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The annular solar eclipse will be visible on Wednesday (Oct 2). During this astronomical phenomenon, the moon will pass over the sun creating a “ring of fire”.

This year’s eclipse will be visible for a much longer duration of 7 minutes and 25 seconds and will cover 93% of the sun, according to Space.com. The last annular solar eclipse which occurred on October 14, 2023, was only visible for 4 minutes and 52 seconds in the United States, Mexico, and other countries in South and Central America.

<h2>What is a ring of fire solar eclipse?</h2>

According to NASA, a ring of fire eclipse occurs during a new moon, when the Earth, moon and sun are in a straight path. However, unlike a total eclipse, which completely covers the sun, an annular eclipse happens when the moon is at a farther point from the Earth and appears smaller. Thus, a ring of fire is visible as the moon cannot cover the entire sun.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-to-get-a-second-moon-this-fall-here-is-how-to-watch-it-762928">Earth to get a ‘second moon’ on Sep 29. Here is how to watch it</a>

About two to five solar eclipses are visible from Earth in a year, while a total solar eclipse occurs only once or twice a year. This phenomenon will not happen again until 2026&nbsp;and will be visible in Spain, Greenland, and Iceland.

<h2>Where will the ring of fire be visible?</h2>

The ring of fire will only be visible in the Pacific Ocean, and southern parts of Chile and Argentina.

The annular eclipse can be seen in Chile and Argentina a little before 5:30 pm local time. While April’s eclipse was visible to 32 million people across North America, the coming eclipse will be only visible to 175,000 people, making it much more remote.

The eclipse will also be visible in Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island around 2 pm local time.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/huge-water-presence-three-times-greater-than-oceans-of-earth-found-in-space-762993">Huge water presence, three times greater than oceans of Earth, found in space</a>

A partial solar eclipse will be visible in parts of North America, South America, Antarctica, and the Atlantic Ocean, where the sun will appear as a crescent, including in Hawaii, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.

<h2>How to look at the solar eclipse safely?</h2>

It is important to take precautions while looking at a solar eclipse and only use solar viewers and filters as regular sunglasses are not safe.&nbsp;

If you don’t have proper safe solar viewers, you can also look at the eclipse indirectly by making a pinhole projector and protecting the image of the sun on a nearby surface. However, it is important to be cautious while using such methods.

(With inputs from agencies)

The annular solar eclipse will be visible on Wednesday (Oct 2). During this astronomical phenomenon, the moon will pass over the sun creating a “ring of fire”. This year’s eclipse will be visible for a much longer duration of 7 minutes and 25 seconds and will cover 93% of the sun, according to Space.

The annular solar eclipse will be visible on Wednesday (Oct 2). During this astronomical phenomenon, the moon will pass over the sun creating a “ring of fire”. This year’s eclipse will be visible for a much longer duration of 7 minutes and 25 seconds and will cover 93% of the sun, according to Space.com. The last annular solar eclipse which occurred on October 14, 2023, was only visible for 4 minutes and 52 seconds in the United States, Mexico, and other countries in South and Central America. What is a ring of fire solar eclipse? According to NASA, a ring of fire eclipse occurs during a new moon, when the Earth, moon and sun are in a straight path. However, unlike a total eclipse, which completely covers the sun, an annular eclipse happens when the moon is at a farther point from the Earth and appears smaller. Thus, a ring of fire is visible as the moon cannot cover the entire sun. Also read | Earth to get a ‘second moon’ on Sep 29. Here is how to watch it About two to five solar eclipses are visible from Earth in a year, while a total solar eclipse occurs only once or twice a year. This phenomenon will not happen again until 2026 and will be visible in Spain, Greenland, and Iceland. Where will the ring of fire be visible? The ring of fire will only be visible in the Pacific Ocean, and southern parts of Chile and Argentina. The annular eclipse can be seen in Chile and Argentina a little before 5:30 pm local time. While April’s eclipse was visible to 32 million people across North America, the coming eclipse will be only visible to 175,000 people, making it much more remote. The eclipse will also be visible in Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island around 2 pm local time. Also read | Huge water presence, three times greater than oceans of Earth, found in space A partial solar eclipse will be visible in parts of North America, South America, Antarctica, and the Atlantic Ocean, where the sun will appear as a crescent, including in Hawaii, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. How to look at the solar eclipse safely? It is important to take precautions while looking at a solar eclipse and only use solar viewers and filters as regular sunglasses are not safe. If you don’t have proper safe solar viewers, you can also look at the eclipse indirectly by making a pinhole projector and protecting the image of the sun on a nearby surface. However, it is important to be cautious while using such methods. (With inputs from agencies)

Ring of fire solar eclipse 2024: When, where and how to watch?

The hunt for life beyond Earth went a step further when scientists discovered water vapour&nbsp;in abundance in the universe.

In the latest research, the scientists focused on a gas and dust disk which was surrounding a young star. It was observed using the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA).

The star, which has been named HL Tauri, was discovered 450 light-years away and a huge amount of vapour was seen surrounding it.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mars-once-had-water-but-now-its-barren-heres-what-led-to-its-mysterious-disappearance-756902">Mars once had water but now it's barren. Here's what led to its mysterious disappearance</a>

The water vapour&nbsp;was&nbsp;equivalent to three times the volume of all the oceans on Earth and could be the birthplace of the planet.

<h2>Can water in space create habitable planets?</h2>

Speaking about the discovery in a press release, Stefano Facchini, an astrophysicist at the University of Milan and study leader,&nbsp;said, “I had never imagined that we could capture an image of oceans of water vapour in the same region where a planet is likely forming."

As per the research published in Nature Astronomy, the water vapour's volume can increase the chances of the planet being habitable after its formation.

As per the scientists, the amount of water vapour present around HL Tauri appeared to have an influence over the birth of new planets. It is also likely that the conditions amid the vapour&nbsp;can be very similar to the conditions that were prevalent when the formation of Earth took place 4.5 billion years ago.

Watch:&nbsp;The Curious Case Of The Prematurely Aging Space Heart

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/the-curious-case-of-the-prematurely-aging-space-heart-762633/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

Speaking about his excitement at noticing the oceans of water vapour, Facchini said, “Our recent images reveal a substantial quantity of water vapour at a range of distances from the star that includes a gap where a planet could potentially be forming at the present time."

In recent times, water has been fundamental for various scientific developments. Recently, it was also found by scientists that water has been leaking slowly from the surface to the core of the Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

The hunt for life beyond Earth went a step further when scientists discovered water vapour in abundance in the universe. In the latest research, the scientists focused on a gas and dust disk which was surrounding a young star.

The hunt for life beyond Earth went a step further when scientists discovered water vapour in abundance in the universe. In the latest research, the scientists focused on a gas and dust disk which was surrounding a young star. It was observed using the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA). The star, which has been named HL Tauri, was discovered 450 light-years away and a huge amount of vapour was seen surrounding it. Also Read: Mars once had water but now it's barren. Here's what led to its mysterious disappearance The water vapour was equivalent to three times the volume of all the oceans on Earth and could be the birthplace of the planet. Can water in space create habitable planets? Speaking about the discovery in a press release, Stefano Facchini, an astrophysicist at the University of Milan and study leader, said, “I had never imagined that we could capture an image of oceans of water vapour in the same region where a planet is likely forming." As per the research published in Nature Astronomy, the water vapour's volume can increase the chances of the planet being habitable after its formation. As per the scientists, the amount of water vapour present around HL Tauri appeared to have an influence over the birth of new planets. It is also likely that the conditions amid the vapour can be very similar to the conditions that were prevalent when the formation of Earth took place 4.5 billion years ago. Watch: The Curious Case Of The Prematurely Aging Space Heart Speaking about his excitement at noticing the oceans of water vapour, Facchini said, “Our recent images reveal a substantial quantity of water vapour at a range of distances from the star that includes a gap where a planet could potentially be forming at the present time." In recent times, water has been fundamental for various scientific developments. Recently, it was also found by scientists that water has been leaking slowly from the surface to the core of the Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Huge water presence, three times greater than oceans of Earth, found in space

Archaeologists have unearthed the oldest eyeliner from the ruins of a prehistoric city in Turkey which has proved that humans were using makeup more than 8,000 years ago.

The kohl stick, which is a kind of eyeliner still popular among people, was found in Yeşilova Höyük which is an ancient settlement in western Turkey.

The kohl stick is made using green serpentine stone and there are traces of black paint on its tip, more than 8,200 years after it was used.

Speaking about the discovery to Daily Mail, lead archaeologist Zafer Derin said, "For centuries, kohl has been worn by individuals of all genders, statuses, and socioeconomic levels."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/china-had-worlds-oldest-cheese-but-it-was-hidden-in-a-shockingly-weird-place-762134">China had world's oldest cheese but it was hidden in a shockingly weird place</a>

The kohl is believed to have been used in various parts of the world like Egypt, the Levant,&nbsp;Syria,&nbsp;Iran, and Anatolia.&nbsp;

"It's been used from ancient times to the present, and it is still used in many regions today.&nbsp;&nbsp;The kohl stick found in Yeşilova Höyük is the oldest known example ever found. This may show how much the first Aegean women living in Yeşilova were fond of their beauty," Derin added.

The kohl stick was discovered in a Neolithic layer which dates back to 8,200 years.&nbsp;Yeşilova Höyük is an ancient place in the Turkish city of Izmir.&nbsp;

<h2>How was kohl stick&nbsp;used in ancient times?</h2>

The kohl stick is nearly 10 cm long and a centimetre thick and is among various artefacts developed by the people of&nbsp;Yeşilova Höyük in ancient times.

Dr Derin stated that it was "very well smoothed and shaped into a sharp pen".

The kohl stick was probably dipped into a container of kohl and then used for makeup.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-are-on-a-mission-to-find-15-million-year-old-ice-oldest-in-the-world-762792">Scientists are on a mission to find 1.5-million-year-old ice, oldest in the world</a>

The experts have sent the black substance at the tip for analysis, however, it is believed to be manganese oxide, which is one of the components of kohl.&nbsp;

"Yet its use not have been purely cosmetic. As it is known from many written texts, paintings, and sculptures in ancient Egypt, kohl was mainly used for the treatment of eye diseases rather than an aesthetic function," Dr Derin said.

"It was also thought to reduce the brightness of the sun by applying it thickly around the eyes," he added.

Kohl is created by grinding stibnite which is a mineral discovered in hydrothermal deposits.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Archaeologists have unearthed the oldest eyeliner from the ruins of a prehistoric city in Turkey which has proved that humans were using makeup more than 8,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have unearthed the oldest eyeliner from the ruins of a prehistoric city in Turkey which has proved that humans were using makeup more than 8,000 years ago. The kohl stick, which is a kind of eyeliner still popular among people, was found in Yeşilova Höyük which is an ancient settlement in western Turkey. The kohl stick is made using green serpentine stone and there are traces of black paint on its tip, more than 8,200 years after it was used. Speaking about the discovery to Daily Mail, lead archaeologist Zafer Derin said, "For centuries, kohl has been worn by individuals of all genders, statuses, and socioeconomic levels." Also Read: China had world's oldest cheese but it was hidden in a shockingly weird place The kohl is believed to have been used in various parts of the world like Egypt, the Levant, Syria, Iran, and Anatolia. "It's been used from ancient times to the present, and it is still used in many regions today. The kohl stick found in Yeşilova Höyük is the oldest known example ever found. This may show how much the first Aegean women living in Yeşilova were fond of their beauty," Derin added. The kohl stick was discovered in a Neolithic layer which dates back to 8,200 years. Yeşilova Höyük is an ancient place in the Turkish city of Izmir. How was kohl stick used in ancient times? The kohl stick is nearly 10 cm long and a centimetre thick and is among various artefacts developed by the people of Yeşilova Höyük in ancient times. Dr Derin stated that it was "very well smoothed and shaped into a sharp pen". The kohl stick was probably dipped into a container of kohl and then used for makeup. Also Read: Scientists are on a mission to find 1.5-million-year-old ice, oldest in the world The experts have sent the black substance at the tip for analysis, however, it is believed to be manganese oxide, which is one of the components of kohl. "Yet its use not have been purely cosmetic. As it is known from many written texts, paintings, and sculptures in ancient Egypt, kohl was mainly used for the treatment of eye diseases rather than an aesthetic function," Dr Derin said. "It was also thought to reduce the brightness of the sun by applying it thickly around the eyes," he added. Kohl is created by grinding stibnite which is a mineral discovered in hydrothermal deposits. (With inputs from agencies)

World's oldest eyeliner unearthed in Turkey. After 8,200 years, its tip is still black

Scientists from the University of Maryland have stumbled upon the evidence of an ancient seafloor which is believed to have sunk deep into the Earth when dinosaurs existed and is now affecting the interior structure of Earth.

This previously unknown patch of the seafloor is located in the East Pacific Rise and has thrown light on the inner workings of the planet and how the surface of Earth has gone through changes over millions of years.&nbsp;

The findings of the team were published&nbsp;in the journal&nbsp;Science Advances.

The team, headed by geology postdoctoral researcher Jingchuan Wang, used innovative seismic imaging techniques to look deep into the mantle of Earth, which is the layer between the planet's core and crust.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/chinas-gigantic-hydroelectric-dam-has-been-changing-spin-of-earth-heres-how-761164">China's gigantic hydroelectric dam has been changing spin of Earth. Here's how</a>

The scientists looked into the&nbsp;mantle transition zone, which is a region between 410 and 660 kilometres below the surface of the Earth, and discovered an unusually thick area.

The upper and lower mantles of the Earth are separated by this zone, which expands or contracts on the basis of temperature.

According to the team, this seafloor can also explain the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province's (LLSVP) anomalous structure.

"This thickened area is like a fossilized fingerprint of an ancient piece of seafloor that subducted into the Earth approximately 250 million years ago. It's giving us a glimpse into Earth's past that we've never had before," Wang said.

<h2>Here's how scientists found the subducted seafloor</h2>

Subduction takes place when one tectonic plate slides below the other one and the surface material is recycled back into the mantle of Earth.

