Researchers from Rockefeller University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have made a discovery regarding the effects of addictive drugs like cocaine and morphine on our brains. They analysed the brain's reward pathway, and tried to answer why these substances can takeover our natural desires for essential needs such as food and water.

Lead researcher Jeffrey Friedman said, "We've known for decades that natural rewards, like food, and drugs can activate the same brain region. But what we've just learned is that they impact neural activity in strikingly different ways."&nbsp;

"One of the big takeaways here is that addictive drugs have pathologic effects on these neural pathways, that's distinct from, say, the physiologic response to eating a meal when you are hungry or drinking a glass of water when you are thirsty," he added.

<h2>How did they perform this study?</h2>

Using mouse models, the research team employed a comprehensive approach to study the impact of cocaine and morphine on the brain's reward circuits. By mapping brain activity, imaging neurons, and analysing genetic activity, they tried to understand how these drugs influence neural pathways.

The study reveals the crucial role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in both typical brain functions and drug rewards. Neurons projecting to the NAc from the orbitofrontal cortex are implicated in reducing natural reward responses when activated by drug use.

"The NAc is a key node where the underlying dopaminoceptive neurons direct and refine animals' behaviours towards their goals," neuroscientist Bowen Tan told Science Alert. "What we hadn't been able to understand is how repeated exposure to drugs corrupts these neurons, resulting in escalated drug-seeking behaviors and a shift away from healthy goals," he added.

<h2>How do cocaine and morphine affect our brain differently?</h2>

While cocaine and morphine activate specific subsets of neurons in the NAc, their effects differ. Cocaine, a potent stimulant, and morphine, an opioid, elicit unique responses in the brain, ultimately altering behaviour and preference for these drugs over basic needs.

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/vampire-facial-linked-with-hiv-cases-in-new-mexico-715848">What is 'Vampire Facial', cosmetic procedure linked with HIV cases in the US?</a>

"By tracking these cells, we show that not only are similar cells activated across reward classes, but also that cocaine and morphine elicit initially stronger responses than food or water, and this actually magnifies with increasing exposure," neuroscientist Caleb Browne said. "After withdrawal from the drugs, these same cells exhibit disorganized responses to natural rewards in a manner that may resemble some of the negative affective states seen in withdrawal in substance use disorder," he added.

Repeated exposure to cocaine and morphine leads to a shift in behaviour, with mice exhibiting increased interest in drugs and decreased interest in food and water. This change is accompanied by alterations in neuron communication, affecting how the brain processes rewards from natural stimuli.

The study identifies a protein encoded by the Rheb gene that interferes with typical neuron communication, contributing to addiction-related behaviors. Understanding these pathways opens avenues for developing targeted therapies to combat addiction.

Researchers from Rockefeller University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have made a discovery regarding the effects of addictive drugs like cocaine and morphine on our brains.

Researchers from Rockefeller University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have made a discovery regarding the effects of addictive drugs like cocaine and morphine on our brains. They analysed the brain's reward pathway, and tried to answer why these substances can takeover our natural desires for essential needs such as food and water. Lead researcher Jeffrey Friedman said, "We've known for decades that natural rewards, like food, and drugs can activate the same brain region. But what we've just learned is that they impact neural activity in strikingly different ways." "One of the big takeaways here is that addictive drugs have pathologic effects on these neural pathways, that's distinct from, say, the physiologic response to eating a meal when you are hungry or drinking a glass of water when you are thirsty," he added. How did they perform this study? Using mouse models, the research team employed a comprehensive approach to study the impact of cocaine and morphine on the brain's reward circuits. By mapping brain activity, imaging neurons, and analysing genetic activity, they tried to understand how these drugs influence neural pathways. The study reveals the crucial role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in both typical brain functions and drug rewards. Neurons projecting to the NAc from the orbitofrontal cortex are implicated in reducing natural reward responses when activated by drug use. "The NAc is a key node where the underlying dopaminoceptive neurons direct and refine animals' behaviours towards their goals," neuroscientist Bowen Tan told Science Alert. "What we hadn't been able to understand is how repeated exposure to drugs corrupts these neurons, resulting in escalated drug-seeking behaviors and a shift away from healthy goals," he added. How do cocaine and morphine affect our brain differently? While cocaine and morphine activate specific subsets of neurons in the NAc, their effects differ. Cocaine, a potent stimulant, and morphine, an opioid, elicit unique responses in the brain, ultimately altering behaviour and preference for these drugs over basic needs. Also read: What is 'Vampire Facial', cosmetic procedure linked with HIV cases in the US? "By tracking these cells, we show that not only are similar cells activated across reward classes, but also that cocaine and morphine elicit initially stronger responses than food or water, and this actually magnifies with increasing exposure," neuroscientist Caleb Browne said. "After withdrawal from the drugs, these same cells exhibit disorganized responses to natural rewards in a manner that may resemble some of the negative affective states seen in withdrawal in substance use disorder," he added. Repeated exposure to cocaine and morphine leads to a shift in behaviour, with mice exhibiting increased interest in drugs and decreased interest in food and water. This change is accompanied by alterations in neuron communication, affecting how the brain processes rewards from natural stimuli. The study identifies a protein encoded by the Rheb gene that interferes with typical neuron communication, contributing to addiction-related behaviors. Understanding these pathways opens avenues for developing targeted therapies to combat addiction.

