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With the help of the James Webb Space Telescope, scientists have spotted the most ancient collision of a black hole, likely to have taken place when the universe was only 740 million years old.

With the help of the James Webb Space Telescope, scientists have spotted the most ancient collision of a black hole, likely to have taken place when the universe was only 740 million years old. For the first time, astronomers have spotted such a merger which also appears to be the first one to have taken place in the history of the universe. It occurred in the galaxy system called ZS7. Black holes are massive cosmic items spread across our universe and their gravitational fields are strong enough to stop even light from escaping their event horizons. Also Read: Parasite black holes devouring stars from inside, says study When two black holes merge, they sound dreadful and the process takes place slowly as they coalesce into a single object. One black hole was 50 million times the mass of the Sun: Scientists In an ESA (European Space Agency) release, the study’s lead author and an astronomer at the University of Cambridge Hannah Ubler said, “Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at cosmic dawn." “Together with other Webb findings of active, massive black holes in the distant Universe, our results also show that massive black holes have been shaping the evolution of galaxies from the very beginning," she said. The vision of the James Webb Telescope was so sharp that the team spatially separated the two black holes which helped them understand some of their physical characteristics. It was found that one of the Black Holes was nearly 50 million times the mass of the Sun and the other was hidden in a dense cloud of gas. Watch: Gigantic sunspot wide enough to fill 15 worlds becomes visible The full paper of the team on the discovery was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which is a space-based gravitational wave observatory, was formally adopted by the ESA in January which paved the way for the eventual operation and launch of the spacecraft. In the press release, LISA’s lead project scientist at the European Space Agency Nora Luetzgendorf said, “Webb’s results are telling us that lighter systems detectable by LISA should be far more frequent than previously assumed." “It will most likely make us adjust our models for LISA rates in this mass range. This is just the tip of the iceberg," she added. (With inputs from agencies)

Massive collision of black holes took place in ancient space. One had 50 million times mass of Sun

German scientists have discovered the fossil of&nbsp;a six-armed brittle star that was petrified while it was still partially renewing.

This very unique fossil was discovered in 2018 in a limestone deposit in southern Germany, which was originally a deep lagoon teeming with coral meadows and sponge beds. These days it is a fossil garden full of shark teeth and the skeletal remains of extinct pterosaurs, crustaceans, and crocodile-like animals from the late Jurassic period.

The fossil is the first and only example of Ophiactis hex, a new species of brittle star that scientists have identified.

Fissiparity, in which the star "splits" in two and each side regenerates its missing pieces, is the reproduction mechanism used by many contemporary brittle stars and certain starfish.

Because the two new stars are clones of the original, it is sometimes referred to as clonal fragmentation. The species that use this method tend to have six arms, instead of five, to make for an even split.

"While the biology and ecology of clonal fragmentation are comparatively well understood, virtually nothing is known about the evolution and geological history of that phenomenon," the paper published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences explains.

The Ophiactis hex fossil, which is 155 million years old and has been preserved to the point that you can see its hook-shaped arm spines, offers compelling evidence of the deep evolutionary roots of clonal fragmentation in star-shaped echinoderms.

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It was given that name in honour of the supercomputer that can conceive the unimaginable, in one of Terry Pratchett's Discworld&nbsp;novels. It appears that the six-armed brittle star discovered by this group of paleontologists is an undiscovered object, proving that fissiparity is an old asexual reproduction strategy connected to that symmetrical body design.

"While skeletons of ophiuroids with individual arms frozen in the process of regeneration are relatively common in the fossil record, cases of individuals with a regenerating body half are exceedingly rare," the study read.

"To the best of our knowledge, the specimen described in the present paper is only the second case known so far, and the first one for which regeneration seems indeed linked to six-fold symmetry and clonal fragmentation," it continued.

The researchers acknowledge that it is hard to determine the precise appearance of the species before its division and whether or not it was six-armed, given that only one specimen of Ophiactis hex has been discovered so far.

German scientists have discovered the fossil of a six-armed brittle star that was petrified while it was still partially renewing. This very unique fossil was discovered in 2018 in a limestone deposit in southern Germany, which was originally a deep lagoon teeming with coral meadows and sponge beds.

German scientists have discovered the fossil of a six-armed brittle star that was petrified while it was still partially renewing. This very unique fossil was discovered in 2018 in a limestone deposit in southern Germany, which was originally a deep lagoon teeming with coral meadows and sponge beds. These days it is a fossil garden full of shark teeth and the skeletal remains of extinct pterosaurs, crustaceans, and crocodile-like animals from the late Jurassic period. The fossil is the first and only example of Ophiactis hex, a new species of brittle star that scientists have identified. Fissiparity, in which the star "splits" in two and each side regenerates its missing pieces, is the reproduction mechanism used by many contemporary brittle stars and certain starfish. Because the two new stars are clones of the original, it is sometimes referred to as clonal fragmentation. The species that use this method tend to have six arms, instead of five, to make for an even split. "While the biology and ecology of clonal fragmentation are comparatively well understood, virtually nothing is known about the evolution and geological history of that phenomenon," the paper published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences explains. The Ophiactis hex fossil, which is 155 million years old and has been preserved to the point that you can see its hook-shaped arm spines, offers compelling evidence of the deep evolutionary roots of clonal fragmentation in star-shaped echinoderms. Also read: Practice makes a person almost perfect, science confirms It was given that name in honour of the supercomputer that can conceive the unimaginable, in one of Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels. It appears that the six-armed brittle star discovered by this group of paleontologists is an undiscovered object, proving that fissiparity is an old asexual reproduction strategy connected to that symmetrical body design. "While skeletons of ophiuroids with individual arms frozen in the process of regeneration are relatively common in the fossil record, cases of individuals with a regenerating body half are exceedingly rare," the study read. "To the best of our knowledge, the specimen described in the present paper is only the second case known so far, and the first one for which regeneration seems indeed linked to six-fold symmetry and clonal fragmentation," it continued. The researchers acknowledge that it is hard to determine the precise appearance of the species before its division and whether or not it was six-armed, given that only one specimen of Ophiactis hex has been discovered so far.

Caught in action: Newly found fossil shows 155 million old brittle star mid-regeneration

Climate Change can threaten our homes but as per a new research, extreme weather can also harm our brain health, making disorders like anxiety and depression worse.

Researchers from University College London, as per a study published in Lancet Neurology, have found a concerning&nbsp;link between environmental changes and neurological health.

<h2>What is the correlation?</h2>

Researchers analysed the impact of extreme weather on 19 nervous system conditions, including stroke, Alzheimer’s, meningitis, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. They also looked at psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.

They discovered that there was a "clear evidence for an impact of the climate on some brain conditions, especially stroke and infections of the nervous system".

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"The climatic variation that was shown to have an effect on brain diseases included extremes of temperature, both low and high, and greater temperature variation throughout the course of day, especially when these measures were seasonally unusual," said Professor Sanjay Sisodiya, director of genomics at University College London's epilepsy society.

He said that nighttime temperatures mean hotter nights, which can disrupt sleep. This is "particularly important" as hotter temperature and heatwaves mean billions of people globally are sleeping through higher than normal temperatures.

They also observed an increase in hospital admissions, disability, and stroke due to higher temperatures or heatwaves.

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<h2>Hottest 12&nbsp;months</h2>

The research comes as Asia faces dangerous heatwaves attributed to climate crisis.

Recently, the European Union's climate change monitoring service&nbsp;Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) in its monthly report said that April 2024 was once again the hottest April on record. Every month for the past 11 months, the world has set a new temperature record.

As per C3S, including April, Earth's average temperature was the highest on record for a 12-month period, with temperatures around&nbsp;1.61 degrees Celsius above the average in the 1850-1900 pre-industrial period.

Climate Change can threaten our homes but as per a new research, extreme weather can also harm our brain health, making disorders like anxiety and depression worse.

Climate Change can threaten our homes but as per a new research, extreme weather can also harm our brain health, making disorders like anxiety and depression worse. Researchers from University College London, as per a study published in Lancet Neurology, have found a concerning link between environmental changes and neurological health. What is the correlation? Researchers analysed the impact of extreme weather on 19 nervous system conditions, including stroke, Alzheimer’s, meningitis, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. They also looked at psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. They discovered that there was a "clear evidence for an impact of the climate on some brain conditions, especially stroke and infections of the nervous system". Also read | Scientists attempt to recreate 50,000-year-old ancient 'herpes' viruses "The climatic variation that was shown to have an effect on brain diseases included extremes of temperature, both low and high, and greater temperature variation throughout the course of day, especially when these measures were seasonally unusual," said Professor Sanjay Sisodiya, director of genomics at University College London's epilepsy society. He said that nighttime temperatures mean hotter nights, which can disrupt sleep. This is "particularly important" as hotter temperature and heatwaves mean billions of people globally are sleeping through higher than normal temperatures. They also observed an increase in hospital admissions, disability, and stroke due to higher temperatures or heatwaves. Also read | NASA will do THIS when 'God of Destruction' asteroid Apophis comes near Earth in 2029 Hottest 12 months The research comes as Asia faces dangerous heatwaves attributed to climate crisis. Recently, the European Union's climate change monitoring service Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) in its monthly report said that April 2024 was once again the hottest April on record. Every month for the past 11 months, the world has set a new temperature record. As per C3S, including April, Earth's average temperature was the highest on record for a 12-month period, with temperatures around 1.61 degrees Celsius above the average in the 1850-1900 pre-industrial period.

Study finds correlation between climate change and neurological issues

Researchers discovered that the rare but deadly blood clots associated with Johnson &amp; Johnson and AstraZeneca Plc's <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/why-is-indian-pm-modis-photo-missing-from-covid-vaccine-certificates-centre-responds-717291">COVID-19 vaccines</a> were triggered by an autoimmune response that some people may have a genetic predisposition to. This finding is expected to influence the development of future vaccines.

According to scientists who wrote a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine on Wednesday (May 15), said that adenovirus-based vaccines such as the J&amp;J and AstraZeneca shots, which were withdrawn from the market, include a component capable of inducing blood clots in people with a genetic vulnerability. Researchers said they will try to narrow down the component and then try to eliminate it through genetic modification, as reported by Bloomberg.

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Tom Gordon, head of immunology at Flinders University in South Australia, whose investigative work led to the discovery, said that the extent of susceptibility to this complication remains unknown. He described the immune reaction associated with the vaccine as "a new disease" stressing on the likelihood of more cases being documented as hematologists and intensive care specialists become more used to these conditions.

According to the Yale School of Medicine, out of over 18 million recipients of the single-dose J&amp;J vaccine, there were 60 reported cases of the clotting disorder, resulting in nine deaths.

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Following a small number of clot-related deaths associated with the AstraZeneca vaccine, it was withdrawn or restricted in Denmark, Norway, and other nations in 2021. In Australia, where the AstraZeneca shot has not been available since March 2023, the complication occurred in approximately 2-3 people per 100,000 vaccinated individuals under the age of 60. The European Commission revoked the marketing authorisation for this vaccine in March 2024.

“AstraZeneca welcomes any further examination of the possible underlying mechanism of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), given that, despite extensive investigation, we do not yet understand the mechanism that can in very rare cases be a trigger for TTS,” a spokesperson for the company told Bloomberg.

J&amp;J also said that it is open to research that helps in the development of safe and effective vaccines.

“More data are needed to fully understand potential factors that may be associated with this rare event, including its potential relationship with adeno- and other viruses, to draw appropriate conclusions about the underlying pathogenesis,” the company said in an email sent to Bloomberg.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-court-case-rare-side-effects-admission-of-guilt-and-more-all-you-need-to-know-716604">Also read | AstraZeneca Covid vaccine: Court case, rare side effects, admission of guilt, and more. All you need to know</a>

<h2>Upsides of the vaccine </h2>

Both vaccines were crucial in vaccine campaigns in the initial phases of the pandemic. An assessment indicated that the AstraZeneca vaccine potentially saved around 6.3 million lives in 2021. However, the mRNA vaccines produced by Pfizer Inc.-BioNTech SE and Moderna Inc. were subsequently discovered to offer higher effectiveness against Covid and have been modified to address more recent virus variants.

(With inputs from agencies)
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Researchers discovered that the rare but deadly blood clots associated with Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca Plc's COVID-19 vaccines were triggered by an autoimmune response that some people may have a genetic predisposition to.