The clues of subduction&nbsp;are found by geologists after examining rock samples and sediments found on the surface of the Earth.&nbsp;

However, Wang used seismic waves to look into the ocean floor.

The scientists, by looking into the seismic waves which travelled through different layers of the planet, were able to create a detailed map of structures inside the mantle.

"You can think of seismic imaging as something similar to a CT scan. It's basically allowed us to have a cross-sectional view of our planet's insides," said Wang.&nbsp;

"Usually, oceanic slabs of material are consumed by the Earth completely, leaving no discernible traces on the surface. But seeing the ancient subduction slab through this perspective gave us new insights into the relationship between very deep Earth structures and surface geology, which were not obvious before," he added.

Watch:&nbsp;Scientists Propose Nuclear Solution To Save Earth From Asteroid Armageddon

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/scientists-propose-nuclear-solution-to-save-earth-from-asteroid-armageddon-761817/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

While observing the seafloors, the scientists found that the material was moving through the interior of Earth much more slowly than earlier believed.

Wang said that the thickness of the area hinted at the presence of colder material in the mantle transition zone and that some oceanic slabs may have been stuck while sinking through the mantle.

"We found that in this region, the material was sinking at about half the speed we expected, which suggests that the mantle transition zone can act like a barrier and slow down the movement of material through the Earth," said Wang.&nbsp;

"Our discovery opens up new questions about how the deep Earth influences what we see on the surface across vast distances and timescales," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists from the University of Maryland have stumbled upon the evidence of an ancient seafloor which is believed to have sunk deep into the Earth when dinosaurs existed and is now affecting the interior structure of Earth.

Scientists from the University of Maryland have stumbled upon the evidence of an ancient seafloor which is believed to have sunk deep into the Earth when dinosaurs existed and is now affecting the interior structure of Earth. This previously unknown patch of the seafloor is located in the East Pacific Rise and has thrown light on the inner workings of the planet and how the surface of Earth has gone through changes over millions of years. The findings of the team were published in the journal Science Advances. The team, headed by geology postdoctoral researcher Jingchuan Wang, used innovative seismic imaging techniques to look deep into the mantle of Earth, which is the layer between the planet's core and crust. Also Read: China's gigantic hydroelectric dam has been changing spin of Earth. Here's how The scientists looked into the mantle transition zone, which is a region between 410 and 660 kilometres below the surface of the Earth, and discovered an unusually thick area. The upper and lower mantles of the Earth are separated by this zone, which expands or contracts on the basis of temperature. According to the team, this seafloor can also explain the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province's (LLSVP) anomalous structure. "This thickened area is like a fossilized fingerprint of an ancient piece of seafloor that subducted into the Earth approximately 250 million years ago. It's giving us a glimpse into Earth's past that we've never had before," Wang said. Here's how scientists found the subducted seafloor Subduction takes place when one tectonic plate slides below the other one and the surface material is recycled back into the mantle of Earth. The clues of subduction are found by geologists after examining rock samples and sediments found on the surface of the Earth. However, Wang used seismic waves to look into the ocean floor. The scientists, by looking into the seismic waves which travelled through different layers of the planet, were able to create a detailed map of structures inside the mantle. "You can think of seismic imaging as something similar to a CT scan. It's basically allowed us to have a cross-sectional view of our planet's insides," said Wang. "Usually, oceanic slabs of material are consumed by the Earth completely, leaving no discernible traces on the surface. But seeing the ancient subduction slab through this perspective gave us new insights into the relationship between very deep Earth structures and surface geology, which were not obvious before," he added. Watch: Scientists Propose Nuclear Solution To Save Earth From Asteroid Armageddon While observing the seafloors, the scientists found that the material was moving through the interior of Earth much more slowly than earlier believed. Wang said that the thickness of the area hinted at the presence of colder material in the mantle transition zone and that some oceanic slabs may have been stuck while sinking through the mantle. "We found that in this region, the material was sinking at about half the speed we expected, which suggests that the mantle transition zone can act like a barrier and slow down the movement of material through the Earth," said Wang. "Our discovery opens up new questions about how the deep Earth influences what we see on the surface across vast distances and timescales," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

An ancient sunk seafloor beneath Pacific is impacting Earth's interior. Here's how

In a spectacular cosmic event, Earth is about to get a "second moon" this fall. An asteroid passing through the Earth will be pulled by its gravitational force. This “second moon” will temporarily enter our planet’s orbit on September 29 and remain there for nearly two months.

<h2>What is the second moon?</h2>

First spotted by NASA’s Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on August 7, asteroid 2024 PT5 hails from the Arjuna asteroid belt, a group of asteroids in our solar system. These asteroids sometimes get as close as 2.8 million miles (4.5 million km) to Earth.

According to scientists involved in the study to determine its trajectory, an asteroid moving at a slower speed of about 2,200 mph (3,540 km/h) can be pulled by Earth’s gravitational field and trapped in an orbit temporarily, similar to 2024 PT5. The study was published in Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ceres-largest-object-in-asteroid-belt-shows-signs-of-life-near-ertunet-crater-762152">Ceres, largest object in asteroid belt, shows signs of habitability near Ertunet Crater</a>

The asteroid will enter the orbit on September 29 and is expected to leave on November 25, astronomer Dr Jennifer Millard told BBC.&nbsp;

"It's not going to complete a full revolution of our planet, it's just going to kind of have its orbit altered, just twisted slightly by our own planet and then it'll continue on its merry way," she said.

<h2>How to watch the second moon?</h2>

The asteroid is only about 10 metre (32 foot) long and is made of dull rock, making it impossible to view with the naked eye. It will also be difficult to spot with binoculars or home telescope as it is comparatively much smaller than the moon, which has a diameter of about 3,474 km.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/two-rocks-fused-into-one-to-form-peanut-like-asteroid-that-flew-past-earth-762194">Two rocks fused into one to form peanut-like asteroid that flew past Earth</a>

"Professional telescopes, they'll be able to pick it up. So you'll be able to look out for lots of wonderful pictures online of this little dot kind of moving past the stars at great speed," said Dr Millard, who is also the host of the Awesome Astronomy podcast.

The best way to see the “mini-moon” would be to visit a space observatory that has public access.

Other asteroids that enter Earth’s orbit have been spotted before, while many others are likely to have gone unnoticed. The asteroid is likely to return to Earth’s orbit again in 2055.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a spectacular cosmic event, Earth is about to get a "second moon" this fall. An asteroid passing through the Earth will be pulled by its gravitational force. This “second moon” will temporarily enter our planet’s orbit on September 29 and remain there for nearly two months.

In a spectacular cosmic event, Earth is about to get a "second moon" this fall. An asteroid passing through the Earth will be pulled by its gravitational force. This “second moon” will temporarily enter our planet’s orbit on September 29 and remain there for nearly two months. What is the second moon? First spotted by NASA’s Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on August 7, asteroid 2024 PT5 hails from the Arjuna asteroid belt, a group of asteroids in our solar system. These asteroids sometimes get as close as 2.8 million miles (4.5 million km) to Earth. According to scientists involved in the study to determine its trajectory, an asteroid moving at a slower speed of about 2,200 mph (3,540 km/h) can be pulled by Earth’s gravitational field and trapped in an orbit temporarily, similar to 2024 PT5. The study was published in Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. Also read | Ceres, largest object in asteroid belt, shows signs of habitability near Ertunet Crater The asteroid will enter the orbit on September 29 and is expected to leave on November 25, astronomer Dr Jennifer Millard told BBC. "It's not going to complete a full revolution of our planet, it's just going to kind of have its orbit altered, just twisted slightly by our own planet and then it'll continue on its merry way," she said. How to watch the second moon? The asteroid is only about 10 metre (32 foot) long and is made of dull rock, making it impossible to view with the naked eye. It will also be difficult to spot with binoculars or home telescope as it is comparatively much smaller than the moon, which has a diameter of about 3,474 km. Also read | Two rocks fused into one to form peanut-like asteroid that flew past Earth "Professional telescopes, they'll be able to pick it up. So you'll be able to look out for lots of wonderful pictures online of this little dot kind of moving past the stars at great speed," said Dr Millard, who is also the host of the Awesome Astronomy podcast. The best way to see the “mini-moon” would be to visit a space observatory that has public access. Other asteroids that enter Earth’s orbit have been spotted before, while many others are likely to have gone unnoticed. The asteroid is likely to return to Earth’s orbit again in 2055. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth to get a ‘second moon’ on Sep 29. Here is how to watch it

NASA engineers have revealed that a portion of the International Space Station is leaking. According to the space agency's inspector general, there are leaks in a tunnel connecting the station's Russian segment to a docking port. The problem is that no one knows what's causing the leaks.&nbsp;

"On-going cracks and air leaks in the Service Module Transfer Tunnel are a top safety risk," the report reads.&nbsp;

In June, the crack was moved to NASA's highest level of concern in its "risk matrix," Ars Technica reported.

NASA and Russian space agency, Roscosmos, are working together to figure out the issue.

"And NASA and Roscosmos are collaborating to investigate and mitigate the cracks and leaks, determine the root cause, and monitor the Station for new leaks."

"Although the root cause of the leak remains unknown, both agencies have narrowed their focus to internal and external welds," the report reads.

As per an Ars Technica report, NASA "identified an increase in the leak to its highest level to date" in April. The lead increased to a whopping 3.7 pounds of atmosphere a day, as compared to under one&nbsp;pound in February.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/much-awaited-star-explosion-is-finally-here-how-to-watch-it-and-where-to-look-762377">Much-awaited star explosion is finally here. How to watch it and where to look</a>

Right now, NASA plans on retiring the space station in 2030. However, it is important to keep things perfect until that happens. But that doesn't seem to be the case as the report cites problems faced to fix the issue, whenever it is identified.&nbsp;

The report cites "supply chain issues" plaguing NASA's contractors that could create hurdles in sustaining operations at the space station until it finally goes out of service.

If the engineers are unable to identify the problem and fix it, NASA and Roscosmos might have to permanently close the hatch to the affected tunnel. This would cut off access to one of the station's four docking ports.

However, this might be a point of clash between NASA and Roscosmos as they do not have "agreement on the point at which the leak rate is untenable."

Notably, SpaceX will help NASA deorbit the station and crash it into the Pacific Ocean in 2030.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

NASA engineers have revealed that a portion of the International Space Station is leaking. According to the space agency's inspector general, there are leaks in a tunnel connecting the station's Russian segment to a docking port.

NASA engineers have revealed that a portion of the International Space Station is leaking. According to the space agency's inspector general, there are leaks in a tunnel connecting the station's Russian segment to a docking port. The problem is that no one knows what's causing the leaks. "On-going cracks and air leaks in the Service Module Transfer Tunnel are a top safety risk," the report reads. In June, the crack was moved to NASA's highest level of concern in its "risk matrix," Ars Technica reported. NASA and Russian space agency, Roscosmos, are working together to figure out the issue. "And NASA and Roscosmos are collaborating to investigate and mitigate the cracks and leaks, determine the root cause, and monitor the Station for new leaks." "Although the root cause of the leak remains unknown, both agencies have narrowed their focus to internal and external welds," the report reads. As per an Ars Technica report, NASA "identified an increase in the leak to its highest level to date" in April. The lead increased to a whopping 3.7 pounds of atmosphere a day, as compared to under one pound in February. Also Read: Much-awaited star explosion is finally here. How to watch it and where to look Right now, NASA plans on retiring the space station in 2030. However, it is important to keep things perfect until that happens. But that doesn't seem to be the case as the report cites problems faced to fix the issue, whenever it is identified. The report cites "supply chain issues" plaguing NASA's contractors that could create hurdles in sustaining operations at the space station until it finally goes out of service. If the engineers are unable to identify the problem and fix it, NASA and Roscosmos might have to permanently close the hatch to the affected tunnel. This would cut off access to one of the station's four docking ports. However, this might be a point of clash between NASA and Roscosmos as they do not have "agreement on the point at which the leak rate is untenable." Notably, SpaceX will help NASA deorbit the station and crash it into the Pacific Ocean in 2030.

NASA and Roscosmos butt heads over growing leakage in space station. 'Have not reached...'

Scientists have discovered that dinosaurs roamed the polar environment in southern Australia when the country was still connected to Antarctica. This was during the Early Cretaceous period when large theropod dinosaurs lived in the icy cold region and moved around the river floodplains when the ice thawed during the summers.

The revelations have been presented in a study published in the journal Alcheringa. Dinosaur tracks were recently discovered in the Wonthaggi Formation south of Melbourne and were likely made between 120 million and 128 million years ago.

The tracks belonged to 18 theropod dinosaurs and four tracks were of ornithopods, that is small, herbivorous dinosaurs that theropods likely feasted on.

Anthony Martin, first author of the study, said, “These numerous tracks are the best evidence yet that these former polar environments supported large carnivores."

"The large theropods would likely have fed on prey such as smaller dinosaurs, fish and turtles."

Martin is also a professor in Emory University’s Department of Environmental Sciences.

Theropods walked on two legs and their feet had three, clawed toes.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-snatched-moon-from-outer-space-and-did-not-birth-it-study-suggests-762670">Earth snatched Moon from space and did not birth it, study suggests</a>

Co-authors of the study, Patricia Vickers-Rich, professor of palaeontology at Monash University, and Thomas Rich, curator of vertebrate palaeontology at Museums Victoria Research Institute, have been working for years to find fossils in the state of Victoria.&nbsp;

<h2>Where Gondwana broke up&nbsp;</h2>

Victoria is where the ancient supercontinent Gondwana started breaking up around 100 million years ago. Scientists say that at the time the dinosaurs lived here, the polar environment comprised a rift valley with braided rivers. During the polar winters, the region experienced deep freezing temperatures and darkness for months.

Several polar dinosaur body fossils have been found in the Wonthaggi Formation, but most of them are small fragments of bones and teeth. Earlier it was suggested that torrential spring floods likely washed them up to the region and buried them here.

But the latest discovery of tracks seems to suggest otherwise.

