Recently, the Indian space agency (ISRO) successfully conducted a crucial test that will enable its largest rocket LVM3 to inject satellites into orbits at different altitudes, all in a single mission. This restart capability is made possible due to the development of a 'multi-element ignitor' that can help restart the 'CE-20' Cryogenic engine that sits atop the LVM3 rocket. During this test,&nbsp;both the engine and facility performance were normal, and the required engine performance parameters were achieved as anticipated, ISRO said.
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/isro-starts-assembling-astronaut-carrying-rocket-hlvm3-785062">ISRO starts assembling astronaut-carrying rocket 'HLVM3'</a>
As the final stage of the LVM3 rocket, it is the Cryogenic engine that is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits (altitudes) in space. This capability improves&nbsp;the operational flexibility and commercial potential of a rocket.
When ferrying multiple satellites, it is crucial to have the capability to restart the final stage engine. That way, a single rocket can place&nbsp;multiple satellites in different orbits in an efficient manner, thereby avoiding the need for multiple rockets and multiple launches. In this case, ISRO tested only the first element of the multi-element ignitor, while monitoring the health of the other two elements. Eventually, ISRO would be able to perform two or three re-starts of the cryogenic engine.
PSLV has done several missions where it has placed multiple satellites in different orbits. For example, in April 2019, India&rsquo;s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), launched EMISAT, the primary satellite and 28 international customer satellites. The primary Satellite was injected into a 749 km orbit, followed by two fourth-stage restarts to achieve a 504 km orbit, where all customer satellites were injected. Subsequently, the fourth stage was restarted again to achieve a 485km orbit to serve as an orbital platform to carry out space-borne experimentation.
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/isro-simulates-space-conditions-for-astronauts-in-habitat-1-heres-what-it-is-785041">ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is</a>
Significantly, this latest Cryogenic engine restart test was carried out using a specialised test apparatus. Typically, ISRO tests the Cryogenic engine at a High Altitude Test Facility, which simulates space-like vacuum conditions. However, the High Altitude Test is a highly sophisticated process and it has certain technical limitations. 
"While the Cryogenic engine is meant to fire in space for 200-300 seconds, we are only able to test fire it for a maximum of 25 seconds at the ISRO High Altitude Test Facility. This 25 seconds is just a fraction of the engine's actual burn time. Therefore, we devised a unique method to test fire the Cryogenic engine for its actual burn time. Known as a Sea Level test, this method is typically unsuitable for testing Cryogenic engines, but we introduced some new techniques that helped us test the Cryogenic engine successfully at normal earth-like conditions," Dr. V. Narayanan, Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre explained to WION.
We devised a Nozzle Protection System that has paved the way for a cost-effective and less complex procedure for acceptance testing of cryogenic engines.
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-european-space-agency-to-help-india-see-and-speak-to-gaganyaan-782093">Explained: European Space Agency to help India 'see and speak' to Gaganyaan</a>
<h2>How ISRO launched 36 satellites using LVM3, before having re-start capability</h2>
In October 2022 and March 2023, the LVM3 performed commercial missions for the private firm OneWeb (now Eutelsat OneWeb), launching 36 satellites during each mission. While ISRO had not developed the Cryogenic engine re-start technology back then, ISRO made use of Cold Gas thrusters to deftly move the Cryogenic stage of the rocket to safely place all satellites in their respective slots.
"The remaining liquid hydrogen in the Cryogenic fuel tank was used to manoeuvre the upper stage in a manner in which we could eject all 36 satellites in their designated orbital slots. This is known as a cold gas thruster because there is no fuel burning involved. This method provides small amounts of thrust that can help achieve minor variations in the orbit and attitude(orientation) of the rocket stage. This is used in some satellites as well, due to its safe and simple operation," Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre explained to WION. 
So far, only the SSLV(smallest rocket) and PSLV(workhorse rocket) had the upper stage re-start capability. Now, the LVM3 also has this capability and it goes on to further enhance the commercial potential of our largest rocket, he added.
<h2>About the 'CE 20' Cryogenic engine</h2>
A cryogenic engine is among the most efficient and complex rocket propulsion systems. Cryogenic engines typically make use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). The former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 degree Celsius. The complex storage requirements for these super-cooled propellants make cryogenic engines more challenging to design and operate compared to conventional engines.
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-space-agency-isro-launches-proba-3-mission-satellites-781717">India's space agency ISRO launches Proba-3 mission satellites</a>
The indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is powering the upper stage of the LVM3 launch vehicle and has been qualified to operate at a thrust level of 19 tonnes.
This engine has successfully powered the upper stage of six LVM3 missions so far. Recently, the engine was qualified for the Gaganyaan mission with a thrust level of 20 tonnes and also to an upgrated thrust level of 22 tonnes for the future C32 stage, towards enhancing the payload capability of the LVM3 launch vehicle.