Researchers discovered that the rare but deadly blood clots associated with Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca Plc's COVID-19 vaccines were triggered by an autoimmune response that some people may have a genetic predisposition to. This finding is expected to influence the development of future vaccines. According to scientists who wrote a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine on Wednesday (May 15), said that adenovirus-based vaccines such as the J&J and AstraZeneca shots, which were withdrawn from the market, include a component capable of inducing blood clots in people with a genetic vulnerability. Researchers said they will try to narrow down the component and then try to eliminate it through genetic modification, as reported by Bloomberg. Tom Gordon, head of immunology at Flinders University in South Australia, whose investigative work led to the discovery, said that the extent of susceptibility to this complication remains unknown. He described the immune reaction associated with the vaccine as "a new disease" stressing on the likelihood of more cases being documented as hematologists and intensive care specialists become more used to these conditions. According to the Yale School of Medicine, out of over 18 million recipients of the single-dose J&J vaccine, there were 60 reported cases of the clotting disorder, resulting in nine deaths. Also read | Plea filed in India’s top court seeking investigation into Covid vaccine Covishield's side effects Following a small number of clot-related deaths associated with the AstraZeneca vaccine, it was withdrawn or restricted in Denmark, Norway, and other nations in 2021. In Australia, where the AstraZeneca shot has not been available since March 2023, the complication occurred in approximately 2-3 people per 100,000 vaccinated individuals under the age of 60. The European Commission revoked the marketing authorisation for this vaccine in March 2024. “AstraZeneca welcomes any further examination of the possible underlying mechanism of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), given that, despite extensive investigation, we do not yet understand the mechanism that can in very rare cases be a trigger for TTS,” a spokesperson for the company told Bloomberg. J&J also said that it is open to research that helps in the development of safe and effective vaccines. “More data are needed to fully understand potential factors that may be associated with this rare event, including its potential relationship with adeno- and other viruses, to draw appropriate conclusions about the underlying pathogenesis,” the company said in an email sent to Bloomberg. Also read | AstraZeneca Covid vaccine: Court case, rare side effects, admission of guilt, and more. All you need to know Upsides of the vaccine Both vaccines were crucial in vaccine campaigns in the initial phases of the pandemic. An assessment indicated that the AstraZeneca vaccine potentially saved around 6.3 million lives in 2021. However, the mRNA vaccines produced by Pfizer Inc.-BioNTech SE and Moderna Inc. were subsequently discovered to offer higher effectiveness against Covid and have been modified to address more recent virus variants. (With inputs from agencies)

Genetics linked to rare blood clots from J&J and AstraZeneca Covid vaccines, researchers claim

A new study has found that men with low testosterone levels are more likely to die early. While the death amongst men was from many causes, mostly, they died of heart disease.&nbsp;

The study was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.&nbsp;

<h2>Men with low testosterone: What is the study about?</h2>

In the study led by a team of researchers from the University of Western Australia, the results of 11 high-quality study were combined in a meta analysis of the effects of testosterone levels on a male lifespan.&nbsp;

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Testosterone levels usually decline&nbsp;by about 1 per cent per year from the age of 30. This is also referred to as the male menopause or andropause.

<h2>Low testosterone causing disease or disease causing low testosterone</h2>

The fundamental limitation of the new study is that it is not able to figure out if the low testosterone directly causes an increased risk of death.

The condition among prostate cancer patients helps unravel the relationship between low testosterone and possible death.

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When the cancer spreads, the patient is given drugs that drastically lower testosterone levels.&nbsp;

Despite improving prostate cancer, this treatment increases the risk of heart attack and stroke in the patients, and thereby death.

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So while low testosterone may be a marker of disease, it is also reported to be an indicative factor in the development of future disease and possible death.

Given the risks associated with low testosterone levels, men are clinically recommended to avoid things that reduce T-levels. That is, men must adopt a healthy lifestyle and avoid putting on weight.&nbsp;

But when levels are low, treatment to replace the missing testosterone could be an option.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new study has found that men with low testosterone levels are more likely to die early. While the death amongst men was from many causes, mostly, they died of heart disease.

A new study has found that men with low testosterone levels are more likely to die early. While the death amongst men was from many causes, mostly, they died of heart disease. The study was published in the Annals of Internal Medicine. Men with low testosterone: What is the study about? In the study led by a team of researchers from the University of Western Australia, the results of 11 high-quality study were combined in a meta analysis of the effects of testosterone levels on a male lifespan. Also watch | Gravitas: Europe battling drug shortage × Testosterone levels usually decline by about 1 per cent per year from the age of 30. This is also referred to as the male menopause or andropause. Low testosterone causing disease or disease causing low testosterone The fundamental limitation of the new study is that it is not able to figure out if the low testosterone directly causes an increased risk of death. The condition among prostate cancer patients helps unravel the relationship between low testosterone and possible death. Also read | Scientists close to developing testosterone patches to help women combat menopause-related issues When the cancer spreads, the patient is given drugs that drastically lower testosterone levels. Despite improving prostate cancer, this treatment increases the risk of heart attack and stroke in the patients, and thereby death. Also read | 5 Best Nuts For Testosterone Levels So while low testosterone may be a marker of disease, it is also reported to be an indicative factor in the development of future disease and possible death. Given the risks associated with low testosterone levels, men are clinically recommended to avoid things that reduce T-levels. That is, men must adopt a healthy lifestyle and avoid putting on weight. But when levels are low, treatment to replace the missing testosterone could be an option. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists find potential link between early death and low testosterone levels

Baobabs, the iconic trees native to Madagascar, are known for their distinctive swollen trunk, which can store water to help the tree survive in arid climates. They can live for thousands of years and play important ecological roles in their habitats, providing food, shelter, and water for various animals and insects.&nbsp;

The migration of baobab trees from Madagascar to mainland Africa and Australia was an intriguing botanical puzzle that researchers have been exploring for many years. However, a recent study has finally provided an answer to this.&nbsp;The research, employing genomic analyses alongside ecological and geological data, has shed light on its origins and dispersion.

According to the findings, the baobab lineage originated in Madagascar approximately 21 million years ago. It extended its reach to Africa and Australia within the past 12 million years. Two baobab lineages that became extinct in Madagascar managed to establish themselves - one in Africa and the other in Australia.

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It is believed that baobab seed pods floated from Madagascar to mainland Africa, about 250 miles to the west, and to Australia, spanning over 4,000 miles to the east.

One of the authors of the study&nbsp;Tao Wan said,&nbsp;"The plants almost certainly got to Africa and Australia floating on or with vegetation rafts."&nbsp;Wan elaborated that the Indian Ocean gyre likely facilitated the long-distance dispersal to Australia, carrying baobab seed pods from Madagascar through its current paths.

<h2>Massive trunks with over 26,400 gallons of water</h2>

Study co-author Andrew Leitch of Queen Mary University of London said, "The trees have astonishing and distinctive growth forms, some species with massive trunks that are hollow cylinders of low-quality wood ramified with many water-filled living cells. Some of the largest and oldest trees in Australia have been estimated to hold more than 100,000 litres&nbsp;(26,400 gallons) of water."

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Besides their practical uses, baobabs have cultural significance in many African societies.&nbsp;"The people of Kafue in Africa have a legend that four beautiful maidens used a tree for shade and the tree fell in love with them," Wan said.

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"But the maidens fell in love with humans, so the tree got jealous and imprisoned them in its trunk, where they remain to this day. People say you can hear them still, I guess because the hollow center acts as some sort of sound chamber in some trees," he added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Baobabs, the iconic trees native to Madagascar, are known for their distinctive swollen trunk, which can store water to help the tree survive in arid climates. They can live for thousands of years and play important ecological roles in their habitats, providing food, shelter, and water for various animals and insects.

Baobabs, the iconic trees native to Madagascar, are known for their distinctive swollen trunk, which can store water to help the tree survive in arid climates. They can live for thousands of years and play important ecological roles in their habitats, providing food, shelter, and water for various animals and insects. The migration of baobab trees from Madagascar to mainland Africa and Australia was an intriguing botanical puzzle that researchers have been exploring for many years. However, a recent study has finally provided an answer to this. The research, employing genomic analyses alongside ecological and geological data, has shed light on its origins and dispersion. According to the findings, the baobab lineage originated in Madagascar approximately 21 million years ago. It extended its reach to Africa and Australia within the past 12 million years. Two baobab lineages that became extinct in Madagascar managed to establish themselves - one in Africa and the other in Australia. Also Read | NASA gears up for Artemis landing; practices mission moonwalk in Arizona desert It is believed that baobab seed pods floated from Madagascar to mainland Africa, about 250 miles to the west, and to Australia, spanning over 4,000 miles to the east. One of the authors of the study Tao Wan said, "The plants almost certainly got to Africa and Australia floating on or with vegetation rafts." Wan elaborated that the Indian Ocean gyre likely facilitated the long-distance dispersal to Australia, carrying baobab seed pods from Madagascar through its current paths. Massive trunks with over 26,400 gallons of water Study co-author Andrew Leitch of Queen Mary University of London said, "The trees have astonishing and distinctive growth forms, some species with massive trunks that are hollow cylinders of low-quality wood ramified with many water-filled living cells. Some of the largest and oldest trees in Australia have been estimated to hold more than 100,000 litres (26,400 gallons) of water." Also Read | NASA: Colourful Phytoplankton bloom, microscopic plant-like organisms, seen in Celtic Sea Besides their practical uses, baobabs have cultural significance in many African societies. "The people of Kafue in Africa have a legend that four beautiful maidens used a tree for shade and the tree fell in love with them," Wan said. Watch | Sun launches strongest Solar flare of its current 11-year cycle × "But the maidens fell in love with humans, so the tree got jealous and imprisoned them in its trunk, where they remain to this day. People say you can hear them still, I guess because the hollow center acts as some sort of sound chamber in some trees," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Mysteries of Baobab trees solved! Genomic study reveals dispersion from Madagascar to Africa, Australia

A major study has revealed that infertility treatment patients are twice as likely to be hospitalised with heart disease after delivery as compared to the ones who conceive naturally. The study by New Jersey's Rutgers health experts is based in more than 31 million hospital records.

But the hospitalisation risk was found to be a function of age. That is, the risk of hospitalisation due to heart disease among infertility patients increased if they were of more age.&nbsp;

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: Is being overweight affecting your fertility?

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The work is published in the Journal of Internal Medicine.

The study found that the patients who underwent infertility were particularly likely—2.16 times as likely as those who conceived naturally—to undergo hospitalisation for dangerously high blood pressure or hypertension.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-asked-to-act-now-to-avoid-fertility-crisis-as-seen-in-japan-china-704024">India asked to ‘act now’ to avoid fertility crisis as seen in Japan, China</a>

"Postpartum checkups are necessary for all patients, but this study indicates they are particularly important for patients who undergo infertility treatment to achieve a conception," Rei Yamada, an obstetrics and gynecology resident at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and lead author of the study, said in a statement.

<h2>What does it mean?</h2>

According to the authors of the study, the results support standards of healthcare that now call for an initial postpartum checkup three weeks after delivery. But these standards are yet to be implemented in many parts of the world

Much of the increased risk came in the first month after delivery, especially for patients who developed dangerously high blood pressure.

"And these results aren't the only ones to indicate that follow-up should occur early," said Cande Ananth of Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, who is the senior author of the study.

"We have been involved in a series of studies over the past few years that have found serious risks of heart disease and stroke to various high-risk patient populations within those initial 30 days after delivery—risks that could be mitigated with earlier follow-up care."

The researchers used data from more than 31 million patients who were discharged following delivery from 2010 to 2018.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

A major study has revealed that infertility treatment patients are twice as likely to be hospitalised with heart disease after delivery as compared to the ones who conceive naturally.

A major study has revealed that infertility treatment patients are twice as likely to be hospitalised with heart disease after delivery as compared to the ones who conceive naturally. The study by New Jersey's Rutgers health experts is based in more than 31 million hospital records. But the hospitalisation risk was found to be a function of age. That is, the risk of hospitalisation due to heart disease among infertility patients increased if they were of more age. Also watch | Gravitas: Is being overweight affecting your fertility? × The work is published in the Journal of Internal Medicine. The study found that the patients who underwent infertility were particularly likely—2.16 times as likely as those who conceived naturally—to undergo hospitalisation for dangerously high blood pressure or hypertension. Also read | India asked to ‘act now’ to avoid fertility crisis as seen in Japan, China "Postpartum checkups are necessary for all patients, but this study indicates they are particularly important for patients who undergo infertility treatment to achieve a conception," Rei Yamada, an obstetrics and gynecology resident at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and lead author of the study, said in a statement. What does it mean? According to the authors of the study, the results support standards of healthcare that now call for an initial postpartum checkup three weeks after delivery. But these standards are yet to be implemented in many parts of the world Much of the increased risk came in the first month after delivery, especially for patients who developed dangerously high blood pressure. "And these results aren't the only ones to indicate that follow-up should occur early," said Cande Ananth of Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, who is the senior author of the study. "We have been involved in a series of studies over the past few years that have found serious risks of heart disease and stroke to various high-risk patient populations within those initial 30 days after delivery—risks that could be mitigated with earlier follow-up care." The researchers used data from more than 31 million patients who were discharged following delivery from 2010 to 2018. (With inputs from agencies)

Infertility treatment doubles the risk of heart disease within first month of delivery: Study

One of NASA’s most ambitious moon explorations, the Artemis III mission is set to launch no earlier than September 2026. The date might be tentative, but the American space agency is certainly aiming to land humans on the moon by next year for which&nbsp;preparations are&nbsp;in full swing.