"Our find of so many theropod tracks, however, confirms that a variety of dinosaurs actually lived and walked on the ground where their bones were found," Martin says. "Dinosaur tracks are actually much more common at the site than we previously realised."

Co-author Melissa Lowery was the one who found more tracks mentioned in the latest study. The tracks were likely made when the dinosaurs were walking on wet sand or mud in the floodplain.&nbsp;

Scientists have discovered that dinosaurs roamed the polar environment in southern Australia when the country was still connected to Antarctica. This was during the Early Cretaceous period when large theropod dinosaurs lived in the icy cold region and moved around the river floodplains when the ice thawed during the summers.

Scientists have discovered that dinosaurs roamed the polar environment in southern Australia when the country was still connected to Antarctica. This was during the Early Cretaceous period when large theropod dinosaurs lived in the icy cold region and moved around the river floodplains when the ice thawed during the summers. The revelations have been presented in a study published in the journal Alcheringa. Dinosaur tracks were recently discovered in the Wonthaggi Formation south of Melbourne and were likely made between 120 million and 128 million years ago. The tracks belonged to 18 theropod dinosaurs and four tracks were of ornithopods, that is small, herbivorous dinosaurs that theropods likely feasted on. Anthony Martin, first author of the study, said, “These numerous tracks are the best evidence yet that these former polar environments supported large carnivores." "The large theropods would likely have fed on prey such as smaller dinosaurs, fish and turtles." Martin is also a professor in Emory University’s Department of Environmental Sciences. Theropods walked on two legs and their feet had three, clawed toes. Also Read: Earth snatched Moon from space and did not birth it, study suggests Co-authors of the study, Patricia Vickers-Rich, professor of palaeontology at Monash University, and Thomas Rich, curator of vertebrate palaeontology at Museums Victoria Research Institute, have been working for years to find fossils in the state of Victoria. Where Gondwana broke up Victoria is where the ancient supercontinent Gondwana started breaking up around 100 million years ago. Scientists say that at the time the dinosaurs lived here, the polar environment comprised a rift valley with braided rivers. During the polar winters, the region experienced deep freezing temperatures and darkness for months. Several polar dinosaur body fossils have been found in the Wonthaggi Formation, but most of them are small fragments of bones and teeth. Earlier it was suggested that torrential spring floods likely washed them up to the region and buried them here. But the latest discovery of tracks seems to suggest otherwise. "Our find of so many theropod tracks, however, confirms that a variety of dinosaurs actually lived and walked on the ground where their bones were found," Martin says. "Dinosaur tracks are actually much more common at the site than we previously realised." Co-author Melissa Lowery was the one who found more tracks mentioned in the latest study. The tracks were likely made when the dinosaurs were walking on wet sand or mud in the floodplain.

Giant carnivorous dinosaurs roamed freezing Australian region when it was part of Antarctica

For nearly 40 years the Moon has been thought to be created by debris released when something collided with Earth. However, a new study offers another idea. What if this was not the case and the Moon was an external space body which Earth's gravity happened to catch?

The Apollo missions gave humans access to lunar soil. The astronauts who went to the moon between 1969 and 1972 collected more than 800 pounds of lunar rock and soil.&nbsp;

An analysis found that they were similar in composition to what is found on Earth and that our satellite was birthed 60 million years after the solar system formed. Scientists gathered at the Kona Conference in 1984 and concluded that the Moon was formed by a collision with a young Earth.&nbsp;

However, two Penn State researchers now say that it is likely the Moon was not born this way. The findings have been published in The Planetary Science Journal by Darren Williams, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State Behrend, and Michael Zugger, a senior research engineer at the Applied Research Lab at Penn State.

They say that the Moon was once part of a terrestrial binary. When it came too close to Earth, the planet caught one of them and repelled the other rocky object.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/comet-a3-icy-visitor-from-oort-cloud-is-becoming-brighter-here-is-when-to-watch-and-how-762534">Icy visitor from Oort Cloud is becoming brighter. When to watch and how</a>

"The Kona Conference set the narrative for 40 years," Williams said. The authors added that this was not the end point and certain troubling points remained.&nbsp;

<h2>Why Moon likely came from outside&nbsp;</h2>

One of them is the position of the moon. They say that a moon formed due to a planetary collision and the debris clumping together in a ring should orbit above the planet's equator. However, our moon orbits in a different plane.

"The moon is more in line with the sun than it is with the Earth's equator," Williams said.

Providing their binary-exchange capture theory, the two of them believe Earth's gravity separated the binary and caught one of them. The one it snagged became our moon.

Citing another such instance in the solar system. Williams and Zugger point to Triton, Neptune's largest moon. Current studies say that Triton was pulled into orbit from the Kuiper Belt, where several binaries exist.&nbsp;

They added that Moon's orbit started off as an elongated ellipse, rather than a circle. But extreme tides changed its shape&nbsp;over time. The researchers calculated tidal changes and the orbit's size and shape and determined our lunar satellite's orbit contracted over thousands of years and also became more circular.&nbsp;

For nearly 40 years the Moon has been thought to be created by debris released when something collided with Earth. However, a new study offers another idea. What if this was not the case and the Moon was an external space body which Earth's gravity happened to catch?

For nearly 40 years the Moon has been thought to be created by debris released when something collided with Earth. However, a new study offers another idea. What if this was not the case and the Moon was an external space body which Earth's gravity happened to catch? The Apollo missions gave humans access to lunar soil. The astronauts who went to the moon between 1969 and 1972 collected more than 800 pounds of lunar rock and soil. An analysis found that they were similar in composition to what is found on Earth and that our satellite was birthed 60 million years after the solar system formed. Scientists gathered at the Kona Conference in 1984 and concluded that the Moon was formed by a collision with a young Earth. However, two Penn State researchers now say that it is likely the Moon was not born this way. The findings have been published in The Planetary Science Journal by Darren Williams, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State Behrend, and Michael Zugger, a senior research engineer at the Applied Research Lab at Penn State. They say that the Moon was once part of a terrestrial binary. When it came too close to Earth, the planet caught one of them and repelled the other rocky object. Also Read: Icy visitor from Oort Cloud is becoming brighter. When to watch and how "The Kona Conference set the narrative for 40 years," Williams said. The authors added that this was not the end point and certain troubling points remained. Why Moon likely came from outside One of them is the position of the moon. They say that a moon formed due to a planetary collision and the debris clumping together in a ring should orbit above the planet's equator. However, our moon orbits in a different plane. "The moon is more in line with the sun than it is with the Earth's equator," Williams said. Providing their binary-exchange capture theory, the two of them believe Earth's gravity separated the binary and caught one of them. The one it snagged became our moon. Citing another such instance in the solar system. Williams and Zugger point to Triton, Neptune's largest moon. Current studies say that Triton was pulled into orbit from the Kuiper Belt, where several binaries exist. They added that Moon's orbit started off as an elongated ellipse, rather than a circle. But extreme tides changed its shape over time. The researchers calculated tidal changes and the orbit's size and shape and determined our lunar satellite's orbit contracted over thousands of years and also became more circular.

Earth snatched Moon from space and did not birth it, study suggests

This week promises to bring with it several celestial wonders, one of them being Comet C/2023 A3. It is set to pass by Earth and will appear extremely bright.&nbsp;

The comet, also known as Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, has been travelling towards the inner solar system and is right now going towards the sun. As it makes its way in, it is getting brighter each day. It can already be spotted from a few countries.&nbsp;

NASA astronauts have already caught a glimpse of the comet from the International Space Station and have clicked some stunning pictures of the icy celestial visitor.&nbsp;

<h2>When to watch Comet A3</h2>

The comet is currently moving inwards into the solar system. On its way to the sun, it will appear the brightest on September 27. The best time to view it is early in the morning. This means to see the cosmic visitor you'll have to wake up by 4:00 am. It will continue to be visible till at least October 2, although it will not remain as bright.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/much-awaited-star-explosion-is-finally-here-how-to-watch-it-and-where-to-look-762377">Much-awaited star explosion is finally here. How to watch it and where to look</a>

However, if you miss it this time, don't worry. Comet A3 will pass by Earth again in the coming days. After reaching the sun, it will start its return journey. This is when it will once again cross paths with our planet and make an appearance in our skies one more time. This second stint will be visible on October 12.&nbsp;

During its return trip, it will appear even brighter than the last time.&nbsp;

<h2>Do you need special equipment to see the comet?</h2>

While the comet should be visible to the naked eye both times, it might be hard to locate it. So consider using a telescope or binoculars to make the viewing easy.&nbsp;

<h2>Comet A3 from the ISS</h2>

Astronaut Matthew Dominick&nbsp;shared a photo of Comet A3 on September&nbsp;26 captured from the ISS.

He wrote, "We were discussing the other day how lucky and grateful we are to have seen amazing aurora, a solar eclipse, and a comet in a single trip to the ISS." 
&nbsp;

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The comet’s tail is refracted by earth’s atmosphere right before orbital sunrise. 
 
Canadarm2 is out of focus in the near field. 
 
We were discussing the other day how lucky and grateful we are to have seen amazing aurora, a solar eclipse, and a comet in a single trip to the… <a href="https://t.co/wIQmClm7Wb">pic.twitter.com/wIQmClm7Wb</a>
— Matthew Dominick (@dominickmatthew) <a href="https://twitter.com/dominickmatthew/status/1839078148844970390?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 25, 2024</a></blockquote>
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Earlier, astronaut Don Pettit saw it zipping over Earth's atmosphere on its way to the sun and clicked some beautiful pictures.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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It is totally awesome to see a comet from orbit. The perspective of rising through the atmosphere on edge is truly unique from our vantage point. The comet tail is still too dim to see with your eyes, but it is heading towards the sun and growing brighter every day. 
 
This comet… <a href="https://t.co/wsrevVpjDv">pic.twitter.com/wsrevVpjDv</a>
— Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) <a href="https://twitter.com/astro_Pettit/status/1837863486015131799?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 22, 2024</a></blockquote>
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<h2>About Comet A3</h2>

Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS was discovered in 2023 and moves in a retrograde orbit around the sun, which is in the opposite direction to planets and asteroids. Due to its strange orbit, astronomers believe that it originated in the Oort Cloud, a theoretical region beyond Neptune's orbit.&nbsp;

It is travelling at a speed of 180,000 mph towards the sun. Some reports earlier suggested that the comet will die during its journey, but thankfully for us, this does not seem to be the case.&nbsp;

This week promises to bring with it several celestial wonders, one of them being Comet C/2023 A3. It is set to pass by Earth and will appear extremely bright. The comet, also known as Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, has been travelling towards the inner solar system and is right now going towards the sun.

This week promises to bring with it several celestial wonders, one of them being Comet C/2023 A3. It is set to pass by Earth and will appear extremely bright. The comet, also known as Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, has been travelling towards the inner solar system and is right now going towards the sun. As it makes its way in, it is getting brighter each day. It can already be spotted from a few countries. NASA astronauts have already caught a glimpse of the comet from the International Space Station and have clicked some stunning pictures of the icy celestial visitor. When to watch Comet A3 The comet is currently moving inwards into the solar system. On its way to the sun, it will appear the brightest on September 27. The best time to view it is early in the morning. This means to see the cosmic visitor you'll have to wake up by 4:00 am. It will continue to be visible till at least October 2, although it will not remain as bright. Also Read: Much-awaited star explosion is finally here. How to watch it and where to look However, if you miss it this time, don't worry. Comet A3 will pass by Earth again in the coming days. After reaching the sun, it will start its return journey. This is when it will once again cross paths with our planet and make an appearance in our skies one more time. This second stint will be visible on October 12. During its return trip, it will appear even brighter than the last time. Do you need special equipment to see the comet? While the comet should be visible to the naked eye both times, it might be hard to locate it. So consider using a telescope or binoculars to make the viewing easy. Comet A3 from the ISS Astronaut Matthew Dominick shared a photo of Comet A3 on September 26 captured from the ISS. He wrote, "We were discussing the other day how lucky and grateful we are to have seen amazing aurora, a solar eclipse, and a comet in a single trip to the ISS." The comet’s tail is refracted by earth’s atmosphere right before orbital sunrise. Canadarm2 is out of focus in the near field. We were discussing the other day how lucky and grateful we are to have seen amazing aurora, a solar eclipse, and a comet in a single trip to the… pic.twitter.com/wIQmClm7Wb — Matthew Dominick (@dominickmatthew) September 25, 2024 × Earlier, astronaut Don Pettit saw it zipping over Earth's atmosphere on its way to the sun and clicked some beautiful pictures. It is totally awesome to see a comet from orbit. The perspective of rising through the atmosphere on edge is truly unique from our vantage point. The comet tail is still too dim to see with your eyes, but it is heading towards the sun and growing brighter every day. This comet… pic.twitter.com/wsrevVpjDv — Don Pettit (@astro_Pettit) September 22, 2024 × About Comet A3 Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS was discovered in 2023 and moves in a retrograde orbit around the sun, which is in the opposite direction to planets and asteroids. Due to its strange orbit, astronomers believe that it originated in the Oort Cloud, a theoretical region beyond Neptune's orbit. It is travelling at a speed of 180,000 mph towards the sun. Some reports earlier suggested that the comet will die during its journey, but thankfully for us, this does not seem to be the case.

Icy visitor from Oort Cloud is becoming brighter. When to watch and how

The asteroid belt that sits between Mars and Jupiter might be holding the building blocks of life, according to a new study. The dwarf planet Ceres in the region has a hidden ocean which harbours such ingredients, the research published in the journal Science Advances says.&nbsp;

Ceres is the largest object in our Solar System’s asteroid belt, and its icy surface hides several small underground water bodies containing salt water. But the most fascinating discovery has been made around one of its largest craters, the Ertunet Crater.&nbsp;

Maria Cristina De Sanctis, a planetary scientist at Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, and her colleagues found the basics of life here.

