Searching for alien life is a quest filled with excitement for both, scientists and artists. Universe may have its secrets and planets full of life billions of lightyears away from us but a very promising candidate (other than Earth) to harbour life is right here in our solar system.&nbsp;

Enter Europa, one of four moon of the planet Jupiter. The frigid moon has an icy shell that upto 25 kilometres thick. An below this, scientists think there are vast liquid oceans 60 to 150 kilometres deep. And where there is water, there is chance of life.

But NASA's Hubble telescope has found water vapour on the frigid moon. Observations made by Hubble between 1999 and 2015 have suggested presence long-term presence of a water vapor atmosphere only in Europa's 'trailing atmosphere - &nbsp;that portion of the moon that is always opposite its direction of motion along its orbit'.

NASA says that cause of this asymmetry, why the water vapour is found in only one hemisphere and not the other, is not yet fully understood.

"This detection paves the way for in-depth studies of Europa by future probes including NASA's Europa Clipper and the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer mission from the European Space Agency (ESA). Understanding the formation and evolution of Jupiter and its moons also helps astronomers gain insights into Jupiter-like planets around other stars," sayss NASA.

These observations have been published in journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Searching for alien life is a quest filled with excitement for both, scientists and artists. Universe may have its secrets and planets full of life billions of lightyears away from us but a very promising candidate (other than Earth) to harbour life is right here in our solar system.

Searching for alien life is a quest filled with excitement for both, scientists and artists. Universe may have its secrets and planets full of life billions of lightyears away from us but a very promising candidate (other than Earth) to harbour life is right here in our solar system. Enter Europa, one of four moon of the planet Jupiter. The frigid moon has an icy shell that upto 25 kilometres thick. An below this, scientists think there are vast liquid oceans 60 to 150 kilometres deep. And where there is water, there is chance of life. But NASA's Hubble telescope has found water vapour on the frigid moon. Observations made by Hubble between 1999 and 2015 have suggested presence long-term presence of a water vapor atmosphere only in Europa's 'trailing atmosphere - that portion of the moon that is always opposite its direction of motion along its orbit'. NASA says that cause of this asymmetry, why the water vapour is found in only one hemisphere and not the other, is not yet fully understood. "This detection paves the way for in-depth studies of Europa by future probes including NASA's Europa Clipper and the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer mission from the European Space Agency (ESA). Understanding the formation and evolution of Jupiter and its moons also helps astronomers gain insights into Jupiter-like planets around other stars," sayss NASA. These observations have been published in journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Hubble telescope spots water vapour on Jupiter's icy moon

When anyone says galaxy, it brings to mind a pool of stars, planets and even existence of life. With various processes, explosions, star births, a notion of liveliness is associated with the word 'galaxy'. But when we say 'dead' galaxies. An unknown gloom sets in.

Using NASA's Hubble Space telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA), astronomers have found at least six, massive galaxies which were 'dead' at the time universe was 3 billion years old.

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Cold Hydrogen is required to form new stars. These dead galaxies had run out of cold hydrogen. Since there was no fuel, the galaxies could not make new stars and thus, were 'empty'.

As per scientists, these galaxies being dead was a surprising thing as when the universe was 3 billion years old, there was a spurt of star formation. It was the 'peak epoch' of star formation.

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NASA has said there is generally less likelihood of these galaxies rejuvenating even after minor mergers with nearby small galaxies.

Study of these dead galaxies has been published in the journal Nature.

When anyone says galaxy, it brings to mind a pool of stars, planets and even existence of life. With various processes, explosions, star births, a notion of liveliness is associated with the word 'galaxy'.

When anyone says galaxy, it brings to mind a pool of stars, planets and even existence of life. With various processes, explosions, star births, a notion of liveliness is associated with the word 'galaxy'. But when we say 'dead' galaxies. An unknown gloom sets in. Using NASA's Hubble Space telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA), astronomers have found at least six, massive galaxies which were 'dead' at the time universe was 3 billion years old. Also Read | Winds on Jupiter are speeding up and no one knows why Cold Hydrogen is required to form new stars. These dead galaxies had run out of cold hydrogen. Since there was no fuel, the galaxies could not make new stars and thus, were 'empty'. As per scientists, these galaxies being dead was a surprising thing as when the universe was 3 billion years old, there was a spurt of star formation. It was the 'peak epoch' of star formation. Also Read | Astronaut posts breathtaking photo of aurora taken from above Earth NASA has said there is generally less likelihood of these galaxies rejuvenating even after minor mergers with nearby small galaxies. Study of these dead galaxies has been published in the journal Nature.