On Tuesday, as part of NASA’s Artemis campaign, the agency is started a&nbsp;week-long field tests at the San Francisco Field near Flagstaff, Arizona. The field is said to have a lunar-like landscape, where NASA astronauts Kate Rubins and Andre Douglas are carrying out various tests.

NASA released pictures on Tuesday from the testing field in San Francisco, where astronauts can be seen donning mockup spacesuit systems as they traverse through the desert.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-colourful-phytoplankton-bloom-microscopic-plant-like-organisms-seen-in-celtic-sea-721984">NASA: Colourful Phytoplankton bloom, microscopic plant-like organisms, seen in Celtic Sea</a>

During these field tests, two integrated teams from NASA will work together as they practice end-to-end lunar operations. One team will consist of astronauts, NASA engineers, and field experts in the Arizona desert conducting the simulated moonwalks, while another team of flight controllers and scientists at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston will monitor and guide their activities.

The teams will complete a variety of technology demonstrations, hardware checkouts and Artemis science-related operations.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/three-stars-found-circling-milky-ways-halo-study-shows-they-were-formed-13-billion-years-ago-721754">Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago</a>

“Field tests play a critical role in helping us test all of the systems, hardware, and technology we’ll need to conduct successful lunar operations during Artemis missions,” said Barbara Janoiko, director for the field test at Johnson.&nbsp;

“Our engineering and science teams have worked together seamlessly to ensure we are prepared every step of the way for when astronauts step foot on the Moon again.” &nbsp;&nbsp;

The test consists of four simulated moonwalks that follow operations planned for Artemis III and beyond, as well as six advanced technology runs. During the advanced runs, teams will demonstrate technology that may be used for future Artemis missions.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/blood-proteins-could-forewarn-cancer-diagnosis-by-over-7-years-suggests-study-721949">Blood proteins could forewarn cancer diagnosis by over 7 years, suggests study</a>On the other hand, the science team at Johnson will develop various science objectives for the field test. Their preparation included generating geologic maps, a list of science questions, and prioritized moonwalk locations for both the primary and backup “landing sites” for the test.

The tests will evaluate gaps and challenges associated with lunar South Pole operations, including data collection and communications between the flight control and science teams in Houston for rapid decision-making protocols.

(With inputs from agencies)

One of NASA’s most ambitious moon explorations, the Artemis III mission is set to launch no earlier than September 2026. The date might be tentative, but the American space agency is certainly aiming to land humans on the moon by next year for which preparations are in full swing.

One of NASA’s most ambitious moon explorations, the Artemis III mission is set to launch no earlier than September 2026. The date might be tentative, but the American space agency is certainly aiming to land humans on the moon by next year for which preparations are in full swing. On Tuesday, as part of NASA’s Artemis campaign, the agency is started a week-long field tests at the San Francisco Field near Flagstaff, Arizona. The field is said to have a lunar-like landscape, where NASA astronauts Kate Rubins and Andre Douglas are carrying out various tests. NASA released pictures on Tuesday from the testing field in San Francisco, where astronauts can be seen donning mockup spacesuit systems as they traverse through the desert. Also Read | NASA: Colourful Phytoplankton bloom, microscopic plant-like organisms, seen in Celtic Sea During these field tests, two integrated teams from NASA will work together as they practice end-to-end lunar operations. One team will consist of astronauts, NASA engineers, and field experts in the Arizona desert conducting the simulated moonwalks, while another team of flight controllers and scientists at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston will monitor and guide their activities. The teams will complete a variety of technology demonstrations, hardware checkouts and Artemis science-related operations. Also Read | Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago “Field tests play a critical role in helping us test all of the systems, hardware, and technology we’ll need to conduct successful lunar operations during Artemis missions,” said Barbara Janoiko, director for the field test at Johnson. “Our engineering and science teams have worked together seamlessly to ensure we are prepared every step of the way for when astronauts step foot on the Moon again.” The test consists of four simulated moonwalks that follow operations planned for Artemis III and beyond, as well as six advanced technology runs. During the advanced runs, teams will demonstrate technology that may be used for future Artemis missions. Also Read | Blood proteins could forewarn cancer diagnosis by over 7 years, suggests studyOn the other hand, the science team at Johnson will develop various science objectives for the field test. Their preparation included generating geologic maps, a list of science questions, and prioritized moonwalk locations for both the primary and backup “landing sites” for the test. The tests will evaluate gaps and challenges associated with lunar South Pole operations, including data collection and communications between the flight control and science teams in Houston for rapid decision-making protocols. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA gears up for Artemis landing; practices mission moonwalk in Arizona desert

NASA's Aqua satellite, part of its Earth Observing System (EOS), on May 10 captured a strikingly&nbsp;colourful picture of the Celtic Sea, an area of the North Atlantic Ocean known for its maritime-rich ecosystems.&nbsp;

The image showed large colourful patterns on the sea of vibrant greens and blues stretched across. The colours could be attributed to phytoplankton bloom -&nbsp;microscopic plant-like organisms spread across the Celtic Sea.

The picture is illuminating for hundreds of kilometres and is simply breathtaking.&nbsp;

Aqua satellite carries several instruments onboard that observe various aspects of Earth's systems, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and ice. It provides valuable data for understanding climate change, weather patterns, and the Earth's water resources.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/blood-proteins-could-forewarn-cancer-diagnosis-by-over-7-years-suggests-study-721949">Blood proteins could forewarn cancer diagnosis by over 7 years, suggests study</a>

This dazzling display was due to phytoplankton bloom, a natural spectacle fueled by warming temperatures and increased sunlight. Satellites observed the colourful phenomenon for over a week with the MODIS instrument.

<h2>Colorful canvas of Phytoplankton blooms</h2>

Phytoplankton, minuscule plant-like organisms, thrive near the ocean's surface. They are also primary producers, meaning they convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis.&nbsp;

They are a primary food source for a wide range of marine organisms, including small fish, shellfish, and whales. They form the base of the marine food chain. It supports the entire ecosystem.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/three-stars-found-circling-milky-ways-halo-study-shows-they-were-formed-13-billion-years-ago-721754">Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago</a>

As spring transitions into summer, the northern seas, including the Celtic Sea, North Sea, and Barents Sea, become prime locations for these breathtaking blooms.

Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/sun-launches-strongest-solar-flare-of-its-current-11-year-cycle-721926">Sun launches strongest Solar flare of its current 11-year cycle</a>

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Diatoms dominate early in the season, colouring the waters green with their silica shells and chlorophyll-rich bodies. As temperatures rise and the water stratifies, coccolithophores, adorned with reflective calcium carbonate plates, transform the sea into a mesmerising turquoise-blue expanse.

The unique blend of colours within these blooms may arise from a variety of phytoplankton species or from the presence of coloured dissolved organic matter in the surrounding waters. This organic matter can imbue the seawater with shades ranging from green to yellow-green to brown, in accordance to its concentration.

(With inputs from agencies)

NASA's Aqua satellite, part of its Earth Observing System (EOS), on May 10 captured a strikingly colourful picture of the Celtic Sea, an area of the North Atlantic Ocean known for its maritime-rich ecosystems.

NASA's Aqua satellite, part of its Earth Observing System (EOS), on May 10 captured a strikingly colourful picture of the Celtic Sea, an area of the North Atlantic Ocean known for its maritime-rich ecosystems. The image showed large colourful patterns on the sea of vibrant greens and blues stretched across. The colours could be attributed to phytoplankton bloom - microscopic plant-like organisms spread across the Celtic Sea. The picture is illuminating for hundreds of kilometres and is simply breathtaking. Aqua satellite carries several instruments onboard that observe various aspects of Earth's systems, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and ice. It provides valuable data for understanding climate change, weather patterns, and the Earth's water resources. Also Read | Blood proteins could forewarn cancer diagnosis by over 7 years, suggests study This dazzling display was due to phytoplankton bloom, a natural spectacle fueled by warming temperatures and increased sunlight. Satellites observed the colourful phenomenon for over a week with the MODIS instrument. Colorful canvas of Phytoplankton blooms Phytoplankton, minuscule plant-like organisms, thrive near the ocean's surface. They are also primary producers, meaning they convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis. They are a primary food source for a wide range of marine organisms, including small fish, shellfish, and whales. They form the base of the marine food chain. It supports the entire ecosystem. Also Read | Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago As spring transitions into summer, the northern seas, including the Celtic Sea, North Sea, and Barents Sea, become prime locations for these breathtaking blooms. Watch | Sun launches strongest Solar flare of its current 11-year cycle × Diatoms dominate early in the season, colouring the waters green with their silica shells and chlorophyll-rich bodies. As temperatures rise and the water stratifies, coccolithophores, adorned with reflective calcium carbonate plates, transform the sea into a mesmerising turquoise-blue expanse. The unique blend of colours within these blooms may arise from a variety of phytoplankton species or from the presence of coloured dissolved organic matter in the surrounding waters. This organic matter can imbue the seawater with shades ranging from green to yellow-green to brown, in accordance to its concentration. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA: Colourful microscopic plant-like organisms seen in Celtic Sea

Finding cancer early is incredibly important. When cancer is detected early, it's typically at a smaller size and has not spread to other parts of the body, making it easier to treat. It can also lead to higher survival rates because many types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer, have much higher survival rates when detected early compared to later stages.

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Oxford suggested that proteins found in the blood might serve as indicators for cancer detection several years before diagnosis.

The research, funded by Cancer Research UK and published in Nature Communications, analysed blood samples from more than 44,000 individuals. This included over 4,900 who were later diagnosed with cancer.

By comparing the proteins in the blood of those who developed cancer with those who did not, the scientists identified 618 proteins associated with 19 different types of cancer. These cancer types included cancers such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colon, lung, and liver cancer.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/three-stars-found-circling-milky-ways-halo-study-shows-they-were-formed-13-billion-years-ago-721754">Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago</a>

Moreover, the study uncovered 107 proteins linked to cancers diagnosed more than seven years after the blood sample was taken. A total of 182 proteins were strongly associated with cancer diagnosis within three years.

A senior nutritional epidemiologist at the University of Oxford Dr Keren Papier, who is also the joint first author of the study, spoke on the importance of understanding the role of blood proteins in cancer risk.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-found-new-earth-sized-planet-where-days-and-nights-are-never-ending-721791">Astronomers found new Earth-sized planet where days and nights are never-ending</a>

The author said, “To save more lives from cancer, we need to better understand what happens at the earliest stages of the disease … [and] how the proteins in our blood can affect our risk of cancer. Now we need to study these proteins in depth to see which ones could be reliably used for prevention.”

<h2>Related study</h2>

Another related study examined genetic data from over 300,000 cancer cases and identified 40 proteins in the blood. However, the researchers noted that altering these proteins might have unintended side effects.

Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/sun-launches-strongest-solar-flare-of-its-current-11-year-cycle-721926">Sun launches strongest Solar flare of its current 11-year cycle</a>

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Commenting on the findings, a professor at Queen’s University Belfast Mark Lawler&nbsp;highlighted the significance of detecting cancer before clinical manifestations. Lawler said,&nbsp;“The data are impressive – finding evidence of cancer before it has manifested itself clinically provides a critical window of opportunity to treat with a greater chance for success, or even more importantly to achieve the holy grail of preventing cancer before it can even occur. More work to be done, but an important step forward in a disease that affects one in two of UK citizens during their lives.”

The studies hold immense value as early detection can improve a person's quality of life by avoiding more aggressive treatments and alleviating the stress that often come with cancer diagnosis.

(With inputs from agencies) 
&nbsp;

Finding cancer early is incredibly important. When cancer is detected early, it's typically at a smaller size and has not spread to other parts of the body, making it easier to treat.

