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Greenland sharks live up to a whopping 400 years and even more without showing traditional signs of ageing. Their hearts also remain healthy and a typical Greenland shark is not afflicted by any serious cardiovascular disease. Whatever their secret is, it can also help humans stay young and healthy, scientists believe.&nbsp;

The world's longest-living vertebrates have defied age and scientists have been trying to understand the biological mechanisms that keep them healthy. The belief is that learning about the sharks' anti-ageing ways&nbsp;can also help human beings stay healthier. The main reason seems to be their metabolic activity.

The Greenland sharks live in the freezing waters of the North Atlantic and Antarctic oceans where their extremely slow metabolisms are what help&nbsp;them survive. Other metabolic adaptations seen in these sharks are that their top swimming speed is less than 1.8 miles per hour, and they grow less than 0.4 inches a year. These adaptations might be the reason why these fishes live for several years without showing any signs of ageing.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/earth-moves-to-farthest-point-from-sun-but-dont-expect-any-relief-from-the-heat-738099">Earth moves to farthest point from sun, but don't expect any relief from the heat</a> 
&nbsp;

<h2>No signs of ageing seen in&nbsp;Greenland sharks</h2>

As we age, changes in enzymatic activity are bound to happen. But these changes have not been seen in Greenland sharks. Enzymes are integral to the chemical reactions that happen within our cells. Ewan Camplisson, a Ph.D. student at the University of Manchester, says that the enzymes from the muscles of Greenland sharks don’t show the kinds of activity that you’d anticipate through ageing.

Camplisson told Newsweek that traditional sign of ageing are missing from these sharks but are seen in most animals. So the researchers are now wondering whether metabolism is the reason for their long life span. By learning how they live so long while keeping their hearts healthy, Camplisson hopes to improve the quality of life of humans, especially older people, who suffer from heart issues more than others.&nbsp;

Talking about a healthy heart, Camplisson said,&nbsp;"If we can understand what adaptations allow the Greenland sharks to live so long while seemingly not being seriously afflicted by cardiovascular disease, we can hopefully incorporate some of these adaptations into humans to allow improved cardiac health."

Greenland sharks live up to a whopping 400 years and even more without showing traditional signs of ageing. Their hearts also remain healthy and a typical Greenland shark is not afflicted by any serious cardiovascular disease.

Greenland sharks live up to a whopping 400 years and even more without showing traditional signs of ageing. Their hearts also remain healthy and a typical Greenland shark is not afflicted by any serious cardiovascular disease. Whatever their secret is, it can also help humans stay young and healthy, scientists believe. The world's longest-living vertebrates have defied age and scientists have been trying to understand the biological mechanisms that keep them healthy. The belief is that learning about the sharks' anti-ageing ways can also help human beings stay healthier. The main reason seems to be their metabolic activity. The Greenland sharks live in the freezing waters of the North Atlantic and Antarctic oceans where their extremely slow metabolisms are what help them survive. Other metabolic adaptations seen in these sharks are that their top swimming speed is less than 1.8 miles per hour, and they grow less than 0.4 inches a year. These adaptations might be the reason why these fishes live for several years without showing any signs of ageing. Also Read: Earth moves to farthest point from sun, but don't expect any relief from the heat No signs of ageing seen in Greenland sharks As we age, changes in enzymatic activity are bound to happen. But these changes have not been seen in Greenland sharks. Enzymes are integral to the chemical reactions that happen within our cells. Ewan Camplisson, a Ph.D. student at the University of Manchester, says that the enzymes from the muscles of Greenland sharks don’t show the kinds of activity that you’d anticipate through ageing. Camplisson told Newsweek that traditional sign of ageing are missing from these sharks but are seen in most animals. So the researchers are now wondering whether metabolism is the reason for their long life span. By learning how they live so long while keeping their hearts healthy, Camplisson hopes to improve the quality of life of humans, especially older people, who suffer from heart issues more than others. Talking about a healthy heart, Camplisson said, "If we can understand what adaptations allow the Greenland sharks to live so long while seemingly not being seriously afflicted by cardiovascular disease, we can hopefully incorporate some of these adaptations into humans to allow improved cardiac health."

Sharks hold the secret to a healthy heart and staying young, study finds

When did fashion emerge? It is hard to pinpoint the exact time when fashion became a thing. But a new study has placed the origin of fashion hundreds of thousands of years back to the Siberian caves. What led to this theory is the analysis of the world's earliest eyed sewing needles that date back to the Last Glacial Maximum in the famous Denisova Cave. The cave was home to Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans for over 100,000 years.&nbsp;

While till least 70,000 years ago the residents of the cave used bone awls, or eyeless sewing needles, to prepare their clothing, something prompted the Denisovans to make sophisticated needles. This was a dip in temperature as the ice age set in.&nbsp;

<h2>Ice Age and underwear</h2>

Till now, the bone awls were working for them. But now they needed to protect themselves from the biting cold. They needed more layers of clothing to cover up. But the regular needles weren't enough to do the job. So they went through the trouble of designing more complicated tools, including the eyed needle and other eyed tools, researchers say.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/greenland-sharks-hold-the-secret-to-a-healthy-heart-and-staying-young-738147">Greenland sharks hold the secret to a healthy heart and staying young</a>

“An association between eyed needles and a physiological need for more thermally effective fitted clothing is apparent,” the study authors say adding that “a link with underwear has been posited.”

<h2>When did fashion start?</h2>

However, the need for these needles didn't just end there. While they covered up to protect themselves from the cold, they lost avenues of expression of art. They could no longer show off their tattoos, body paint and other scars which they sported for several reasons. So, designing clothes emerged as an alternative to showing creativity, which again required the use of tools like the eyed needle.&nbsp;

Study author Dr Ian Gilligan said in a statement, “Eyed needle tools are an important development in prehistory because they document a transition in the function of clothing from utilitarian to social purposes."&nbsp;

Eyed needles would have been especially useful for the very fine sewing that was required to decorate clothing."

Their regular garments were likely made more exciting by attaching beads and fur, as per the study published in Science Advances.

When did fashion emerge? It is hard to pinpoint the exact time when fashion became a thing. But a new study has placed the origin of fashion hundreds of thousands of years back to the Siberian caves.

When did fashion emerge? It is hard to pinpoint the exact time when fashion became a thing. But a new study has placed the origin of fashion hundreds of thousands of years back to the Siberian caves. What led to this theory is the analysis of the world's earliest eyed sewing needles that date back to the Last Glacial Maximum in the famous Denisova Cave. The cave was home to Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans for over 100,000 years. While till least 70,000 years ago the residents of the cave used bone awls, or eyeless sewing needles, to prepare their clothing, something prompted the Denisovans to make sophisticated needles. This was a dip in temperature as the ice age set in. Ice Age and underwear Till now, the bone awls were working for them. But now they needed to protect themselves from the biting cold. They needed more layers of clothing to cover up. But the regular needles weren't enough to do the job. So they went through the trouble of designing more complicated tools, including the eyed needle and other eyed tools, researchers say. Also Read: Greenland sharks hold the secret to a healthy heart and staying young “An association between eyed needles and a physiological need for more thermally effective fitted clothing is apparent,” the study authors say adding that “a link with underwear has been posited.” When did fashion start? However, the need for these needles didn't just end there. While they covered up to protect themselves from the cold, they lost avenues of expression of art. They could no longer show off their tattoos, body paint and other scars which they sported for several reasons. So, designing clothes emerged as an alternative to showing creativity, which again required the use of tools like the eyed needle. Study author Dr Ian Gilligan said in a statement, “Eyed needle tools are an important development in prehistory because they document a transition in the function of clothing from utilitarian to social purposes." Eyed needles would have been especially useful for the very fine sewing that was required to decorate clothing." Their regular garments were likely made more exciting by attaching beads and fur, as per the study published in Science Advances.

Ice age likely made paleolithic humans venture into fashion, and invent the underwear

The scientists for the first time created 3D brain models with the use of cells from multiple people.

The researchers have made these new hybrid creations, which are called "chimeroids". These tiny 3D models are variations of brain organoids which are made of tissue which are structured like a full-size brain and function in the same way.

These models are more accurate to human biology in comparison to 2D cellular models or animals such as lab mice. With the help of these models, scientists think that they can&nbsp;accelerate drug research and development.&nbsp;

Generally, brain organoids are grown from cells which are collected from only one donor. Such brain organoids don't capture the genetic variability which exists between people and have the potential to impact the brain development of individuals and their responses to drugs.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/brains-of-humans-go-through-significant-change-after-death-study-737176">Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study</a>

According to the scientists, who have carried out the new study, the creation of chimeroids will help overcome this hurdle. Such a "village in a dish" can especially be helpful in the early stages of drug testing, they stated.&nbsp;

Earlier, researchers have&nbsp;grown&nbsp;sheets of brain cells from the stem cells of various people, but this is the first time that the brain's 3D models have been grown this way.&nbsp;

"Chimeroids are an exciting tool that will be widely adopted in the field of neurodevelopment, probably with diverse applications," said&nbsp;Aparna Bhaduri, who is an assistant professor of biological chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, while commenting on the study.

<h2>How the chimeroids were grown by scientists?</h2>

The stem cells of five people were collected by the researchers to make the chimeroids and then growth-inducing chemicals were used in the lab to push the growth of brain organoids, each of which contained cells from just one person.

The resulting organoids were then torn by the scientists and recombined their cells to form chimeroids. With this, every chimeroid had an equal number of cells taken from each person.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Gravitas: Chinese scientists develop robot with lab-grown human brain

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/gravitas-chinese-scientists-develop-robot-with-lab-grown-human-brain-737584/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

If it is filled with cells from even more people, these chimeroids can help determine how patients will respond to a new kind of drug before it goes for a clinical trial, stated the team.

"I'm excited about what the future holds in terms of using organoids, such as the chimeroids, to develop brand new ways to achieve therapeutic innovation for neurological disease,"&nbsp;said Paola Arlotta, co-senior study author and a professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard University, while speaking to Live Science.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

The scientists for the first time created 3D brain models with the use of cells from multiple people. The researchers have made these new hybrid creations, which are called "chimeroids".

The scientists for the first time created 3D brain models with the use of cells from multiple people. The researchers have made these new hybrid creations, which are called "chimeroids". These tiny 3D models are variations of brain organoids which are made of tissue which are structured like a full-size brain and function in the same way. These models are more accurate to human biology in comparison to 2D cellular models or animals such as lab mice. With the help of these models, scientists think that they can accelerate drug research and development. Generally, brain organoids are grown from cells which are collected from only one donor. Such brain organoids don't capture the genetic variability which exists between people and have the potential to impact the brain development of individuals and their responses to drugs. Also Read: Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study According to the scientists, who have carried out the new study, the creation of chimeroids will help overcome this hurdle. Such a "village in a dish" can especially be helpful in the early stages of drug testing, they stated. Earlier, researchers have grown sheets of brain cells from the stem cells of various people, but this is the first time that the brain's 3D models have been grown this way. "Chimeroids are an exciting tool that will be widely adopted in the field of neurodevelopment, probably with diverse applications," said Aparna Bhaduri, who is an assistant professor of biological chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, while commenting on the study. How the chimeroids were grown by scientists? The stem cells of five people were collected by the researchers to make the chimeroids and then growth-inducing chemicals were used in the lab to push the growth of brain organoids, each of which contained cells from just one person. The resulting organoids were then torn by the scientists and recombined their cells to form chimeroids. With this, every chimeroid had an equal number of cells taken from each person. Watch: Gravitas: Chinese scientists develop robot with lab-grown human brain If it is filled with cells from even more people, these chimeroids can help determine how patients will respond to a new kind of drug before it goes for a clinical trial, stated the team. "I'm excited about what the future holds in terms of using organoids, such as the chimeroids, to develop brand new ways to achieve therapeutic innovation for neurological disease," said Paola Arlotta, co-senior study author and a professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard University, while speaking to Live Science. (With inputs from agencies)

Scientists for the first time use cells of multiple people to create 'minibrains'

Columbus Zoo,&nbsp;in the US state of Ohio, has welcomed a new addition to its gorilla family - a critically endangered western lowland baby gorilla born to first-time mother Sue and experienced father Ktembe.

