its uranium stockpiles are thought to have exceeded 30 times the agreed limit and enrichment is thought to have reached anywhere between 60 to 83.7 per cent. Note that 90 per cent enriched uranium is considered weapons-grade, but nuclear weapons can be made even with 20 per cent enrichment, with some effort. Iran has had a tense history with IAEA monitoring, with the nuclear agency reporting on Thursday it had violated several norms. Iran often restricted access to IAEA monitors, particularly since 2021, and failed to resolve issues at undeclared sites like Turquzabad and Varamin. The IAEA has also accused Iran of non-compliance with safeguards of the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT , which Iran had ratified. There are specific fears regarding the undisclosed nuclear facilities of Iran. At this juncture, here is a detailed look at the key Iranian nuclear facilities and allied concerns, including those that are publicly known or inactive, as well as research facilities and universities. Natanz Fuel Enrichment Complex Located 322 km south of Tehran amid mountains outside Qom, Natanz is the primary uranium enrichment facility of Iranian nuclear programme. Natanz produces most of Iran’s enriched uranium and is at the heart of its nuclear programme. It has a Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP), a vast underground facility designed for commercial-scale enrichment. The FEP can house up to 50,000 centrifuges. This facility is possibly beyond the reach of even US-made bunker buster bombs. As of 2025, approximately 16,000 centrifuges are installed, out of which some 13,000 are believed to be operational, enriching uranium to 5 per cent purity. Above ground, there is a Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP) that conducts research and smaller-scale enrichment. Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant (FFEP) Fordow was once a covert uranium enrichment facility and part of the Amad Plan for weapons-grade uranium production. Under the 2015 JCPOA, Fordow was redesigned for non-enrichment research, but enrichment resumed after 2018. Located Near Qom and dug into a mountain approximately 80–90 metres underground, Fordow is reported to have 1,000 centrifuges, including advanced IR-6 models, which are enriching uranium to 60 per cent. In 2023, uranium enriched to 83.7 per cent was detected in Fordow, which is very close to weapon-grade. Fordow, to which IAEA monitoring access is restricted, is deep underground, making it Iran’s best-protected nuclear site. It is difficult to target with military strikes. Arak (Khondab) Heavy Water Reactor (IR-40) Arak is a 40 MW heavy-water research reactor designed to produce plutonium that can be used for nuclear weapons. The core of the reactor, located near Arak in Markazi province, was removed after the Iran nuclear deal. It was filled with concrete to stop production of weapons-grade plutonium and the reactor was redesigned to use natural uranium fuel. In 2015, it was reported that Arak was being modified with Chinese assistance to prevent large-scale plutonium production. Iran has frequently denied IAEA monitoring of Arak. Isfahan Nuclear Technology Centre Ishfahan is a nuclear research centre that hosts a Uranium Conversion Facility (UCF). The UCF converts yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride (UF6) for enrichment. The UCF produced 550 tonnes of natural UF6 by 2015, with about one-third transferred to Natanz. Located on the outskirts of Isfahan, Iran’s second-largest city, the centre reportedly engages in centrifuge component manufacturing, and produces parts for IR-1 centrifuges. The centre was relocated to Isfahan in 2022 after an attack on the TESA Karaj complex. It contains small research reactors, ostensibly for medical and industrial isotope production. It is believed that China provided Iran with the blueprints for UCF, in spite of a 1997 agreement to halt nuclear cooperation. Isfahan is critical for the nuclear fuel cycle and plays a crucial role in Iran’s enrichment programme. Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant This is Iran’s only operational nuclear power reactor. The Russian-designed VVER-1000 unit, located in the Gulf coast near Bushehr, has been generating electricity since 2011. Russia supplies the fuel, and spent fuel is returned to Russia. Two additional units are planned, and construction of the first started in 2019. Tehran Nuclear Research Centre (TNRC) This is Iran’s largest nuclear research facility, hosting a small research reactor and laboratories for plutonium separation and purification as well as uranium conversion. Note that polonium production has dual-use potential for nuclear weapons triggers. Located in the capital Tehran, TNRC houses some 3,000 scientists. Parchin Military Complex Located 20 miles southeast of Tehran, Parchin is a multi-purpose military complex involved in missile and ammunition development, with suspected nuclear weapons research involvement. It houses Taleghan 2, part of the Amad Plan, and was used for nuclear weapons-related research until at least 2018. This was attacked and destroyed by Israel in 2024. The complex also has an underground tunnel complex linked to the Amad Plan, which was operational as recently as 2018. There had been reports in the past of high-explosive testing for hydrodynamic experiments, potentially related to nuclear warhead development, in the complex. Iran has consistently opposed IAEA monitoring access to the complex. Lavisan-Shian undeclared nuclear site Located near Tehran, this was a suspected site of undeclared nuclear activities by Tehran. It is believed that Iran conducts neutron detector development and testing for nuclear weapons from this site. Subject of an investigation, it was allegedly sanitised and destroyed in 2004 to remove evidence. Varamin secret unarium conversion site This was a secret pilot uranium conversion site operating between 1999 and 2003. Codenamed the New Tehran Plant, this site processed uranium ore into yellowcake, UF4, and UF6 during the Amad Plan. It was overhauled in 2004 and has been inactive since then. Turquzabad storage site This is a suspected storage site for nuclear material and equipment, identified in 2018 by the IAEA. Environmental samples in 2019 detected uranium particles in the site, located near Tehran, which is thought to have been a warehouse for Amad Plan. Marivan suspected explosive testing site Located in western Iran, Marivan was a suspected high-explosive testing site for nuclear weapons under the Amad Plan. Iran is believed to have conducted neutron detector experiments at this site. While linked to Iran’s historical weapons programme, there is no evidence of current activity at Marivan. Ivanaki (Rangin Kaman or Rainbow Site) Located in the Semnan Province, southeast of Tehran, Ivanaki is a suspected covert site of the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research (SPND). Since 2009, this place, publicly known as Diba Energy Sina Company's chemical plant, has reportedly focused on tritium extraction for boosted nuclear warheads and hydrogen bomb development. If confirmed, this could be a site of ongoing nuclear weapons research, but nothing has been said to this extent by the IAEA. Gorgan (Neka) alleged nuclear research site Gorgan in northern Iran allegedly hosted a secret nuclear research facility, possibly for weapons development, in the 1990s. It is thought to have hosted scientists from Iran, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. There have been reports of military applications at this site, but authentic data is not available. Sharif University of Technology This university in Tehran is the centre of Iran's nuclear research and is allegedly involved in uranium centrifuge development. It has helped in the development of small research reactors at the University of Tehran.