NASA's Hubble space telescope finds dead galaxies

Hubble Telescope's rival is set for take off in the next year! The Superpressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) will be sent into the upper atmosphere via a strapped balloon - roughly the size of a modern stadium.

The images taken by SuperBIT&nbsp;would rival the famous Hubble, which has clicked mesmerising spacescapes. The SuperBIT telescope will fly 45 kilometres (28 miles) above Earth's surface and will float across the globe while taking images of the universe.

In April 2022, the telescope will be deployed from New Zealand a by a team of scientists from the University of Toronto and NASA.

Owing to NASA's new superpressure balloon design, the telescope will be able to remain in the air for months after deployment. Another telescope called the James Webb Telescope is set for a November launch. Unlike Webb, which will operate in infrared, SuperBIT will function along the same frequencies of light as Hubble.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/down-for-a-month-nasa-faces-hubble-space-telescopes-most-serious-glitch-in-years-397987" hreflang="en">Down for a month: NASA faces Hubble Space Telescope's most serious glitch in years</a>

Scientists behind the project are pitching SuperBIT as Hubble's successor.

The telescope cost $5 million and offers flexibility for it can be flown down for repairs and upgrades as per needs. On the other hand, the Hubble telescope was built with $1.5 billion!

The floating observatory - one of its kind, was built by scientists from Durham, Princeton and Toronto universities in collaboration with NASA and Canadian Space Agency.

Scientists are also considering the possibility of a whole fleet of airborne telescopes in the future.

The telescope attaches to a helium balloon roughly the size of a football stadium. Once functional, it should be able to click high-resolution images of distant entities in the universe including galaxies, planets, and stars.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://13.235.153.162/science/james-webb-space-telescope-passes-key-review-ahead-of-fall-launch-396728" hreflang="en">James Webb Space Telescope passes key review ahead of fall launch</a>

During a test flight in 2019, the balloon exhibited stability, making it ready to be used. The SuperBIT has a mirror wit diameter of 0.5 metres and will be lifted to the altitude of 40 kilometres by a helium balloon.

Hubble Telescope has already outlived its lifespan. Originally planned for 10 years, the telescope has managed to take pictures for three decades now. But the recent failure of the telescope suggests that it may be nearing the end of its life cycle.

Hubble Telescope's rival is set for take off in the next year! The Superpressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) will be sent into the upper atmosphere via a strapped balloon - roughly the size of a modern stadium.

Hubble Telescope's rival is set for take off in the next year! The Superpressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) will be sent into the upper atmosphere via a strapped balloon - roughly the size of a modern stadium. The images taken by SuperBIT would rival the famous Hubble, which has clicked mesmerising spacescapes. The SuperBIT telescope will fly 45 kilometres (28 miles) above Earth's surface and will float across the globe while taking images of the universe. In April 2022, the telescope will be deployed from New Zealand a by a team of scientists from the University of Toronto and NASA. Owing to NASA's new superpressure balloon design, the telescope will be able to remain in the air for months after deployment. Another telescope called the James Webb Telescope is set for a November launch. Unlike Webb, which will operate in infrared, SuperBIT will function along the same frequencies of light as Hubble. Also read: Down for a month: NASA faces Hubble Space Telescope's most serious glitch in years Scientists behind the project are pitching SuperBIT as Hubble's successor. The telescope cost $5 million and offers flexibility for it can be flown down for repairs and upgrades as per needs. On the other hand, the Hubble telescope was built with $1.5 billion! The floating observatory - one of its kind, was built by scientists from Durham, Princeton and Toronto universities in collaboration with NASA and Canadian Space Agency. Scientists are also considering the possibility of a whole fleet of airborne telescopes in the future. The telescope attaches to a helium balloon roughly the size of a football stadium. Once functional, it should be able to click high-resolution images of distant entities in the universe including galaxies, planets, and stars. Also read: James Webb Space Telescope passes key review ahead of fall launch During a test flight in 2019, the balloon exhibited stability, making it ready to be used. The SuperBIT has a mirror wit diameter of 0.5 metres and will be lifted to the altitude of 40 kilometres by a helium balloon. Hubble Telescope has already outlived its lifespan. Originally planned for 10 years, the telescope has managed to take pictures for three decades now. But the recent failure of the telescope suggests that it may be nearing the end of its life cycle.