The infant, with tiny hands and beautiful big brown eyes, was born in the early hours of Saturday (June 29) morning.

Zoo officials&nbsp;said that Sue is providing excellent care to her newborn, nuzzling and cradling the baby closely.

To ensure Sue and her offspring have time to bond, the zoo will determine the sex of the baby at a later date.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/trending/rare-vampire-squids-appearance-in-south-china-sea-leaves-biologists-puzzled-737927">Rare vampire squid's appearance in South China Sea leaves biologists puzzled</a>

The indoor viewing habitat in the Zoo's Congo Expedition region will remain closed for several days to provide the gorillas with privacy.

<h2>Critically endangered</h2>

Western lowland gorillas are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

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“Habitat loss and deforestation have historically been the primary cause for declining populations of Africa’s great apes, but experts now agree that the illegal commercial bushmeat trade has surpassed habitat loss as the primary threat to ape populations—particularly for western lowland gorillas,” zoo officials reportedly said.

Watch |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/chinese-owned-leather-bag-supplier-of-dior-under-investigation-737938">Chinese-owned leather bag supplier of Dior under investigation</a>

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The Columbus Zoo has a long history with gorillas, being the birthplace of Colo, the first gorilla born in a zoo in 1956. This baby is the 35th gorilla born at the Columbus Zoo since then.

The pairing of Sue and Ktembe was recommended by the Species Survival Plan, a program coordinated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums to maintain the genetic diversity of threatened and endangered species in professional care.

The zoo's expert Animal Care team had been preparing for the baby's arrival and is dedicated to providing the gorillas with top-quality care and well-being.

Curator of the Columbus Zoo’s Congo Expedition region Audra Meinelt reportedly said, "We are proud of the dedication of our care teams who diligently work to provide the gorillas with top quality care and wellbeing while continuing the legacy of the Columbus Zoo’s renown gorilla program."

The zoo invites visitors to see the newly expanded gorilla family starting Monday, July 8, from 11 am to 6 pm&nbsp;throughout July, although baby viewing is not guaranteed as the troop will have access to the indoor habitat and behind-the-scenes areas.

(With inputs from agencies)

Columbus Zoo, in the US state of Ohio, has welcomed a new addition to its gorilla family - a critically endangered western lowland baby gorilla born to first-time mother Sue and experienced father Ktembe.

Columbus Zoo, in the US state of Ohio, has welcomed a new addition to its gorilla family - a critically endangered western lowland baby gorilla born to first-time mother Sue and experienced father Ktembe. The infant, with tiny hands and beautiful big brown eyes, was born in the early hours of Saturday (June 29) morning. Zoo officials said that Sue is providing excellent care to her newborn, nuzzling and cradling the baby closely. To ensure Sue and her offspring have time to bond, the zoo will determine the sex of the baby at a later date. Also Read | Rare vampire squid's appearance in South China Sea leaves biologists puzzled The indoor viewing habitat in the Zoo's Congo Expedition region will remain closed for several days to provide the gorillas with privacy. Critically endangered Western lowland gorillas are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Also Read | THIS animal was painted in the first artwork created by humans in Indonesian cave “Habitat loss and deforestation have historically been the primary cause for declining populations of Africa’s great apes, but experts now agree that the illegal commercial bushmeat trade has surpassed habitat loss as the primary threat to ape populations—particularly for western lowland gorillas,” zoo officials reportedly said. Watch | Chinese-owned leather bag supplier of Dior under investigation × The Columbus Zoo has a long history with gorillas, being the birthplace of Colo, the first gorilla born in a zoo in 1956. This baby is the 35th gorilla born at the Columbus Zoo since then. The pairing of Sue and Ktembe was recommended by the Species Survival Plan, a program coordinated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums to maintain the genetic diversity of threatened and endangered species in professional care. The zoo's expert Animal Care team had been preparing for the baby's arrival and is dedicated to providing the gorillas with top-quality care and well-being. Curator of the Columbus Zoo’s Congo Expedition region Audra Meinelt reportedly said, "We are proud of the dedication of our care teams who diligently work to provide the gorillas with top quality care and wellbeing while continuing the legacy of the Columbus Zoo’s renown gorilla program." The zoo invites visitors to see the newly expanded gorilla family starting Monday, July 8, from 11 am to 6 pm throughout July, although baby viewing is not guaranteed as the troop will have access to the indoor habitat and behind-the-scenes areas. (With inputs from agencies)

Columbus zoo celebrates birth of critically endangered western lowland Gorilla

A massive ancient river system once existed beneath the Antarctic ice sheets, geologists have discovered. While digging into the massive ice sheet of West Antarctica, they found that this river flowed for a thousand miles. But what happened to this river? Researchers say that climate change likely played a role and the finding shows that we are at risk of enduring a similar fate in the future if the temperatures continue to rise at the current rate.&nbsp;

<h2>How did they find the river in Antarctica?</h2>

Johann Klages, study co-author and a sedimentologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research in Germany, and his team in 2017 drilled into the western part of Antarctica to collect samples from soft sediments and hard rocks set within the frozen seabed. They found sediments with layers from two different periods. The lower part contained fossils, spores and pollens, indicating that a temperate rainforest existed during the mid-Cretaceous period, about 85 million years ago.&nbsp;

The upper part of the sediment contained mostly sand. As the scientists delved into these samples from the mid-to-late Eocene epoch, about 30 million to 40 million years ago, they found a strongly stratified pattern which resembled something that would normally come from a river delta. More research concluded that an ancient river once flowed in the Antarctic region.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/turns-out-ancient-egyptian-writers-also-suffered-from-consequences-of-hunching-over-your-devices-737355">Turns out, ancient Egyptian writers also suffered from consequences of hunching over devices</a>

<h2>Carbon dioxide levels on Earth&nbsp;</h2>

The Earth has witnessed periods when carbon dioxide levels were more than double what we are seeing today. Between 34 million to 44 million years ago, during the middle-to-late Eocene epoch, the atmosphere on our planet saw a drastic change. Carbon dioxide levels plummeted, and the resultant cooling led to the formation of glaciers. However, during the late Eocene period, CO2 was at levels that Earth is predicted to reach in another 150 to 200 years,&nbsp;Klages told Live Science.

Scientists have been trying to understand how that happened, but vast swathes of West Antarctica are covered in ice, making it difficult to access sedimentary rocks that can offer clues to how the change unfolded.&nbsp;

A massive ancient river system once existed beneath the Antarctic ice sheets, geologists have discovered. While digging into the massive ice sheet of West Antarctica, they found that this river flowed for a thousand miles.

A massive ancient river system once existed beneath the Antarctic ice sheets, geologists have discovered. While digging into the massive ice sheet of West Antarctica, they found that this river flowed for a thousand miles. But what happened to this river? Researchers say that climate change likely played a role and the finding shows that we are at risk of enduring a similar fate in the future if the temperatures continue to rise at the current rate. How did they find the river in Antarctica? Johann Klages, study co-author and a sedimentologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research in Germany, and his team in 2017 drilled into the western part of Antarctica to collect samples from soft sediments and hard rocks set within the frozen seabed. They found sediments with layers from two different periods. The lower part contained fossils, spores and pollens, indicating that a temperate rainforest existed during the mid-Cretaceous period, about 85 million years ago. The upper part of the sediment contained mostly sand. As the scientists delved into these samples from the mid-to-late Eocene epoch, about 30 million to 40 million years ago, they found a strongly stratified pattern which resembled something that would normally come from a river delta. More research concluded that an ancient river once flowed in the Antarctic region. Also Read: Turns out, ancient Egyptian writers also suffered from consequences of hunching over devices Carbon dioxide levels on Earth The Earth has witnessed periods when carbon dioxide levels were more than double what we are seeing today. Between 34 million to 44 million years ago, during the middle-to-late Eocene epoch, the atmosphere on our planet saw a drastic change. Carbon dioxide levels plummeted, and the resultant cooling led to the formation of glaciers. However, during the late Eocene period, CO2 was at levels that Earth is predicted to reach in another 150 to 200 years, Klages told Live Science. Scientists have been trying to understand how that happened, but vast swathes of West Antarctica are covered in ice, making it difficult to access sedimentary rocks that can offer clues to how the change unfolded.

Discovery of 40-million-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans

The hippopotamus, commonly referred to as hippo, is a large semiaquatic mammal. They are further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus or river hippopotamus.&nbsp;

Hippopotamuses can often weigh more than 2,000 kilograms, and flying should never be an option for them as they are mostly seen gliding through the water or having fun on a bank.&nbsp;

But the latest study suggests that the common hippopotamus spends around 15 per cent of the time 'suspended' in the air when running despite their size.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/discovery-of-40000-year-old-river-system-in-antarctica-is-a-warning-sign-for-humans-737430">Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans</a>&nbsp;

Hippos may appear big and bloated, but they can take up to 30 km/h (19 mph) on land. Experts previously have said that an average male human being can run 5.9 mph, while a woman can do a 5.0 mph run.&nbsp;

The latest study found that their feet leave the ground for up to 0.3 seconds at a time when they are running fast.&nbsp;

The researchers from the Royal Veterinary College in England came up with the findings while studying the footfall patterns and stride parameters of hippos.&nbsp;

The researchers revealed that the findings offer new information on the hippo movement, which could be useful for understanding the evolution, body size, habitat usage and ecology of hippos.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/turns-out-ancient-egyptian-writers-also-suffered-from-consequences-of-hunching-over-your-devices-737355">Ancient Egyptian writers also hunched over devices and suffered the consequences</a>&nbsp;

As quoted by UK-based media reports, John Hutchinson, a professor of evolutionary biomechanics who led the research, said, "I've struggled to get any work done on hippos before because they're so hard to access. They're incredibly dangerous, they tend to be most active at night, and they spend a lot of their time in the water."&nbsp;

Hutchinson sent a student to Flamingo Land resort in North Yorkshire, where resident hippos have huge areas to run after he didn't find any satisfying answer in the scientific literature.&nbsp;

The student, identified as Emily Pringle in reports, videoed the animals as they moved between their stable and watering hole. &nbsp;

The researchers were trying to find whether hippos had ever been able to lift all four feet off the ground simultaneously. They also referred to some additional footage from YouTube and examined the videos frame by frame.&nbsp;

In conclusion, published in a PeerJ, the researchers said that in contrast to other large animals, hippos usually maintain a trotting gait regardless of their pace, but they are also capable of taking off quickly.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

The hippopotamus, commonly referred to as hippo, is a large semiaquatic mammal. They are further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus or river hippopotamus.