As the final stage of the LVM3 rocket, it is the Cryogenic engine that is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits(altitudes) in space. .

Recently, the Indian space agency (ISRO) successfully conducted a crucial test that will enable its largest rocket LVM3 to inject satellites into orbits at different altitudes, all in a single mission. This restart capability is made possible due to the development of a 'multi-element ignitor' that can help restart the 'CE-20' Cryogenic engine that sits atop the LVM3 rocket. During this test, both the engine and facility performance were normal, and the required engine performance parameters were achieved as anticipated, ISRO said. Also read: ISRO starts assembling astronaut-carrying rocket 'HLVM3' As the final stage of the LVM3 rocket, it is the Cryogenic engine that is responsible for placing satellites into different designated orbits (altitudes) in space. This capability improves the operational flexibility and commercial potential of a rocket. When ferrying multiple satellites, it is crucial to have the capability to restart the final stage engine. That way, a single rocket can place multiple satellites in different orbits in an efficient manner, thereby avoiding the need for multiple rockets and multiple launches. In this case, ISRO tested only the first element of the multi-element ignitor, while monitoring the health of the other two elements. Eventually, ISRO would be able to perform two or three re-starts of the cryogenic engine. PSLV has done several missions where it has placed multiple satellites in different orbits. For example, in April 2019, India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), launched EMISAT, the primary satellite and 28 international customer satellites. The primary Satellite was injected into a 749 km orbit, followed by two fourth-stage restarts to achieve a 504 km orbit, where all customer satellites were injected. Subsequently, the fourth stage was restarted again to achieve a 485km orbit to serve as an orbital platform to carry out space-borne experimentation. Also read: ISRO simulates space conditions for astronauts in 'Habitat-1'. Here's what it is Significantly, this latest Cryogenic engine restart test was carried out using a specialised test apparatus. Typically, ISRO tests the Cryogenic engine at a High Altitude Test Facility, which simulates space-like vacuum conditions. However, the High Altitude Test is a highly sophisticated process and it has certain technical limitations. "While the Cryogenic engine is meant to fire in space for 200-300 seconds, we are only able to test fire it for a maximum of 25 seconds at the ISRO High Altitude Test Facility. This 25 seconds is just a fraction of the engine's actual burn time. Therefore, we devised a unique method to test fire the Cryogenic engine for its actual burn time. Known as a Sea Level test, this method is typically unsuitable for testing Cryogenic engines, but we introduced some new techniques that helped us test the Cryogenic engine successfully at normal earth-like conditions," Dr. V. Narayanan, Director of ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre explained to WION. We devised a Nozzle Protection System that has paved the way for a cost-effective and less complex procedure for acceptance testing of cryogenic engines. Also read: Explained: European Space Agency to help India 'see and speak' to Gaganyaan How ISRO launched 36 satellites using LVM3, before having re-start capability In October 2022 and March 2023, the LVM3 performed commercial missions for the private firm OneWeb (now Eutelsat OneWeb), launching 36 satellites during each mission. While ISRO had not developed the Cryogenic engine re-start technology back then, ISRO made use of Cold Gas thrusters to deftly move the Cryogenic stage of the rocket to safely place all satellites in their respective slots. "The remaining liquid hydrogen in the Cryogenic fuel tank was used to manoeuvre the upper stage in a manner in which we could eject all 36 satellites in their designated orbital slots. This is known as a cold gas thruster because there is no fuel burning involved. This method provides small amounts of thrust that can help achieve minor variations in the orbit and attitude(orientation) of the rocket stage. This is used in some satellites as well, due to its safe and simple operation," Dr. S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director of ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre explained to WION. So far, only the SSLV(smallest rocket) and PSLV(workhorse rocket) had the upper stage re-start capability. Now, the LVM3 also has this capability and it goes on to further enhance the commercial potential of our largest rocket, he added. About the 'CE 20' Cryogenic engine A cryogenic engine is among the most efficient and complex rocket propulsion systems. Cryogenic engines typically make use of liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). The former liquefies at -183 degrees Celsius, the latter liquifies at -253 degree Celsius. The complex storage requirements for these super-cooled propellants make cryogenic engines more challenging to design and operate compared to conventional engines. Also read: India's space agency ISRO launches Proba-3 mission satellites The indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is powering the upper stage of the LVM3 launch vehicle and has been qualified to operate at a thrust level of 19 tonnes. This engine has successfully powered the upper stage of six LVM3 missions so far. Recently, the engine was qualified for the Gaganyaan mission with a thrust level of 20 tonnes and also to an upgrated thrust level of 22 tonnes for the future C32 stage, towards enhancing the payload capability of the LVM3 launch vehicle.