Meet SuperBIT Telescope, potential successor to NASA's aged Hubble Telescope

The&nbsp;Hubble&nbsp;Space Telescope, which has been peering into the universe for more than 30 years, has been down for the past few days, NASA said Friday.

The problem is a payload computer that stopped working last Sunday, the US space agency said.It insisted the telescope itself and scientific instruments that accompany it are "in good health."

"The payload computer's purpose is to control and coordinate the science instruments and monitor them for health and safety purposes," NASA said.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/hubble-space-telescope-beams-back-mesmerising-image-of-a-nebula-370330">Also Read |&nbsp;Hubble Space Telescope beams back mesmerising image of a nebula!</a>

An attempt to restart it on Monday failed. NASA said initial evidence pointed to a degrading computer memory module as the source of the computer problem.

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NASA continues to work to resolve an issue with the payload computer on the Hubble Space Telescope, which halted on June 13. 
 
Launched in 1990, Hubble has contributed greatly to our understanding of the universe over the past 30 years. <a href="https://t.co/qEmIUQCtuX">https://t.co/qEmIUQCtuX</a>
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An attempt to switch to a backup memory module also failed.The technology for the payload computer dates back to the 1980s, and it was replaced during maintenance work in 2009.

Launched in 1990, the&nbsp;Hubble&nbsp;Space Telescope revolutionized the world of astronomy and changed our vision of the universe as it sent back images of the solar system, the Milky Way and distant galaxies.

A new and more powerful one, called the James Webb Space Telescope, is scheduled to be deployed late this year. It is designed to peer deeper into the cosmos than ever before.

The Hubble Space Telescope, which has been peering into the universe for more than 30 years, has been down for the past few days, NASA said Friday. The problem is a payload computer that stopped working last Sunday, the US space agency said.

The Hubble Space Telescope, which has been peering into the universe for more than 30 years, has been down for the past few days, NASA said Friday. The problem is a payload computer that stopped working last Sunday, the US space agency said.It insisted the telescope itself and scientific instruments that accompany it are "in good health." "The payload computer's purpose is to control and coordinate the science instruments and monitor them for health and safety purposes," NASA said. Also Read | Hubble Space Telescope beams back mesmerising image of a nebula! An attempt to restart it on Monday failed. NASA said initial evidence pointed to a degrading computer memory module as the source of the computer problem. NASA continues to work to resolve an issue with the payload computer on the Hubble Space Telescope, which halted on June 13. Launched in 1990, Hubble has contributed greatly to our understanding of the universe over the past 30 years. https://t.co/qEmIUQCtuX — Hubble (@NASAHubble) June 18, 2021 × An attempt to switch to a backup memory module also failed.The technology for the payload computer dates back to the 1980s, and it was replaced during maintenance work in 2009. Launched in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope revolutionized the world of astronomy and changed our vision of the universe as it sent back images of the solar system, the Milky Way and distant galaxies. A new and more powerful one, called the James Webb Space Telescope, is scheduled to be deployed late this year. It is designed to peer deeper into the cosmos than ever before.

NASA reports trouble with Hubble Space Telescope

The world's largest and most powerful&nbsp;space&nbsp;telescope&nbsp;unfolded its&nbsp;giant&nbsp;golden mirror for the last time on Earth on Tuesday, a&nbsp;key&nbsp;milestone before the $10 billion observatory is launched later this year.

The James&nbsp;Webb&nbsp;Space&nbsp;Telescope's 21 feet 4 inches (6.5 meters) mirror was commanded to fully expand and lock itself into place,&nbsp;NASA&nbsp;said, a final&nbsp;test&nbsp;to ensure it will survive its million-mile (1.6 million kilometers) journey and is ready to discover the origins of the Universe.

"It's like building a Swiss watch at 40-feet-tall... and getting it ready for this journey that we take into the vacuum at minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit (-240 Celsius), four times further than the Moon," said Scott Willoughby of lead contractor Northrop Grumman.

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He was speaking at the company's spaceport in Redondo Beach, California, from where the&nbsp;telescope&nbsp;will be shipped to French Guiana to be launched on an Ariane 5 rocket, with&nbsp;NASA&nbsp;targeting October 31 for liftoff.

Webb's primary mirror is made of 18 hexagonal segments coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to improve its reflection of infrared light.