Hundreds of square miles of area around this crater are covered with a layer of organic chemicals, also called aliphatics. Researchers suggest that the chemicals must have formed only in the past few million years or so. This is because aliphatic compounds cannot sustain the constant bombardment of radiation in deep space for a long time.&nbsp;

This has led them to conclude that these organic molecules formed in Ceres’s underground ocean within the last 10 million years or so.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/jwst-spots-unique-exoplanet-with-inflated-asymmetric-atmosphere-761897">JWST spots unique exoplanet with inflated 'asymmetric' atmosphere</a>

De Sanctis and her colleagues created the Ceres sediment in their lab using data from NASA’s Dawn mission which flew by the dwarf planet in 2012. They added aliphatic organics to the mix, the hydrocarbon found near the Ertunet Crater.&nbsp;

To get an estimate of how long they have been there, they struck the mixture with powerful ultraviolet radiation and fast-moving ions.

This so-called “space weathering” can break down organic molecules. Turns out, the aliphatic compounds could not hold on for long, and this made the researchers realise that the substance had not been on Ceres for long either.&nbsp;

There is an abundance of this type of hydrocarbon on its surface, and so the researchers believe it must have gotten there within the last 10 million years.

"The organic compounds found at the Ertunet Crater might have evolved over the life span of Ceres’s deep ocean, lasting at least a few hundred million years,” De Sanctis and her colleagues write in their recent paper.&nbsp;

Besides, simulations show that these organic molecules weren't delivered by any asteroid or comet and formed deep inside Ceres.

Ceres was once covered with a huge ocean of salt water beneath its crust, but today only pockets of it survive. Previous studies hint at the possibility that rock and salt water interacted with each other, releasing enough energy to create little pockets of habitability.

“This makes the region a preferred site for a future in situ or sample return mission to Ceres,” they write.&nbsp;

The asteroid belt that sits between Mars and Jupiter might be holding the building blocks of life, according to a new study. The dwarf planet Ceres in the region has a hidden ocean which harbours such ingredients, the research published in the journal Science Advances says.

The asteroid belt that sits between Mars and Jupiter might be holding the building blocks of life, according to a new study. The dwarf planet Ceres in the region has a hidden ocean which harbours such ingredients, the research published in the journal Science Advances says. Ceres is the largest object in our Solar System’s asteroid belt, and its icy surface hides several small underground water bodies containing salt water. But the most fascinating discovery has been made around one of its largest craters, the Ertunet Crater. Maria Cristina De Sanctis, a planetary scientist at Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics, and her colleagues found the basics of life here. Hundreds of square miles of area around this crater are covered with a layer of organic chemicals, also called aliphatics. Researchers suggest that the chemicals must have formed only in the past few million years or so. This is because aliphatic compounds cannot sustain the constant bombardment of radiation in deep space for a long time. This has led them to conclude that these organic molecules formed in Ceres’s underground ocean within the last 10 million years or so. Also Read: JWST spots unique exoplanet with inflated 'asymmetric' atmosphere De Sanctis and her colleagues created the Ceres sediment in their lab using data from NASA’s Dawn mission which flew by the dwarf planet in 2012. They added aliphatic organics to the mix, the hydrocarbon found near the Ertunet Crater. To get an estimate of how long they have been there, they struck the mixture with powerful ultraviolet radiation and fast-moving ions. This so-called “space weathering” can break down organic molecules. Turns out, the aliphatic compounds could not hold on for long, and this made the researchers realise that the substance had not been on Ceres for long either. There is an abundance of this type of hydrocarbon on its surface, and so the researchers believe it must have gotten there within the last 10 million years. "The organic compounds found at the Ertunet Crater might have evolved over the life span of Ceres’s deep ocean, lasting at least a few hundred million years,” De Sanctis and her colleagues write in their recent paper. Besides, simulations show that these organic molecules weren't delivered by any asteroid or comet and formed deep inside Ceres. Ceres was once covered with a huge ocean of salt water beneath its crust, but today only pockets of it survive. Previous studies hint at the possibility that rock and salt water interacted with each other, releasing enough energy to create little pockets of habitability. “This makes the region a preferred site for a future in situ or sample return mission to Ceres,” they write.

Ceres, largest object in asteroid belt, shows signs of habitability near Ertunet Crater

A church in northern Poland has thrown up a surprising discovery - a "vampire tomb" buried underneath the floor. Archaeologists say this is a first-of-its-kind discovery since it is rare to find a vampire burial in a church.&nbsp;

They first discovered a stone slab decorated with an engraving of a skull in the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the small village of Pączewo. Upon further digging, they found the skeletal remains of a man dating back to the 17th century, Daily Mail reported.

The man must have been around 50 years of age at the time of his death and was buried six feet below the slab. The skeleton had a sickle around its neck, indicating that he was considered a vampire. Notably, tying a sickle is a medieval practice which was designed to stop vampires from returning from the dead.

Two other skeletons were also found in the same place, but they didn't have a sickle around their neck.&nbsp;

Anthropologist Justyna Kargus said the skull suggests that the man likely suffered several injuries and some sort of trauma before his death.&nbsp;

She said, "His skull had numerous injuries indicating that he probably had many deep scars on his face."

Besides, he likely also lost some of his teeth due to the incidents that caused the scars and injuries. Kargus says this is why he likely appeared different to others. "He would've looked different to average people and that can be scary," she said.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/30-million-year-old-tree-fossils-found-in-a-place-that-is-practically-barren-762747">30-million-year-old ancient forest found in a place that is practically barren</a>

However, what has most shocked archaeologists is that the discovery was made in a church, which they say has never happened before. "No one expects to find a vampire in a church," she said.&nbsp;

"This is the first known case of an anti-vampire burial in a church."

Kargus further informed that people who others perceived to be vampires were normally buried away from areas inhabited by common people, mostly in cemeteries or out of town.&nbsp;

Church was usually reserved for "clergy, benefactors of the church, dignified and particularly deserving people were buried."

She speculated that the person must have been someone who fit the bill of a dignitary and "something caused them to be afraid of him."

In Central and Eastern Europe, people have believed in myths about the dead for hundreds of years. People used to hammer in metal rods into the skulls of some of those buried to ensure they did not return as monsters.&nbsp;

The belief in vampires became widespread at one point and caused mass hysteria in the continent, leading to some such people being executed. The bodies were then either mutilated, or buried with padlocks and sickle to prevent them from returning from the dead.

There have been several more discoveries of "vampires" in Poland with the last one being of a "vampire child" who was decapitated and buried face-down.

A church in northern Poland has thrown up a surprising discovery - a "vampire tomb" buried underneath the floor. Archaeologists say this is a first-of-its-kind discovery since it is rare to find a vampire burial in a church.

A church in northern Poland has thrown up a surprising discovery - a "vampire tomb" buried underneath the floor. Archaeologists say this is a first-of-its-kind discovery since it is rare to find a vampire burial in a church. They first discovered a stone slab decorated with an engraving of a skull in the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the small village of Pączewo. Upon further digging, they found the skeletal remains of a man dating back to the 17th century, Daily Mail reported. The man must have been around 50 years of age at the time of his death and was buried six feet below the slab. The skeleton had a sickle around its neck, indicating that he was considered a vampire. Notably, tying a sickle is a medieval practice which was designed to stop vampires from returning from the dead. Two other skeletons were also found in the same place, but they didn't have a sickle around their neck. Anthropologist Justyna Kargus said the skull suggests that the man likely suffered several injuries and some sort of trauma before his death. She said, "His skull had numerous injuries indicating that he probably had many deep scars on his face." Besides, he likely also lost some of his teeth due to the incidents that caused the scars and injuries. Kargus says this is why he likely appeared different to others. "He would've looked different to average people and that can be scary," she said. Also Read: 30-million-year-old ancient forest found in a place that is practically barren However, what has most shocked archaeologists is that the discovery was made in a church, which they say has never happened before. "No one expects to find a vampire in a church," she said. "This is the first known case of an anti-vampire burial in a church." Kargus further informed that people who others perceived to be vampires were normally buried away from areas inhabited by common people, mostly in cemeteries or out of town. Church was usually reserved for "clergy, benefactors of the church, dignified and particularly deserving people were buried." She speculated that the person must have been someone who fit the bill of a dignitary and "something caused them to be afraid of him." In Central and Eastern Europe, people have believed in myths about the dead for hundreds of years. People used to hammer in metal rods into the skulls of some of those buried to ensure they did not return as monsters. The belief in vampires became widespread at one point and caused mass hysteria in the continent, leading to some such people being executed. The bodies were then either mutilated, or buried with padlocks and sickle to prevent them from returning from the dead. There have been several more discoveries of "vampires" in Poland with the last one being of a "vampire child" who was decapitated and buried face-down.

Vampire tomb found under Polish church in first-of-its-kind discovery

Earth has witnessed several episodes of climatic changes over millions of years. Ice has formed a major part of it and is like a valuable time capsule that can help understand the climate during different time periods. It has proliferated across the planet at different points in time and has preserved dust and debris preserved through millennia.

Using this as a starting point, scientists are now trying to find the world's oldest ice.

Right now, the oldest known continuous ice record from Antarctica is 800,000 years old. However, now an international team&nbsp;of scientists is working to increase this to 1.5 million years.

However, it is hard to locate the exact place where scientists can find the oldest ice since glaciers move across land, and basal melting can eradicate records.&nbsp;

But, as per research published in Climate of the Past, the International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1537 near South America might be a ripe candidate for dating Oldest Ice. This is based on its marine dust content.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/dozens-of-massive-craters-discovered-in-lake-michigan-no-asteroids-didnt-make-them-762778">Dozens of massive craters discovered in Lake Michigan. No, asteroids didn't make them</a>

To finalise the best candidate, researchers compared marine dust in southern Atlantic Ocean ice cores from Ocean Drilling Project Site 1090 with those of Site U1537. Dr&nbsp;Jessica Ng, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, US and colleagues found Site U1537 to be the most appropriate marine dust record which was then compared to the ice dust of Epica Dome C on Antarctica.

They also created artificial Oldest Ice records and matched the patterns with the Site U1537 marine dust record.&nbsp;

They found that the records for the two sites matched up to 800,000 years ago. But the correlation reduced after that which may indicate spatial variability of dust influx across the southern hemisphere during the 40,000-year world scenario.

Meanwhile, another reason for finding the oldest ice is to understand why the mid-Pleistocene transition happened and what the consequences were.&nbsp;

Earth has witnessed several episodes of climatic changes over millions of years. Ice has formed a major part of it and is like a valuable time capsule that can help understand the climate during different time periods.

Earth has witnessed several episodes of climatic changes over millions of years. Ice has formed a major part of it and is like a valuable time capsule that can help understand the climate during different time periods. It has proliferated across the planet at different points in time and has preserved dust and debris preserved through millennia. Using this as a starting point, scientists are now trying to find the world's oldest ice. Right now, the oldest known continuous ice record from Antarctica is 800,000 years old. However, now an international team of scientists is working to increase this to 1.5 million years. However, it is hard to locate the exact place where scientists can find the oldest ice since glaciers move across land, and basal melting can eradicate records. But, as per research published in Climate of the Past, the International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1537 near South America might be a ripe candidate for dating Oldest Ice. This is based on its marine dust content. Also Read: Dozens of massive craters discovered in Lake Michigan. No, asteroids didn't make them To finalise the best candidate, researchers compared marine dust in southern Atlantic Ocean ice cores from Ocean Drilling Project Site 1090 with those of Site U1537. Dr Jessica Ng, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, US and colleagues found Site U1537 to be the most appropriate marine dust record which was then compared to the ice dust of Epica Dome C on Antarctica. They also created artificial Oldest Ice records and matched the patterns with the Site U1537 marine dust record. They found that the records for the two sites matched up to 800,000 years ago. But the correlation reduced after that which may indicate spatial variability of dust influx across the southern hemisphere during the 40,000-year world scenario. Meanwhile, another reason for finding the oldest ice is to understand why the mid-Pleistocene transition happened and what the consequences were.

Scientists are on a mission to find 1.5-million-year-old ice, oldest in the world

Scientists have found tree trunks buried underneath the ground in a place on Earth where no trees have grown in a long time. The Falkland Islands are known to be almost barren, barring some shrubs and other low-lying vegetation reported.&nbsp;

The trunks were nearly 20 feet (6 meters) beneath the ground and Dr. Zoë Thomas, a lecturer in physical geography at the UK’s University of Southampton, picked some of them up.&nbsp;

Thomas, the lead author of the study, said, "We thought that’s really weird because one of the things about the Falklands that everyone knows about is that no trees grow."

“It’s very sort of windswept and barren.”

She says the tree remains were extremely preserved. However, she was sure that they weren't recent remnants as trees are not known to grow in the region.&nbsp;

“The idea that they’d found tree trunks and branches made us think how old can this stuff be? We were pretty sure that no trees had grown there in a long time,” she added.

Turns out, these ancient tree fossils were much older than they initially thought.&nbsp;

Writing in the journal Antarctic Science, Thomas and her team believe that the discovery proves that a temperate rainforest once existed in the Falklands.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/giant-carnivorous-dinosaurs-roamed-freezing-australian-region-when-it-was-part-of-antarctica-762712">Giant carnivorous dinosaurs roamed freezing Australian region when it was part of Antarctica</a>

The real story of the tree remains unfolded when the team started radiocarbon dating to determine their age. The process can determine the age of organic matter up to 50,000 years old. But, in the case of these tree fossils, the method failed as they proved to be too old.&nbsp;

They then studied microscopic pollen and spores found in the peat. For this, the remains were taken to Australia’s University of New South Wales where an electron microscope could produce detailed images of the wood.&nbsp;

Upon analysing the spores, the team concluded the tree trunks and branches were between 15 million and 30 million years old.

They also determined the conditions in which these trees grew. Millions of years ago, the rainforest on the Falklands must have been similar to modern Patagonia, wetter and warmer.

The researchers also tried to understand why trees don't grow in the Falklands because they are found at the same latitude in South America. They theorise that the strong winds and the acidic peat-rich soil might be reasons for it being almost barren.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Scientists have found tree trunks buried underneath the ground in a place on Earth where no trees have grown in a long time. The Falkland Islands are known to be almost barren, barring some shrubs and other low-lying vegetation reported.