Explained: ISRO can now restart its 'CE20' Cryogenic engine in space

India Space Research Organisation has taken a significant step towards indigenous software development. Earlier, India used to purchase software told from foreign sources.

India: ISRO launches 'Feast', new indigenous software

The Indian Space agency ISRO announced that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander module is in 'normal health' and that it reduced its orbit for the first time. This is the maiden manoeuvre to be performed individually by the lander module.

The Indian Space agency ISRO announced that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander module is in 'normal health' and that it reduced its orbit for the first time. This is the maiden manoeuvre to be performed individually by the lander module. It was on Thursday (August 17) that the integrated spacecraft had separated into two parts — Lander Module (LM) and Propulsion Module (PM). Till Thursday, all manoeuvres of the integrated spacecraft (LM and PM), were being performed by the Propulsion module. Chandrayaan-3 Mission: The Lander Module (LM) health is normal. LM successfully underwent a deboosting operation that reduced its orbit to 113 km x 157 km. The second deboosting operation is scheduled for August 20, 2023, around 0200 Hrs. IST #Chandrayaan_3#Ch3 pic.twitter.com/0PVxV8Gw5z — ISRO (@isro) August 18, 2023 × Vikram lander's maiden de-boosting manoeuvre on Friday has taken it into a 113kmx157km orbit. The subsequent de-boosting will be done in the wee hours of Sunday (0200hrs IST), said ISRO. While the Propulsion module continues to orbit the moon for a few years, the Lander module is headed towards the Lunar surface, in preparation for its soft-landing scheduled for 23rd August. Also read: Chandrayaan-3: ISRO releases close-up images of moon, deboosting procedure initiated With the Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module included, India now has three of its crafts circling the moon. This includes Chandrayaan-1(defunct), Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and the Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module. India commenced its lunar exploration journey in 2008 with Chandrayaan-1 and then followed it up with Chandrayaan-2 in 2019, and Chandrayaan-3 in July this year. The 4 vehicles in Chandrayaan-3 mission Any spacefaring mission is like a relay race - there are many performers and each one completes their task and hands over to the next. On July 14th, the LVM3 rocket was the vehicle that carried the 3.9 tonne spacecraft (comprising propulsion module, lander and rover) into the earth's orbit. Performing its task in about 16 minutes, India's largest rocket injected the satellites into the desired orbit. Watch: Chandrayaan-3: India's lunar mission captures global interest × Then on, the craft's propulsion module gradually pushed and steered the craft away from the earth, using its onboard engines. Until July 31st, the craft orbited the earth and then fired its engines to gain more velocity, pushing itself to rendezvous with the moon in a few days (Lunar transfer trajectory). On August 5th, the craft reached the vicinity of the moon and fired its engines to slow itself down, reduce its orbit and get captured by Lunar gravity. From August 5th till August 17th, the craft has been circling the moon. Once in a few days, the craft retro-fired its engines to slow down and reduce its orbit and get closer to the Lunar surface. On Thursday, 17th August, as the craft was in a 153kmx163km orbit, the propulsion module and lander module separated. This means that the propulsion module has completed its core task of getting the craft to an orbit around the moon. Henceforth, it will be the responsibility of the Vikram lander to test its cameras, sensors and engines, as it prepares for a Lunar landing. The lander craft will commence reducing its orbit on Friday and eventually cut down its velocity from a few kilometres per second to 1 metre per second, which is the ideal speed for lunar soft-landing. After the successful soft-landing, the lander is meant to open its ramp and allow the 'Pragyan' rover to roll out onto the Lunar surface. In close coordination with each other, the lander, rover and propulsion module would then carry out their respective scientific tasks and send data back to Earth. As far as the lander and rover are concerned, ISRO is looking at an operational life of one Lunar day or two weeks on Earth. However, after the lunar night passes and the new dawn breaks, when the sunlight is available, it is possible that the lander and rover come back to life. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

Chandrayaan-3: Vikram Lander 'healthy', completes its maiden solo manoeuvre

Microsoft India and the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) to support Indian space sector start-ups. This comes at a time when there are more than 110 space sector start-ups that are formally registered with the Government-run IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre). After the Indian Government opened up the space sector to private firms and permitted them the carry out end-to-end space activities, there has been significant growth in Indian space startups.&nbsp;

Anant Maheshwari, President of Microsoft India, said, "Space-tech startups in India are playing a significant role in advancing the country’s space capabilities with the power of technology. We are pleased to collaborate with ISRO to accelerate this transformation of what’s possible in space. Through our technology tools, platforms and mentorship opportunities, we are deeply committed to empowering space-tech startups in the country to drive cutting edge innovation and accelerate scientific discovery."