It will fly to&nbsp;space&nbsp;folded like a piece of origami artwork, which allows it to fit inside a 16-foot (5-meter) rocket fairing, and will then use 132 individual actuators and motors to bend each mirror into a specific position.

Together, the mirrors will function as one massive reflector, to enable the&nbsp;telescope&nbsp;to peer deeper into the cosmos than ever before.

Time machine

Scientists want to use the&nbsp;telescope&nbsp;to look back in time over 13.5 billion years ago and see for the first time the first stars and galaxies that formed, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.

To do this, they need to detect infrared. The current premier&nbsp;space&nbsp;telescope, Hubble, only has limited infrared capacity.

This is&nbsp;key&nbsp;because, by the time the light from the first objects reaches our telescopes, it has been shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum as a result of the Universe extending the&nbsp;space&nbsp;between objects as it expands.

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Another&nbsp;key&nbsp;area will be the discovery of alien worlds. The first planets to orbit other stars were detected in the 1990s and there are now more than 4,000 exoplanets that have been confirmed.

Webb&nbsp;"has instrumentation that will propel this new and exciting field into its next epic of discovery," said Eric Smith, James&nbsp;Webb&nbsp;telescope&nbsp;program scientist.

Scientists from 44 countries will be able to make use of the&nbsp;telescope, with proposals including using the infrared capabilities to penetrate the supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies, including our own.

"The discovery capability of&nbsp;Webb&nbsp;is limited only by our own imaginations, and scientists around the world will soon be using this general purpose observatory to take us places we haven't dreamed of going before," said Smith.

The world's largest and most powerful space telescope unfolded its giant golden mirror for the last time on Earth on Tuesday, a key milestone before the $10 billion observatory is launched later this year.

The world's largest and most powerful space telescope unfolded its giant golden mirror for the last time on Earth on Tuesday, a key milestone before the $10 billion observatory is launched later this year. The James Webb Space Telescope's 21 feet 4 inches (6.5 meters) mirror was commanded to fully expand and lock itself into place, NASA said, a final test to ensure it will survive its million-mile (1.6 million kilometers) journey and is ready to discover the origins of the Universe. "It's like building a Swiss watch at 40-feet-tall... and getting it ready for this journey that we take into the vacuum at minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit (-240 Celsius), four times further than the Moon," said Scott Willoughby of lead contractor Northrop Grumman. Also read | NASA shares image of nearly 5-billion-year-old asteroid crossing the Earth He was speaking at the company's spaceport in Redondo Beach, California, from where the telescope will be shipped to French Guiana to be launched on an Ariane 5 rocket, with NASA targeting October 31 for liftoff. Webb's primary mirror is made of 18 hexagonal segments coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold to improve its reflection of infrared light. It will fly to space folded like a piece of origami artwork, which allows it to fit inside a 16-foot (5-meter) rocket fairing, and will then use 132 individual actuators and motors to bend each mirror into a specific position. Together, the mirrors will function as one massive reflector, to enable the telescope to peer deeper into the cosmos than ever before. Time machine Scientists want to use the telescope to look back in time over 13.5 billion years ago and see for the first time the first stars and galaxies that formed, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. To do this, they need to detect infrared. The current premier space telescope, Hubble, only has limited infrared capacity. This is key because, by the time the light from the first objects reaches our telescopes, it has been shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum as a result of the Universe extending the space between objects as it expands. Also read | Perseverance rover captures sound of Ingenuity flying on Mars Another key area will be the discovery of alien worlds. The first planets to orbit other stars were detected in the 1990s and there are now more than 4,000 exoplanets that have been confirmed. Webb "has instrumentation that will propel this new and exciting field into its next epic of discovery," said Eric Smith, James Webb telescope program scientist. Scientists from 44 countries will be able to make use of the telescope, with proposals including using the infrared capabilities to penetrate the supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies, including our own. "The discovery capability of Webb is limited only by our own imaginations, and scientists around the world will soon be using this general purpose observatory to take us places we haven't dreamed of going before," said Smith.

NASA's giant Webb telescope succeeds in key pre-launch test

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has detected that&nbsp;torrential outflows from infant stars may not stop them from growing.

The unexpected discovery made in the study, which will appear in&nbsp;an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal, may change&nbsp;our understanding of star formation.

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It has been assumed that a newly forming star blows off a lot of hot gas through lightsaber-shaped outflowing jets and hurricane-like winds launched from the encircling disk by powerful magnetic fields. These fireworks should squelch further growth of the central star. But a new, comprehensive Hubble survey shows that this most common explanation doesn't seem to work, leaving astronomers puzzled.