<p>Iran ran a nuclear weapons programme, the so-called Amad Plan, &nbsp;from late 1990s to around 2003, with facilities like Fordow, Varamin, and Parchin military complex playing key roles.&nbsp;</p>

Secretive, undeclared or public,  Iran is littered with nuclear sites and facilities - See list in wake of Israel attack

<p>Oil prices jumped more than 12% on Friday (June 13) following news that Israel had carried out strikes on Iran. The development raised concerns over a broader conflict in the Middle East region, potentially disrupting global oil supplies.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>West Texas Intermediate, the main US oil contract, soared 12.6 percent to $76.61 per barrel, while Brent North Sea crude jumped 12.2 percent at $77.77.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Both major oil benchmarks surged over 12%—touching highs not seen since January—amid escalating fears of supply disruptions following Israeli strikes on Iran. The latest spike builds on gains earlier in the week as geopolitical tensions intensified.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The shockwaves rippled across global markets. Asian stocks plunged, U.S. and European equity futures fell sharply, and investors rushed into safe havens. Gold soared past $3,400 an ounce, and bond markets rallied as yields dropped.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>"The Middle East powder keg just blew the lid off global markets," said Stephen Innes of SPI Asset Management to AFP. “Equity futures are plummeting. Bond yields are sinking. Gold and oil are skyrocketing.”</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Brent crude is rapidly approaching the mid-$70s, Innes noted, adding that a direct hit to the Strait of Hormuz—which handles about 20% of global oil flows—could add another $15 to the price.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>“If Iran exercises restraint, markets may bounce back. But if Tel Aviv is hit or Tehran responds aggressively, we could be looking at a scenario that reshapes the global economic outlook for the rest of 2025,” he warned.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Earlier this week, JPMorgan Chase had cautioned that crude prices could surpass $130 a barrel if the conflict spirals into a worst-case scenario.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in a video statement: "This operation will continue for as many days as it takes to remove this threat.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>"We struck at the heart of Iran's nuclear enrichment programme. We targeted Iran's main enrichment facility at Natanz. We also struck at the heart of Iran's ballistic missile programme," he added.</p>