Finding cancer early is incredibly important. When cancer is detected early, it's typically at a smaller size and has not spread to other parts of the body, making it easier to treat. It can also lead to higher survival rates because many types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer, have much higher survival rates when detected early compared to later stages. A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Oxford suggested that proteins found in the blood might serve as indicators for cancer detection several years before diagnosis. The research, funded by Cancer Research UK and published in Nature Communications, analysed blood samples from more than 44,000 individuals. This included over 4,900 who were later diagnosed with cancer. By comparing the proteins in the blood of those who developed cancer with those who did not, the scientists identified 618 proteins associated with 19 different types of cancer. These cancer types included cancers such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colon, lung, and liver cancer. Also Read | Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago Moreover, the study uncovered 107 proteins linked to cancers diagnosed more than seven years after the blood sample was taken. A total of 182 proteins were strongly associated with cancer diagnosis within three years. A senior nutritional epidemiologist at the University of Oxford Dr Keren Papier, who is also the joint first author of the study, spoke on the importance of understanding the role of blood proteins in cancer risk. Also Read | Astronomers found new Earth-sized planet where days and nights are never-ending The author said, “To save more lives from cancer, we need to better understand what happens at the earliest stages of the disease … [and] how the proteins in our blood can affect our risk of cancer. Now we need to study these proteins in depth to see which ones could be reliably used for prevention.” Related study Another related study examined genetic data from over 300,000 cancer cases and identified 40 proteins in the blood. However, the researchers noted that altering these proteins might have unintended side effects. Watch | Sun launches strongest Solar flare of its current 11-year cycle × Commenting on the findings, a professor at Queen’s University Belfast Mark Lawler highlighted the significance of detecting cancer before clinical manifestations. Lawler said, “The data are impressive – finding evidence of cancer before it has manifested itself clinically provides a critical window of opportunity to treat with a greater chance for success, or even more importantly to achieve the holy grail of preventing cancer before it can even occur. More work to be done, but an important step forward in a disease that affects one in two of UK citizens during their lives.” The studies hold immense value as early detection can improve a person's quality of life by avoiding more aggressive treatments and alleviating the stress that often come with cancer diagnosis. (With inputs from agencies)

Blood proteins could forewarn cancer diagnosis by over 7 years, suggests study

A powerful solar storm unleashed its fury upon Earth in early May, originating from the highly active region AR13664 on the Sun's surface.&nbsp;This cosmic event, marked by a series of flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), proved to be the most intense geomagnetic storm since 2003, wreaking havoc on communication and GPS systems globally.

The geomagnetic storm index (Kp) surged to its maximum level of 9, and a very strong X-class flare with a magnitude of 5.8 was recorded. Spaceborne assets of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) captured the signatures of&nbsp;the solar storm that was felt worldwide, with trans-polar flights already being rerouted due to the heightened risks posed by the storm.

However, India experienced relatively lesser effects, owing to the timing of the storm's peak when the ionosphere was not fully developed. "Being at lower latitudes, widespread outages haven't been reported in India. Ionosphere was very turbulent over the Pacific and American sectors," ISRO said.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/sun-releases-strongest-x-ray-flares-since-2005-scientists-warn-massive-sunspot-yet-to-burst-721537">Sun releases strongest X-ray flares since 2005, scientists warn massive sunspot yet to burst</a>

Ground-based observations provided crucial insights into the event's effects on Earth's atmosphere.

The GNSS network observations at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory&nbsp;at Gadanki, Andhra Pradesh showed&nbsp;decreases in Total Electron Content (TEC) which later increased, indicating disturbances in the ionosphere.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-attempt-to-recreate-50000-year-old-ancient-herpes-viruses-721541">Scientists attempt to recreate 50,000-year-old ancient 'herpes' viruses</a>

The Aditya-L1 also provided valuable data on solar wind dynamics while Chandrayaan-2 gave the signatures of this solar storm from the lunar polar orbit.&nbsp;

"The ISRO Navigation Centre has not noticed any significant degradation in the NaVIC service metrices till now, indicating no or negligible impact from the geomagnetic storm," ISRO said in a press release.&nbsp;

<h2>Satellite orbit decay rates</h2>

The aftermath of the solar storm is not without consequences. Satellite orbit decay rates, which refers to the gradual decrease in altitude of a satellite orbiting the Earth due to various factors, also witnessed an increase.

Watch | With ultra-processed foods, one is at higher risk of premature death: Study

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"In general, the orbit decay of all satellites increased by 5 to 6 times compared to nominal value on 11 May 2024," the Indian space agency said.&nbsp;

Explaining the decay, ISRO said, "During solar events like this, the energy released from the Sun heats and expands the upper atmosphere. This increased atmospheric density at satellite altitudes creates more drag on satellites, causing them to lose altitude gradually. This effect is most pronounced for satellites in low-Earth orbit."

(With inputs from agencies)

A powerful solar storm unleashed its fury upon Earth in early May, originating from the highly active region AR13664 on the Sun's surface. This cosmic event, marked by a series of flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), proved to be the most intense geomagnetic storm since 2003, wreaking havoc on communication and GPS systems globally.

A powerful solar storm unleashed its fury upon Earth in early May, originating from the highly active region AR13664 on the Sun's surface. This cosmic event, marked by a series of flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), proved to be the most intense geomagnetic storm since 2003, wreaking havoc on communication and GPS systems globally. The geomagnetic storm index (Kp) surged to its maximum level of 9, and a very strong X-class flare with a magnitude of 5.8 was recorded. Spaceborne assets of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) captured the signatures of the solar storm that was felt worldwide, with trans-polar flights already being rerouted due to the heightened risks posed by the storm. However, India experienced relatively lesser effects, owing to the timing of the storm's peak when the ionosphere was not fully developed. "Being at lower latitudes, widespread outages haven't been reported in India. Ionosphere was very turbulent over the Pacific and American sectors," ISRO said. Also Read | Sun releases strongest X-ray flares since 2005, scientists warn massive sunspot yet to burst Ground-based observations provided crucial insights into the event's effects on Earth's atmosphere. The GNSS network observations at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Gadanki, Andhra Pradesh showed decreases in Total Electron Content (TEC) which later increased, indicating disturbances in the ionosphere. Also Read | Scientists attempt to recreate 50,000-year-old ancient 'herpes' viruses The Aditya-L1 also provided valuable data on solar wind dynamics while Chandrayaan-2 gave the signatures of this solar storm from the lunar polar orbit. "The ISRO Navigation Centre has not noticed any significant degradation in the NaVIC service metrices till now, indicating no or negligible impact from the geomagnetic storm," ISRO said in a press release. Satellite orbit decay rates The aftermath of the solar storm is not without consequences. Satellite orbit decay rates, which refers to the gradual decrease in altitude of a satellite orbiting the Earth due to various factors, also witnessed an increase. Watch | With ultra-processed foods, one is at higher risk of premature death: Study × "In general, the orbit decay of all satellites increased by 5 to 6 times compared to nominal value on 11 May 2024," the Indian space agency said. Explaining the decay, ISRO said, "During solar events like this, the energy released from the Sun heats and expands the upper atmosphere. This increased atmospheric density at satellite altitudes creates more drag on satellites, causing them to lose altitude gradually. This effect is most pronounced for satellites in low-Earth orbit." (With inputs from agencies)

ISRO: Aditya-L1, Chandrayaan-2 capture signatures of solar storm

WASP-193b, located 1,200 light-years from Earth, is a real outlier among the more than 5,000 exoplanets found so far. This new planet has a density similar to cotton candy since it is 50% bigger than Jupiter but seven times less dense.

"WASP-193b is the second least dense planet discovered to date, after Kepler-51d, which is much smaller," said Khalid Barkaoui, the study's first author and postdoctoral researcher at ULiege's EXOTIC Laboratory. The study was published in Nature Astronomy.

Even under the implausible premise of a coreless structure, traditional models of irradiated gas giants cannot account for the planet's very low density. "Its extremely low density makes it a real anomaly among the more than five thousand exoplanets discovered to date," Barkaoui continues.

The first to identify the new planet was the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP), an international initiative that used two robotic observatories to examine hundreds of stars' brightness in the sky. A transiting planet was detected by periodic dips in the brightness from the star WASP-193.

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Subsequently, the group measured the planetary signal at several wavelengths and confirmed that the eclipsing object was really planetary using the Chilean observatories TRAPPIST-South and SPECULOOS-South. The planet's mass was determined using spectroscopic measurements made with the CORALIE and HARPS spectrographs in Chile.&nbsp;

With a mass and size of around 0.14 and 1.5 times that of Jupiter, respectively, the planet's density was found to be very low based on the cumulative measurements: 0.059 grams per cubic centimeter, or approximately the same as cotton candy.

According to co-author and MIT professor Julien de Wit, "the planet is so light that it's difficult to think of an analogous, solid-state material." "The planet is basically super fluffy."

Scientists believe that WASP-193b is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, and that its massively inflated atmosphere stretches tens of thousands of kilometers beyond the atmosphere of Jupiter. Nevertheless, how a planet may expand to such a degree is still outside the current understanding of planetary formation theories.

"We don't know where to put this planet in all the formation theories we have right now, because it's an outlier of all of them. We cannot explain how this planet was formed," added Francisco Pozuelos, astronomer at the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia.

(With inputs from agencies)

WASP-193b, located 1,200 light-years from Earth, is a real outlier among the more than 5,000 exoplanets found so far. This new planet has a density similar to cotton candy since it is 50% bigger than Jupiter but seven times less dense.

WASP-193b, located 1,200 light-years from Earth, is a real outlier among the more than 5,000 exoplanets found so far. This new planet has a density similar to cotton candy since it is 50% bigger than Jupiter but seven times less dense. "WASP-193b is the second least dense planet discovered to date, after Kepler-51d, which is much smaller," said Khalid Barkaoui, the study's first author and postdoctoral researcher at ULiege's EXOTIC Laboratory. The study was published in Nature Astronomy. Even under the implausible premise of a coreless structure, traditional models of irradiated gas giants cannot account for the planet's very low density. "Its extremely low density makes it a real anomaly among the more than five thousand exoplanets discovered to date," Barkaoui continues. The first to identify the new planet was the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP), an international initiative that used two robotic observatories to examine hundreds of stars' brightness in the sky. A transiting planet was detected by periodic dips in the brightness from the star WASP-193. Also read: Face of Stone Age man thought to have drowned 4,000 years ago reconstructed Subsequently, the group measured the planetary signal at several wavelengths and confirmed that the eclipsing object was really planetary using the Chilean observatories TRAPPIST-South and SPECULOOS-South. The planet's mass was determined using spectroscopic measurements made with the CORALIE and HARPS spectrographs in Chile. With a mass and size of around 0.14 and 1.5 times that of Jupiter, respectively, the planet's density was found to be very low based on the cumulative measurements: 0.059 grams per cubic centimeter, or approximately the same as cotton candy. According to co-author and MIT professor Julien de Wit, "the planet is so light that it's difficult to think of an analogous, solid-state material." "The planet is basically super fluffy." Scientists believe that WASP-193b is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, and that its massively inflated atmosphere stretches tens of thousands of kilometers beyond the atmosphere of Jupiter. Nevertheless, how a planet may expand to such a degree is still outside the current understanding of planetary formation theories. "We don't know where to put this planet in all the formation theories we have right now, because it's an outlier of all of them. We cannot explain how this planet was formed," added Francisco Pozuelos, astronomer at the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia. (With inputs from agencies)

The fluffy giant: New planet ‘WASP-193b’ defies expectations with cotton candy-like density

The sun emitted its biggest solar flare since 2005 on Tuesday (May 14), days after Earth was hit by severe solar storms and led to dazzling northern lights in different places.

The sun emitted its biggest solar flare since 2005 on Tuesday (May 14), days after Earth was hit by severe solar storms and led to dazzling northern lights in different places. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Centre, the latest flare reached its peak just before 1 pm ET and had an X-class rating of X8.7. X-class solar flares are the strongest solar flares, which according to NASA are "giant explosions on the sun that send energy, light and high speed particles into space." As per the centre, the solar flare was an R3 or "strong" flare, which meant that it may have led to wide-area blackouts of high-frequency radio communications for nearly an hour on the Earth's sunlit side. Also Read: Gigantic sunspot, wide enough to fill 15 worlds, hits Earth with powerful X-class solar flare It may have also led to low-frequency navigation signal issues during the same period of time. Sunspot, much larger than Earth, to soon explode into flares "Flares of this magnitude are not frequent," said the centre in its update, as the NOAA also wrote, "Region 3664 not done yet!" The solar flare was released from the sunspot named 3664. When that spot is combined with another sunspot dubbed 3663, it becomes "much larger than Earth," NOAA said. The Sun emitted a strong solar flare on May 14, 2024, peaking at 12:51pm ET. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured an image of the event, which was classified as X8.7. https://t.co/njaYS2IutE pic.twitter.com/oIJn2gmIUF — NASA Sun & Space (@NASASun) May 14, 2024 × The centre said that till last Thursday, 3664 was only continuing "to grow and increase in magnetic complexity and has evolved into a higher threat of increased solar flare risk." Just before the massive solar flare, two other solar flares, rated X1.7 and X1.2, also erupted, even though they were not likely to have any major impact on Earth. Even though the flare had intensity, the officials said that they were not concerned about coronal mass ejection. Such coronal mass ejection had caused geomagnetic storms like the rare extreme storm which took place over the weekend and sent the northern lights to far lower latitudes than normal. It also jeopardised the GPS systems on which farmers rely during the planting season. Watch: Strong solar storm hits earth; threatens to disrupt communication & power grids "Due to its location, any CME associated with this flare will likely not have any geomagnetic impacts on Earth," the Space Weather Prediction Center said. Currently, Earth is in Solar Cycle 25 which started in 2020. "While we are not predicting a particularly active Solar Cycle 25, violent eruptions from the Sun can occur at any time," said Doug Biesecker, a solar physicist at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Centre. (With inputs from agencies)

Sun releases strongest X-ray flares since 2005, scientists warn massive sunspot yet to burst

Imagine 50,000-year-old ancient viruses coming back to haunt us, the modern humans. This may soon be a reality, as scientists attempt to recreate viruses that used to plague our Neanderthal ancestors.