Researchers used data previously collected from NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes and the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Telescope to analyze 304 developing stars, called protostars, in the Orion Complex, the nearest major star-forming region to Earth. (Spitzer and Herschel are no longer operational).

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In this largest-ever survey of nascent stars to date, researchers are finding that gas-clearing by a star's outflow may not be as important in determining its final mass as conventional theories suggest. The researchers' goal was to determine whether stellar outflows halt the infall of gas onto a star and stop it from growing.

Instead, they found that the cavities in the surrounding gas cloud sculpted by a forming star's outflow did not grow regularly as they matured, as theories propose.

"In one stellar formation model, if you start out with a small cavity, as the protostar rapidly becomes more evolved, its outflow creates an ever-larger cavity until the surrounding gas is eventually blown away, leaving an isolated star," explained lead researcher Nolan Habel of the University of Toledo in Ohio.

"Our observations indicate there is no progressive growth that we can find, so the cavities are not growing until they push out all of the mass in the cloud. So, there must be some other process going on that gets rid of the gas that doesn't end up in the star."

A Star is Born

During a star's relatively brief birthing stage, lasting only about 500,000 years, the star quickly bulks up on mass. What gets messy is that, as the star grows, it launches a wind, as well as a pair of spinning, lawn-sprinkler-style jets shooting off in opposite directions. These outflows begin to eat away at the surrounding cloud, creating cavities in the gas.

Popular theories predict that as the young star evolves and the outflows continue, the cavities grow wider until the entire gas cloud around the star is completely pushed away. With its gas tank empty, the star stops accreting mass – in other words, it stops growing.

To look for cavity growth, the researchers first sorted the protostars by age by analyzing Herschel and Spitzer data of each star's light output. The protostars in the Hubble observations were also observed as part of the Herschel telescope's Herschel Orion Protostar Survey.

Then the astronomers observed the cavities in near-infrared light with Hubble's Near-infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer and Wide Field Camera 3. The observations were taken between 2008 and 2017. Although the stars themselves are shrouded in dust, they emit powerful radiation which strikes the cavity walls and scatters off dust grains, illuminating the gaps in the gaseous envelopes in infrared light.

The Hubble images reveal the details of the cavities produced by protostars at various stages of evolution. Habel's team used the images to measure the structures' shapes and estimate the volumes of gas cleared out to form the cavities. From this analysis, they could estimate the amount of mass that had been cleared out by the stars' outbursts. 
 
"We find that at the end of the protostellar phase, where most of the gas has fallen from the surrounding cloud onto the star, a number of young stars still have fairly narrow cavities," said team member Tom Megeath of the University of Toledo. "So, this picture that is still commonly held of what determines the mass of a star and what halts the infall of gas is that this growing outflow cavity scoops up all of the gas. This has been pretty fundamental to our idea of how star formation proceeds, but it just doesn't seem to fit the data here."

Future telescopes such as NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope will probe deeper into a protostar's formation process. Webb spectroscopic observations will observe the inner regions of disks surrounding protostars in infrared light, looking for jets in the youngest sources. Webb also will help astronomers measure the accretion rate of material from the disk onto the star, and study how the inner disk is interacting with the outflow.

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has detected that torrential outflows from infant stars may not stop them from growing. The unexpected discovery made in the study, which will appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal, may change our understanding of star formation.