The hippopotamus, commonly referred to as hippo, is a large semiaquatic mammal. They are further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus or river hippopotamus. Hippopotamuses can often weigh more than 2,000 kilograms, and flying should never be an option for them as they are mostly seen gliding through the water or having fun on a bank. But the latest study suggests that the common hippopotamus spends around 15 per cent of the time 'suspended' in the air when running despite their size. Also read: Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans Hippos may appear big and bloated, but they can take up to 30 km/h (19 mph) on land. Experts previously have said that an average male human being can run 5.9 mph, while a woman can do a 5.0 mph run. The latest study found that their feet leave the ground for up to 0.3 seconds at a time when they are running fast. The researchers from the Royal Veterinary College in England came up with the findings while studying the footfall patterns and stride parameters of hippos. The researchers revealed that the findings offer new information on the hippo movement, which could be useful for understanding the evolution, body size, habitat usage and ecology of hippos. Also read: Ancient Egyptian writers also hunched over devices and suffered the consequences As quoted by UK-based media reports, John Hutchinson, a professor of evolutionary biomechanics who led the research, said, "I've struggled to get any work done on hippos before because they're so hard to access. They're incredibly dangerous, they tend to be most active at night, and they spend a lot of their time in the water." Hutchinson sent a student to Flamingo Land resort in North Yorkshire, where resident hippos have huge areas to run after he didn't find any satisfying answer in the scientific literature. The student, identified as Emily Pringle in reports, videoed the animals as they moved between their stable and watering hole. The researchers were trying to find whether hippos had ever been able to lift all four feet off the ground simultaneously. They also referred to some additional footage from YouTube and examined the videos frame by frame. In conclusion, published in a PeerJ, the researchers said that in contrast to other large animals, hippos usually maintain a trotting gait regardless of their pace, but they are also capable of taking off quickly. (With inputs from agencies)

Hippos can 'fly' as per a study. Yes, you read it right!

Fossil remains of a giant salamander-like creature with sharp fangs, Gaiasia jennyae, have been revealed by scientists. The findings on the beast, that ruled the waters before dinosaurs, have been published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.

The predator, nearly 272 million years old, had a skull measuring about two feet long and was larger than a human. According to the researchers, it used its broad, flat head and front teeth to suck in and bite its unsuspicious prey.

“Gaiasia jennyae was considerably larger than a person, and it probably hung out near the bottom of swamps and lakes," said Jason Pardo, an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago and the co-lead author of the study.&nbsp;

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/discovery-of-40000-year-old-river-system-in-antarctica-is-a-warning-sign-for-humans-737430">Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans</a>

The fossil remains of the creature, believed to exist about 40 million years before the first dinosaur evolved, were collected about a decade ago. Researchers uncovered several specimens, including a well-preserved one comprising of skull and backbone.

“We had some really fantastic material, including a complete skull, that we could then use to compare with other animals from this age and get a sense of what this animal was and what makes it unique,” said Pardo.&nbsp;

Scientists have been examining such ancient predators to discover the lineages of tetrapods, four-legged animals that live on land and evolved into amphibians and mammals.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/hippos-can-fly-as-per-a-study-yes-you-read-it-right-737601">Hippos can 'fly' as per a study. Yes, you read it right!</a>

Most such fossils of archaic tetrapods have been unearthed from the prehistoric coal swamps in the equatorial regions of North America and Europe. However, these recent fossil remains have been discovered in Namibia in Africa, which once was covered with layers of ice and glaciers. This implies tetrapods may have been living in colder conditions earlier.

“The fact that we found Gaiasia in the far south tells us that there was a flourishing ecosystem that could support these very large predators. The more we look, we might find more answers about these major animal groups that we care about, like the ancestors of mammals and modern reptiles," said Pedro.

The name Gaiasia jennyae originates from the location where it was found, the Gai-As rock formation in Namibia, and the name of palaeontologist, Jenny Clack, who specialised in evolution in early tetrapods.

(With inputs from agencies)

Fossil remains of a giant salamander-like creature with sharp fangs, Gaiasia jennyae, have been revealed by scientists. The findings on the beast, that ruled the waters before dinosaurs, have been published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.

Fossil remains of a giant salamander-like creature with sharp fangs, Gaiasia jennyae, have been revealed by scientists. The findings on the beast, that ruled the waters before dinosaurs, have been published in the journal Nature on Wednesday. The predator, nearly 272 million years old, had a skull measuring about two feet long and was larger than a human. According to the researchers, it used its broad, flat head and front teeth to suck in and bite its unsuspicious prey. “Gaiasia jennyae was considerably larger than a person, and it probably hung out near the bottom of swamps and lakes," said Jason Pardo, an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the Field Museum in Chicago and the co-lead author of the study. Also Read | Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans The fossil remains of the creature, believed to exist about 40 million years before the first dinosaur evolved, were collected about a decade ago. Researchers uncovered several specimens, including a well-preserved one comprising of skull and backbone. “We had some really fantastic material, including a complete skull, that we could then use to compare with other animals from this age and get a sense of what this animal was and what makes it unique,” said Pardo. Scientists have been examining such ancient predators to discover the lineages of tetrapods, four-legged animals that live on land and evolved into amphibians and mammals. Also Read | Hippos can 'fly' as per a study. Yes, you read it right! Most such fossils of archaic tetrapods have been unearthed from the prehistoric coal swamps in the equatorial regions of North America and Europe. However, these recent fossil remains have been discovered in Namibia in Africa, which once was covered with layers of ice and glaciers. This implies tetrapods may have been living in colder conditions earlier. “The fact that we found Gaiasia in the far south tells us that there was a flourishing ecosystem that could support these very large predators. The more we look, we might find more answers about these major animal groups that we care about, like the ancestors of mammals and modern reptiles," said Pedro. The name Gaiasia jennyae originates from the location where it was found, the Gai-As rock formation in Namibia, and the name of palaeontologist, Jenny Clack, who specialised in evolution in early tetrapods. (With inputs from agencies)

Fossil reveals giant salamander-like creature that existed before early dinosaurs: Study

A new theoretical research has made a stunning revelation that the Earth is currently crossing an ocean of&nbsp;dark matter and this&nbsp;invisible ocean's waves have been slamming against the upper atmosphere of our planet and generating detectable radio waves.&nbsp;

As per the research, these detectable radio waves have been helping in finally finding this universe's elusive component.

A lot of astrophysical and cosmological evidence, like certain galaxies' inexplicable rotation curves and the largest structures' growth in the cosmic space, has pointed towards the dark matter's existence.&nbsp;

The attempts made to explain these observations with alternative formulations of&nbsp;gravity&nbsp;have not succeeded. Astronomers currently believe that dark matter is some kind of matter which only rarely interacts with normal matter or light.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/comet-crashed-with-earth-set-the-planet-ablaze-thousands-of-years-ago-study-736991">Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study</a>

According to scientists, dark matter&nbsp;is made of massive particles, however, the search for such kinds of particles has not yielded any results.

An alternative, as per the scientists, is that dark matter is exceptionally light and exists as either a form of theoretical particles called "axions" or like an exotic form of photon which carries a bit of mass.

Dark matter, with its incredible lightness, is millions of times lighter in comparison to the lightest known particles and can act in strange ways.&nbsp;

The dark matter, instead of looking like individual point-like bullets, will behave more like large waves&nbsp;which are sloshing around the cosmos.

<h2>Scientists say dark matter's interaction point is ionosphere&nbsp;</h2>

In a&nbsp;recent study, which was published to the preprint server arXiv, the models of ultralight dark matter, which were not entirely dark, were explored by physicists and they allowed it to interact extremely rarely with normal matter.&nbsp;

In the universe, the plasma is being spewed by all stars in the form of stellar wind.&nbsp;

The production of radio waves has been explored because of the dark matter interacting with environments like the interstellar medium or the solar corona.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Study: Secret aliens could be here on Earth already

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In the new research, an interaction point - which is very close to Earth - has been discovered by scientists which is our planet's ionosphere.

The ionosphere of the Earth is the thin and hot layer of the upper atmosphere and it is filled with a loose collection of ionised (charged) particles — which is a plasma.

In this, the waves are sloshing through it and the researchers have found that those waves can interact with hypothetical dark matter waves, which are said to be washing over Earth.

(With inputs from agencies)

A new theoretical research has made a stunning revelation that the Earth is currently crossing an ocean of dark matter and this invisible ocean's waves have been slamming against the upper atmosphere of our planet and generating detectable radio waves.

A new theoretical research has made a stunning revelation that the Earth is currently crossing an ocean of dark matter and this invisible ocean's waves have been slamming against the upper atmosphere of our planet and generating detectable radio waves. As per the research, these detectable radio waves have been helping in finally finding this universe's elusive component. A lot of astrophysical and cosmological evidence, like certain galaxies' inexplicable rotation curves and the largest structures' growth in the cosmic space, has pointed towards the dark matter's existence. The attempts made to explain these observations with alternative formulations of gravity have not succeeded. Astronomers currently believe that dark matter is some kind of matter which only rarely interacts with normal matter or light. Also Read: Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study According to scientists, dark matter is made of massive particles, however, the search for such kinds of particles has not yielded any results. An alternative, as per the scientists, is that dark matter is exceptionally light and exists as either a form of theoretical particles called "axions" or like an exotic form of photon which carries a bit of mass. Dark matter, with its incredible lightness, is millions of times lighter in comparison to the lightest known particles and can act in strange ways. The dark matter, instead of looking like individual point-like bullets, will behave more like large waves which are sloshing around the cosmos. Scientists say dark matter's interaction point is ionosphere In a recent study, which was published to the preprint server arXiv, the models of ultralight dark matter, which were not entirely dark, were explored by physicists and they allowed it to interact extremely rarely with normal matter. In the universe, the plasma is being spewed by all stars in the form of stellar wind. The production of radio waves has been explored because of the dark matter interacting with environments like the interstellar medium or the solar corona. Watch: Study: Secret aliens could be here on Earth already In the new research, an interaction point - which is very close to Earth - has been discovered by scientists which is our planet's ionosphere. The ionosphere of the Earth is the thin and hot layer of the upper atmosphere and it is filled with a loose collection of ionised (charged) particles — which is a plasma. In this, the waves are sloshing through it and the researchers have found that those waves can interact with hypothetical dark matter waves, which are said to be washing over Earth. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth is crossing an ocean of mysterious dark matter. Here's how it is impacting our atmosphere

In a groundbreaking discovery, paleontologists have unearthed the fossilised remains of a colossal salamander-like creature that ruled as a top predator long before the age of dinosaurs.

The ancient creature, named Gaiasia jennyae, measured around 2.5 metres in length and boasted a massive head resembling a toilet seat, complete with formidable interlocking teeth.

Gaiasia jennyae thrived approximately 280 million years ago in the swamps and lakes of what is now Namibia, a region that was once part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, near the South Pole.

Even after the harsh conditions, this apex predator adapted to its environment, lying in wait with its mouth agape, ready to snap shut its robust jaws on unsuspecting prey.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/politics-might-get-in-the-way-of-striking-asteroid-with-72-chance-of-impact-nasa-simulation-shows-737790">Politics might get in the way of striking asteroid with 72% chance of impact, NASA simulation shows</a>

The discovery of several incomplete fossil specimens, including skull fragments and a nearly intact backbone, provided researchers with valuable insights into Gaiasia's anatomy and hunting behaviour.

With a skull measuring approximately 60 centimetres&nbsp;in length, the creature exhibited a robust jaw structure capable of seizing large prey.

<h2>Hunting strategy</h2>

Its distinct interlocking fangs lined the entire mouth, suggesting a unique hunting strategy that relied on ambush rather than speed.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/your-exam-hall-might-be-affecting-your-performance-in-exams-study-finds-737721">Your exam hall might be affecting your performance in exams, study finds</a>

The uniqueness of Gaiasia jennyae challenges previous notions about the evolution of land animals, as most discoveries have been made in ancient equatorial regions.

The revelation that Namibia was once part of Gondwana, near the South Pole, suggests a stark contrast in ecosystems compared to regions near the equator.

Watch | Cancer rate in younger people rising sharply as per new research

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Professor Claudia Marsicano from the University of Buenos Aires, who led the excavation of the fossil, expressed astonishment at the discovery of this extraordinary specimen.&nbsp;“I knew just from seeing it that it was something completely different. We were all very excited.”