Cocaine and morphine trump food and water in brain’s reward hierarchy: Study

A heroin &quot;epidemic&quot; is gripping the United States, where cheap supply has helped push the number of users to a 20-year high, increasing drug-related deaths, the United Nations said today. 
 
According to the U.N.&#39;s World Drug Report 2016, the number of heroin users in the United States reached around one million in 2014, almost three times as many as in 2003. Heroin-related deaths there have increased five-fold since 2000. 
 
&quot;There is really a huge epidemic (of) heroin in the U.S.,&quot; said Angela Me, the chief researcher for the report which released today. 
 
&quot;It is the highest definitely in the last 20 years,&quot; Me said, adding that the trend was continuing. 
 
The rise could be linked to U.S. legislation introduced in recent years which makes it harder to abuse prescription opioids such as oxicodone, a powerful painkiller that can have similar effects to heroin, Me said. 
 
The law meant the texture of the pills was changed to make it more difficult to crush them and inject them into the blood stream, Me said. 
 
&quot;This has caused a partial shift from the misuse of these prescription opioids to heroin.&quot; 
 
Another reason for the increase in the use of heroin, which in the United States mainly comes from Mexico and Colombia, is greater supply that has depressed prices in recent years, Me said. 
 
The United States has also seen a spike in deaths related to fentanyl, a synthetic opioid 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times more so than morphine, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
 
Fentanyl has been named as the drug that killed pop singer Prince this year. 
 
At least 207,000 deaths globally were drug-related in 2014, with heroin use and overdose-related deaths increasing sharply also over the last two years, according to the Vienna-based U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 
 
&quot;Heroin continues to be the drug that kills the most people and this resurgence must be addressed urgently,&quot; Yury Fedotov, the executive director of the UNODC, said. 
 
U.S. President Barack Obama earlier this year asked Congress for $1.1 billion in new funding over two years to expand treatment for users of heroin and prescription painkillers. 
 
(Reuters)

At least 207,000 deaths globally were drug-related in 2014, with heroin use and overdose-related deaths increased in last two years

A heroin "epidemic" is gripping the United States, where cheap supply has helped push the number of users to a 20-year high, increasing drug-related deaths, the United Nations said today. According to the U.N.'s World Drug Report 2016, the number of heroin users in the United States reached around one million in 2014, almost three times as many as in 2003. Heroin-related deaths there have increased five-fold since 2000. "There is really a huge epidemic (of) heroin in the U.S.," said Angela Me, the chief researcher for the report which released today. "It is the highest definitely in the last 20 years," Me said, adding that the trend was continuing. The rise could be linked to U.S. legislation introduced in recent years which makes it harder to abuse prescription opioids such as oxicodone, a powerful painkiller that can have similar effects to heroin, Me said. The law meant the texture of the pills was changed to make it more difficult to crush them and inject them into the blood stream, Me said. "This has caused a partial shift from the misuse of these prescription opioids to heroin." Another reason for the increase in the use of heroin, which in the United States mainly comes from Mexico and Colombia, is greater supply that has depressed prices in recent years, Me said. The United States has also seen a spike in deaths related to fentanyl, a synthetic opioid 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times more so than morphine, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fentanyl has been named as the drug that killed pop singer Prince this year. At least 207,000 deaths globally were drug-related in 2014, with heroin use and overdose-related deaths increasing sharply also over the last two years, according to the Vienna-based U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). "Heroin continues to be the drug that kills the most people and this resurgence must be addressed urgently," Yury Fedotov, the executive director of the UNODC, said. U.S. President Barack Obama earlier this year asked Congress for $1.1 billion in new funding over two years to expand treatment for users of heroin and prescription painkillers. (Reuters)

Heroin use at 20-year high in U.S. drug "epidemic", U.N. says

morphine

Morphine, News on Morphine, stories on Morphine, articles on Morphine, Morphine stories at Wion, Morphine news, Morphine latest news