Scientists have found tree trunks buried underneath the ground in a place on Earth where no trees have grown in a long time. The Falkland Islands are known to be almost barren, barring some shrubs and other low-lying vegetation reported. The trunks were nearly 20 feet (6 meters) beneath the ground and Dr. Zoë Thomas, a lecturer in physical geography at the UK’s University of Southampton, picked some of them up. Thomas, the lead author of the study, said, "We thought that’s really weird because one of the things about the Falklands that everyone knows about is that no trees grow." “It’s very sort of windswept and barren.” She says the tree remains were extremely preserved. However, she was sure that they weren't recent remnants as trees are not known to grow in the region. “The idea that they’d found tree trunks and branches made us think how old can this stuff be? We were pretty sure that no trees had grown there in a long time,” she added. Turns out, these ancient tree fossils were much older than they initially thought. Writing in the journal Antarctic Science, Thomas and her team believe that the discovery proves that a temperate rainforest once existed in the Falklands. Also Read: Giant carnivorous dinosaurs roamed freezing Australian region when it was part of Antarctica The real story of the tree remains unfolded when the team started radiocarbon dating to determine their age. The process can determine the age of organic matter up to 50,000 years old. But, in the case of these tree fossils, the method failed as they proved to be too old. They then studied microscopic pollen and spores found in the peat. For this, the remains were taken to Australia’s University of New South Wales where an electron microscope could produce detailed images of the wood. Upon analysing the spores, the team concluded the tree trunks and branches were between 15 million and 30 million years old. They also determined the conditions in which these trees grew. Millions of years ago, the rainforest on the Falklands must have been similar to modern Patagonia, wetter and warmer. The researchers also tried to understand why trees don't grow in the Falklands because they are found at the same latitude in South America. They theorise that the strong winds and the acidic peat-rich soil might be reasons for it being almost barren.

30-million-year-old tree fossils found in a place that is practically barren

North Americans are in for a celestial treat as a star is set to explode in the coming days. It is part of the two-star system, called T Coronae Borealis (or T CrB) which is located 3,000 light-years away from Earth. It comprises a red giant star and a white dwarf star, both orbiting each other.

Right now, the star system, also known as 'Blaze Star', is not visible from Earth. However, experts say that the explosion will be so bright and enormous that humans would be able to see it for nearly a week without any special equipment.&nbsp;

The scale of the cosmic event can be gauged by the fact that it would take around 57 million years to reach it even if you were flying through space at 35,000mph. Despite being this far, people on Earth will have a front-row seat.&nbsp;&nbsp;

This spectacular occurrence takes place every 80 years, making it a once-in-a-lifetime event.&nbsp;

"It's a once-in-a-lifetime event that will create a lot of new astronomers out there," Rebekah Hounsell, assistant research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a statement.&nbsp;

"It’ll fuel the next generation of scientists."

While one of the stars is a red giant, the other is a white dwarf, with the age difference between them being billions of years.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/planet-orbiting-a-dead-star-hints-at-earths-destiny-after-our-sun-dies-762214">Planet orbiting a dead star hints at Earth's destiny after our Sun dies</a>

They are two stages of a star's life. A star becomes a red giant during its final stages and blows up in size, while white dwarfs are small and come into existence after a star has exhausted its nuclear fuel and is slowly cooling down. For a star to go from a white dwarf to a red giant takes billions of more years.&nbsp;

The white dwarf will undergo a thermonuclear explosion as it has been absorbing the red giant's hydrogen for a long time. This has led to a build-up of material on its surface putting it under more pressure and heat.

NASA has clarified that it should not be mistaken for a supernova since that stage happens when the star itself explodes.&nbsp;

<h2>When to see the star explosion?</h2>

Astronomers are in no position to predict the exact date of the event. However, it is expected to occur by the end of this month. So any time now.

<h2>How to see the star explosion?</h2>

You need to locate the Northern Crown, or Corona Borealis, where the star system sits, but that would become visible only after the eruption. However, you can still locate it using astronomical methods. To be sure to catch the event, you need to go far away from light pollution.&nbsp;

Next, find the Big Dipper, and follow the curve of its 'handle'. You'll reach a bright, reddish star above the eastern horizon called Arcturus.&nbsp;

Towards the northeast there is another bright star called Vega. Between the&nbsp;midpoint of the two stars, seven stars form a curl. This is the Northern Crown where T CrB will appear.

&nbsp;

North Americans are in for a celestial treat as a star is set to explode in the coming days. It is part of the two-star system, called T Coronae Borealis (or T CrB) which is located 3,000 light-years away from Earth.

North Americans are in for a celestial treat as a star is set to explode in the coming days. It is part of the two-star system, called T Coronae Borealis (or T CrB) which is located 3,000 light-years away from Earth. It comprises a red giant star and a white dwarf star, both orbiting each other. Right now, the star system, also known as 'Blaze Star', is not visible from Earth. However, experts say that the explosion will be so bright and enormous that humans would be able to see it for nearly a week without any special equipment. The scale of the cosmic event can be gauged by the fact that it would take around 57 million years to reach it even if you were flying through space at 35,000mph. Despite being this far, people on Earth will have a front-row seat. This spectacular occurrence takes place every 80 years, making it a once-in-a-lifetime event. "It's a once-in-a-lifetime event that will create a lot of new astronomers out there," Rebekah Hounsell, assistant research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a statement. "It’ll fuel the next generation of scientists." While one of the stars is a red giant, the other is a white dwarf, with the age difference between them being billions of years. Also Read: Planet orbiting a dead star hints at Earth's destiny after our Sun dies They are two stages of a star's life. A star becomes a red giant during its final stages and blows up in size, while white dwarfs are small and come into existence after a star has exhausted its nuclear fuel and is slowly cooling down. For a star to go from a white dwarf to a red giant takes billions of more years. The white dwarf will undergo a thermonuclear explosion as it has been absorbing the red giant's hydrogen for a long time. This has led to a build-up of material on its surface putting it under more pressure and heat. NASA has clarified that it should not be mistaken for a supernova since that stage happens when the star itself explodes. When to see the star explosion? Astronomers are in no position to predict the exact date of the event. However, it is expected to occur by the end of this month. So any time now. How to see the star explosion? You need to locate the Northern Crown, or Corona Borealis, where the star system sits, but that would become visible only after the eruption. However, you can still locate it using astronomical methods. To be sure to catch the event, you need to go far away from light pollution. Next, find the Big Dipper, and follow the curve of its 'handle'. You'll reach a bright, reddish star above the eastern horizon called Arcturus. Towards the northeast there is another bright star called Vega. Between the midpoint of the two stars, seven stars form a curl. This is the Northern Crown where T CrB will appear.

Much-awaited star explosion is finally here. How to watch it and where to look

A bright comet and an exploding star will soon shine bright in the night sky. Both these occurrences are happening in September. But there is one more event you might not want to miss out on.&nbsp;

Remnants of the famous Halley's Comet, a celestial visitor that takes a trip to our solar system approximately every 72 years, will soon rain down in the form of a meteor shower.

The annual meteor shower called the Orionids will grace the skies this week. Although it has already started, it is yet to reach its peak brightness.&nbsp;

All meteor showers form when small space rocks or dust burn up while hitting Earth's atmosphere. The Orionid happens because of the debris left behind by Halley's Comet in the inner solar system.

It last paid us a visit in 1986 and will return in 2061. However, the meteor shower derives its name from its point of origin, the Orion constellation.&nbsp;

<h2>When to watch Orionid meteor shower</h2>

The Orionid meteor shower started on September 26 and will continue till November 22. So there is plenty of time for you to witness the glorious wonder. However, it will reach its peak in only one night. This day is October 20 overnight through October 21.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/comet-a3-icy-visitor-from-oort-cloud-is-becoming-brighter-here-is-when-to-watch-and-how-762534">Comet A3, icy visitor from Oort Cloud, is becoming brighter. Here is when to watch and how</a>

On an ordinary night during the period Orionids will last, you might be able to spot 20-30 shooting stars in an hour. However, the peak night can produce 50-75 shooting stars.&nbsp;

<h2>How to watch the Orionids</h2>

Like any other cosmic event, you will need clear and dark skies to be able to spot the meteor shower. So go far away from light pollution. They will not make an instant appearance, so wait at least half an hour.&nbsp;

Do not use binoculars or a telescope as they might hamper your view. Pack away your phone as the white light also hinders vision

Unfortunately, the peak night will make it harder to see the shooting stars since a waning gibbous moon will rise before midnight. So try and catch them as soon as it gets dark and before the moon rises.&nbsp;

But you still have a chance to see the shower on the other nights.&nbsp;

<h2>Halley's Comet</h2>

The wonder comet visits us every 72-80 years. Right now it is in the constellation Hydra and has already started its return trip towards us. It reached its aphelion, the farthest point from the sun, on December 9 last year.&nbsp;

When it finally reaches us in late July 2061, it is expected to come much closer than last time and will appear brighter.

A bright comet and an exploding star will soon shine bright in the night sky. Both these occurrences are happening in September. But there is one more event you might not want to miss out on.

A bright comet and an exploding star will soon shine bright in the night sky. Both these occurrences are happening in September. But there is one more event you might not want to miss out on. Remnants of the famous Halley's Comet, a celestial visitor that takes a trip to our solar system approximately every 72 years, will soon rain down in the form of a meteor shower. The annual meteor shower called the Orionids will grace the skies this week. Although it has already started, it is yet to reach its peak brightness. All meteor showers form when small space rocks or dust burn up while hitting Earth's atmosphere. The Orionid happens because of the debris left behind by Halley's Comet in the inner solar system. It last paid us a visit in 1986 and will return in 2061. However, the meteor shower derives its name from its point of origin, the Orion constellation. When to watch Orionid meteor shower The Orionid meteor shower started on September 26 and will continue till November 22. So there is plenty of time for you to witness the glorious wonder. However, it will reach its peak in only one night. This day is October 20 overnight through October 21. Also Read: Comet A3, icy visitor from Oort Cloud, is becoming brighter. Here is when to watch and how On an ordinary night during the period Orionids will last, you might be able to spot 20-30 shooting stars in an hour. However, the peak night can produce 50-75 shooting stars. How to watch the Orionids Like any other cosmic event, you will need clear and dark skies to be able to spot the meteor shower. So go far away from light pollution. They will not make an instant appearance, so wait at least half an hour. Do not use binoculars or a telescope as they might hamper your view. Pack away your phone as the white light also hinders vision Unfortunately, the peak night will make it harder to see the shooting stars since a waning gibbous moon will rise before midnight. So try and catch them as soon as it gets dark and before the moon rises. But you still have a chance to see the shower on the other nights. Halley's Comet The wonder comet visits us every 72-80 years. Right now it is in the constellation Hydra and has already started its return trip towards us. It reached its aphelion, the farthest point from the sun, on December 9 last year. When it finally reaches us in late July 2061, it is expected to come much closer than last time and will appear brighter.

Meteor shower linked to Halley's Comet has started. Here is when to watch the Orionids

Babies born through IVF are twice as likely to develop potentially deadly heart defects, a major study has revealed. This risk increases further if the baby is born a twin. Researchers hope that the results will help doctors diagnose conditions faster.

The findings have been published in the peer-reviewed journal Heart.

Professor Ulla-Britt Wennerholm, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said, "Congenital heart defects can be extremely serious requiring specialist surgery when babies are very young, so knowing which babies are at the greatest risk can help us diagnose heart defects as early as possible and ensure the right care and treatment are given."

The study involving more than 7.7 million people found that assisted reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), can significantly increase the chances of congenital heart issues in such babies.&nbsp;

It analysed the medical records of all children born in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden spanning a period between 20 and 31 years.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/traumatic-incidents-like-earthquakes-can-alter-a-womans-menstrual-cycle-study-762234">Traumatic incidents like earthquakes can alter a woman’s menstrual cycle: Study</a>

The data of babies born through IVF or other assisted reproduction methods, such as embryo freezing, was compared with those who were conceived naturally.

Taking into account other factors, the researchers looked into how many liveborn children in each group were diagnosed with a major heart defect or with a serious heart defect. This included finding the condition either in the womb or in the first year of life.

It was analysed keeping in mind things like the child's year of birth, country of birth, mother's age at delivery, if the mother smoked during pregnancy, or if the mother had diabetes or heart defects were taken into account.

They found heart defects to be more common in babies born through IVF and other such methods, with the problem being around 36 per cent more common compared to babies naturally conceived.

In the case of twin or multiple birth babies, a major heart defect was likely to pose a problem more than others, at 2.47 and 1.15 per cent, respectively.

Experts think that a common factor binds infertility in parents and congenital heart disease in their babies.

Babies born through IVF are twice as likely to develop potentially deadly heart defects, a major study has revealed. This risk increases further if the baby is born a twin.

Babies born through IVF are twice as likely to develop potentially deadly heart defects, a major study has revealed. This risk increases further if the baby is born a twin. Researchers hope that the results will help doctors diagnose conditions faster. The findings have been published in the peer-reviewed journal Heart. Professor Ulla-Britt Wennerholm, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said, "Congenital heart defects can be extremely serious requiring specialist surgery when babies are very young, so knowing which babies are at the greatest risk can help us diagnose heart defects as early as possible and ensure the right care and treatment are given." The study involving more than 7.7 million people found that assisted reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), can significantly increase the chances of congenital heart issues in such babies. It analysed the medical records of all children born in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden spanning a period between 20 and 31 years. Also Read: Traumatic incidents like earthquakes can alter a woman’s menstrual cycle: Study The data of babies born through IVF or other assisted reproduction methods, such as embryo freezing, was compared with those who were conceived naturally. Taking into account other factors, the researchers looked into how many liveborn children in each group were diagnosed with a major heart defect or with a serious heart defect. This included finding the condition either in the womb or in the first year of life. It was analysed keeping in mind things like the child's year of birth, country of birth, mother's age at delivery, if the mother smoked during pregnancy, or if the mother had diabetes or heart defects were taken into account. They found heart defects to be more common in babies born through IVF and other such methods, with the problem being around 36 per cent more common compared to babies naturally conceived. In the case of twin or multiple birth babies, a major heart defect was likely to pose a problem more than others, at 2.47 and 1.15 per cent, respectively. Experts think that a common factor binds infertility in parents and congenital heart disease in their babies.