(With inputs from agencies)

In a groundbreaking discovery, paleontologists have unearthed the fossilised remains of a colossal salamander-like creature that ruled as a top predator long before the age of dinosaurs.

In a groundbreaking discovery, paleontologists have unearthed the fossilised remains of a colossal salamander-like creature that ruled as a top predator long before the age of dinosaurs. The ancient creature, named Gaiasia jennyae, measured around 2.5 metres in length and boasted a massive head resembling a toilet seat, complete with formidable interlocking teeth. Gaiasia jennyae thrived approximately 280 million years ago in the swamps and lakes of what is now Namibia, a region that was once part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, near the South Pole. Even after the harsh conditions, this apex predator adapted to its environment, lying in wait with its mouth agape, ready to snap shut its robust jaws on unsuspecting prey. Also Read | Politics might get in the way of striking asteroid with 72% chance of impact, NASA simulation shows The discovery of several incomplete fossil specimens, including skull fragments and a nearly intact backbone, provided researchers with valuable insights into Gaiasia's anatomy and hunting behaviour. With a skull measuring approximately 60 centimetres in length, the creature exhibited a robust jaw structure capable of seizing large prey. Hunting strategy Its distinct interlocking fangs lined the entire mouth, suggesting a unique hunting strategy that relied on ambush rather than speed. Also Read | Your exam hall might be affecting your performance in exams, study finds The uniqueness of Gaiasia jennyae challenges previous notions about the evolution of land animals, as most discoveries have been made in ancient equatorial regions. The revelation that Namibia was once part of Gondwana, near the South Pole, suggests a stark contrast in ecosystems compared to regions near the equator. Watch | Cancer rate in younger people rising sharply as per new research × Professor Claudia Marsicano from the University of Buenos Aires, who led the excavation of the fossil, expressed astonishment at the discovery of this extraordinary specimen. “I knew just from seeing it that it was something completely different. We were all very excited.” (With inputs from agencies)

Massive prehistoric Salamander fossil discovered, predating dinosaurs

How you perform in exams depends entirely on your preparation and your understanding of the subject matter. We have believed in this fact for the longest time. However, a new study says that this might not be the case entirely. Research conducted by the University of South Australia and Deakin University says that the room in which you are taking the exam also has an effect on your performance. According to the study, the height of the ceiling of the exam centre also decides how a candidate will perform in the exam.&nbsp;

The team compared the results of 15,400 undergraduate students at an Australian university between 2011 and 2019 based on the height of the examination room's ceiling. The results showed that those who took the exam in a room with a high ceiling got lesser scores.&nbsp;

Isabella Bower, who led the study, said that the number of students present in the room, the temperature and air quality fluctuation also affect our brains and body which consequently can have an impact on performance.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-rover-to-dig-in-and-solve-the-mystery-of-magnetised-swirls-on-the-moon-737688">NASA rover to dig in and solve the mystery of magnetised swirls on the moon</a>

<h2>Virtual reality tests</h2>

Bower also carried out virtual reality tests to measure the brain activity of the participants based on the types of rooms they were in.&nbsp;Attaching electrodes to the scalp, she measured the brain's response in different room sizes. She also checked for changes in heart rate and breathing when the rooms were changed. Bower and her team noticed that in a larger room, the brain started acting in the way it does when concentrating on a difficult task. So does the size of a room really impact performance?

"Based on these results we were curious to apply our lab findings to a real-world dataset and see if being in a large space like a gymnasium while having to concentrate on an important task would result in a poorer performance," Bower said.

More research is still being conducted to understand if what Bower learned could actually be true, and if yes, then it can play a major role in the examination systems across the world.

&nbsp;

How you perform in exams depends entirely on your preparation and your understanding of the subject matter. We have believed in this fact for the longest time. However, a new study says that this might not be the case entirely.

How you perform in exams depends entirely on your preparation and your understanding of the subject matter. We have believed in this fact for the longest time. However, a new study says that this might not be the case entirely. Research conducted by the University of South Australia and Deakin University says that the room in which you are taking the exam also has an effect on your performance. According to the study, the height of the ceiling of the exam centre also decides how a candidate will perform in the exam. The team compared the results of 15,400 undergraduate students at an Australian university between 2011 and 2019 based on the height of the examination room's ceiling. The results showed that those who took the exam in a room with a high ceiling got lesser scores. Isabella Bower, who led the study, said that the number of students present in the room, the temperature and air quality fluctuation also affect our brains and body which consequently can have an impact on performance. Also Read: NASA rover to dig in and solve the mystery of magnetised swirls on the moon Virtual reality tests Bower also carried out virtual reality tests to measure the brain activity of the participants based on the types of rooms they were in. Attaching electrodes to the scalp, she measured the brain's response in different room sizes. She also checked for changes in heart rate and breathing when the rooms were changed. Bower and her team noticed that in a larger room, the brain started acting in the way it does when concentrating on a difficult task. So does the size of a room really impact performance? "Based on these results we were curious to apply our lab findings to a real-world dataset and see if being in a large space like a gymnasium while having to concentrate on an important task would result in a poorer performance," Bower said. More research is still being conducted to understand if what Bower learned could actually be true, and if yes, then it can play a major role in the examination systems across the world.

Your exam hall might be affecting your performance in exams, study finds

The surface of the moon has magnetic swirls the origin of which the scientists have been trying to understand. Now a study suggests that swirls seen on the lunar surface might have been caused by magma activity below the surface. The lunar swirls are being magnetised by something as these seem to have been formed by magnetised rocks that deflect or redirect solar wind particles. The lunar swirls run for hundreds of miles on some parts of the moon's surface, images sent back by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) show.&nbsp;

Moon does not have a magnetic field, and so scientists have been working to learn more about the origins of these magnetic swirls created by the rocks.

The scientists studying the magnetic anomaly went two ways about it - either some kind of an impact could have caused these swirls, or there is a lava field below the surface which is creating magnetic anomalies as it cools down.&nbsp;

However, the impact theory doesn't seem to hold as Michael J. Krawczynski, co-author of the study and an associate professor of earth, environmental and planetary sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, says that there are "some swirls where we're just not sure how an impact could create that shape and that size of thing."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/proton-blasts-from-the-sun-and-a-weak-magnetic-field-can-impact-life-on-earth-study-finds-737634">Proton blasts from the sun and a weak magnetic field can impact life on Earth, study finds</a>

So they conducted experiments to understand if magma conditions are possible. "Our analog experiments showed that at lunar conditions, we could create the magnetizable material that we needed. So, it's plausible that these swirls are caused by subsurface magma," Krawczynski said in a statement.

He adds that the magma needs to have high titanium for the theory to be true. "We have seen hints of this reaction creating iron metal in lunar meteorites and in lunar samples from Apollo. But all of those samples are surface lava flows, and our study shows cooling underground should significantly enhance these metal-forming reactions," Krawczynski said.

<h2>NASA to land&nbsp;rover on lunar swirl&nbsp;</h2>

To learn more about lunar swirls, NASA is gearing up to send a rover to the lunar swirl called Reiner Gamma in 2025. This would be a part of the Lunar Vertex mission and aims to examine the lunar surface and the different surface features.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/discovery-of-40000-year-old-river-system-in-antarctica-is-a-warning-sign-for-humans-737430">Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans</a>

"If we could just drill down, we could see if this reaction was happening," Krawczynski said. "That would be great, but it’s not possible yet. Right now, we’re stuck with the surface."

 
&nbsp;

The surface of the moon has magnetic swirls the origin of which the scientists have been trying to understand. Now a study suggests that swirls seen on the lunar surface might have been caused by magma activity below the surface.

The surface of the moon has magnetic swirls the origin of which the scientists have been trying to understand. Now a study suggests that swirls seen on the lunar surface might have been caused by magma activity below the surface. The lunar swirls are being magnetised by something as these seem to have been formed by magnetised rocks that deflect or redirect solar wind particles. The lunar swirls run for hundreds of miles on some parts of the moon's surface, images sent back by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) show. Moon does not have a magnetic field, and so scientists have been working to learn more about the origins of these magnetic swirls created by the rocks. The scientists studying the magnetic anomaly went two ways about it - either some kind of an impact could have caused these swirls, or there is a lava field below the surface which is creating magnetic anomalies as it cools down. However, the impact theory doesn't seem to hold as Michael J. Krawczynski, co-author of the study and an associate professor of earth, environmental and planetary sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, says that there are "some swirls where we're just not sure how an impact could create that shape and that size of thing." Also Read: Proton blasts from the sun and a weak magnetic field can impact life on Earth, study finds So they conducted experiments to understand if magma conditions are possible. "Our analog experiments showed that at lunar conditions, we could create the magnetizable material that we needed. So, it's plausible that these swirls are caused by subsurface magma," Krawczynski said in a statement. He adds that the magma needs to have high titanium for the theory to be true. "We have seen hints of this reaction creating iron metal in lunar meteorites and in lunar samples from Apollo. But all of those samples are surface lava flows, and our study shows cooling underground should significantly enhance these metal-forming reactions," Krawczynski said. NASA to land rover on lunar swirl To learn more about lunar swirls, NASA is gearing up to send a rover to the lunar swirl called Reiner Gamma in 2025. This would be a part of the Lunar Vertex mission and aims to examine the lunar surface and the different surface features. Also Read: Discovery of 40,000-year-old river system in Antarctica is a warning sign for humans "If we could just drill down, we could see if this reaction was happening," Krawczynski said. "That would be great, but it’s not possible yet. Right now, we’re stuck with the surface."

What are lunar swirls hiding? NASA to dig in and find out

Russia has announced a timeline for creating the four-module core of its new orbital space station by 2030 as the International Space Station (ISS) approaches the end of its operational life.&nbsp;

Roscosmos space agency earlier on Tuesday reported that key contracts had been signed for building a Russian space station. Yuri Borisov, who is the head of Roscosmos, signed off on the timetable with the directors of 19 enterprises involved in creating the new station.&nbsp;

Interfax reported that Borisov said in televised remarks that Russia cannot allow a pause in its piloted space programme, considering the condition of the ISS.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/aditya-l1-completes-its-first-halo-orbit-in-178-days-isro-shares-diagram-to-explain-737252">Aditya-L1 completes its first halo orbit in 178 days, ISRO shares diagram to explain</a>&nbsp;

Roscosmos said that the station's deployment is expected to start with the launch of a science and power module in 2027 and the core of the station as part of implementing the federal project is expected to consist of four modules to be placed into orbit before 2030.&nbsp;

The space agency said that two more specialised modules will be attached to the station at the second stage between 2031 and 2033.&nbsp;

It mentioned in its report that the overall planned amount of financing for the project is "estimated at 608.9 billion rubles".&nbsp;

ISS is a large space station which has been assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit. It is a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA, and their contractors.&nbsp;

But the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has already told the world that the ISS, the largest space station ever built, will plunge into the Pacific Ocean in early 2031.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/comet-crashed-with-earth-set-the-planet-ablaze-thousands-of-years-ago-study-736991">Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study</a>

"All of you are perfectly aware of the ISS's condition. Most importantly, we cannot allow a pause in our piloted programme," Borisov said on the Rossiya-24 (VGTRK) television channel.&nbsp;

Borisov said that the Russian space station programme provides for "building not only a station itself, but also ground infrastructure, as well as timely preparing all the necessary launch vehicles for their missions".&nbsp;

"A new space centre from where it will be launched, a new launch vehicle, a new manned spacecraft [...] This is going to be a permanent lab for testing all technical and technological innovations," he further added.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Gravitas: India develops new explosive '2.01 times more lethal than standard TNT'&nbsp;

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As quoted by Interfax, Vladimir Kozhevnikov, the chief designer of Russia's future space station, said in an interview, "The main challenge is the very scope of the work that needs to be done within a compressed timeframe, because this is the biggest project in Russia's space history."&nbsp;

Kozhevnikov added that artificial intelligence will be employed in the Russian space station's operations.&nbsp;&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Russia has announced a timeline for creating the four-module core of its new orbital space station by 2030 as the International Space Station (ISS) approaches the end of its operational life.