Also read |<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-third-lunar-mission-chandrayaan-3-almost-ready-launch-in-june-july-isro-chairman-549705">&nbsp;India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 almost ready, launch in June-July: ISRO Chairman</a>

According to the tech giant, through Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub, space-tech startup founders in India will have free access to the tech tools, and resources they need to build and run their businesses. This includes technical support to build and scale on Azure, best-in-class developer and productivity tools including GitHub Enterprise, Visual Studio Enterprise, and Microsoft 365, and access to smart analytics with Power BI and Dynamics 365.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/sivakumar-nadesan-awarded-2023-pravasi-bharatiya-samman-award-for-upliftment-of-indian-origin-tamils-in-lanka-549557">Sivakumar Nadesan awarded 2023 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award for upliftment of Indian-origin Tamils in Lanka</a>

“ISRO’s collaboration with Microsoft will greatly benefit space tech startups in their analysis and processing of vast amounts of satellite data for various applications, using cutting-edge methods like AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning. The Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub is a useful platform for bringing together startups and providers of technology solutions to support the national space technology ecosystem. We are pleased to work together to assist and support entrepreneurs, to in turn benefit the Indian economy as a whole" Dr S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO said.&nbsp;

It was also added that Microsoft and ISRO will also jointly organise knowledge-sharing and thought leadership sessions for the startups with space industry experts. Further, the collaboration will support founders with go-to-market strategies, technical support and opportunities to sell their solutions via Microsoft channels and the marketplace.

WATCH WION LIVE HERE

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Microsoft India and the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) to support Indian space sector start-ups. This comes at a time when there are more than 110 space sector start-ups that are formally registered with the Government-run IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre).

Microsoft India and the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) to support Indian space sector start-ups. This comes at a time when there are more than 110 space sector start-ups that are formally registered with the Government-run IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre). After the Indian Government opened up the space sector to private firms and permitted them the carry out end-to-end space activities, there has been significant growth in Indian space startups. Anant Maheshwari, President of Microsoft India, said, "Space-tech startups in India are playing a significant role in advancing the country’s space capabilities with the power of technology. We are pleased to collaborate with ISRO to accelerate this transformation of what’s possible in space. Through our technology tools, platforms and mentorship opportunities, we are deeply committed to empowering space-tech startups in the country to drive cutting edge innovation and accelerate scientific discovery." Also read | India's third Lunar mission Chandrayaan-3 almost ready, launch in June-July: ISRO Chairman According to the tech giant, through Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub, space-tech startup founders in India will have free access to the tech tools, and resources they need to build and run their businesses. This includes technical support to build and scale on Azure, best-in-class developer and productivity tools including GitHub Enterprise, Visual Studio Enterprise, and Microsoft 365, and access to smart analytics with Power BI and Dynamics 365. Also read | Sivakumar Nadesan awarded 2023 Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award for upliftment of Indian-origin Tamils in Lanka “ISRO’s collaboration with Microsoft will greatly benefit space tech startups in their analysis and processing of vast amounts of satellite data for various applications, using cutting-edge methods like AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning. The Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub is a useful platform for bringing together startups and providers of technology solutions to support the national space technology ecosystem. We are pleased to work together to assist and support entrepreneurs, to in turn benefit the Indian economy as a whole" Dr S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO said. It was also added that Microsoft and ISRO will also jointly organise knowledge-sharing and thought leadership sessions for the startups with space industry experts. Further, the collaboration will support founders with go-to-market strategies, technical support and opportunities to sell their solutions via Microsoft channels and the marketplace. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Microsoft and ISRO team up to support Indian space-tech startups

India's much-anticipated and most sophisticated spacefaring mission 'Gaganyaan' Human Spaceflight is expected to be carried out by the fourth quarter of 2024, the government revealed in Parliament. However, there will be four crucial test flights that will be conducted prior to the actual mission, it was added.&nbsp;

Gaganyaan aims to launch an Indian rocket carrying a crew module with Indian astronauts to low earth orbit, where they would orbit for a few days and then return to earth by splashing down in the ocean. Originally targeted for 2022, coinciding with the 75th year of Indian independence, the project has been set back by delays owing to COVID-19 and related restrictions in 2020-21.&nbsp;