<h2>Why recreate dangerous ancient viruses?</h2>

Scientists want to recreate the viruses to study them.

Marcelo Briones, the lead author of the study, said they plan to try to synthesise the "Jurassic Park-like viruses" to see how they compare to modern ones.

They found the ancient viruses locked within the approximately 50,000-year-old bones of two male Neanderthals unearthed in a cave in Russia’s Altai mountains.

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<h2>Were they able to identify the viruses?</h2>

As per reports, the ancient viruses scientists found were remnants of herpesvirus (responsible for cold sores), the sexually transmitted papillomavirus, and the adenovirus (commonly causing colds).

The discovery was made in the Chagyrskaya cave, where a group of nine related Neanderthal&nbsp;remains were found in 2022. This group included a daughter and her father, as well as other relatives. Their DNA has provided insights into their genetic makeup and potential causes of their extinction. Experts have long believed that Neanderthals may have gone extinct due to viruses.

Talking to NewScientist, lead author Briones said that he was "sceptical that this (the recreation) could be achieved given the lack of full understanding of how the viruses' DNA is damaged and how to reconstruct the recovered pieces into a full viral genome."

"Also, the host-virus interaction, especially in a completely different environment, is something to consider," he added.

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The findings suggest that herpesviruses might have played a significant role in the extinction of Neanderthals, although further testing is required to confirm this hypothesis.&nbsp;

"Herpesviruses, in particular, might have been a major cause for Neanderthal extinction," said scientists.

The presence of these viruses in Neanderthal DNA, free from contamination by animals or modern humans, supports the idea that "these viruses might represent viruses that really infected Neanderthals."

This research could potentially shed more light on the factors that contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals around 40,000 years ago.

(With inputs from agencies)

Imagine 50,000-year-old ancient viruses coming back to haunt us, the modern humans. This may soon be a reality, as scientists attempt to recreate viruses that used to plague our Neanderthal ancestors.

Imagine 50,000-year-old ancient viruses coming back to haunt us, the modern humans. This may soon be a reality, as scientists attempt to recreate viruses that used to plague our Neanderthal ancestors. Why recreate dangerous ancient viruses? Scientists want to recreate the viruses to study them. Marcelo Briones, the lead author of the study, said they plan to try to synthesise the "Jurassic Park-like viruses" to see how they compare to modern ones. They found the ancient viruses locked within the approximately 50,000-year-old bones of two male Neanderthals unearthed in a cave in Russia’s Altai mountains. Also read | Elon Musk cites simple proof to assert his belief that aliens don't exist Were they able to identify the viruses? As per reports, the ancient viruses scientists found were remnants of herpesvirus (responsible for cold sores), the sexually transmitted papillomavirus, and the adenovirus (commonly causing colds). The discovery was made in the Chagyrskaya cave, where a group of nine related Neanderthal remains were found in 2022. This group included a daughter and her father, as well as other relatives. Their DNA has provided insights into their genetic makeup and potential causes of their extinction. Experts have long believed that Neanderthals may have gone extinct due to viruses. Talking to NewScientist, lead author Briones said that he was "sceptical that this (the recreation) could be achieved given the lack of full understanding of how the viruses' DNA is damaged and how to reconstruct the recovered pieces into a full viral genome." "Also, the host-virus interaction, especially in a completely different environment, is something to consider," he added. Also read | Face of Stone Age man thought to have drowned 4,000 years ago reconstructed The findings suggest that herpesviruses might have played a significant role in the extinction of Neanderthals, although further testing is required to confirm this hypothesis. "Herpesviruses, in particular, might have been a major cause for Neanderthal extinction," said scientists. The presence of these viruses in Neanderthal DNA, free from contamination by animals or modern humans, supports the idea that "these viruses might represent viruses that really infected Neanderthals." This research could potentially shed more light on the factors that contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals around 40,000 years ago. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists attempt to recreate 50,000-year-old ancient 'herpes' viruses

A combination of traditional recording methods and AI analysis helped in identifying three distinct variations within the long calls of primates. This new finding suggests that their vocalisations might be even more intricate than previously understood, a new study published in PeerJ Life &amp; Environment says.

Orangutans are the largest tree-dwelling mammal and primarily eat insects and flowers. They are also known for complex social behaviour and communication.

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Study co-author and Cornell University primatologist Wendy Erb said in a statement, “Our research aimed to unravel the intricacy of orangutan long calls, which play a crucial role in their communication across distances in the dense rainforests of Indonesia.”

“In the past three years, we have built hundreds of long call recordings, which are revealing an enthralling array of vocal diversity,” said Erb.

Known for their loud nature, long calls are vocalisations produced by male primates. These sounds serve as communication tools across long distances to connect with others. Previous research had compiled a 'dictionary' of the different 'pulses' within these calls.&nbsp;

Building on this foundation, a new study led by Dr Lisa Erb aimed to achieve three key objectives:&nbsp;

1) Identify the exact number of distinct pulse types.

2) Pinpoint the features that differentiate them.

3) Assess the degree of variation within these pulse types.

With the help of recorded video and audio sources, Erb and his team used machine learning to carefully analyse the long calls of 13 individual orangutans.

“Through a combination of supervised and unsupervised methods, we identified three distinct pulse types that were well differentiated by both humans and machines,” said Erb.&nbsp;

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"This research advances our understanding of how orangutans communicate. However, it is&nbsp;likely just the tip of the iceberg. The orangutans' vocal repertoire may be much richer than we currently recognise, highlighting the remarkable complexity of their vocal system," adds Erb.

According to the team, the pulses are not just random noises; it reveals the power in collaborating across scientific disciplines and combining traditional research methods with advances in AI.

(With inputs from agencies)

A combination of traditional recording methods and AI analysis helped in identifying three distinct variations within the long calls of primates. This new finding suggests that their vocalisations might be even more intricate than previously understood, a new study published in PeerJ Life & Environment says.

A combination of traditional recording methods and AI analysis helped in identifying three distinct variations within the long calls of primates. This new finding suggests that their vocalisations might be even more intricate than previously understood, a new study published in PeerJ Life & Environment says. Orangutans are the largest tree-dwelling mammal and primarily eat insects and flowers. They are also known for complex social behaviour and communication. Also read: Sun releases strongest X-ray flares since 2005, scientists warn massive sunspot yet to burst Study co-author and Cornell University primatologist Wendy Erb said in a statement, “Our research aimed to unravel the intricacy of orangutan long calls, which play a crucial role in their communication across distances in the dense rainforests of Indonesia.” “In the past three years, we have built hundreds of long call recordings, which are revealing an enthralling array of vocal diversity,” said Erb. Known for their loud nature, long calls are vocalisations produced by male primates. These sounds serve as communication tools across long distances to connect with others. Previous research had compiled a 'dictionary' of the different 'pulses' within these calls. Building on this foundation, a new study led by Dr Lisa Erb aimed to achieve three key objectives: 1) Identify the exact number of distinct pulse types. 2) Pinpoint the features that differentiate them. 3) Assess the degree of variation within these pulse types. With the help of recorded video and audio sources, Erb and his team used machine learning to carefully analyse the long calls of 13 individual orangutans. “Through a combination of supervised and unsupervised methods, we identified three distinct pulse types that were well differentiated by both humans and machines,” said Erb. Also read: Face of Stone Age man thought to have drowned 4,000 years ago reconstructed "This research advances our understanding of how orangutans communicate. However, it is likely just the tip of the iceberg. The orangutans' vocal repertoire may be much richer than we currently recognise, highlighting the remarkable complexity of their vocal system," adds Erb. According to the team, the pulses are not just random noises; it reveals the power in collaborating across scientific disciplines and combining traditional research methods with advances in AI. (With inputs from agencies)

What are the Orangutans yelling? Something quite intricate actually

Astronomers have detected a new Earth-sized planet, which is just 55 light-years away. It is orbiting an ultra-cool red dwarf star. The discovery is published in Nature Astronomy. The international team of astronomers revealed that the planet is only the second of its kind to be discovered around this type of star.&nbsp;

The star, known as SPECULOOS-3 b, takes approximately 17 hours to complete an orbit, meaning a year on the planet is shorter than a single Earth day.&nbsp;

It is more than twice as cold as our sun. The astronomers said that it is ten times less massive and one hundred times less luminous. As per the discovery, days and nights on SPECULOOS-3 b are endless.&nbsp;

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As quoted by phys.org, Michaël Gillon, who is an astronomer at the University of Liège in Belgium and also the lead author of the study, said, "We believe that the planet rotates synchronously, so that the same side, called the day side, always faces the star, just like the moon does for the Earth. On the other hand, the night side hand, would be locked in endless darkness."&nbsp;

Ultra-cool red dwarf stars account for around 70 per cent of all stars in our galaxy. They have a lifespan of about 100 billion years, making them competitors for the final stars to shine in the universe.&nbsp;

It also becomes important for astronomers to monitor them for several weeks to identify planets passing in front of them because they are so weak and scattered throughout the sky.&nbsp;

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The SPECULOOS project aided the discovery, which is led by the University of Liège, in Belgium, in collaboration with the Universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Bern, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&nbsp;

SPECULOOS (Search for Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars) looks for potentially habitable exoplanets around the smallest and coldest stars of the solar neighbourhood with the help of robotic telescopes based around the world.&nbsp;

Gillon said, "We designed SPECULOOS specifically to observe nearby ultracool dwarf stars in search of rocky planets that lend themselves well to detailed studies."&nbsp;

"In 2017, our SPECULOOS prototype using the TRAPPIST telescope discovered the famous TRAPPIST-1 system made up of seven Earth-sized planets, several of them potentially habitable. This was an excellent start," he added.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers have detected a new Earth-sized planet, which is just 55 light-years away. It is orbiting an ultra-cool red dwarf star. The discovery is published in Nature Astronomy.

Astronomers have detected a new Earth-sized planet, which is just 55 light-years away. It is orbiting an ultra-cool red dwarf star. The discovery is published in Nature Astronomy. The international team of astronomers revealed that the planet is only the second of its kind to be discovered around this type of star. The star, known as SPECULOOS-3 b, takes approximately 17 hours to complete an orbit, meaning a year on the planet is shorter than a single Earth day. It is more than twice as cold as our sun. The astronomers said that it is ten times less massive and one hundred times less luminous. As per the discovery, days and nights on SPECULOOS-3 b are endless. Also read: Three stars found circling Milky Way's halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago As quoted by phys.org, Michaël Gillon, who is an astronomer at the University of Liège in Belgium and also the lead author of the study, said, "We believe that the planet rotates synchronously, so that the same side, called the day side, always faces the star, just like the moon does for the Earth. On the other hand, the night side hand, would be locked in endless darkness." Ultra-cool red dwarf stars account for around 70 per cent of all stars in our galaxy. They have a lifespan of about 100 billion years, making them competitors for the final stars to shine in the universe. It also becomes important for astronomers to monitor them for several weeks to identify planets passing in front of them because they are so weak and scattered throughout the sky. Also read: Asteroid flies by Earth at an eerily close distance nearer than the moon The SPECULOOS project aided the discovery, which is led by the University of Liège, in Belgium, in collaboration with the Universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Bern, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. SPECULOOS (Search for Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars) looks for potentially habitable exoplanets around the smallest and coldest stars of the solar neighbourhood with the help of robotic telescopes based around the world. Gillon said, "We designed SPECULOOS specifically to observe nearby ultracool dwarf stars in search of rocky planets that lend themselves well to detailed studies." "In 2017, our SPECULOOS prototype using the TRAPPIST telescope discovered the famous TRAPPIST-1 system made up of seven Earth-sized planets, several of them potentially habitable. This was an excellent start," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers found new Earth-sized planet where days and nights are never-ending

In a new study, MIT researchers and undergraduate students spotted three of the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The stars were discovered in the “halo” region of the Milky Way. This region is a cloud of stars that envelopes the entire main galactic disk and stars found in this region are 12- 13 million years old, as per the team’s analysis.