IVF babies at higher risk of developing serious heart defects, study finds

Octopuses don't always hunt alone. A new research has found that the solitary creatures sometimes ally with fishes to catch prey. Scientists are excited to see a connection between the two creatures and how it reveals the social life of octopus and fish.&nbsp;

When it comes to prey that the two share, they hunt together and share the bounty. However, new research has revealed that they not only come together to look for prey, but some of them also share leadership.

The findings were published in Nature Ecology and Evolution journal.

Their camaraderie doesn't end on a positive note all the time. They sometimes fight with each other, indulging in some physical action. The fish show their anger by darting towards another creature to displace them. Meanwhile, octopuses can get pretty violent and have also been seen punching the fish.&nbsp;

"These findings expand our current understanding of what leadership is and what sociality is," the authors note in the study.

Scientists analysed data from 120 hours of dives and found that leadership is shared depending on the type of work and decisions that need to be made.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/another-doomsday-fish-makes-an-appearance-this-time-in-australia-761868">Another 'doomsday fish' makes an appearance, this time in Australia</a>

<h2>Alternating leadership roles</h2>

For example, goatfish take the lead in deciding the direction of the hunting pack, while the octopus decides whether and when the move would be made.

The study further states that mixed-species hunting is known to happen. Badgers tie up with coyotes and certain birds flock together, but they are not as flexible in using social information to change strategy compared to octopus–fish hunting groups.

The exciting discovery was made when Eduardo Sampaio, from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour in Germany, and colleagues followed octopus–fish hunting packs in the Red Sea.&nbsp;

They undertook scuba diving expeditions and saw 13 hunting groups consisting of one-day octopus and different species of fish.&nbsp;

The two creatures seemed to have cracked the code for success - and that is working together. The researchers suggest that when the two join forces to hunt prey, they achieve more success compared to acting alone.

Octopuses don't always hunt alone. A new research has found that the solitary creatures sometimes ally with fishes to catch prey. Scientists are excited to see a connection between the two creatures and how it reveals the social life of octopus and fish.

Octopuses don't always hunt alone. A new research has found that the solitary creatures sometimes ally with fishes to catch prey. Scientists are excited to see a connection between the two creatures and how it reveals the social life of octopus and fish. When it comes to prey that the two share, they hunt together and share the bounty. However, new research has revealed that they not only come together to look for prey, but some of them also share leadership. The findings were published in Nature Ecology and Evolution journal. Their camaraderie doesn't end on a positive note all the time. They sometimes fight with each other, indulging in some physical action. The fish show their anger by darting towards another creature to displace them. Meanwhile, octopuses can get pretty violent and have also been seen punching the fish. "These findings expand our current understanding of what leadership is and what sociality is," the authors note in the study. Scientists analysed data from 120 hours of dives and found that leadership is shared depending on the type of work and decisions that need to be made. Also Read: Another 'doomsday fish' makes an appearance, this time in Australia Alternating leadership roles For example, goatfish take the lead in deciding the direction of the hunting pack, while the octopus decides whether and when the move would be made. The study further states that mixed-species hunting is known to happen. Badgers tie up with coyotes and certain birds flock together, but they are not as flexible in using social information to change strategy compared to octopus–fish hunting groups. The exciting discovery was made when Eduardo Sampaio, from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour in Germany, and colleagues followed octopus–fish hunting packs in the Red Sea. They undertook scuba diving expeditions and saw 13 hunting groups consisting of one-day octopus and different species of fish. The two creatures seemed to have cracked the code for success - and that is working together. The researchers suggest that when the two join forces to hunt prey, they achieve more success compared to acting alone.

Octopuses seen hunting together with fishes and throwing an occasional punch

For human civilisations, creating a home on Mars has been a far-fetched dream as scientists hope to make the Red Planet a habitat for humans in the future. However, this dream appears difficult to achieve in the wake of brutal conditions on the planet, which experts warn can change the colour of humans and weaken their eyesight.

For human civilisations, creating a home on Mars has been a far-fetched dream as scientists hope to make the Red Planet a habitat for humans in the future. However, this dream appears difficult to achieve in the wake of brutal conditions on the planet, which experts warn can change the colour of humans and weaken their eyesight. According to experts, humans will find it extremely difficult to survive on Mars amid the harsh conditions. Experts warn of drastic mutations in humans on Mars According to biologist Dr Scott Solomon, who is from Rice University in Texas, if human settlers on Mars give birth to children, the latter are likely to undergo various drastic mutations and evolutionary changes. Also Read: Mars once lost its atmosphere. Scientists now believe they may have found it These mutations can occur because of low gravitation forces and high radiation and can result in green skin tone, weak muscles, poor eyesight and brittle bones, he said. In comparison to Earth, Mars is a smaller planet and has 30 per cent less gravity than our planet. There is also a lack of a protective ozone layer and magnetic field on the red planet, which exposes the planet to space radiation, cosmic rays, UV and charged particles released from the sun. This kind of environment has led to the mutation of humans at extreme rates so that they can cope with the new conditions. Dr Solomon explained that this can lead to changes in skin colour, which can help in coping with radiation. Watch: Is there life on mars? Scientists find 'oceans' of water miles beneath surface “Perhaps in the face of this high radiation, we might evolve some new type of skin pigment to help us deal with that radiation,” explained Solomon in his book, Future Humans. “Maybe we get our own green men," he added. He further said that lack of gravity can cause bones to turn brittle, which can break the pelvises of women during childbirth. He said that eyesight can get weaker because there will be a decline in the need to look at far distances in the wake of humans living together in small enclaves. (With inputs from agencies)

Humans may 'turn green and lose eyesight' while living on Mars, warns biologist

Earthquakes are known to wreak devastation on food, buildings, the economy, and the lives of those affected, besides mental health. But now a new study has found a physical side-effect of the natural occurrence, one that only affects women.&nbsp;

Researchers have found that a woman's menstrual cycle also takes a hit due to a traumatic event like an earthquake. Menstruation is linked to hormonal fluctuations and involves the shedding of the uterine lining around every 27 days when the egg does not fertilise.&nbsp;

When the monthly cycle follows a basic pattern, it indicates that the woman is healthy. However, when it starts to fluctuate or causes more than normal pain or blood flow, there is most likely a problem that can either be physical or mental.&nbsp;

The corresponding author of the study, Sibel Kiyak of Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey, said in a statement, "Earthquakes can disrupt not only physical but also hormonal and psychological balances, which can directly affect women's reproductive health."

Published in the scientific journal Brain and Behavior, the study specifically talks about women who witnessed two major earthquakes in Turkey who are now likely facing disruptions in their menstrual cycles.

The study had 309 participants aged 18 to 49 who lived in the 11 regions declared as disaster zones after the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.

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Measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, the earthquake killed more than 50,000 people and injured over 110,000. Nearly 38,000 buildings collapsed in the province, and there was immense pressure on the resources.&nbsp;

<h2>Study on Turkey earthquake and women</h2>

They were asked to list the physical and mental side effects of the event nine months after it happened. The study found a significant rise in the number of women suffering from menstrual irregularities.

At least 14.3 per cent of the women had irregular cycles before the earthquakes, while 44.8 per cent reported going through it afterwards.

The problems listed included 14.6 per cent of women reporting infrequent cycles after the earthquakes; 12.3 per cent with heavy bleeding each month; 10.7 per cent saying their periods had become overly frequent; and 10.7 per cent reporting bleeding in between their periods.

Shockingly, &nbsp;22.7 per cent of these women were found to be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hinting at&nbsp;a link between irregularities and the trauma. PTSD can be triggered by even one traumatic incident.

However, the study group did not represent all groups of women, as it required them to be literate and have an internet connection.

But the authors say they noted that the trauma had influenced the hormones, and therefore reproductive health.

Earthquakes are known to wreak devastation on food, buildings, the economy, and the lives of those affected, besides mental health. But now a new study has found a physical side-effect of the natural occurrence, one that only affects women.

Earthquakes are known to wreak devastation on food, buildings, the economy, and the lives of those affected, besides mental health. But now a new study has found a physical side-effect of the natural occurrence, one that only affects women. Researchers have found that a woman's menstrual cycle also takes a hit due to a traumatic event like an earthquake. Menstruation is linked to hormonal fluctuations and involves the shedding of the uterine lining around every 27 days when the egg does not fertilise. When the monthly cycle follows a basic pattern, it indicates that the woman is healthy. However, when it starts to fluctuate or causes more than normal pain or blood flow, there is most likely a problem that can either be physical or mental. The corresponding author of the study, Sibel Kiyak of Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey, said in a statement, "Earthquakes can disrupt not only physical but also hormonal and psychological balances, which can directly affect women's reproductive health." Published in the scientific journal Brain and Behavior, the study specifically talks about women who witnessed two major earthquakes in Turkey who are now likely facing disruptions in their menstrual cycles. The study had 309 participants aged 18 to 49 who lived in the 11 regions declared as disaster zones after the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Also Read: Karnataka woman dies after donating 60% of her liver to husband's aunt Measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, the earthquake killed more than 50,000 people and injured over 110,000. Nearly 38,000 buildings collapsed in the province, and there was immense pressure on the resources. Study on Turkey earthquake and women They were asked to list the physical and mental side effects of the event nine months after it happened. The study found a significant rise in the number of women suffering from menstrual irregularities. At least 14.3 per cent of the women had irregular cycles before the earthquakes, while 44.8 per cent reported going through it afterwards. The problems listed included 14.6 per cent of women reporting infrequent cycles after the earthquakes; 12.3 per cent with heavy bleeding each month; 10.7 per cent saying their periods had become overly frequent; and 10.7 per cent reporting bleeding in between their periods. Shockingly, 22.7 per cent of these women were found to be suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hinting at a link between irregularities and the trauma. PTSD can be triggered by even one traumatic incident. However, the study group did not represent all groups of women, as it required them to be literate and have an internet connection. But the authors say they noted that the trauma had influenced the hormones, and therefore reproductive health.

Traumatic incidents like earthquakes can alter a woman’s menstrual cycle: Study

Astronomers have discovered a planet roaming in the Milky Way, orbiting a white dwarf. Around 1.9 times the mass of Earth, this planet likely supported life during its lifetime and orbited a host star. However, all life must have ended when its star died a violent death. The event led the planet to drift away in the absence of a gravitational force.

The discovery, made by a team led by astronomer Keming Zhang of the University of California, gives us a peek into how life might one day end on our own planet and the fate of Earth once the Sun dies and evolves into a white dwarf. Current research suggests that the Sun will meet its fate in about a billion years.

This planet is situated near the central bulge of our galaxy and is around 4,000 light-years away from us. The researchers studied the planet with the&nbsp;Keck 10-metre telescope in Hawaii.

They noticed that the planet was revolving around the dense, hot core of a star that had died. This core, known as the white dwarf, takes trillions of years to cool down completely.&nbsp;

<h2>Red Giant phase of a star</h2>

A star turns into a white dwarf once it runs out of hydrogen fuel to fuse in its core. It becomes less stable and puffs up to an enormous size, which is called the red giant phase.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/two-rocks-fused-into-one-to-form-peanut-like-asteroid-that-flew-past-earth-762194">Two rocks fused into one to form peanut-like asteroid that flew past Earth</a>

During this phase, the star's outer atmosphere puffs up and it can expand to hundreds of times its initial size. When our Sun reaches this state, it is predicted to grow so large that it will gobble up Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars in the process.

However, the newly discovered planet proves that this might not be the case after all. If that planet has managed to survive the red giant phase, then so can Earth and the other planets in the solar system.

In case, Earth is not eaten up by the sun, it might widen its orbit, thus improving its chances of survival.

"We do not currently have a consensus whether Earth could avoid being engulfed by the red giant sun," Zhang said in a statement.

"In any case, planet Earth will only be habitable for around another billion years, at which point Earth's oceans would be vaporized by runaway greenhouse effect—long before the risk of getting swallowed by the red giant," he added.

Zhang and his team found the planet using a phenomenon known as microlensing. It is used to locate other Earth-like worlds that might otherwise not be visible on telescope, in the galaxy. He says that this finding also shows the potential the technology has to discover more such planets.&nbsp;

Astronomers have discovered a planet roaming in the Milky Way, orbiting a white dwarf. Around 1.9 times the mass of Earth, this planet likely supported life during its lifetime and orbited a host star.

Astronomers have discovered a planet roaming in the Milky Way, orbiting a white dwarf. Around 1.9 times the mass of Earth, this planet likely supported life during its lifetime and orbited a host star. However, all life must have ended when its star died a violent death. The event led the planet to drift away in the absence of a gravitational force. The discovery, made by a team led by astronomer Keming Zhang of the University of California, gives us a peek into how life might one day end on our own planet and the fate of Earth once the Sun dies and evolves into a white dwarf. Current research suggests that the Sun will meet its fate in about a billion years. This planet is situated near the central bulge of our galaxy and is around 4,000 light-years away from us. The researchers studied the planet with the Keck 10-metre telescope in Hawaii. They noticed that the planet was revolving around the dense, hot core of a star that had died. This core, known as the white dwarf, takes trillions of years to cool down completely. Red Giant phase of a star A star turns into a white dwarf once it runs out of hydrogen fuel to fuse in its core. It becomes less stable and puffs up to an enormous size, which is called the red giant phase. Also Read: Two rocks fused into one to form peanut-like asteroid that flew past Earth During this phase, the star's outer atmosphere puffs up and it can expand to hundreds of times its initial size. When our Sun reaches this state, it is predicted to grow so large that it will gobble up Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars in the process. However, the newly discovered planet proves that this might not be the case after all. If that planet has managed to survive the red giant phase, then so can Earth and the other planets in the solar system. In case, Earth is not eaten up by the sun, it might widen its orbit, thus improving its chances of survival. "We do not currently have a consensus whether Earth could avoid being engulfed by the red giant sun," Zhang said in a statement. "In any case, planet Earth will only be habitable for around another billion years, at which point Earth's oceans would be vaporized by runaway greenhouse effect—long before the risk of getting swallowed by the red giant," he added. Zhang and his team found the planet using a phenomenon known as microlensing. It is used to locate other Earth-like worlds that might otherwise not be visible on telescope, in the galaxy. He says that this finding also shows the potential the technology has to discover more such planets.