Oil prices jump to two-month high as tensions escalate in Middle East

Oil prices jumped more than 12% on Friday (June 13) following news that Israel had carried out strikes on Iran. The development raised concerns over a broader conflict in the Middle East region, potentially disrupting global oil supplies. West Texas Intermediate, the main US oil contract, soared 12.6 percent to $76.61 per barrel, while Brent North Sea crude jumped 12.2 percent at $77.77. Both major oil benchmarks surged over 12%—touching highs not seen since January—amid escalating fears of supply disruptions following Israeli strikes on Iran. The latest spike builds on gains earlier in the week as geopolitical tensions intensified. The shockwaves rippled across global markets. Asian stocks plunged, U.S. and European equity futures fell sharply, and investors rushed into safe havens. Gold soared past $3,400 an ounce, and bond markets rallied as yields dropped. "The Middle East powder keg just blew the lid off global markets," said Stephen Innes of SPI Asset Management to AFP. “Equity futures are plummeting. Bond yields are sinking. Gold and oil are skyrocketing.” Brent crude is rapidly approaching the mid-$70s, Innes noted, adding that a direct hit to the Strait of Hormuz—which handles about 20% of global oil flows—could add another $15 to the price. “If Iran exercises restraint, markets may bounce back. But if Tel Aviv is hit or Tehran responds aggressively, we could be looking at a scenario that reshapes the global economic outlook for the rest of 2025,” he warned. Earlier this week, JPMorgan Chase had cautioned that crude prices could surpass $130 a barrel if the conflict spirals into a worst-case scenario. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in a video statement: "This operation will continue for as many days as it takes to remove this threat. "We struck at the heart of Iran's nuclear enrichment programme. We targeted Iran's main enrichment facility at Natanz. We also struck at the heart of Iran's ballistic missile programme," he added.

<p>Oil prices surged following Israel's strikes on Iranian military and nuclear sites, rising fears of a conflict in the Middle East region</p>