The team of researchers named the three stars “SASS”, short for small accreted stellar system stars. The researchers believe each star once belonged to its own small, primitive galaxy that was later absorbed by the larger but still-growing Milky Way. The three stars found in the present time, are all that was left from their respective galaxies, as per researchers.

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The team suspects there may be more such stars available in the outskirts of the Milky Way.

The findings of the study were published on May 14 in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society journal. The study's co-authors are Mohammad Mardini, at Zarqa University, in Jordan; Hillary Andales '23; and current MIT undergraduates Ananda Santos and Casey Fienberg.

"These oldest stars should definitely be there, given what we know of galaxy formation," says MIT professor of physics Anna Frebel. "They are part of our cosmic family tree. And we now have a new way to find them."

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Researchers expect these SASS stars can help them as the analogues of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, which are thought to be some of the universe’s surviving first galaxies.&nbsp;

"Now, we can look for more analogues in the Milky Way, that are much brighter, and study their chemical evolution without having to chase these extremely faint stars," Frebel says.

<h2>Three ancient stars found in the neighbourhood of Milky Way galaxy</h2>

The stars’ low chemical abundance hints that they were originally formed 12 to 13 billion years ago. Their low chemical signatures were similar to previously measured ultra-faint dwarf galaxies.

To get a clear picture, the scientists checked out the stars’ orbital patterns and how they move across the sky. The three stars are in different locations throughout the Milky Way’s halo and are estimated to be about 30,000 light years from Earth.

As they retraced each star's motion about the galactic centre, the team noticed a curious thing- relative to most of the stars in the main disk, which move like cars on a racetrack, all three stars seemed to be going the wrong way.&nbsp;

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In astronomy, this is known as "retrograde motion" and is a clue that an object was once "accreted," or drawn in from elsewhere.

"The only way you can have stars going the wrong way from the rest of the gang is if you threw them in the wrong way," Frebel says.

The fact that these three stars were orbiting in completely different ways from the rest of the galactic disk, combined with the fact that they held low chemical abundances, made a strong case that the stars were indeed ancient and once belonged to older, smaller dwarf galaxies that fell into the Milky Way at random angles.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a new study, MIT researchers and undergraduate students spotted three of the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The stars were discovered in the “halo” region of the Milky Way.

In a new study, MIT researchers and undergraduate students spotted three of the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The stars were discovered in the “halo” region of the Milky Way. This region is a cloud of stars that envelopes the entire main galactic disk and stars found in this region are 12- 13 million years old, as per the team’s analysis. The team of researchers named the three stars “SASS”, short for small accreted stellar system stars. The researchers believe each star once belonged to its own small, primitive galaxy that was later absorbed by the larger but still-growing Milky Way. The three stars found in the present time, are all that was left from their respective galaxies, as per researchers. Also Read | What are the Orangutans yelling? Something quite intricate actually The team suspects there may be more such stars available in the outskirts of the Milky Way. The findings of the study were published on May 14 in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society journal. The study's co-authors are Mohammad Mardini, at Zarqa University, in Jordan; Hillary Andales '23; and current MIT undergraduates Ananda Santos and Casey Fienberg. "These oldest stars should definitely be there, given what we know of galaxy formation," says MIT professor of physics Anna Frebel. "They are part of our cosmic family tree. And we now have a new way to find them." Also Read | ISRO: Aditya-L1, Chandrayaan-2 capture signatures of solar storm Researchers expect these SASS stars can help them as the analogues of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, which are thought to be some of the universe’s surviving first galaxies. "Now, we can look for more analogues in the Milky Way, that are much brighter, and study their chemical evolution without having to chase these extremely faint stars," Frebel says. Three ancient stars found in the neighbourhood of Milky Way galaxy The stars’ low chemical abundance hints that they were originally formed 12 to 13 billion years ago. Their low chemical signatures were similar to previously measured ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. To get a clear picture, the scientists checked out the stars’ orbital patterns and how they move across the sky. The three stars are in different locations throughout the Milky Way’s halo and are estimated to be about 30,000 light years from Earth. As they retraced each star's motion about the galactic centre, the team noticed a curious thing- relative to most of the stars in the main disk, which move like cars on a racetrack, all three stars seemed to be going the wrong way. Also Read | Asteroid flies by Earth at an eerily close distance nearer than the moon In astronomy, this is known as "retrograde motion" and is a clue that an object was once "accreted," or drawn in from elsewhere. "The only way you can have stars going the wrong way from the rest of the gang is if you threw them in the wrong way," Frebel says. The fact that these three stars were orbiting in completely different ways from the rest of the galactic disk, combined with the fact that they held low chemical abundances, made a strong case that the stars were indeed ancient and once belonged to older, smaller dwarf galaxies that fell into the Milky Way at random angles. (With inputs from agencies)

Three stars found circling Milky Way’s halo, study shows they were formed 13 billion years ago

A car-sized asteroid had a close shave with Earth on Tuesday morning (May 14), two days after the astronomers discovered it. The asteroid 2024 JN16 was nearly the size of a car, less than 15 feet (4 metres) wide.

A car-sized asteroid had a close shave with Earth on Tuesday morning (May 14), two days after the astronomers discovered it. The asteroid 2024 JN16 was nearly the size of a car, less than 15 feet (4 metres) wide. The asteroid did not hit Earth, however, it came as close as 11,500 miles (18,500 kilometres) from the surface of our planet when it zipped by at 5:50 am EDT (0950 GMT) on Tuesday (May 14), as per The Virtual Telescope Project. Amateur astronomer Gennadiy Borisov discovered asteroid 2024 JN16 two days ago with the use of the MARGO Observatory in Nauchnij, Crimea. The space rock is part of the Apollo asteroid group whose orbit intersects with Earth's orbit. Also Read: Sun releases strongest X-ray flares since 2005, scientists warn massive sunspot yet to burst The Chelyabinsk meteor, which was as big as a six-storey building and broke up into pieces over the Russian city of Chelyabinsk in 2013 leading to a blast stronger than a nuclear explosion, was a famous asteroid from this group. Asteroid reaches inside the moon's orbit The orbits of such cosmic objects increase the risk of them colliding with a planet or other asteroids. As per astronomers, such asteroids survive for fairly short periods like 10 million years in our solar system. When it came close to Earth, 2024 JN16 was within the moon's orbit and half as distant as the geostationary satellites from Earth. These shells of geostationary satellites rotate at an altitude of 22,236 miles (35,785 km). Watch: Asian continent bears brunt of heatwave Since it came so close to Earth, the asteroid shined at magnitude 13 at its brightest and hence, was visible to telescopes. The asteroid is presently more than 186,400 miles (300,000 kilometres) from Earth and is located in the constellation Serpens. However, one can only see it using long-exposure photography. More than 40 asteroids have been found by astronomers whose paths came closer to Earth than the moon's orbit, as per the Watchers. (With inputs from agencies)

Asteroid flies by Earth at an eerily close distance nearer than the moon

According to a new study, stressful life events like divorce or the loss of a loved one increase a person's chance of dementia in later life. But only if the traumatic experience occurred during youth or in middle age.

According to a new study, stressful life events like divorce or the loss of a loved one increase a person's chance of dementia in later life. But only if the traumatic experience occurred during youth or in middle age. The research, published in Annals of Neurology, comprised 1,290 adults who were at high risk of acquiring Alzheimer's disease. The researchers examined 18 stressful life events and determined when they occurred in people's lives. A subgroup of the group (393 people) had their spinal fluid samples taken to look for unusual proteins known as tau and amyloid that are linked to Alzheimer's disease. They also measured the amount of grey matter and searched for indicators of brain inflammation, which is assumed to be a factor in the illness. Although the researchers discovered that stressful life experiences between childhood and midlife were linked to aberrant amyloid and tau, two "biological markers" of Alzheimer's disease, they were not linked to losses in grey matter. The presence of Alzheimer's disease markers may imply that stress has a particularly significant influence on chemicals and reactions in the brain during childhood and middle age. Midlife is when Alzheimer's indicators begin to accumulate in the brain, which might explain why it is also a susceptible stage. Also read: Face of Stone Age man thought to have drowned 4,000 years ago reconstructed Total stressful life experiences were similarly linked to amyloid biomarkers, brain inflammation, and reduced grey matter, but only in people with a history of psychiatric problems. This might be because people with mental health concerns are more sensitive to the adverse effects of stress. It's also possible that people who have gone through certain stressful life situations are more prone to develop a psychiatric disorder. In either case, people who encounter both may face an elevated danger. Total stressful life experiences were not associated with Alzheimer's disease indicators in all individuals. These findings imply that some periods or settings amplify the effects of stressful life events on the development of Alzheimer's disease-related brain alterations, at least in individuals who are predisposed to the disease. There are certain limits to the results. The researchers depended on participants to recall what and when stressful situations occurred, often several years later. (With inputs from agencies)

Youth and midlife stress events linked to increased dementia risk in later life, study finds

Stories of fraudulent self-proclaimed healers are not uncommon throughout history. They often exploit people's vulnerabilities and beliefs for personal gain. One such historical example is the legendary tale of&nbsp;Polish conman Anthony Jaczewicz.&nbsp;Legend has it that Jaczewicz exploited the fears of an ailing population during a time of war and plague by posing as a divine healer.

Now, in central Poland, a group of volunteer metal detectorists has stumbled upon a cache of gold and silver coins hidden underground that could potentially validate this centuries-old legend.

According to the Provincial Office for the Protection of Monuments in Kielce, the collection comprised&nbsp;coins dating back to the 17th and early 18th centuries.

Sebastian Grabowiec, leader of the exploration group, expressed his belief that the recovered coins may indeed be linked to Jaczewicz's legendary hoard. "The coins we recovered may be part of this legendary treasure collected by Jaczewicz," said Grabowiec while speaking to the government-backed Polish science organisation PAP.&nbsp;

<h2>Where was the trove found?</h2>

The discovery was made in the Jeleniowskie mountain range. The entire exploration&nbsp;started with obtaining permission from local authorities.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/new-protein-gel-breaks-down-alcohol-in-gastrointestinal-tract-converts-into-harmless-acetic-acid-721205">New protein gel breaks down alcohol in gastrointestinal tract, converts into harmless product</a>

Notably, as people sought the supposed curative powers of the Polish fraudster, donations came into his settlement in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. This enabled him to build a fortified compound guarded by hired men who engaged in theft, including seizing the entire nearby properties.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/rethinking-the-brains-cleanup-crew-sleep-does-not-detox-brain-as-previously-thought-heres-what-does-721131">Rethinking the brain's cleanup crew: Sleep does not detox brain as previously thought. Here's what does</a>

Although Jaczewicz was eventually captured and imprisoned, after evading his initial detention, he purportedly resumed his activities as a self-proclaimed healer. He did this by asserting that he was allowed to do so&nbsp;by the pope's blessings.

However, Jaczewicz's efforts were short-lived as he was recaptured and tried by a court in Kraków in 1712. Found guilty, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. His ill-gotten wealth remained a mystery until the recent discovery of these coins.

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The artefacts have been entrusted to an archaeological museum in Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski for preservation and further study.

(With inputs from agencies)

Stories of fraudulent self-proclaimed healers are not uncommon throughout history. They often exploit people's vulnerabilities and beliefs for personal gain. One such historical example is the legendary tale of Polish conman Anthony Jaczewicz.