Planet orbiting a dead star hints at Earth's destiny after our Sun dies

Mars once was a vibrant planet with a thick atmosphere and water bodies billions of years ago. However, now it is a cold and dry desert and with the thick atmosphere no more in sight.

While hunting for this lost atmosphere, two MIT geologists believe that most likely it has been hiding in the clay-covered crust of Mars.&nbsp;

According to the study, Martian clay can store nearly 80 per cent of the initial atmosphere on the planet.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/mars-gravity-map-finds-mysterious-blobs-martian-dog-beneath-its-seabed-761465">Mars' gravity map finds mysterious blobs, 'Martian dog' beneath its seabed</a>

“Around 3.5 billion years ago, the water dried up, and the air, once heavy with carbon dioxide, dramatically thinned, leaving only the wisp of an atmosphere that clings to the planet today,” stated the researchers.&nbsp;

<h2>How did the atmosphere of Mars get trapped?</h2>

As per the researchers, ancient water which trickled through the rocks of Mars may have started a series of chemical reactions and led to the conversion of CO2 into methane, which was eventually trapped in the clay of the planet for billions of years.

This process shares similarities with the processes which take place in some regions on Earth.&nbsp;

The team looked into the rock-gas interactions on Earth to understand similar processes which occur on Mars.

“Based on our findings on Earth, we show that similar processes likely operated on Mars, and that copious amounts of atmospheric CO2 could have transformed to methane and been sequestered in clays,” said Oliver Jagoutz, who is the study author and professor of geology at MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS).&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;China advances deadline for launch of Mars mission by two years

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/china-advances-deadline-for-launch-of-mars-mission-by-two-years-756739/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"We know this process happens, and it is well-documented on Earth. And these rocks and clays exist on Mars. So, we wanted to try and connect the dots," Jagoutz said.

Because the tectonic activity on Mars is not similar to that on Earth, the team tried to understand the origin of the clays on Mars.

The team, in their previous research, said that smectites are able to store carbon for “billions of years”.

“These smectite clays have so much capacity to store carbon. So then we used existing knowledge of how these minerals are stored in clays on Earth, and extrapolated to say: if the Martian surface has this much clay in it, how much methane can you store in those clays?” said Dr Murray.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Mars once was a vibrant planet with a thick atmosphere and water bodies billions of years ago. However, now it is a cold and dry desert and with the thick atmosphere no more in sight.

Mars once was a vibrant planet with a thick atmosphere and water bodies billions of years ago. However, now it is a cold and dry desert and with the thick atmosphere no more in sight. While hunting for this lost atmosphere, two MIT geologists believe that most likely it has been hiding in the clay-covered crust of Mars. According to the study, Martian clay can store nearly 80 per cent of the initial atmosphere on the planet. Also Read: Mars' gravity map finds mysterious blobs, 'Martian dog' beneath its seabed “Around 3.5 billion years ago, the water dried up, and the air, once heavy with carbon dioxide, dramatically thinned, leaving only the wisp of an atmosphere that clings to the planet today,” stated the researchers. How did the atmosphere of Mars get trapped? As per the researchers, ancient water which trickled through the rocks of Mars may have started a series of chemical reactions and led to the conversion of CO2 into methane, which was eventually trapped in the clay of the planet for billions of years. This process shares similarities with the processes which take place in some regions on Earth. The team looked into the rock-gas interactions on Earth to understand similar processes which occur on Mars. “Based on our findings on Earth, we show that similar processes likely operated on Mars, and that copious amounts of atmospheric CO2 could have transformed to methane and been sequestered in clays,” said Oliver Jagoutz, who is the study author and professor of geology at MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). Watch: China advances deadline for launch of Mars mission by two years "We know this process happens, and it is well-documented on Earth. And these rocks and clays exist on Mars. So, we wanted to try and connect the dots," Jagoutz said. Because the tectonic activity on Mars is not similar to that on Earth, the team tried to understand the origin of the clays on Mars. The team, in their previous research, said that smectites are able to store carbon for “billions of years”. “These smectite clays have so much capacity to store carbon. So then we used existing knowledge of how these minerals are stored in clays on Earth, and extrapolated to say: if the Martian surface has this much clay in it, how much methane can you store in those clays?” said Dr Murray. (With inputs from agencies)

Mars once lost its atmosphere. Scientists now believe they may have found it

An asteroid that flew past Earth recently was not one but two pieces of rocks melded with one another. It resembled a snowman, with a head and a body, and was pretty big. It was classified as a potentially hazardous object.&nbsp;

The asteroid, named 2024 ON, flew past Earth at a speed of 19,842 mph (31,933 kph) on September 17. It was different from the other asteroids that regularly approach Earth. At 1150 feet (350 metres) in length, about the size of a skyscraper, it could have caused destruction if it had hit&nbsp;Earth.&nbsp;

However, it zoomed past safely at a distance of 620,000 miles (1 million kilometres), which is over 2.5 times the average distance between the moon and Earth.

The asteroid looked like a peanut, with a visible dip in the middle.&nbsp;Scientists say that years ago, the two asteroids came extremely close to each other. So much so that they became gravitationally bound. Ultimately, they became one.&nbsp;

The distinction between the two was made by the distinct neck present, with one lobe roughly 50 per cent bigger than the other.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/ceres-largest-object-in-asteroid-belt-shows-signs-of-life-near-ertunet-crater-762152">Ceres, largest object in asteroid belt, shows signs of life near Ertunet Crater</a>

The asteroid also likely has large boulders on its surface. "Bright radar spots on the asteroid's surface likely indicate large boulders," the statement says.

"This asteroid is classified as potentially hazardous, but it does not pose a hazard to Earth for the foreseeable future," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory said in a statement.&nbsp;

Scientists used the Goldstone Solar System Radar in California to measure the asteroid and experts have now reduced "the uncertainties in the asteroid's distance from Earth and in its future motion for many decades."

Such two-lobed asteroids are called "contact binaries", and astronomers say that at least 14 per cent of all near-Earth asteroids that are bigger than 660 feet belong to this group.&nbsp;

Selam, the little moonlet with asteroid Dinkinesh, is one of the most famous contact binary asteroids. It sits between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and was discovered by the Lucy spacecraft earlier this year. It is the first contact-binary satellite found to be orbiting an asteroid.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

An asteroid that flew past Earth recently was not one but two pieces of rocks melded with one another. It resembled a snowman, with a head and a body, and was pretty big.

An asteroid that flew past Earth recently was not one but two pieces of rocks melded with one another. It resembled a snowman, with a head and a body, and was pretty big. It was classified as a potentially hazardous object. The asteroid, named 2024 ON, flew past Earth at a speed of 19,842 mph (31,933 kph) on September 17. It was different from the other asteroids that regularly approach Earth. At 1150 feet (350 metres) in length, about the size of a skyscraper, it could have caused destruction if it had hit Earth. However, it zoomed past safely at a distance of 620,000 miles (1 million kilometres), which is over 2.5 times the average distance between the moon and Earth. The asteroid looked like a peanut, with a visible dip in the middle. Scientists say that years ago, the two asteroids came extremely close to each other. So much so that they became gravitationally bound. Ultimately, they became one. The distinction between the two was made by the distinct neck present, with one lobe roughly 50 per cent bigger than the other. Also Read: Ceres, largest object in asteroid belt, shows signs of life near Ertunet Crater The asteroid also likely has large boulders on its surface. "Bright radar spots on the asteroid's surface likely indicate large boulders," the statement says. "This asteroid is classified as potentially hazardous, but it does not pose a hazard to Earth for the foreseeable future," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory said in a statement. Scientists used the Goldstone Solar System Radar in California to measure the asteroid and experts have now reduced "the uncertainties in the asteroid's distance from Earth and in its future motion for many decades." Such two-lobed asteroids are called "contact binaries", and astronomers say that at least 14 per cent of all near-Earth asteroids that are bigger than 660 feet belong to this group. Selam, the little moonlet with asteroid Dinkinesh, is one of the most famous contact binary asteroids. It sits between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and was discovered by the Lucy spacecraft earlier this year. It is the first contact-binary satellite found to be orbiting an asteroid.

Two rocks fused into one to form peanut-like asteroid that flew past Earth

In an astonishing discovery, the archaeologists found the oldest cheese spread over the heads and necks of several mummies unearthed in China.&nbsp;

Scientists extracted the DNA of the ancient cheese - which dates back 3,600 years - to find its key ingredients.&nbsp;

In the analysis, it was revealed that this ancient cheese was made using kefir which is a fermented milk drink and is good for gut health.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The cheese-smeared mummies were discovered by a team of archaeologists in the Xiaohe cemetery in Northwestern China's Tarim Basin.

The mummies were said to be dating back to around 3,300 to 3,600 years ago from the Bronze Age.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/woolly-rhino-mummy-found-in-russian-far-east-confirms-a-feature-seen-in-cave-art-759638">Woolly rhino mummy found in Russian Far East confirms a feature seen in cave art</a>

When this cheese was discovered more than two decades ago, scientists had failed to identify it. However, advanced DNA analysis has finally helped scientists identify the substance which turned out to be cheese.

<h2>Here's what DNA revealed about world's ancient cheese&nbsp;</h2>

In the analysis, the DNA of cow and goat were found in the cheese sample and it was confirmed that the white substance was in fact kefir cheese.

In the three different tombs, samples&nbsp;

The samples from three different tombs contained species of bacteria and fungi including Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Pichia kudriavzevii - both commonly found in present-day kefir grains.

Kefir grains are a type of microorganisms which contain different species of probiotic bacteria and yeast that ferment milk into kefir cheese.

Speaking about the discovery, the head of the ancient DNA lab at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Qiaomei Fu said, "This is the oldest known cheese sample ever discovered in the world."&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/she-screamed-and-screamed-why-was-egyptian-mummys-face-so-contorted-scientists-have-a-clue-746510">She screamed and screamed: Why was Egyptian Mummy's face so contorted? Scientists have a clue</a>

“Food items like cheese are extremely difficult to preserve over thousands of years, making this a rare and valuable opportunity. Studying the ancient cheese in great detail can help us better understand our ancestors’ diet and culture," he added.&nbsp;

"This is an unprecedented study, allowing us how to observe how a bacterium evolved over the past 3,000 years. By examining dairy products, we've gained a clearer picture of ancient human life and their interactions with the world," the professor explained.

(With inputs from agencies)

In an astonishing discovery, the archaeologists found the oldest cheese spread over the heads and necks of several mummies unearthed in China. Scientists extracted the DNA of the ancient cheese - which dates back 3,600 years - to find its key ingredients.

In an astonishing discovery, the archaeologists found the oldest cheese spread over the heads and necks of several mummies unearthed in China. Scientists extracted the DNA of the ancient cheese - which dates back 3,600 years - to find its key ingredients. In the analysis, it was revealed that this ancient cheese was made using kefir which is a fermented milk drink and is good for gut health. The cheese-smeared mummies were discovered by a team of archaeologists in the Xiaohe cemetery in Northwestern China's Tarim Basin. The mummies were said to be dating back to around 3,300 to 3,600 years ago from the Bronze Age. Also Read: Woolly rhino mummy found in Russian Far East confirms a feature seen in cave art When this cheese was discovered more than two decades ago, scientists had failed to identify it. However, advanced DNA analysis has finally helped scientists identify the substance which turned out to be cheese. Here's what DNA revealed about world's ancient cheese In the analysis, the DNA of cow and goat were found in the cheese sample and it was confirmed that the white substance was in fact kefir cheese. In the three different tombs, samples The samples from three different tombs contained species of bacteria and fungi including Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and Pichia kudriavzevii - both commonly found in present-day kefir grains. Kefir grains are a type of microorganisms which contain different species of probiotic bacteria and yeast that ferment milk into kefir cheese. Speaking about the discovery, the head of the ancient DNA lab at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Qiaomei Fu said, "This is the oldest known cheese sample ever discovered in the world." Also Read: She screamed and screamed: Why was Egyptian Mummy's face so contorted? Scientists have a clue “Food items like cheese are extremely difficult to preserve over thousands of years, making this a rare and valuable opportunity. Studying the ancient cheese in great detail can help us better understand our ancestors’ diet and culture," he added. "This is an unprecedented study, allowing us how to observe how a bacterium evolved over the past 3,000 years. By examining dairy products, we've gained a clearer picture of ancient human life and their interactions with the world," the professor explained. (With inputs from agencies)

China had world's oldest cheese but it was hidden in a shockingly weird place

The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation after receiving heavy rainfall. The satellite images&nbsp;show&nbsp;how unusual weather conditions and heavy rainfall are turning the arid yellow regions into green patches.

By the end of September, some parts of the Sahara Desert would have&nbsp;received five times the average rainfall it gets during the month. Some areas of North Africa have been experiencing too much precipitation because of which its usually arid landscape is getting flooded, reported&nbsp;Live Science.

The region does receive rainfall, however, the amount&nbsp;of it is generally a few inches of rain every year, as per the NASA Earth Observatory.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/central-japan-hit-by-massive-rains-floods-several-casualities-feared-760992">Central Japan hit by massive rains, floods; several casualties feared</a>

But on September 7 and 8, the region faced an extratropical cyclone - which is a type of storm that has not been categorised as a tropical cyclone and has left behind a huge quantity of runoff water.