<p>Israel attacked several nuclear facilities of Iran on Friday (June 13), including Natanz, Khorramabad, Kermanshah and Hamadan in a bid to disrupt the Islamic Republic's nuclear enrichment programme. The attacks also reportedly killed Iran's top military officials, including IRGC chief Hossein Salami and top commander Mohammad Bagheri, as well as nuclear scientists. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described the Natanz strike as targeting the “heart” of Iran’s nuclear programme, while stressing that the Operation Rising Lion is set to continue.&nbsp;<br><br>But this is not the first time that Israel has directly or indirectly targeted Iran's nuclear programme, which the Jewish nation considers an existential threat.</p><h2>Israel targeted Iran’s nuclear facilities at least 12 times&nbsp;</h2><p><br>Between 2007 and 2025, Israel has targeted nuclear sites of Iran at least 12 times.&nbsp;<br><br>These included cyberattacks known as Stuxnet, Stars, Duqu and Flame, physical sabotage through blasts in sites like Natanz, drone attacks on Karaj and airstrikes on Parchin and Natanz.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The attacks helped delay Iran’s nuclear enrichment programme by months to years, though it could not be stopped.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Iran has hardened its facilities both physically and in terms of cybersecurity.&nbsp;<br><br>The Fordow facility, buried deep underground, is one of the most difficult to reach. The US has refused to provide bunker-busting bombs to Israel, thus limiting its capacity to strike such facilities.<br><br>Due to the covert and secretive nature of these operations, the exact number of attacks couldn't be ascertained.&nbsp;<br><br>But there have been at least 12 documented attacks in the 2007-2025 period.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Here is a timeline of Israeli attacks on Iran’s nuclear facilities:</p><h2>2007 cyberattack</h2><p>Israel is thought to have conducted the first of its cyberattacks on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure in 2007.&nbsp;<br><br>Specific details are not fully available on this attack, but it is supposed to have involved malware targeting nuclear facilities of Iran.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2>Stuxnet malware attack of 2009 to 2010</h2><p>Perhaps the most famous cyberattack on Iran's nuclear programme is the Stuxnet malware attack. The malware was reportedly developed by the US and Israel and targetted Iran's key nuclear enrichment centre in Natanz. The malware was launched through a USB drive. It caused damages to more than 1,000 centrifuges. Stuxnet attack is believed to have delayed Iran's nuclear programme by up to two years, having affected 30,000 computers across 14 facilities, including Bushehr.</p><h2>Stars Virus attack of &nbsp;2011&nbsp;</h2><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Iran’s cyber defence agency discovered the Stars virus in April, 2011. The virus was reportedly designed to infiltrate and damage nuclear facilities. Iran alleged the involvement of &nbsp;Israel and the US in this attack, though it is not fully ascertained.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Duqu virus of 2011</h2><p>In November 2011, Iran identified the Duqu virus, which is a Stuxnet derivative. The virus was intended to gather data for future cyberattacks on nuclear facilities.&nbsp;<br><br>Cyber experts link it to Israel, though there is no definitive confirmation on this.</p><h2>Flame virus of 2012</h2><p>In May 2012, a virus known as the Flame hit Iranian government computers, including nuclear-related systems. The virus was intended to steal data. Iran blamed both Israel and the US for the virus attack. Though there's no definite confirmation, Israeli Vice Prime Minister Moshe Yaalon had hinted at his country's involvement in the virus.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2>Blast at Natanz facility in 2020&nbsp;</h2><p>On July 2, 2020, an explosion damages a centrifuge production factory at the Natanz nuclear facility. The blast reportedly set back Iran’s ability to produce advanced IR-4 and IR-6 centrifuges. Though Israel was accused of planting a bomb, there was no official confirmation on this.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Cyberattack of 2021 on Natanz &nbsp;</h2><p>On April 11, 2021, the Natanz electricity grid was disrupted in a cyberattack, soon after new centrifuges were activated at the Iranian facility. Media reports at the time had hinted at the involvement of Israeli spy agency Mossad, even as Iran called it a terrorist attack. &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>2021 Drone attack on Karaj&nbsp;</h2><p>On June 23, 2021, an Israeli quadcopter drone that was operated from within Iran hit a centrifuge manufacturing facility at Karaj. The roof of the facility was damaged and a possible fire was reported. Iran accused Israel of conducting the attack.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2>Cyberattacks of 2024&nbsp;</h2><p>Following an alleged cyberattacks by Iranian hackers on an Israeli nuclear facility in March 2024, Iran faced a massive cyberattack.</p><p><br>The 12 October 2024 cyber strike targeted Iran's nuclear facilities, government installations, fuel distribution, and other infrastructure. The attacks followed Iran’s missile barrage on Israel, amid its ongoing Gaza war against Hamas.</p><h2>Air strike on Parchin in 2024<br>&nbsp;</h2><p>On 26 October 2024, &nbsp;Israel conducted airstrikes on the Taleghan 2 complex in Parchin, destroying equipment used for nuclear weapons research. Targets of the attack included explosives design for uranium cores. The strike was part of a broader Israeli military operation. It hit Iran’s covert nuclear activities, hampering their progress.</p>

The June 13 attack is not the first time that Israel directly or indirectly targeted Iranian nuclear programme, which the Jewish nation considers an existential threat.