Stories of fraudulent self-proclaimed healers are not uncommon throughout history. They often exploit people's vulnerabilities and beliefs for personal gain. One such historical example is the legendary tale of Polish conman Anthony Jaczewicz. Legend has it that Jaczewicz exploited the fears of an ailing population during a time of war and plague by posing as a divine healer. Now, in central Poland, a group of volunteer metal detectorists has stumbled upon a cache of gold and silver coins hidden underground that could potentially validate this centuries-old legend. According to the Provincial Office for the Protection of Monuments in Kielce, the collection comprised coins dating back to the 17th and early 18th centuries. Sebastian Grabowiec, leader of the exploration group, expressed his belief that the recovered coins may indeed be linked to Jaczewicz's legendary hoard. "The coins we recovered may be part of this legendary treasure collected by Jaczewicz," said Grabowiec while speaking to the government-backed Polish science organisation PAP. Where was the trove found? The discovery was made in the Jeleniowskie mountain range. The entire exploration started with obtaining permission from local authorities. Also Read | New protein gel breaks down alcohol in gastrointestinal tract, converts into harmless product Notably, as people sought the supposed curative powers of the Polish fraudster, donations came into his settlement in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. This enabled him to build a fortified compound guarded by hired men who engaged in theft, including seizing the entire nearby properties. Also Read | Rethinking the brain's cleanup crew: Sleep does not detox brain as previously thought. Here's what does Although Jaczewicz was eventually captured and imprisoned, after evading his initial detention, he purportedly resumed his activities as a self-proclaimed healer. He did this by asserting that he was allowed to do so by the pope's blessings. However, Jaczewicz's efforts were short-lived as he was recaptured and tried by a court in Kraków in 1712. Found guilty, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. His ill-gotten wealth remained a mystery until the recent discovery of these coins. Watch | Germany witnesses 28% surge in Cybercrime of foreign origin in 2023: Report × The artefacts have been entrusted to an archaeological museum in Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski for preservation and further study. (With inputs from agencies)

Metal detectorists discover coins linked to legendary tale of Polish conman

NASA's Juno mission&nbsp;clicked captivating views of Jupiter during its 59th close flyby of the planet on March 7, 2024, according to an official readout along with images captured by the mission. The images show a good look of Jupiter's remarkably colourful belts and swirling storms.

The images also provide a good view of the Great Red Spot, the most recognisable feature of Jupiter due to its red-orange colour whose origin is still unknown. The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter that produces an anticyclonic storm, the largest of its kind in the Solar System.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/watch-nasas-juno-spacecraft-spots-lava-lake-on-jovian-moon-io-712875">NASA's Juno spacecraft spots glass-smooth lava lake and a mountain on a moon</a>

A close examination of the Juno mission reveals something more: two glimpses of the tiny moon Amalthea.

<h2>What is Amalthea?</h2>

Amalthea is a potato-like natural satellite of Jupiter. With a radius of just 52 miles (84 kilometres), it lacks the mass to pull itself into a spherical shape. In 2000, NASA’s Galileo spacecraft revealed some surface features of this Jovial Moon, including impact craters, hills, and valleys.&nbsp;

Amalthea circles Jupiter inside Io’s orbit, the innermost of the planet’s four largest moons. It takes about 12 Earth hours for Amalthea to complete one orbit.

<h2>What makes Amalthea unique?&nbsp;</h2>

Amalthea is the reddest object in the solar system, according to an official NASA readout.&nbsp;

Also watch |&nbsp;Gravitas: Life beyond Earth? NASA probe bound for Jupiter's moon

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Observations indicate that it gives out more heat than it receives from the Sun. This is because, as it orbits within Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, electric currents are induced in its core. Alternatively, the heat could be from tidal stresses caused by Jupiter’s gravity, the NASA readout adds.&nbsp;

<h2>How Juno spacecraft clicked Amalthea?&nbsp;</h2>

The Juno spacecraft was about 165,000 miles (265,000 kilometres) above Jupiter’s cloud, at a latitude of about 5 degrees north of the equator, when these images were taken.&nbsp;

Citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt made these images using raw data from the JunoCam instrument, applying processing techniques to enhance the clarity of the images, NASA readout added.

(With inputs from agencies)

NASA's Juno mission clicked captivating views of Jupiter during its 59th close flyby of the planet on March 7, 2024, according to an official readout along with images captured by the mission.

NASA's Juno mission clicked captivating views of Jupiter during its 59th close flyby of the planet on March 7, 2024, according to an official readout along with images captured by the mission. The images show a good look of Jupiter's remarkably colourful belts and swirling storms. The images also provide a good view of the Great Red Spot, the most recognisable feature of Jupiter due to its red-orange colour whose origin is still unknown. The Great Red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter that produces an anticyclonic storm, the largest of its kind in the Solar System. Also read | NASA's Juno spacecraft spots glass-smooth lava lake and a mountain on a moon A close examination of the Juno mission reveals something more: two glimpses of the tiny moon Amalthea. What is Amalthea? Amalthea is a potato-like natural satellite of Jupiter. With a radius of just 52 miles (84 kilometres), it lacks the mass to pull itself into a spherical shape. In 2000, NASA’s Galileo spacecraft revealed some surface features of this Jovial Moon, including impact craters, hills, and valleys. Amalthea circles Jupiter inside Io’s orbit, the innermost of the planet’s four largest moons. It takes about 12 Earth hours for Amalthea to complete one orbit. What makes Amalthea unique? Amalthea is the reddest object in the solar system, according to an official NASA readout. Also watch | Gravitas: Life beyond Earth? NASA probe bound for Jupiter's moon × Observations indicate that it gives out more heat than it receives from the Sun. This is because, as it orbits within Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, electric currents are induced in its core. Alternatively, the heat could be from tidal stresses caused by Jupiter’s gravity, the NASA readout adds. How Juno spacecraft clicked Amalthea? The Juno spacecraft was about 165,000 miles (265,000 kilometres) above Jupiter’s cloud, at a latitude of about 5 degrees north of the equator, when these images were taken. Citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt made these images using raw data from the JunoCam instrument, applying processing techniques to enhance the clarity of the images, NASA readout added. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA’s Juno mission captures reddest object in solar system

Drinking alcohol can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver disease.&nbsp;Alcohol can also affect cognitive function and impair judgment which can lead to accidents and risky behaviour such as drunk driving. This contributes to millions of deaths globally each year. However, now researchers at ETH Zurich have unveiled a promising breakthrough in mitigating these risks.

A new protein gel can render alcohol completely harmless. This is as per a study published in Nature Nanotechnology which elaborates how alcohol breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract can potentially offer a preventive measure against alcohol-related health issues.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/watch-influencers-big-yawn-goes-wrong-jaw-locked-wide-open-721159">WATCH | Influencer's big yawn goes wrong, jaw locked wide open!</a>

According to Professor Raffaele Mezzenga from the Laboratory of Food &amp; Soft Materials at ETH Zurich, "The gel shifts the breakdown of alcohol from the liver to the digestive tract. In contrast to when alcohol is metabolised in the liver, no harmful acetaldehyde is produced as an intermediate product."&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/rethinking-the-brains-cleanup-crew-sleep-does-not-detox-brain-as-previously-thought-heres-what-does-721131">Rethinking the brain's cleanup crew: Sleep does not detox brain as previously thought. Here's what does</a>

Notably, the gel, primarily composed of whey proteins, undergoes a unique process to form long fibrils. Iron atoms, evenly distributed on the fibril surface, act as catalysts for alcohol breakdown. Meanwhile, gold nanoparticles, reacting with glucose, produce hydrogen peroxide. This process initiates the conversion of alcohol to harmless acetic acid within the gel.

<h2>Study conducted on mice&nbsp;</h2>

Initial tests on mice showed promising results. When administered, the gel reduced blood alcohol levels by up to 56 per cent within five hours post-consumption. Moreover, mice receiving the gel daily alongside alcohol intake exhibited reduced liver damage and improved metabolic health compared to control groups.

<section>
Watch | Mass migration of venemous snakes: Study, migration to take place around 2070

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Mezzenga highlighted, "It's healthier not to drink alcohol at all. However, the gel could be of particular interest to people who don't want to give up alcohol completely, but don't want to put a strain on their bodies and aren't actively seeking the effects of alcohol."&nbsp;
</section>

The researchers have filed for a patent for the gel. Though further clinical trials are necessary before human use authorisation, the gel's edible whey protein composition offers promising prospects.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Drinking alcohol can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver disease. Alcohol can also affect cognitive function and impair judgment which can lead to accidents and risky behaviour such as drunk driving.

Drinking alcohol can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver disease. Alcohol can also affect cognitive function and impair judgment which can lead to accidents and risky behaviour such as drunk driving. This contributes to millions of deaths globally each year. However, now researchers at ETH Zurich have unveiled a promising breakthrough in mitigating these risks. A new protein gel can render alcohol completely harmless. This is as per a study published in Nature Nanotechnology which elaborates how alcohol breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract can potentially offer a preventive measure against alcohol-related health issues. WATCH | Influencer's big yawn goes wrong, jaw locked wide open! According to Professor Raffaele Mezzenga from the Laboratory of Food & Soft Materials at ETH Zurich, "The gel shifts the breakdown of alcohol from the liver to the digestive tract. In contrast to when alcohol is metabolised in the liver, no harmful acetaldehyde is produced as an intermediate product." Also Read | Rethinking the brain's cleanup crew: Sleep does not detox brain as previously thought. Here's what does Notably, the gel, primarily composed of whey proteins, undergoes a unique process to form long fibrils. Iron atoms, evenly distributed on the fibril surface, act as catalysts for alcohol breakdown. Meanwhile, gold nanoparticles, reacting with glucose, produce hydrogen peroxide. This process initiates the conversion of alcohol to harmless acetic acid within the gel. Study conducted on mice Initial tests on mice showed promising results. When administered, the gel reduced blood alcohol levels by up to 56 per cent within five hours post-consumption. Moreover, mice receiving the gel daily alongside alcohol intake exhibited reduced liver damage and improved metabolic health compared to control groups. Watch | Mass migration of venemous snakes: Study, migration to take place around 2070 × Mezzenga highlighted, "It's healthier not to drink alcohol at all. However, the gel could be of particular interest to people who don't want to give up alcohol completely, but don't want to put a strain on their bodies and aren't actively seeking the effects of alcohol." The researchers have filed for a patent for the gel. Though further clinical trials are necessary before human use authorisation, the gel's edible whey protein composition offers promising prospects. (With inputs from agencies)

Drink without hangover? Scientists create gel that can make alcohol harmless to the human body

A good night's sleep is commonly known as having a restorative effect, with the prevalent scientific explanation being that the brain washes off toxins during sleeping.

Though it has grown to be a widely accepted hypothesis in neuroscience, a new study raises the possibility that this could be wrong. The study discovered that fluid clearance and mobility in mice's brains were significantly decreased during sleep and anaesthesia.

“If you are sleep-deprived, countless things go wrong – you don’t remember things clearly, hand-eye coordination is poor. The idea that your brain is doing this basic housekeeping during sleep just seems to make sense,” Prof Nick Franks, a professor of biophysics and anaesthesia at Imperial College London and the study's co-lead said. However, they found only indirect evidence that the brain's waste-removal mechanism increases activity during sleep.

The newest study, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, employed a fluorescent dye to investigate mice's brains. This made it possible for scientists to assess the dye's rate of clearance from the brain directly and to see how rapidly the dye migrated from fluid-filled cavities, called the ventricles, to other parts of the brain.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="http://wionews.com/science/scientists-find-ultimate-solution-for-all-sleep-disorders-gardening-720442" hreflang="en">Scientists find ultimate solution for all sleep disorders:&nbsp;Gardening</a>

The study found that dye clearance was lowered by roughly 30% in sleeping mice and 50% in animals under anaesthesia when compared to the mice who were awake.

“The field has been so focused on the clearance idea as one of the key reasons why we sleep, and we were of course very surprised to observe the opposite in our results. We found that the rate of clearance of dye from the brain was significantly reduced in animals that were asleep, or under anaesthetic,” said Franks.

The researchers expect that the findings will apply to humans because sleep is a basic requirement shared by all mammals. Prof Bill Wisden, interim head of the UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London and co-lead author, stated, "There are many theories as to why we sleep, and although we have shown that clearing toxins may not be a key reason, it cannot be disputed that sleep is important."

The findings are relevant to dementia research since there is growing evidence of a relationship between poor sleep and Alzheimer's risk. It's unclear if sleep deprivation is an early sign of Alzheimer's or if it causes the disease. There was a theory that the brain couldn't remove poisons efficiently if it didn't get enough sleep, but the most recent findings cast doubt on this theory.

“Disrupted sleep is a common symptom experienced by people living with dementia. However, we still do not know if this is a consequence or a driving factor in the disease progression. It may well be that having good sleep does help to reduce dementia risk for reasons other than clearing toxins,” Wisden said.

The study also showed&nbsp;that brain clearance is particularly efficient during the awake state. In general, being awake, active, and exercising may aid in the removal of toxins from the brain.

A good night's sleep is commonly known as having a restorative effect, with the prevalent scientific explanation being that the brain washes off toxins during sleeping.