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has detected that torrential outflows from infant stars may not stop them from growing. The unexpected discovery made in the study, which will appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal, may change our understanding of star formation. Also read| NASA's Juno spacecraft unveils dark origins of Jupiter's mysterious auroral storms for first time It has been assumed that a newly forming star blows off a lot of hot gas through lightsaber-shaped outflowing jets and hurricane-like winds launched from the encircling disk by powerful magnetic fields. These fireworks should squelch further growth of the central star. But a new, comprehensive Hubble survey shows that this most common explanation doesn't seem to work, leaving astronomers puzzled. Researchers used data previously collected from NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes and the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Telescope to analyze 304 developing stars, called protostars, in the Orion Complex, the nearest major star-forming region to Earth. (Spitzer and Herschel are no longer operational). In this largest-ever survey of nascent stars to date, researchers are finding that gas-clearing by a star's outflow may not be as important in determining its final mass as conventional theories suggest. The researchers' goal was to determine whether stellar outflows halt the infall of gas onto a star and stop it from growing. Instead, they found that the cavities in the surrounding gas cloud sculpted by a forming star's outflow did not grow regularly as they matured, as theories propose. "In one stellar formation model, if you start out with a small cavity, as the protostar rapidly becomes more evolved, its outflow creates an ever-larger cavity until the surrounding gas is eventually blown away, leaving an isolated star," explained lead researcher Nolan Habel of the University of Toledo in Ohio. "Our observations indicate there is no progressive growth that we can find, so the cavities are not growing until they push out all of the mass in the cloud. So, there must be some other process going on that gets rid of the gas that doesn't end up in the star." A Star is Born During a star's relatively brief birthing stage, lasting only about 500,000 years, the star quickly bulks up on mass. What gets messy is that, as the star grows, it launches a wind, as well as a pair of spinning, lawn-sprinkler-style jets shooting off in opposite directions. These outflows begin to eat away at the surrounding cloud, creating cavities in the gas. Popular theories predict that as the young star evolves and the outflows continue, the cavities grow wider until the entire gas cloud around the star is completely pushed away. With its gas tank empty, the star stops accreting mass – in other words, it stops growing. To look for cavity growth, the researchers first sorted the protostars by age by analyzing Herschel and Spitzer data of each star's light output. The protostars in the Hubble observations were also observed as part of the Herschel telescope's Herschel Orion Protostar Survey. Then the astronomers observed the cavities in near-infrared light with Hubble's Near-infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer and Wide Field Camera 3. The observations were taken between 2008 and 2017. Although the stars themselves are shrouded in dust, they emit powerful radiation which strikes the cavity walls and scatters off dust grains, illuminating the gaps in the gaseous envelopes in infrared light. The Hubble images reveal the details of the cavities produced by protostars at various stages of evolution. Habel's team used the images to measure the structures' shapes and estimate the volumes of gas cleared out to form the cavities. From this analysis, they could estimate the amount of mass that had been cleared out by the stars' outbursts. "We find that at the end of the protostellar phase, where most of the gas has fallen from the surrounding cloud onto the star, a number of young stars still have fairly narrow cavities," said team member Tom Megeath of the University of Toledo. "So, this picture that is still commonly held of what determines the mass of a star and what halts the infall of gas is that this growing outflow cavity scoops up all of the gas. This has been pretty fundamental to our idea of how star formation proceeds, but it just doesn't seem to fit the data here." Future telescopes such as NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope will probe deeper into a protostar's formation process. Webb spectroscopic observations will observe the inner regions of disks surrounding protostars in infrared light, looking for jets in the youngest sources. Webb also will help astronomers measure the accretion rate of material from the disk onto the star, and study how the inner disk is interacting with the outflow.

Astronomers detect torrential outflows from infant stars may not stop them from growing

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured the image of NGC 613, a barred spiral galaxy, NASA said in a post.

The galaxy that was first found by German-English astronomer William Herschel in 1798 lies in the southern constellation of Sculptor and is 67 million light-years away.&nbsp;

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NASA's post said the galaxy is "easily distinguishable" as it has "well-defined central bar and long arms".

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"It is easily distinguishable as such because of its well-defined central bar and long arms, which spiral loosely around its nucleus," NASA said.&nbsp;

"As revealed by surveys, about two-thirds of spiral galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy, contain a bar."

The post said that recent researches have shown that bars are more common in galaxies than they earlier were, thereby giving important insights about "galaxy formation and evolution".

"The bright colors in this Hubble image aren't just beautiful to look at, as they actually tell us about the population of stars within NGC 4535," Hubble astronomers was quoted as saying by Sci-News.&nbsp;

"The bright blue-ish colors, seen nestled amongst its long, spiral arms, indicate the presence of a greater number of younger and hotter stars."

When this galaxy was observed from a smaller telescope, it had a hazy, ghostly appearance, which led the famous amateur astronomer Leland S. Copeland to call it "The Lost Galaxy" in the 1950s.

The Hubble astronomers said the galaxy was studied as part of the PHANGS survey, which intends to clarify the connections between "cold gas clouds, star formation, and the overall shape and other properties of galaxies."&nbsp;

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured the image of NGC 613, a barred spiral galaxy, NASA said in a post. The galaxy that was first found by German-English astronomer William Herschel in 1798 lies in the southern constellation of Sculptor and is 67 million light-years away.