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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
An extratropical cyclone over the Sahara Desert drenched parts of Morocco and Algeria – bringing up to a year’s worth of rain to some areas. 🌧️ <a href="https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@nasa</a>’s Terra satellite captured floodwaters and some Saharan lakes, usually dry, filled with water. <a href="https://t.co/cuS1c73RoA">https://t.co/cuS1c73RoA</a> <a href="https://t.co/m8Ga8G0FgO">pic.twitter.com/m8Ga8G0FgO</a>
— NASA Earth (@NASAEarth) <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAEarth/status/1836071502384394313?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 17, 2024</a></blockquote>
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NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) captured the heavy rain in the Sahara Desert.&nbsp;

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These images, captured by <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/VIIRS?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#VIIRS</a> onboard the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NOAA21?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#NOAA21</a> satellite on Aug. 30 and Sept. 9, 2024, use enhanced color to highlight rain accumulation in the Sahara Desert. 
 
Clouds are shown in light cyan, while water is dark blue to indicate moisture content. 
 
Credit: <a href="https://twitter.com/NOAA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@NOAA</a>/<a href="https://twitter.com/CIRA_CSU?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@CIRA_CSU</a> <a href="https://t.co/SkFsuUPfJb">pic.twitter.com/SkFsuUPfJb</a>
— Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) (@JPSSProgram) <a href="https://twitter.com/JPSSProgram/status/1834581577336066148?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 13, 2024</a></blockquote>
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This is an instrument aboard two satellites which can capture the imagery of the entire surface of Earth every one to two days.

While comparing the satellite images, an increase in water in the region was observed after the thunderstorms. Different shades of blue were seen depending on the depth of the water and vegetation appeared green.

NASA Earth Observatory further reported that water was filled in one of the normally dry lakes in the Sahara Desert as per the satellite images.&nbsp;

<h2>Why is the Sahara Desert receiving heavy rainfall?</h2>

According to some scientists, the heavy rainfall in the Sahara Desert has been triggered by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

Watch:&nbsp;Heavy rains triggered floods in central Japan

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/heavy-rains-triggered-floods-in-central-japan-760985/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The air from the Northern and Southern hemispheres meet in the ITCZ which is a belt close to the equator and can carry storms. This ITCZ has shifted towards the northern Sahara this year and triggered rainfall as per the scientists.

Meanwhile, other experts have said that the water in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea has turned warmer than usual which may have caused the rainfall, reported the outlet and added that it is possible for Sahara to continue receiving more rainfall in the future.

According to NASA's report, more than 38,000 incidents of extreme rainfall have happened over the Sahara, since the time weather records have been&nbsp;maintained. Nearly 30 per cent of that rainfall was received during the summers and some were associated with&nbsp;extratropical cyclones.

(With inputs from agencies)

The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation after receiving heavy rainfall. The satellite images show how unusual weather conditions and heavy rainfall are turning the arid yellow regions into green patches.

The Sahara Desert is undergoing a rare transformation after receiving heavy rainfall. The satellite images show how unusual weather conditions and heavy rainfall are turning the arid yellow regions into green patches. By the end of September, some parts of the Sahara Desert would have received five times the average rainfall it gets during the month. Some areas of North Africa have been experiencing too much precipitation because of which its usually arid landscape is getting flooded, reported Live Science. The region does receive rainfall, however, the amount of it is generally a few inches of rain every year, as per the NASA Earth Observatory. Also Read: Central Japan hit by massive rains, floods; several casualties feared But on September 7 and 8, the region faced an extratropical cyclone - which is a type of storm that has not been categorised as a tropical cyclone and has left behind a huge quantity of runoff water. An extratropical cyclone over the Sahara Desert drenched parts of Morocco and Algeria – bringing up to a year’s worth of rain to some areas. 🌧️ @nasa’s Terra satellite captured floodwaters and some Saharan lakes, usually dry, filled with water. https://t.co/cuS1c73RoA pic.twitter.com/m8Ga8G0FgO — NASA Earth (@NASAEarth) September 17, 2024 × NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) captured the heavy rain in the Sahara Desert. These images, captured by #VIIRS onboard the #NOAA21 satellite on Aug. 30 and Sept. 9, 2024, use enhanced color to highlight rain accumulation in the Sahara Desert. Clouds are shown in light cyan, while water is dark blue to indicate moisture content. Credit: @NOAA/@CIRA_CSU pic.twitter.com/SkFsuUPfJb — Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) (@JPSSProgram) September 13, 2024 × This is an instrument aboard two satellites which can capture the imagery of the entire surface of Earth every one to two days. While comparing the satellite images, an increase in water in the region was observed after the thunderstorms. Different shades of blue were seen depending on the depth of the water and vegetation appeared green. NASA Earth Observatory further reported that water was filled in one of the normally dry lakes in the Sahara Desert as per the satellite images. Why is the Sahara Desert receiving heavy rainfall? According to some scientists, the heavy rainfall in the Sahara Desert has been triggered by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Watch: Heavy rains triggered floods in central Japan The air from the Northern and Southern hemispheres meet in the ITCZ which is a belt close to the equator and can carry storms. This ITCZ has shifted towards the northern Sahara this year and triggered rainfall as per the scientists. Meanwhile, other experts have said that the water in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea has turned warmer than usual which may have caused the rainfall, reported the outlet and added that it is possible for Sahara to continue receiving more rainfall in the future. According to NASA's report, more than 38,000 incidents of extreme rainfall have happened over the Sahara, since the time weather records have been maintained. Nearly 30 per cent of that rainfall was received during the summers and some were associated with extratropical cyclones. (With inputs from agencies)

Sahara Desert is turning from arid yellow to lush green. NASA captures this rare transformation

Scientists have come up with a novel idea to reduce the carbon footprint of the aviation industry. A new study says that flying slower and increasing flight time can cut down emissions.&nbsp;

While the industry has a current target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, that doesn't look feasible as of now, the researchers stated. However, with the new method, a 50 per cent reduction in fuel burn can be achieved in the same year.&nbsp;

The aviation analysis was carried out by the University of Cambridge which lists out a series of sustainable goals that the industry can try to reduce its impact on climate change.&nbsp;

As per the study, aviation currently contributes about four per cent to the increases in the global warming rate. It adds that 2.5 per cent of that comes solely from global CO2 emissions.

The researchers stressed that extending flight times and flying slower will reduce fuel burning. They suggest reducing flight speed by around 15 per cent to decrease fuel burn by five to seven per cent.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/google-earth-now-lets-you-time-travel-and-go-back-80-years-762063">Google Earth now lets you 'time travel' and go back 80 years</a>

However, the passengers would have to bear the brunt in this case as this method would add at least 50 minutes to their travel time. Considering aeroplanes are supposed to be a faster mode of travel, people might not be too eager to accept the change.&nbsp;

The study authors have offered a way out. They say that the key to managing time is better airport organisation, wherein wait times are reduced. Further, to increase flight time, planes may have to be designed to fly at slower speeds.&nbsp;

However, implementing all this requires system-wide shifts. Besides, productivity might be hit and passengers are likely to be hesitant to book longer flights.&nbsp;

The report will be presented to industry leaders this week in New York City.

“Aviation stands at a pivotal moment, much like the automotive industry in the late 2000s,” Professor Rob Miller, director of the university’s Whittle Laboratory, said in the announcement.

“Back then, discussions centred around biofuels as the replacement for petrol and diesel – until Tesla revolutionised the future with electric vehicles," he added.

He added that the bold measures require a "whole systems process change", so implementation is not happening yet. 
&nbsp;

Scientists have come up with a novel idea to reduce the carbon footprint of the aviation industry. A new study says that flying slower and increasing flight time can cut down emissions.

Scientists have come up with a novel idea to reduce the carbon footprint of the aviation industry. A new study says that flying slower and increasing flight time can cut down emissions. While the industry has a current target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, that doesn't look feasible as of now, the researchers stated. However, with the new method, a 50 per cent reduction in fuel burn can be achieved in the same year. The aviation analysis was carried out by the University of Cambridge which lists out a series of sustainable goals that the industry can try to reduce its impact on climate change. As per the study, aviation currently contributes about four per cent to the increases in the global warming rate. It adds that 2.5 per cent of that comes solely from global CO2 emissions. The researchers stressed that extending flight times and flying slower will reduce fuel burning. They suggest reducing flight speed by around 15 per cent to decrease fuel burn by five to seven per cent. Also Read: Google Earth now lets you 'time travel' and go back 80 years However, the passengers would have to bear the brunt in this case as this method would add at least 50 minutes to their travel time. Considering aeroplanes are supposed to be a faster mode of travel, people might not be too eager to accept the change. The study authors have offered a way out. They say that the key to managing time is better airport organisation, wherein wait times are reduced. Further, to increase flight time, planes may have to be designed to fly at slower speeds. However, implementing all this requires system-wide shifts. Besides, productivity might be hit and passengers are likely to be hesitant to book longer flights. The report will be presented to industry leaders this week in New York City. “Aviation stands at a pivotal moment, much like the automotive industry in the late 2000s,” Professor Rob Miller, director of the university’s Whittle Laboratory, said in the announcement. “Back then, discussions centred around biofuels as the replacement for petrol and diesel – until Tesla revolutionised the future with electric vehicles," he added. He added that the bold measures require a "whole systems process change", so implementation is not happening yet.

Scientists want to add 50 minutes to your flight time to save the planet

Globally, children’s eyesight is steadily getting worse with every one kid in three now being short-sighted or unable to see things at a distance clearly, a new analysis shows. The trend has become more prevalent after the COVID-19&nbsp;pandemic.&nbsp;

Short-sightedness or myopia is the new growing health concern in the world which is set to affect millions of children by 2050, the study warns. As children started spending more time on screen and less time outdoors during the pandemic, due to the COVID-19-related lockdowns affected their eyesight adversely.

The highest rates are in Asia – 85 per cent of children in Japan and 73 per cent in South Korea are short-sighted with more than 40 per cent affected in China and Russia.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/severe-depression-acts-out-differently-in-the-brains-of-youth-as-compared-to-adults-761894">Severe depression acts out differently in the brains of youth as compared to adults</a>

The study was published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology and researched on more than five million children and teenagers from 50 countries across all six continents.&nbsp;

Paraguay and Uganda, at about one&nbsp;per cent, had some of the lowest levels of myopia, with the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States all about 15 per cent.

The report revealed that short-sightedness tripled between 1990 and 2023 - rising to 36 per cent, and the reason was “particularly notable” after the pandemic, the researchers reiterated.

Watch |&nbsp;Can excessive use of smartphones lead to loss of vision?

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Usually, myopia starts during primary school years and tends to worsen until the eye has stopped growing, at about 20 years of age.&nbsp;

Genetics play a role in the health of eyesight but other factors like living in East Asia also make myopia more likely to happen, the report said. The argument is that young people are spending more time focusing on books and screens with their eyes during their early years in places like Singapore and Hong Kong. This causes strain in the eye muscles and can lead to myopia, research suggests.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/if-you-think-humans-have-five-senses-youre-wrong-761243">If you think humans have five senses, you’re wrong</a>

Apart from all these reasons, the pandemic and lockdowns remain the top reasons for a hit on children’s eyesight.

"Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between the pandemic and accelerated vision deterioration among young adults," the researchers wrote.

By 2050, the condition could affect more than half of teens worldwide, the research predicts.

<h2>Young girls more prone to weak eyesight</h2>

Girls and young women are more likely to have weak eyesight than boys and young men because they tend to spend less time doing outdoor activities at school and at home as they grow up, the study suggests.

Girls' growth and development, including puberty, starts earlier which means they tend to experience short-sightedness at an earlier age too.

It is advised that children should spend at least two hours outside every day, particularly between the ages of seven and nine, to reduce their chances of being short-sighted.

(With inputs from agencies)

Globally, children’s eyesight is steadily getting worse with every one kid in three now being short-sighted or unable to see things at a distance clearly, a new analysis shows.

Globally, children’s eyesight is steadily getting worse with every one kid in three now being short-sighted or unable to see things at a distance clearly, a new analysis shows. The trend has become more prevalent after the COVID-19 pandemic. Short-sightedness or myopia is the new growing health concern in the world which is set to affect millions of children by 2050, the study warns. As children started spending more time on screen and less time outdoors during the pandemic, due to the COVID-19-related lockdowns affected their eyesight adversely. The highest rates are in Asia – 85 per cent of children in Japan and 73 per cent in South Korea are short-sighted with more than 40 per cent affected in China and Russia. Also Read | Severe depression acts out differently in the brains of youth as compared to adults The study was published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology and researched on more than five million children and teenagers from 50 countries across all six continents. Paraguay and Uganda, at about one per cent, had some of the lowest levels of myopia, with the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States all about 15 per cent. The report revealed that short-sightedness tripled between 1990 and 2023 - rising to 36 per cent, and the reason was “particularly notable” after the pandemic, the researchers reiterated. Watch | Can excessive use of smartphones lead to loss of vision? × Usually, myopia starts during primary school years and tends to worsen until the eye has stopped growing, at about 20 years of age. Genetics play a role in the health of eyesight but other factors like living in East Asia also make myopia more likely to happen, the report said. The argument is that young people are spending more time focusing on books and screens with their eyes during their early years in places like Singapore and Hong Kong. This causes strain in the eye muscles and can lead to myopia, research suggests. Also Read | If you think humans have five senses, you’re wrong Apart from all these reasons, the pandemic and lockdowns remain the top reasons for a hit on children’s eyesight. "Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between the pandemic and accelerated vision deterioration among young adults," the researchers wrote. By 2050, the condition could affect more than half of teens worldwide, the research predicts. Young girls more prone to weak eyesight Girls and young women are more likely to have weak eyesight than boys and young men because they tend to spend less time doing outdoor activities at school and at home as they grow up, the study suggests. Girls' growth and development, including puberty, starts earlier which means they tend to experience short-sightedness at an earlier age too. It is advised that children should spend at least two hours outside every day, particularly between the ages of seven and nine, to reduce their chances of being short-sighted. (With inputs from agencies)

One in three children now affected by myopia, Covid lockdowns impacted kids' vision the most: Study

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