Russia has announced a timeline for creating the four-module core of its new orbital space station by 2030 as the International Space Station (ISS) approaches the end of its operational life. Roscosmos space agency earlier on Tuesday reported that key contracts had been signed for building a Russian space station. Yuri Borisov, who is the head of Roscosmos, signed off on the timetable with the directors of 19 enterprises involved in creating the new station. Interfax reported that Borisov said in televised remarks that Russia cannot allow a pause in its piloted space programme, considering the condition of the ISS. Also read: Aditya-L1 completes its first halo orbit in 178 days, ISRO shares diagram to explain Roscosmos said that the station's deployment is expected to start with the launch of a science and power module in 2027 and the core of the station as part of implementing the federal project is expected to consist of four modules to be placed into orbit before 2030. The space agency said that two more specialised modules will be attached to the station at the second stage between 2031 and 2033. It mentioned in its report that the overall planned amount of financing for the project is "estimated at 608.9 billion rubles". ISS is a large space station which has been assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit. It is a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA, and their contractors. But the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has already told the world that the ISS, the largest space station ever built, will plunge into the Pacific Ocean in early 2031. Also read: Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study "All of you are perfectly aware of the ISS's condition. Most importantly, we cannot allow a pause in our piloted programme," Borisov said on the Rossiya-24 (VGTRK) television channel. Borisov said that the Russian space station programme provides for "building not only a station itself, but also ground infrastructure, as well as timely preparing all the necessary launch vehicles for their missions". "A new space centre from where it will be launched, a new launch vehicle, a new manned spacecraft [...] This is going to be a permanent lab for testing all technical and technological innovations," he further added. Watch: Gravitas: India develops new explosive '2.01 times more lethal than standard TNT' × As quoted by Interfax, Vladimir Kozhevnikov, the chief designer of Russia's future space station, said in an interview, "The main challenge is the very scope of the work that needs to be done within a compressed timeframe, because this is the biggest project in Russia's space history." Kozhevnikov added that artificial intelligence will be employed in the Russian space station's operations. (With inputs from agencies)

Russia plans a new space station, here's all you need to know

A mountain range that exists deep within the ocean near the Arctic Circle has thrown up a surprise for scientists studying the area. Known as the&nbsp;Knipovich Ridge, the area wasn't thought to be of much importance. However, a new discovery made 3,000 metres deep off the coast of Svalbard, in Norway, has the scientists all excited. The underwater mountain range is supposedly home to a field of hydrothermal vents. The entire field is nearly a kilometre in length and 200 metres wide and has been named after a Norse mythology creature.&nbsp;

Jøtul, the giants in Norse mythology, is the name given to the underwater hydrothermal vent field. Jøtul are giants that live under the mountains in Norse mythology.&nbsp;

Explaining how the system works, marine geologist Gerhard Bohrmann, University of Bremen in Germany, says, "Water penetrates into the ocean floor where it is heated by magma. The overheated water then rises back to the sea floor through cracks and fissures."

"On its way up the fluid becomes enriched in minerals and materials dissolved out of the oceanic crustal rocks. These fluids often seep out again at the sea floor through tube-like chimneys called black smokers, where metal-rich minerals are then precipitated."

Why are hydrothermal vents important?

Hydrothermal vents exist at depths in the ocean where light doesn't reach and it is always dark and cold. Hydrothermal vents in such regions release minerals into the water which create an environment conducive to life which thrives on chemosynthesis, under which chemical reactions are harnessed for energy instead of sunlight, as is the case with photosynthesis.

Such a scene proves how much this undersea thrives than actually believed. One of the reasons such a discovery is important is because it holds clues about how other worlds, planets and moons, where the conditions are very different from Earth, might be able to host life.&nbsp;

The Jøtul Field sits on a slow-spreading ridge, a boundary between two tectonic plates. Valleys and ridges are continuously forming here as these plates are slowly moving away from each other.&nbsp; 
 
(With inputs from agencies)

A mountain range that exists deep within the ocean near the Arctic Circle has thrown up a surprise for scientists studying the area. Known as the Knipovich Ridge, the area wasn't thought to be of much importance.

A mountain range that exists deep within the ocean near the Arctic Circle has thrown up a surprise for scientists studying the area. Known as the Knipovich Ridge, the area wasn't thought to be of much importance. However, a new discovery made 3,000 metres deep off the coast of Svalbard, in Norway, has the scientists all excited. The underwater mountain range is supposedly home to a field of hydrothermal vents. The entire field is nearly a kilometre in length and 200 metres wide and has been named after a Norse mythology creature. Jøtul, the giants in Norse mythology, is the name given to the underwater hydrothermal vent field. Jøtul are giants that live under the mountains in Norse mythology. Explaining how the system works, marine geologist Gerhard Bohrmann, University of Bremen in Germany, says, "Water penetrates into the ocean floor where it is heated by magma. The overheated water then rises back to the sea floor through cracks and fissures." "On its way up the fluid becomes enriched in minerals and materials dissolved out of the oceanic crustal rocks. These fluids often seep out again at the sea floor through tube-like chimneys called black smokers, where metal-rich minerals are then precipitated." Why are hydrothermal vents important? Hydrothermal vents exist at depths in the ocean where light doesn't reach and it is always dark and cold. Hydrothermal vents in such regions release minerals into the water which create an environment conducive to life which thrives on chemosynthesis, under which chemical reactions are harnessed for energy instead of sunlight, as is the case with photosynthesis. Such a scene proves how much this undersea thrives than actually believed. One of the reasons such a discovery is important is because it holds clues about how other worlds, planets and moons, where the conditions are very different from Earth, might be able to host life. The Jøtul Field sits on a slow-spreading ridge, a boundary between two tectonic plates. Valleys and ridges are continuously forming here as these plates are slowly moving away from each other. (With inputs from agencies)

Latest underwater discovery can help understand how life might emerge on other worlds

Ants have often been observed displaying humane behaviour, such as carrying their injured partners. Now, another surprising attribute has&nbsp;been seen in ants who seem to be surgeons as well. Scientists have observed ants perform emergency amputations on fellow ants who sustained injuries on their legs to prevent the spread of infection. This is the first time that a non-human animal has been seen carrying out life-saving amputations.

Florida carpenter ants can assess the wound, clean it and accordingly proceed to diagnose it and whether an&nbsp;amputation can save the life of the ant. Erik Frank, a behavioural ecologist from the University of Würzburg, said in a statement, "When we're talking about amputation behaviour, this is literally the only case in which a sophisticated and systematic amputation of an individual by another member of its species occurs in the animal Kingdom."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/evidence-found-in-australian-cave-shows-sorcery-is-the-worlds-continuously-practiced-oldest-ritual-737027">Sorcery is the world’s continuously practiced oldest ritual, sticks found in Australian cave show</a>

<h2>Remarkable surgery carried out by ants</h2>

Frank and his colleagues wrote in the journal Current Biology that they cut the Florida carpenter ants on their right hind limb and observed the nest mates for a week. The results astonished them as they noticed that 13 of 17 ants with injuries on their femur or thigh had undergone amputation conducted by their mates.&nbsp;

“Nest mates would begin licking the wound before moving up the injured limb with their mouthparts until they reached the trochanter. The nest mates then proceeded to repeatedly bite the injured leg until it was cut off,” the team wrote.

Other ants with injuries on their tibia, or lower leg, only received treatment in the form of wound licking. The survival rate for both groups of ants was quite high, the researchers found.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/several-species-have-gone-extinct-in-the-last-50000-years-due-to-this-one-human-activity-736930">Several species have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years due to this one human activity</a>

The decision to whether to amputate or simply treat the injury was based on the location of the injury. These ants are able to assess which part of the body needs an amputation, which takes around 40 minutes, and which can simply be treated. The blood flow in the femur is rather slow because of the injury, and so the ants have time to remove the limb to prevent infection from spreading. However, in the tibia, the blood flow is faster leaving them with not enough time for amputation as that would lead to the infection spreading.

Ants have often been observed displaying humane behaviour, such as carrying their injured partners. Now, another surprising attribute has been seen in ants who seem to be surgeons as well.

Ants have often been observed displaying humane behaviour, such as carrying their injured partners. Now, another surprising attribute has been seen in ants who seem to be surgeons as well. Scientists have observed ants perform emergency amputations on fellow ants who sustained injuries on their legs to prevent the spread of infection. This is the first time that a non-human animal has been seen carrying out life-saving amputations. Florida carpenter ants can assess the wound, clean it and accordingly proceed to diagnose it and whether an amputation can save the life of the ant. Erik Frank, a behavioural ecologist from the University of Würzburg, said in a statement, "When we're talking about amputation behaviour, this is literally the only case in which a sophisticated and systematic amputation of an individual by another member of its species occurs in the animal Kingdom." Also Read: Sorcery is the world’s continuously practiced oldest ritual, sticks found in Australian cave show Remarkable surgery carried out by ants Frank and his colleagues wrote in the journal Current Biology that they cut the Florida carpenter ants on their right hind limb and observed the nest mates for a week. The results astonished them as they noticed that 13 of 17 ants with injuries on their femur or thigh had undergone amputation conducted by their mates. “Nest mates would begin licking the wound before moving up the injured limb with their mouthparts until they reached the trochanter. The nest mates then proceeded to repeatedly bite the injured leg until it was cut off,” the team wrote. Other ants with injuries on their tibia, or lower leg, only received treatment in the form of wound licking. The survival rate for both groups of ants was quite high, the researchers found. Also Read: Several species have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years due to this one human activity The decision to whether to amputate or simply treat the injury was based on the location of the injury. These ants are able to assess which part of the body needs an amputation, which takes around 40 minutes, and which can simply be treated. The blood flow in the femur is rather slow because of the injury, and so the ants have time to remove the limb to prevent infection from spreading. However, in the tibia, the blood flow is faster leaving them with not enough time for amputation as that would lead to the infection spreading.

Ants carry out surgeries and amputate injured legs of fellow nest mates

The hunt for life on Mars has continued for decades as scientists try to find even the slightest hint of the presence of living creatures.

NASA’s&nbsp;Curiosity rover, which has been moving on the surface of Mars, has now spent nearly 12 years solving the mystery of life on the Red Planet.

At the moment, the rover has been digging up samples in a Martian crater and trying to find anything&nbsp;related to life on Mars and beyond.

<h2>Curiosity rover discovers organic matter</h2>

The rover, in a recent discovery, found organic matter which contains carbon isotopes and has left the scientists puzzled.

The presence of such materials on Earth hints at the presence of life. However, on Mars, these can be signs of life&nbsp;or just some chemicals reacting.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/asteroids-thrashing-mars-more-than-ever-thought-leaving-craters-on-red-planet-736281">Asteroids thrashing Mars more than ever thought, leaving craters on Red Planet</a>

University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry Professor Matthew Johnson said, “Such carbon-based complex molecules are the prerequisite of life, the building blocks of life one might say. So, this is a bit like the old debate about which came first, the chicken or the egg."

However, the experts at the University of Copenhagen and&nbsp;Tokyo Institute of Technology in their collaborative study had a different take on the discovery of organic matter.

According to them, the Martian samples confirmed the theory of atmospheric photolysis on the planet.