As per the information shared in Parliament by Dr Jitendra Singh, Minister of State, Prime Minister's Office, two initial test missions would be carried out using a Test Vehicle (TV). This would be followed by the uncrewed mission 'G1'(in the last quarter of 2023) and the second uncrewed mission 'G2' in the second quarter of 2024. "India’s maiden human space flight ‘H1’ mission is targeted to be launched in the fourth quarter of 2024," it was mentioned.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-second-spaceport-118-million-sanctioned-for-land-acquisition-setting-up-launch-infra-545119">India's second spaceport: $118 million sanctioned for land acquisition, setting up launch infra</a>

Dr Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, ISRO had earlier told WION that the test vehicle is a newly-realised multi-purpose rocket to accomplish various tests and demonstrations. "This vehicle will be powered by the engine of a liquid fuel strap-on motor used on the GSLV Mk 2 rocket, which is ISRO's trusted and reliable Vikas engine. During the test, it can carry the crew module to the required altitude depending upon mission requirements. Once the rocket and crew module separate, the crew module will be on its own and deploy parachutes to slowly splash-land on water," Dr Nair had explained.

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/100-indian-space-sector-start-ups-have-raised-nearly-250mn-in-funding-industry-body-543833">100+ Indian space-sector start-ups have raised nearly $250mn in funding: Industry body</a>

While the two Test Vehicle missions are meant to demonstrate the performance of the crew escape system and parachute-based deceleration system for different flight conditions, the two uncrewed flights of the actual Human-rated LVM3 rocket are meant to validate the performance of the human-rated launch vehicle, orbital module propulsion system, mission management, communication system and recovery operations. The human-rated launch vehicle will also be carrying a humanoid robot to test the crucial parameters throughout the mission.

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India's much-anticipated and most sophisticated spacefaring mission 'Gaganyaan' Human Spaceflight is expected to be carried out by the fourth quarter of 2024, the government revealed in Parliament.

India's much-anticipated and most sophisticated spacefaring mission 'Gaganyaan' Human Spaceflight is expected to be carried out by the fourth quarter of 2024, the government revealed in Parliament. However, there will be four crucial test flights that will be conducted prior to the actual mission, it was added. Gaganyaan aims to launch an Indian rocket carrying a crew module with Indian astronauts to low earth orbit, where they would orbit for a few days and then return to earth by splashing down in the ocean. Originally targeted for 2022, coinciding with the 75th year of Indian independence, the project has been set back by delays owing to COVID-19 and related restrictions in 2020-21. As per the information shared in Parliament by Dr Jitendra Singh, Minister of State, Prime Minister's Office, two initial test missions would be carried out using a Test Vehicle (TV). This would be followed by the uncrewed mission 'G1'(in the last quarter of 2023) and the second uncrewed mission 'G2' in the second quarter of 2024. "India’s maiden human space flight ‘H1’ mission is targeted to be launched in the fourth quarter of 2024," it was mentioned. Also read | India's second spaceport: $118 million sanctioned for land acquisition, setting up launch infra Dr Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, VSSC, ISRO had earlier told WION that the test vehicle is a newly-realised multi-purpose rocket to accomplish various tests and demonstrations. "This vehicle will be powered by the engine of a liquid fuel strap-on motor used on the GSLV Mk 2 rocket, which is ISRO's trusted and reliable Vikas engine. During the test, it can carry the crew module to the required altitude depending upon mission requirements. Once the rocket and crew module separate, the crew module will be on its own and deploy parachutes to slowly splash-land on water," Dr Nair had explained. Also read | 100+ Indian space-sector start-ups have raised nearly $250mn in funding: Industry body While the two Test Vehicle missions are meant to demonstrate the performance of the crew escape system and parachute-based deceleration system for different flight conditions, the two uncrewed flights of the actual Human-rated LVM3 rocket are meant to validate the performance of the human-rated launch vehicle, orbital module propulsion system, mission management, communication system and recovery operations. The human-rated launch vehicle will also be carrying a humanoid robot to test the crucial parameters throughout the mission. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

ISRO to carry out two test missions, two uncrewed missions before ‘Gaganyaan’ astronaut flight

ISRO successfully launched its latest earth observation satellite (EOS-01), as well as nine satellites from customer nations from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

ISRO successfully launched 10 satellites simultaneously

The four astronauts shortlisted for India’s first manned space mission, Gaganyaan, have commenced their full-fledged training at Russia’s Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City.

India gears up for Mission Gaganyaan

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