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured the image of NGC 613, a barred spiral galaxy, NASA said in a post. The galaxy that was first found by German-English astronomer William Herschel in 1798 lies in the southern constellation of Sculptor and is 67 million light-years away. Also read | Scientists want to turn Mars green. How will they do it? NASA's post said the galaxy is "easily distinguishable" as it has "well-defined central bar and long arms". Also read | Netizens express delight as NASA shares image of neutron star "It is easily distinguishable as such because of its well-defined central bar and long arms, which spiral loosely around its nucleus," NASA said. "As revealed by surveys, about two-thirds of spiral galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy, contain a bar." The post said that recent researches have shown that bars are more common in galaxies than they earlier were, thereby giving important insights about "galaxy formation and evolution". "The bright colors in this Hubble image aren't just beautiful to look at, as they actually tell us about the population of stars within NGC 4535," Hubble astronomers was quoted as saying by Sci-News. "The bright blue-ish colors, seen nestled amongst its long, spiral arms, indicate the presence of a greater number of younger and hotter stars." When this galaxy was observed from a smaller telescope, it had a hazy, ghostly appearance, which led the famous amateur astronomer Leland S. Copeland to call it "The Lost Galaxy" in the 1950s. The Hubble astronomers said the galaxy was studied as part of the PHANGS survey, which intends to clarify the connections between "cold gas clouds, star formation, and the overall shape and other properties of galaxies."

Hubble telescope shares image of barred spiral galaxy NGC 4535

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has captured&nbsp;the largest and one of the most complete&nbsp;Einstein rings&nbsp;ever discovered in our universe.

Named&nbsp;GAL-CLUS-022058s, the Einstein ring is&nbsp;located in the southern hemisphere constellation of&nbsp;Fornax&nbsp;(the Furnace) and was&nbsp;captured by&nbsp;Hubble Space Telescope.

The object has been nicknamed by astronomers studying this Einstein ring as the "Molten Ring," which alludes to its appearance and host constellation.

Also see:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/top-10-mind-bending-space-discoveries-and-observations-from-2020-349472" hreflang="en">Top 10 mind-bending space discoveries and observations from 2020</a>

First theorised to exist by Einstein in his general theory of&nbsp;relativity, this object’s unusual shape can be explained by a process called&nbsp;gravitational lensing, which causes light shining from far away to be bent and pulled by the gravity of an object between its source and the observer.

One of the advantages of this lensing effect is that it actually allows scientists to better study the farther away galaxy, which might have been completely invisible otherwise.

In this case, the light from the background galaxy has been distorted into the curve we see by the gravity of the galaxy cluster sitting in front of it.

While this is not the only known example of the phenomenon happening, it is one of the most striking.

The near exact alignment of the background galaxy with the central elliptical galaxy of the cluster, seen in the middle of this image,&nbsp;has warped and magnified the image of the background galaxy into an almost perfect ring. The gravity from other galaxies in the cluster causes additional distortions.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has captured the largest and one of the most complete Einstein rings ever discovered in our universe. Named GAL-CLUS-022058s, the Einstein ring is located in the southern hemisphere constellation of Fornax (the Furnace) and was captured by Hubble Space Telescope.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has captured the largest and one of the most complete Einstein rings ever discovered in our universe. Named GAL-CLUS-022058s, the Einstein ring is located in the southern hemisphere constellation of Fornax (the Furnace) and was captured by Hubble Space Telescope. The object has been nicknamed by astronomers studying this Einstein ring as the "Molten Ring," which alludes to its appearance and host constellation. Also see: Top 10 mind-bending space discoveries and observations from 2020 First theorised to exist by Einstein in his general theory of relativity, this object’s unusual shape can be explained by a process called gravitational lensing, which causes light shining from far away to be bent and pulled by the gravity of an object between its source and the observer. One of the advantages of this lensing effect is that it actually allows scientists to better study the farther away galaxy, which might have been completely invisible otherwise. In this case, the light from the background galaxy has been distorted into the curve we see by the gravity of the galaxy cluster sitting in front of it. While this is not the only known example of the phenomenon happening, it is one of the most striking. The near exact alignment of the background galaxy with the central elliptical galaxy of the cluster, seen in the middle of this image, has warped and magnified the image of the background galaxy into an almost perfect ring. The gravity from other galaxies in the cluster causes additional distortions.

'Molten ring': NASA captures the largest Einstein rings of the universe

November 27 in History: From Alfred Nobel's will to first liver transplant

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