“We show that the organic material found on Mars has been formed through atmospheric photochemical reactions – without life that is. This is the ‘egg,’ a prerequisite of life. It still remains to be shown whether or not this organic material&nbsp;resulted in life on the Red Planet,” Professor Johnson said.

As per the study, the rays of the Sun broke down CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars billions of years ago.&nbsp;

The process is known as photodissociation and it leads to the splitting of the carbon dioxide molecules into carbon monoxide and oxygen.

Watch:&nbsp;Gravitas: China space rocket blows up, causes massive fireball

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/gravitas-china-space-rocket-blows-up-causes-massive-fireball-736905/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

After this, the carbon monoxide gets fused with other chemicals which are present in the atmosphere like hydrogen and nitrogen.

Through time, the complex chemical interaction leads to the creation of organic materials which are the building blocks of life.

The new discovery throws light on the planet's ancient atmospheric conditions and also gives valuable insights into the potential of Mars for supporting life.

(With inputs from agencies)

The hunt for life on Mars has continued for decades as scientists try to find even the slightest hint of the presence of living creatures. NASA’s Curiosity rover, which has been moving on the surface of Mars, has now spent nearly 12 years solving the mystery of life on the Red Planet.

The hunt for life on Mars has continued for decades as scientists try to find even the slightest hint of the presence of living creatures. NASA’s Curiosity rover, which has been moving on the surface of Mars, has now spent nearly 12 years solving the mystery of life on the Red Planet. At the moment, the rover has been digging up samples in a Martian crater and trying to find anything related to life on Mars and beyond. Curiosity rover discovers organic matter The rover, in a recent discovery, found organic matter which contains carbon isotopes and has left the scientists puzzled. The presence of such materials on Earth hints at the presence of life. However, on Mars, these can be signs of life or just some chemicals reacting. Also Read: Asteroids thrashing Mars more than ever thought, leaving craters on Red Planet University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry Professor Matthew Johnson said, “Such carbon-based complex molecules are the prerequisite of life, the building blocks of life one might say. So, this is a bit like the old debate about which came first, the chicken or the egg." However, the experts at the University of Copenhagen and Tokyo Institute of Technology in their collaborative study had a different take on the discovery of organic matter. According to them, the Martian samples confirmed the theory of atmospheric photolysis on the planet. “We show that the organic material found on Mars has been formed through atmospheric photochemical reactions – without life that is. This is the ‘egg,’ a prerequisite of life. It still remains to be shown whether or not this organic material resulted in life on the Red Planet,” Professor Johnson said. As per the study, the rays of the Sun broke down CO2 in the atmosphere of Mars billions of years ago. The process is known as photodissociation and it leads to the splitting of the carbon dioxide molecules into carbon monoxide and oxygen. Watch: Gravitas: China space rocket blows up, causes massive fireball After this, the carbon monoxide gets fused with other chemicals which are present in the atmosphere like hydrogen and nitrogen. Through time, the complex chemical interaction leads to the creation of organic materials which are the building blocks of life. The new discovery throws light on the planet's ancient atmospheric conditions and also gives valuable insights into the potential of Mars for supporting life. (With inputs from agencies)

NASA finds organic matter in Mars crater. What does this mean about life on Red Planet?

Stars near the Galactic Center, also known as the&nbsp;S-cluster stars, are feeding on the dark matter, granting them cosmic immortality, revealed research.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Stars need fuel to survive, once they run out of this fuel they collapse due to their gravity and form a white dwarf, a black hole or a neutron star which are cosmic remnants.&nbsp;

According to scientists, the sun, which is also a star, will encounter this fate and die in about 5 billion years. It&nbsp;is expected to swell up as a red giant and wipe out the inner planets. This phase will also finish after around a billion years, leaving the sun's core as a white dwarf ember encircled by a cloud of cosmic ashes in the form of cooling star material.&nbsp;

"The stars closest to the Galactic Center, the so-called 'S-cluster stars,' are very puzzling. They show a series of properties that are not found anywhere else: It is not clear how they got so close to the centre, where the environment is thought to be rather hostile to star formation." Isabelle John, research team leader of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology told Space.com.&nbsp;

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo">The stars present at the heart of the galaxy appear to have unusual features. Some appear younger than they are, while a few are older than expected and quite a few stars are heavy. Scientists believe that the reason behind this is that these stars gather huge amounts of dark matter which provides them with a new kind of fuel to function.&nbsp;</div>

Many of the peculiar characteristics of the S-cluster stars can be simultaneously explained by "the idea of immortal stars". An explanation for the extraordinarily high abundance of young stars near the Galactic Centre is that the stars there become immortal due to the high density of dark matter.

<h2>Could the Sun become immortal?&nbsp;</h2>

The sun is also a star, however, according to researchers, it cannot become immortal as it is quite far from the Galactic Centre and won't be able to accumulate sufficient dark matter to stay immortal.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-says-boeing-starliner-crew-not-stranded-in-space-but-has-no-date-of-their-return-to-earth-736169">NASA&nbsp;says Boeing Starliner crew not 'stranded' in space, but has 'no date' of their return to Earth</a>

Studying immortal stars poses a new realm of opportunities for scientists to research more about the mysterious dark matter and its interactions with ordinary matter.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Stars near the Galactic Center, also known as the S-cluster stars, are feeding on the dark matter, granting them cosmic immortality, revealed research. Stars need fuel to survive, once they run out of this fuel they collapse due to their gravity and form a white dwarf, a black hole or a neutron star which are cosmic remnants.

Stars near the Galactic Center, also known as the S-cluster stars, are feeding on the dark matter, granting them cosmic immortality, revealed research. Stars need fuel to survive, once they run out of this fuel they collapse due to their gravity and form a white dwarf, a black hole or a neutron star which are cosmic remnants. According to scientists, the sun, which is also a star, will encounter this fate and die in about 5 billion years. It is expected to swell up as a red giant and wipe out the inner planets. This phase will also finish after around a billion years, leaving the sun's core as a white dwarf ember encircled by a cloud of cosmic ashes in the form of cooling star material. "The stars closest to the Galactic Center, the so-called 'S-cluster stars,' are very puzzling. They show a series of properties that are not found anywhere else: It is not clear how they got so close to the centre, where the environment is thought to be rather hostile to star formation." Isabelle John, research team leader of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology told Space.com. The stars present at the heart of the galaxy appear to have unusual features. Some appear younger than they are, while a few are older than expected and quite a few stars are heavy. Scientists believe that the reason behind this is that these stars gather huge amounts of dark matter which provides them with a new kind of fuel to function. Many of the peculiar characteristics of the S-cluster stars can be simultaneously explained by "the idea of immortal stars". An explanation for the extraordinarily high abundance of young stars near the Galactic Centre is that the stars there become immortal due to the high density of dark matter. Could the Sun become immortal? The sun is also a star, however, according to researchers, it cannot become immortal as it is quite far from the Galactic Centre and won't be able to accumulate sufficient dark matter to stay immortal. Also read | NASA says Boeing Starliner crew not 'stranded' in space, but has 'no date' of their return to Earth Studying immortal stars poses a new realm of opportunities for scientists to research more about the mysterious dark matter and its interactions with ordinary matter. (With inputs from agencies)

Immortal stars near Galactic Centre could be feeding on dark matter, research reveals

If you think that your laptop and all those prolonged sitting are making you sick, and giving you a stiff neck and back pain, think again! A study has revealed that these are not new technological concerns. Researchers studying the skeletal remains of ancient Egyptian scribes have found that sitting and working have been giving us aches and pains for centuries. These skeletons were buried in Abusir between 2700 and 2180 BCE and their structures reveal how this is not a new problem.

The skeletal remains of 69 adult males were studied of which 30 were scribes. It was deduced that they were scribes based on their tomb style and decoration. The remaining 39 were ancient labourers. The results show 40 statistically significant differences between the regular males and the scribes. An increased degeneration in the neck vertebrae was the main issue that jumped out. This means that neck pain was a common suffering shared by our ancient scribes.

The researchers wrote in the paper published in Scientific Reports, “In a typical scribe’s working position, the head had to be forward, and the spine flexed, changing the centre of gravity of the head and putting stress on the spine."

Sitting hunched over something with the head bent forward to look at something horizontally means that the “load moment for the [neck vertebrae] induced by the weight of the head and neck increases 3.6 times in comparison to the neutral position."

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/archaeologist-uncover-city-of-the-dead-with-more-than-300-tombs-report-736825">Archaeologists uncover ‘City of the Dead’ with more than 300 tombs: Report</a>

The right shoulder, clavicle, and the right thumb also showed signs of wear and tear. “Stress to the rotator cuff […] usually occurs when the arm is in an elevated position, such as among painters," they wrote.

<h2>What really stood out?</h2>

The main point that the authors noticed was changes&nbsp;in the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ. This is the hinge where your jaw meets your skull.

In both modern and archaeological samples, osteoarthritis in the TMJ has been seen at about 40 per cent. However, in the samples of the scribes, it has been found to be more than twice&nbsp;the rest of the skeletons. This means that two out of every three scribes witnessed this problem in the TMJ.&nbsp;

Their tools were primarily to be blamed. “The tools that scribes used to write were made from rush […] which was cut at a slant and chewed at the end to form a brush-like head,” the authors explain. “When the pen became ragged or clogged with ink, the scribe cut off the end again and chewed the next section.”

If you think that your laptop and all those prolonged sitting are making you sick, and giving you a stiff neck and back pain, think again! A study has revealed that these are not new technological concerns.

If you think that your laptop and all those prolonged sitting are making you sick, and giving you a stiff neck and back pain, think again! A study has revealed that these are not new technological concerns. Researchers studying the skeletal remains of ancient Egyptian scribes have found that sitting and working have been giving us aches and pains for centuries. These skeletons were buried in Abusir between 2700 and 2180 BCE and their structures reveal how this is not a new problem. The skeletal remains of 69 adult males were studied of which 30 were scribes. It was deduced that they were scribes based on their tomb style and decoration. The remaining 39 were ancient labourers. The results show 40 statistically significant differences between the regular males and the scribes. An increased degeneration in the neck vertebrae was the main issue that jumped out. This means that neck pain was a common suffering shared by our ancient scribes. The researchers wrote in the paper published in Scientific Reports, “In a typical scribe’s working position, the head had to be forward, and the spine flexed, changing the centre of gravity of the head and putting stress on the spine." Sitting hunched over something with the head bent forward to look at something horizontally means that the “load moment for the [neck vertebrae] induced by the weight of the head and neck increases 3.6 times in comparison to the neutral position." Also Read: Archaeologists uncover ‘City of the Dead’ with more than 300 tombs: Report The right shoulder, clavicle, and the right thumb also showed signs of wear and tear. “Stress to the rotator cuff […] usually occurs when the arm is in an elevated position, such as among painters," they wrote. What really stood out? The main point that the authors noticed was changes in the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ. This is the hinge where your jaw meets your skull. In both modern and archaeological samples, osteoarthritis in the TMJ has been seen at about 40 per cent. However, in the samples of the scribes, it has been found to be more than twice the rest of the skeletons. This means that two out of every three scribes witnessed this problem in the TMJ. Their tools were primarily to be blamed. “The tools that scribes used to write were made from rush […] which was cut at a slant and chewed at the end to form a brush-like head,” the authors explain. “When the pen became ragged or clogged with ink, the scribe cut off the end again and chewed the next section.”

Ancient Egyptian writers also hunched over devices and suffered the consequences

Archaeologists have discovered a 4000-year-old rock art in Venezuela that represents a new culture that was unknown earlier. The team of researchers found 20 such rock art sites in the Canaima National Park, in the country's southeastern region.