A good night's sleep is commonly known as having a restorative effect, with the prevalent scientific explanation being that the brain washes off toxins during sleeping. Though it has grown to be a widely accepted hypothesis in neuroscience, a new study raises the possibility that this could be wrong. The study discovered that fluid clearance and mobility in mice's brains were significantly decreased during sleep and anaesthesia. “If you are sleep-deprived, countless things go wrong – you don’t remember things clearly, hand-eye coordination is poor. The idea that your brain is doing this basic housekeeping during sleep just seems to make sense,” Prof Nick Franks, a professor of biophysics and anaesthesia at Imperial College London and the study's co-lead said. However, they found only indirect evidence that the brain's waste-removal mechanism increases activity during sleep. The newest study, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, employed a fluorescent dye to investigate mice's brains. This made it possible for scientists to assess the dye's rate of clearance from the brain directly and to see how rapidly the dye migrated from fluid-filled cavities, called the ventricles, to other parts of the brain. Also read: Scientists find ultimate solution for all sleep disorders: Gardening The study found that dye clearance was lowered by roughly 30% in sleeping mice and 50% in animals under anaesthesia when compared to the mice who were awake. “The field has been so focused on the clearance idea as one of the key reasons why we sleep, and we were of course very surprised to observe the opposite in our results. We found that the rate of clearance of dye from the brain was significantly reduced in animals that were asleep, or under anaesthetic,” said Franks. The researchers expect that the findings will apply to humans because sleep is a basic requirement shared by all mammals. Prof Bill Wisden, interim head of the UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London and co-lead author, stated, "There are many theories as to why we sleep, and although we have shown that clearing toxins may not be a key reason, it cannot be disputed that sleep is important." The findings are relevant to dementia research since there is growing evidence of a relationship between poor sleep and Alzheimer's risk. It's unclear if sleep deprivation is an early sign of Alzheimer's or if it causes the disease. There was a theory that the brain couldn't remove poisons efficiently if it didn't get enough sleep, but the most recent findings cast doubt on this theory. “Disrupted sleep is a common symptom experienced by people living with dementia. However, we still do not know if this is a consequence or a driving factor in the disease progression. It may well be that having good sleep does help to reduce dementia risk for reasons other than clearing toxins,” Wisden said. The study also showed that brain clearance is particularly efficient during the awake state. In general, being awake, active, and exercising may aid in the removal of toxins from the brain.

Rethinking the brain's cleanup crew: Sleep does not detox brain as previously thought. Here's what does

A prehistoric man, believed to have drowned around 4,000 years ago, has been reconstructed to show his likely appearance during his lifetime. A team from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim created this image&nbsp;using measurements of his skeletal remains and DNA data.

The remains were first discovered in 1916 on the island of Hitra, located off Norway's west coast, by workers upgrading a road to a farm. These remains belong to a man who died in his mid-20s around 4,000 years ago, near the end of the Stone Age, as reported by Newsweek.

At the time of the man's death, the sea level in the area was higher than it is today, and the site where his remains were found would have been approximately 13 feet underwater. Therefore, archaeologists speculate that he may have drowned.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/archaeologists-discover-a-massive-7000-year-old-pre-historic-settlement-in-serbia-717394">Also read |&nbsp;Archaeologists discover a massive 7000-year-old pre-historic settlement in Serbia</a>

"We think that he drowned. Parts of the skeleton are well preserved, and must have been covered with shell sand on the seabed shortly after he died," archaeologist Birgitte Skar with the NTNU University Museum said in a press release.

The measurements of the man's remains suggest he stood at around 5 feet, 6 inches tall. Furthermore, through DNA analyses of several other individuals from the same era with comparable genetic profiles, experts managed to reconstruct the colour of his hair, skin, and eyes. These examinations revealed that he had blonde&nbsp;hair and blue eyes.

Skar indicated&nbsp;that artefacts discovered alongside the man imply a possible "warrior" status. These items include a dagger and an arm guard—a bone object shaped like an oblong, meant to safeguard the wrist of one hand while using a bow and arrow.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/women-in-prehistoric-times-were-not-only-gatherers-but-hunters-too-study-650213">Also read |&nbsp;Hunting was not solely a man's arena in prehistoric times, women did it too, study suggests</a>

Currently, it remains uncertain whether the Hitra man drowned accidentally or as a result of some form of conflict. Nonetheless, the era in which he lived was marked by substantial transformations in the dynamics of prehistoric human communities in the area, particularly the emergence of agriculture.

(With inputs from agencies)

A prehistoric man, believed to have drowned around 4,000 years ago, has been reconstructed to show his likely appearance during his lifetime. A team from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim created this image using measurements of his skeletal remains and DNA data.

A prehistoric man, believed to have drowned around 4,000 years ago, has been reconstructed to show his likely appearance during his lifetime. A team from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim created this image using measurements of his skeletal remains and DNA data. The remains were first discovered in 1916 on the island of Hitra, located off Norway's west coast, by workers upgrading a road to a farm. These remains belong to a man who died in his mid-20s around 4,000 years ago, near the end of the Stone Age, as reported by Newsweek. At the time of the man's death, the sea level in the area was higher than it is today, and the site where his remains were found would have been approximately 13 feet underwater. Therefore, archaeologists speculate that he may have drowned. Also read | Archaeologists discover a massive 7000-year-old pre-historic settlement in Serbia "We think that he drowned. Parts of the skeleton are well preserved, and must have been covered with shell sand on the seabed shortly after he died," archaeologist Birgitte Skar with the NTNU University Museum said in a press release. The measurements of the man's remains suggest he stood at around 5 feet, 6 inches tall. Furthermore, through DNA analyses of several other individuals from the same era with comparable genetic profiles, experts managed to reconstruct the colour of his hair, skin, and eyes. These examinations revealed that he had blonde hair and blue eyes. Skar indicated that artefacts discovered alongside the man imply a possible "warrior" status. These items include a dagger and an arm guard—a bone object shaped like an oblong, meant to safeguard the wrist of one hand while using a bow and arrow. Also read | Hunting was not solely a man's arena in prehistoric times, women did it too, study suggests Currently, it remains uncertain whether the Hitra man drowned accidentally or as a result of some form of conflict. Nonetheless, the era in which he lived was marked by substantial transformations in the dynamics of prehistoric human communities in the area, particularly the emergence of agriculture. (With inputs from agencies)

Face of Stone Age man thought to have drowned 4,000 years ago reconstructed

India is gearing up for its next big leap in lunar exploration with the Chandrayaan-4 mission, set to land on the Moon's surface. Nilesh Desai, Director of the Space Applications Centre (SAC), disclosed a pivotal detail about the mission during a recent presentation on the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) future lunar exploration plans. According to him, the Chandrayaan-4's landing site will be close to the Shiv Shakti Point.&nbsp;

Desai highlighted the scientific significance of the Shiv Shakti Point, known for its proximity to the Moon's south pole and potential water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/weight-loss-medication-may-reduce-heart-attack-risk-by-20-says-study-721302">Weight loss medication may reduce heart attack risk by 20%, says study</a>

The mission, slated for an operational life of one lunar day (approximately 14 Earth days), faces daunting challenges posed by the lunar surface's harsh conditions. These include extreme temperature fluctuations and extended periods of darkness during the lunar night.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasas-juno-mission-captures-reddest-object-in-solar-system-721222">NASA’s Juno mission captures reddest object in solar system</a>

Chandrayaan-4 will mark a milestone for ISRO, featuring a multi-launch, multi-module approach. The heavy-lift LVM-3 and the reliable PSLV rockets will carry various payloads essential for the mission's success.

<h2>To collect lunar samples&nbsp;</h2>

The primary objective of Chandrayaan-4 is to collect lunar samples and bring them back to our planet for scientific analysis, a feat achieved only by the United States, Russia, and China so far.

The mission comprises five spacecraft modules, each serving a specific purpose in the sample retrieval process.

However, the ambitious endeavour comes with its share of challenges, notably the rugged terrain and steep slopes near the landing site. ISRO engineers are tasked with developing precise landing techniques and advanced navigation systems to ensure a safe touchdown.

Watch | With ultra-processed foods, one is at higher risk of premature death: Study

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With Chandrayaan-4, India is vying to further cement its position in the global space exploration arena.

The announcement of Chandrayaan-4 follows India's recent triumph with the successful landing of the Chandrayaan-3 lander module on the moon's South Pole, a historic achievement.

India has a growing list of achievements in space exploration, including the Aditya-L1 solar mission and the upcoming Gaganyaan project which showed the nation's commitment to pushing boundaries in space science and technology.

(With inputs from agencies)

India is gearing up for its next big leap in lunar exploration with the Chandrayaan-4 mission, set to land on the Moon's surface. Nilesh Desai, Director of the Space Applications Centre (SAC), disclosed a pivotal detail about the mission during a recent presentation on the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) future lunar exploration plans.

India is gearing up for its next big leap in lunar exploration with the Chandrayaan-4 mission, set to land on the Moon's surface. Nilesh Desai, Director of the Space Applications Centre (SAC), disclosed a pivotal detail about the mission during a recent presentation on the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) future lunar exploration plans. According to him, the Chandrayaan-4's landing site will be close to the Shiv Shakti Point. Desai highlighted the scientific significance of the Shiv Shakti Point, known for its proximity to the Moon's south pole and potential water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions. Also Read | Weight loss medication may reduce heart attack risk by 20%, says study The mission, slated for an operational life of one lunar day (approximately 14 Earth days), faces daunting challenges posed by the lunar surface's harsh conditions. These include extreme temperature fluctuations and extended periods of darkness during the lunar night. Also Read | NASA’s Juno mission captures reddest object in solar system Chandrayaan-4 will mark a milestone for ISRO, featuring a multi-launch, multi-module approach. The heavy-lift LVM-3 and the reliable PSLV rockets will carry various payloads essential for the mission's success. To collect lunar samples The primary objective of Chandrayaan-4 is to collect lunar samples and bring them back to our planet for scientific analysis, a feat achieved only by the United States, Russia, and China so far. The mission comprises five spacecraft modules, each serving a specific purpose in the sample retrieval process. However, the ambitious endeavour comes with its share of challenges, notably the rugged terrain and steep slopes near the landing site. ISRO engineers are tasked with developing precise landing techniques and advanced navigation systems to ensure a safe touchdown. Watch | With ultra-processed foods, one is at higher risk of premature death: Study × With Chandrayaan-4, India is vying to further cement its position in the global space exploration arena. The announcement of Chandrayaan-4 follows India's recent triumph with the successful landing of the Chandrayaan-3 lander module on the moon's South Pole, a historic achievement. India has a growing list of achievements in space exploration, including the Aditya-L1 solar mission and the upcoming Gaganyaan project which showed the nation's commitment to pushing boundaries in space science and technology. (With inputs from agencies)

India: Chandrayaan-4 mission targets landing near THIS point on Moon, bringing back lunar samples

After the recent discovery of the possibility of green pastures and grasslands in the Sahara Desert nearly 4,000 years ago, scientists are now trying to understand if the Earth will undergo a dramatic transformation like northern Africa.

After the recent discovery of the possibility of green pastures and grasslands in the Sahara Desert nearly 4,000 years ago, scientists are now trying to understand if the Earth will undergo a dramatic transformation like northern Africa. A recent study has explained how grasslands, forests and lakes disappeared and the Sahara desert expanded due to which humans were forced to retreat to the mountains, the Nile valley, the oases, and the delta. This geographical transition from the "African humid period", which existed from 15,000 to 5,500 years ago, led to the creation of current dry conditions in northern Africa, which scientists are now seeing as the best example of a climate tipping point in recent geological history. Also Read: Has Sahara Desert always been barren? A 4,000-year-old rock art holds the answer Climate tipping points are thresholds which once passed through lead to a dramatic climate change setting up of a new stable climate. Climate flickering in Africa According to a new study, which was published in Nature Communications, it was revealed that before the dry out of northern Africa, its climate "flickered" between two stable climatic conditions before permanently tipping. For the first time, it has been observed that such flickering took place in the past on Earth. For scientists in today's world, the biggest concern is whether humans will get any warnings of climate tipping points. According to the scientists, after crossing the global warming of 1.5˚C, the most obvious tipping points are the collapsing ice sheets in Antarctica or Greenland, abrupt thawing of Arctic permafrost or tropical coral reefs dying off. According to some, the Earth is likely to give warning signs of these major climate shifts. However, it will depend on what is the type of tipping point, and hence, it is difficult to interpret these signals. One of the major questions is if tipping points will be characterised by flickering or if the climate will appear to be very stable before suddenly tipping over. Watch: Climate change fuels global floods An international team of scientists to further study the climatic shifts went to the basin of Chew Bahir in southern Ethiopia. They found the existence of an extensive lake in this region during the last African humid period. The existence of the lake has been recorded by the deposits of sediment which are underneath the lake bed. The lake has today largely disappeared and the deposits can be cheaply drilled by the people. (With inputs from agencies)

Will Earth turn as arid as Sahara Desert? Here's what disappearance of grasslands hint at

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