Israel attacked several nuclear facilities of Iran on Friday (June 13), including Natanz, Khorramabad, Kermanshah and Hamadan in a bid to disrupt the Islamic Republic's nuclear enrichment programme. The attacks also reportedly killed Iran's top military officials, including IRGC chief Hossein Salami and top commander Mohammad Bagheri, as well as nuclear scientists. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described the Natanz strike as targeting the “heart” of Iran’s nuclear programme, while stressing that the Operation Rising Lion is set to continue. But this is not the first time that Israel has directly or indirectly targeted Iran's nuclear programme, which the Jewish nation considers an existential threat. Israel targeted Iran’s nuclear facilities at least 12 times Between 2007 and 2025, Israel has targeted nuclear sites of Iran at least 12 times. These included cyberattacks known as Stuxnet, Stars, Duqu and Flame, physical sabotage through blasts in sites like Natanz, drone attacks on Karaj and airstrikes on Parchin and Natanz. The attacks helped delay Iran’s nuclear enrichment programme by months to years, though it could not be stopped. Iran has hardened its facilities both physically and in terms of cybersecurity. The Fordow facility, buried deep underground, is one of the most difficult to reach. The US has refused to provide bunker-busting bombs to Israel, thus limiting its capacity to strike such facilities. Due to the covert and secretive nature of these operations, the exact number of attacks couldn't be ascertained. But there have been at least 12 documented attacks in the 2007-2025 period. Here is a timeline of Israeli attacks on Iran’s nuclear facilities: 2007 cyberattack Israel is thought to have conducted the first of its cyberattacks on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure in 2007. Specific details are not fully available on this attack, but it is supposed to have involved malware targeting nuclear facilities of Iran. Stuxnet malware attack of 2009 to 2010 Perhaps the most famous cyberattack on Iran's nuclear programme is the Stuxnet malware attack. The malware was reportedly developed by the US and Israel and targetted Iran's key nuclear enrichment centre in Natanz. The malware was launched through a USB drive. It caused damages to more than 1,000 centrifuges. Stuxnet attack is believed to have delayed Iran's nuclear programme by up to two years, having affected 30,000 computers across 14 facilities, including Bushehr. Stars Virus attack of 2011 Iran’s cyber defence agency discovered the Stars virus in April, 2011. The virus was reportedly designed to infiltrate and damage nuclear facilities. Iran alleged the involvement of Israel and the US in this attack, though it is not fully ascertained. Duqu virus of 2011 In November 2011, Iran identified the Duqu virus, which is a Stuxnet derivative. The virus was intended to gather data for future cyberattacks on nuclear facilities. Cyber experts link it to Israel, though there is no definitive confirmation on this. Flame virus of 2012 In May 2012, a virus known as the Flame hit Iranian government computers, including nuclear-related systems. The virus was intended to steal data. Iran blamed both Israel and the US for the virus attack. Though there's no definite confirmation, Israeli Vice Prime Minister Moshe Yaalon had hinted at his country's involvement in the virus. Blast at Natanz facility in 2020 On July 2, 2020, an explosion damages a centrifuge production factory at the Natanz nuclear facility. The blast reportedly set back Iran’s ability to produce advanced IR-4 and IR-6 centrifuges. Though Israel was accused of planting a bomb, there was no official confirmation on this. Cyberattack of 2021 on Natanz On April 11, 2021, the Natanz electricity grid was disrupted in a cyberattack, soon after new centrifuges were activated at the Iranian facility. Media reports at the time had hinted at the involvement of Israeli spy agency Mossad, even as Iran called it a terrorist attack. 2021 Drone attack on Karaj On June 23, 2021, an Israeli quadcopter drone that was operated from within Iran hit a centrifuge manufacturing facility at Karaj. The roof of the facility was damaged and a possible fire was reported. Iran accused Israel of conducting the attack. Cyberattacks of 2024 Following an alleged cyberattacks by Iranian hackers on an Israeli nuclear facility in March 2024, Iran faced a massive cyberattack. The 12 October 2024 cyber strike targeted Iran's nuclear facilities, government installations, fuel distribution, and other infrastructure. The attacks followed Iran’s missile barrage on Israel, amid its ongoing Gaza war against Hamas. Air strike on Parchin in 2024 On 26 October 2024, Israel conducted airstrikes on the Taleghan 2 complex in Parchin, destroying equipment used for nuclear weapons research. Targets of the attack included explosives design for uranium cores. The strike was part of a broader Israeli military operation. It hit Iran’s covert nuclear activities, hampering their progress.

<p>The June 13 attack is not the first time that Israel directly or indirectly targeted Iran's nuclear programme, which the Jewish nation considers an existential threat.</p>

Not the first time: How Israel hit Iran nuclear sites in past with air attacks, hacking, sabotage | Timeline

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Not the first time: How Israel hit Iran nuclear sites with air attacks, sabotage