Similar designs have also been found in South America previously, however, archaeologists believe the recently discovered art depicts "a new culture previously unknown", José Miguel Pérez-Gómez, the lead archaeologist in the team, told Live Science in an email. He is an archaeologist and researcher at Simón Bolívar University in Caracas.

Some designs depict pictograms and geometric patterns including straight lines, star patterns, lines of dots, and rows of X's. Additionally, archaeologists discovered some petroglyphs, which are rock carvings made by pecking the stone surface with a tool. Some simple representations of stick figures and leaves were also found.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/archaeologist-uncover-city-of-the-dead-with-more-than-300-tombs-report-736825">Archaeologists uncover ‘City of the Dead’ with more than 300 tombs: Report</a>

Pérez-Gómez highlighted that although the purpose of the art is unclear, it had a ritual significance which may be related to the revival of nature, good hunting, birth, or diseases. "It's unclear why people created this art. It is almost impossible to get into the minds of people living so many [thousands of] years ago" he said and added "definitely these signs had a ritual meaning."&nbsp;

Although the exact age of the recent rock art findings in Venezuela cannot be determined yet, it is thought to be older than previous similar findings&nbsp;in Brazil dating&nbsp;4,000 years ago, according to Pérez-Gómez.

Nearly the size of Belgium, Canaima National Park comprises mountainous and forest terrain. The world's tallest waterfall, Angel Falls is also located in this park. Pérez-Gómez said this park may have been the initial site from where this culture developed and further spread to other locations like the Amazon River basin, the Guianas, and southern Colombia.

Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/evidence-found-in-australian-cave-shows-sorcery-is-the-worlds-continuously-practiced-oldest-ritual-737027">Sorcery is the world’s continuously practiced oldest ritual, sticks found in Australian cave show</a>

The stone tools and ceramics, which might have been used to create the ancient rock art were also found at the 20 sites. However, this theory is yet to be confirmed with further research, according to Pérez-Gómez. He believes more such sites are likely to be found in the park as the research continues.

The research findings were first presented at the "New Worlds New Ideas", an international conference held in Valcamonica, Italy, from June 26 to 29. A paper discussing the findings of one of the rock art sites was published in the Rock Art Research journal in November.

“This is relevant not only for Venezuela but points at a cultural and ethnic richness that will enhance, worldwide, how we think about the region,” Pérez-Gómez told Axios Latino.

Archaeologists have discovered a 4000-year-old rock art in Venezuela that represents a new culture that was unknown earlier. The team of researchers found 20 such rock art sites in the Canaima National Park, in the country's southeastern region.

Archaeologists have discovered a 4000-year-old rock art in Venezuela that represents a new culture that was unknown earlier. The team of researchers found 20 such rock art sites in the Canaima National Park, in the country's southeastern region. Similar designs have also been found in South America previously, however, archaeologists believe the recently discovered art depicts "a new culture previously unknown", José Miguel Pérez-Gómez, the lead archaeologist in the team, told Live Science in an email. He is an archaeologist and researcher at Simón Bolívar University in Caracas. Some designs depict pictograms and geometric patterns including straight lines, star patterns, lines of dots, and rows of X's. Additionally, archaeologists discovered some petroglyphs, which are rock carvings made by pecking the stone surface with a tool. Some simple representations of stick figures and leaves were also found. Also Read | Archaeologists uncover ‘City of the Dead’ with more than 300 tombs: Report Pérez-Gómez highlighted that although the purpose of the art is unclear, it had a ritual significance which may be related to the revival of nature, good hunting, birth, or diseases. "It's unclear why people created this art. It is almost impossible to get into the minds of people living so many [thousands of] years ago" he said and added "definitely these signs had a ritual meaning." Although the exact age of the recent rock art findings in Venezuela cannot be determined yet, it is thought to be older than previous similar findings in Brazil dating 4,000 years ago, according to Pérez-Gómez. Nearly the size of Belgium, Canaima National Park comprises mountainous and forest terrain. The world's tallest waterfall, Angel Falls is also located in this park. Pérez-Gómez said this park may have been the initial site from where this culture developed and further spread to other locations like the Amazon River basin, the Guianas, and southern Colombia. Also Read | Sorcery is the world’s continuously practiced oldest ritual, sticks found in Australian cave show The stone tools and ceramics, which might have been used to create the ancient rock art were also found at the 20 sites. However, this theory is yet to be confirmed with further research, according to Pérez-Gómez. He believes more such sites are likely to be found in the park as the research continues. The research findings were first presented at the "New Worlds New Ideas", an international conference held in Valcamonica, Italy, from June 26 to 29. A paper discussing the findings of one of the rock art sites was published in the Rock Art Research journal in November. “This is relevant not only for Venezuela but points at a cultural and ethnic richness that will enhance, worldwide, how we think about the region,” Pérez-Gómez told Axios Latino.

Venezuela archaeologists discover ancient rock art sites from a 'previously unknown' culture

The monstrous storm Hurricane Beryl, which was classified as Category 5 and went from a tropical storm to the strongest Atlantic hurricane in June ever recorded, had gone through rapid intensification to reach this stage.

The storm had struck the Grenadine Islands&nbsp;with 150 mph winds and a destructive&nbsp;storm was created on July 1, 2024, which continued to intensify into the earliest Category 5 storm in the basin on record.&nbsp;

Extensive damage was caused by the hurricane, particularly on Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Speaking at a press briefing, Grenada Prime Minister Dickon Mitchell said, "In half an hour, Carriacou was flattened."

<h2>What was uncommon about Hurricane Beryl?</h2>

It was pretty much unusual for the storm to gain strength and rapid intensification at such an early stage in the season.

The intensification was especially alarming even though forecasters were predicting exceptionally active Atlantic hurricane season.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/hurricane-beryl-barrels-toward-jamaica-after-caribbean-devastation-737317">Hurricane Beryl: Jamaica braces for major hurricane after Caribbean rampage</a>

In cases of such rapidly intensifying storms, the coastal communities face danger. For example, in 2022, portions of Florida were devastated by Hurricane Ian after it went through rapid intensification.

The residents have been recovering from its effects to this day. When Hurricane Beryl moved through the Caribbean Sea, hurricane warnings were issued in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.

<h2>Why did the Hurricane Beryl rapidly intensify?</h2>

In a hurricane, rapid intensification happens when its intensity increases by nearly 35 mph over a 24-hour period.&nbsp;

Hurricane Beryl had exceeded the threshold and moved from tropical storm strength at 70 mph to major hurricane strength at 130 mph in just 24 hours.

Warm water is the main reason that triggers rapid intensification. The ocean temperature should be greater than 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 Celsius), which is more than 150 feet below the surface.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Gravitas: Hurricane Beryl wreaks havoc in Caribbean islands

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/gravitas-hurricane-beryl-wreaks-havoc-in-caribbean-islands-737251/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The energy required to turbocharge a hurricane is provided by the reservoir of warm water.

The reservoir of energy is measured as ocean heat content by the scientists. The ocean heat content which pushed Hurricane Beryl was extraordinarily high in comparison to the last years.

In a normal scenario, the ocean heat content does not reach such extraordinarily high levels in the tropical Atlantic till early September, which is when hurricane season generally peaks in activity.

(With inputs from agencies)

The monstrous storm Hurricane Beryl, which was classified as Category 5 and went from a tropical storm to the strongest Atlantic hurricane in June ever recorded, had gone through rapid intensification to reach this stage.

The monstrous storm Hurricane Beryl, which was classified as Category 5 and went from a tropical storm to the strongest Atlantic hurricane in June ever recorded, had gone through rapid intensification to reach this stage. The storm had struck the Grenadine Islands with 150 mph winds and a destructive storm was created on July 1, 2024, which continued to intensify into the earliest Category 5 storm in the basin on record. Extensive damage was caused by the hurricane, particularly on Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Speaking at a press briefing, Grenada Prime Minister Dickon Mitchell said, "In half an hour, Carriacou was flattened." What was uncommon about Hurricane Beryl? It was pretty much unusual for the storm to gain strength and rapid intensification at such an early stage in the season. The intensification was especially alarming even though forecasters were predicting exceptionally active Atlantic hurricane season. Also Read: Hurricane Beryl: Jamaica braces for major hurricane after Caribbean rampage In cases of such rapidly intensifying storms, the coastal communities face danger. For example, in 2022, portions of Florida were devastated by Hurricane Ian after it went through rapid intensification. The residents have been recovering from its effects to this day. When Hurricane Beryl moved through the Caribbean Sea, hurricane warnings were issued in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Why did the Hurricane Beryl rapidly intensify? In a hurricane, rapid intensification happens when its intensity increases by nearly 35 mph over a 24-hour period. Hurricane Beryl had exceeded the threshold and moved from tropical storm strength at 70 mph to major hurricane strength at 130 mph in just 24 hours. Warm water is the main reason that triggers rapid intensification. The ocean temperature should be greater than 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 Celsius), which is more than 150 feet below the surface. Watch: Gravitas: Hurricane Beryl wreaks havoc in Caribbean islands The energy required to turbocharge a hurricane is provided by the reservoir of warm water. The reservoir of energy is measured as ocean heat content by the scientists. The ocean heat content which pushed Hurricane Beryl was extraordinarily high in comparison to the last years. In a normal scenario, the ocean heat content does not reach such extraordinarily high levels in the tropical Atlantic till early September, which is when hurricane season generally peaks in activity. (With inputs from agencies)

'Monster Storm' Hurricane Beryl went through rapid intensification. How did it happen and why is it dangerous?

Scientists have unearthed an ancient cemetery with more than 300 tombs of mummies in Egypt - a site that is located near the city of Aswan.&nbsp;It is being dubbed the new "City of the Dead" after the discovery.&nbsp;

More than 4,500 years ago, the site near Aswan acted as an important quarry, trade and military zone. However, scientists are still trying to figure out the lives of people who were living there.&nbsp;

Mail Online&nbsp;reported that archaeologists have been at the site for five years and recently found 36 new tombs that were said to be in use for some 900 years, between the 6th century BC and the 9th century AD.&nbsp;

Each tomb could fit between 30 and 40 mummies inside, the report mentioned, further adding that some had families in them.&nbsp;

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Patrizia Piacentini, who is an archaeologist at the University of Milan, told Mail Online: "Aswan was a crossing point since forever. People were coming from the east to the west. People came here because it was the border, products from the south arrived in Aswan and then dispersed everywhere else."&nbsp;

While mentioning the tombs, Piacentini said, "This was a really spectacular find, very unique in Egypt. It is kind of a 'City of the Dead'".&nbsp;

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She said that the burial site, which is next to Aga Khan III's mausoleum, is around 270,000 feet long. She added that it's around 10 terraces of ancient tombs arranged in layers.&nbsp;

People&nbsp;were apparently&nbsp;buried according to their social class, with those who were of higher status buried towards the top of the hill. The middle class in the middle and the lower classes were buried towards the bottom, the report said.&nbsp;

Scans have revealed that the "City of the Dead"&nbsp;was initially discovered in 2019 when a single tomb containing the mummies of two children and their later believed mother and father were found.&nbsp;

Also read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/this-species-was-also-wiped-out-along-with-dinosaurs-in-meteor-strike-736285">This species was also wiped out along with dinosaurs in meteor strike</a>&nbsp;

In the aftermath, the scientists have uncovered dozens more tombs in each dig which provided more clues about an unexplored society that lived more than 2,000 years ago.&nbsp;

The report noted&nbsp;that the remaining mummies will be examined and replaced as needed, meanwhile, the best-preserved ones will be given to museums for permanent preservation and display.&nbsp;

Piacentini further said, "This is their resting place. We uncover their story and then we put them back and close the tomb. For me, it was important from the beginning."&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Scientists have unearthed an ancient cemetery with more than 300 tombs of mummies in Egypt - a site that is located near the city of Aswan. It is being dubbed the new "City of the Dead" after the discovery.

Scientists have unearthed an ancient cemetery with more than 300 tombs of mummies in Egypt - a site that is located near the city of Aswan. It is being dubbed the new "City of the Dead" after the discovery. More than 4,500 years ago, the site near Aswan acted as an important quarry, trade and military zone. However, scientists are still trying to figure out the lives of people who were living there. Mail Online reported that archaeologists have been at the site for five years and recently found 36 new tombs that were said to be in use for some 900 years, between the 6th century BC and the 9th century AD. Each tomb could fit between 30 and 40 mummies inside, the report mentioned, further adding that some had families in them. Also read: Latest underwater discovery can help understand how life might emerge in other worlds Patrizia Piacentini, who is an archaeologist at the University of Milan, told Mail Online: "Aswan was a crossing point since forever. People were coming from the east to the west. People came here because it was the border, products from the south arrived in Aswan and then dispersed everywhere else." While mentioning the tombs, Piacentini said, "This was a really spectacular find, very unique in Egypt. It is kind of a 'City of the Dead'". Also read: Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek 'computer' tracked lunar calendar She said that the burial site, which is next to Aga Khan III's mausoleum, is around 270,000 feet long. She added that it's around 10 terraces of ancient tombs arranged in layers. People were apparently buried according to their social class, with those who were of higher status buried towards the top of the hill. The middle class in the middle and the lower classes were buried towards the bottom, the report said. Scans have revealed that the "City of the Dead" was initially discovered in 2019 when a single tomb containing the mummies of two children and their later believed mother and father were found. Also read: This species was also wiped out along with dinosaurs in meteor strike In the aftermath, the scientists have uncovered dozens more tombs in each dig which provided more clues about an unexplored society that lived more than 2,000 years ago. The report noted that the remaining mummies will be examined and replaced as needed, meanwhile, the best-preserved ones will be given to museums for permanent preservation and display. Piacentini further said, "This is their resting place. We uncover their story and then we put them back and close the tomb. For me, it was important from the beginning." (With inputs from agencies)

Archaeologists uncover ‘City of the Dead’ with more than 300 tombs: Report

Astronomers have discovered a new radio galaxy using the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). It has been designated J0011+3217. The findings were published in a research paper on June 21 on the pre-print server arXiv. The research revealed that the newfound galaxy, showcases peculiar features, including a one-sided secondary lobe.&nbsp;

The paper revealed that a huge amount of radio waves are emitted from the centre cores of radio galaxies.&nbsp;

In the core of these galaxies, black holes accrete gas and dust, producing radio-visible high-energy jets that propel electrically charged particles to very high velocities.&nbsp;

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As per a report by phys.org, features including lobes, jets, hotspots and a core are found in a typical radio galaxy during its active phase, which can apparently last up to 100 million years.&nbsp;

These activity signals generally disappear once this phase is over as the galaxy moves into the remnant or dying phase and the source's active galactic nucleus (AGN) turns off.&nbsp;

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However, a team of astronomers led by Shobha Kumar of the Midnapore City College in India, reports the detection of such a radio galaxy with lobes.&nbsp;

"From the LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey second data release (LoTSS DR2) at 144 MHz, we identified a peculiar radio galaxy, J0011+3217," the researchers wrote in the study.&nbsp;

"The current paper suggests that the morphology of J0011+3217 is influenced by ram pressure created due to the Abell 7 cluster, highlighting the complex interactions between the source and the surrounding cluster environment," the researchers further wrote.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers have discovered a new radio galaxy using the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). It has been designated J0011+3217. The findings were published in a research paper on June 21 on the pre-print server arXiv.

Astronomers have discovered a new radio galaxy using the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). It has been designated J0011+3217. The findings were published in a research paper on June 21 on the pre-print server arXiv. The research revealed that the newfound galaxy, showcases peculiar features, including a one-sided secondary lobe. The paper revealed that a huge amount of radio waves are emitted from the centre cores of radio galaxies. In the core of these galaxies, black holes accrete gas and dust, producing radio-visible high-energy jets that propel electrically charged particles to very high velocities. Also read: An Indian will get a free ride to space on Jeff Bezos' rocket As per a report by phys.org, features including lobes, jets, hotspots and a core are found in a typical radio galaxy during its active phase, which can apparently last up to 100 million years. These activity signals generally disappear once this phase is over as the galaxy moves into the remnant or dying phase and the source's active galactic nucleus (AGN) turns off. Also read: Desert moss found with potential to thrive on Mars However, a team of astronomers led by Shobha Kumar of the Midnapore City College in India, reports the detection of such a radio galaxy with lobes. "From the LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey second data release (LoTSS DR2) at 144 MHz, we identified a peculiar radio galaxy, J0011+3217," the researchers wrote in the study. "The current paper suggests that the morphology of J0011+3217 is influenced by ram pressure created due to the Abell 7 cluster, highlighting the complex interactions between the source and the surrounding cluster environment," the researchers further wrote. (With inputs from agencies)

Astronomers discover new radio galaxy using LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR)

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) confirmed that India's space-based solar observatory, Aditya-L1, on Tuesday completed its first halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point.&nbsp;

The Indian space agency said that it took 178 days to complete a revolution after it was inserted in its targeted halo orbit on January 6, 2024.&nbsp;

Aditya-L1 spacecraft has been designed and developed by ISRO with an aim to study the solar atmosphere. The mission is an Indian solar observatory at Lagrangian point L1, which was launched on September 2, 2023.&nbsp;

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ISRO said that the spacecraft is subjected to various perturbing forces that might cause it to depart from the targeted orbit during its travel in the halo orbit.&nbsp;

"It underwent two station-keeping manoeuvres on February 22 and June 7, respectively, to maintain this orbit. Today's 3rd station-keeping manoeuvre has ensured that its travel continued in to the second halo orbit path around L1," ISRO said.&nbsp;

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The space agency said that the journey of Aditya L1 around the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrangian point involves the modelling of complex dynamics.&nbsp;

"The understanding of various perturbing forces acting on the spacecraft helped in determining the trajectory accurately and planning precise orbit maneuvers," ISRO said.&nbsp;

The flight dynamics software developed in-house at the UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) for the Aditya-L1 missions stands "fully validated" with today's manoeuvre.&nbsp;

ISRO also shared a diagram to illustrate the latest milestone achieved by the Aditya-L1 spacecraft. See the image here:&nbsp;

<img alt="ISRO" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="10a20dbb-1377-432f-b7cd-37548a45b090" src="//cdn.wionews.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/ISRO.png" />

While explaining, ISRO said the blue trajectory in the image is the orbit around the Lagrangian point L1. This trajectory is three-dimensional and what is shown is the projection of it in the X-Y plane.&nbsp;

SK#1, 2 and 3 are the station-keeping&nbsp;manoeuvres by the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, the space agency said, further adding that the final firing of the thrusters, SK#3 on July 2, placed the spacecraft back in the required orbit.&nbsp;

ISRO said that if an accurate firing was not done, the spacecraft would have moved away in a trajectory shown in green colour. The X-Y axes are marked at a distance of km, with Lagrangian point L1 at the origin.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) confirmed that India's space-based solar observatory, Aditya-L1, on Tuesday completed its first halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) confirmed that India's space-based solar observatory, Aditya-L1, on Tuesday completed its first halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point. The Indian space agency said that it took 178 days to complete a revolution after it was inserted in its targeted halo orbit on January 6, 2024. Aditya-L1 spacecraft has been designed and developed by ISRO with an aim to study the solar atmosphere. The mission is an Indian solar observatory at Lagrangian point L1, which was launched on September 2, 2023. Also read: Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study ISRO said that the spacecraft is subjected to various perturbing forces that might cause it to depart from the targeted orbit during its travel in the halo orbit. "It underwent two station-keeping manoeuvres on February 22 and June 7, respectively, to maintain this orbit. Today's 3rd station-keeping manoeuvre has ensured that its travel continued in to the second halo orbit path around L1," ISRO said. Also read: Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study The space agency said that the journey of Aditya L1 around the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrangian point involves the modelling of complex dynamics. "The understanding of various perturbing forces acting on the spacecraft helped in determining the trajectory accurately and planning precise orbit maneuvers," ISRO said. The flight dynamics software developed in-house at the UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) for the Aditya-L1 missions stands "fully validated" with today's manoeuvre. ISRO also shared a diagram to illustrate the latest milestone achieved by the Aditya-L1 spacecraft. See the image here: While explaining, ISRO said the blue trajectory in the image is the orbit around the Lagrangian point L1. This trajectory is three-dimensional and what is shown is the projection of it in the X-Y plane. SK#1, 2 and 3 are the station-keeping manoeuvres by the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, the space agency said, further adding that the final firing of the thrusters, SK#3 on July 2, placed the spacecraft back in the required orbit. ISRO said that if an accurate firing was not done, the spacecraft would have moved away in a trajectory shown in green colour. The X-Y axes are marked at a distance of km, with Lagrangian point L1 at the origin. (With inputs from agencies)

Aditya-L1 completes its first halo orbit in 178 days, ISRO shares diagram to explain

In a new study, it has been found how inconvenient is death as an event for a living brain.&nbsp;

A cascade of effects has been observed as oxygen starts depleting and translating the DNA in its last efforts to save the life.

The scientists have compared the post-mortem brain tissue and samples collected from living patients in which significant differences were revealed for the first time in the way the RNA strands are modified.

The researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York emphasised the way specific base codes of adenosine (A) are swapped with very different bases, which is inosine (I) in messenger RNA.

"Until now, the investigation of&nbsp;A-to-I editing&nbsp;and its biological significance in the mammalian brain has been restricted to the analysis of postmortem tissues,"&nbsp;genomicist Michael Breen said while speaking to Science Alert.

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"By using fresh samples from living individuals, we were able to uncover significant differences in RNA editing activity that previous studies, relying only on postmortem samples, may have overlooked," he added.

For changing the genes - which were encoded by double-stranded helixes of DNA - to functional proteins, their sequences need to be copied into different formats based instead on RNA.&nbsp;

Other RNA structures, which have amino acid building blocks, can translate these 'messengers' into proteins.

This intermediary transcription and translation service has been part of billions of years of evolution and has added a whole new library of proteins.

<h2>Some species rewriting own genetic instructions of their brains</h2>

Some species, like the types of cephalopod, have taken RNA editing to a different level by rewriting their own genetic instructions of their brain.

However, the samples collected and analysed suffer a major drawback.

Watch:&nbsp;Chinese scientists identify gene that may protect against obesity

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/chinese-scientists-identify-gene-that-may-protect-against-obesity-734665/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"We hypothesised that molecular responses to postmortem-induced hypoxic and immune responses can significantly alter the landscape of A-to-I editing,"&nbsp;said the lead author of the study Miguel Rodríguez de los Santos, who is a molecular biologist at Mount Sinai.

"This can lead to misunderstandings about RNA editing in the brain if we only study postmortem tissues," he said while speaking about the drawbacks.

"It is critical to note that our findings do not negate but instead provide missing context for using postmortem brain tissues in researching A-to-I regulation,"&nbsp;said co-senior author Alexander Charney, who is a physician-scientist at Mount Sinai.

"Understanding these differences helps improve our knowledge of brain function and disease through the lens of RNA editing modifications, which can potentially lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches," he added.

(With inputs from agencies)

In a new study, it has been found how inconvenient is death as an event for a living brain. A cascade of effects has been observed as oxygen starts depleting and translating the DNA in its last efforts to save the life.

In a new study, it has been found how inconvenient is death as an event for a living brain. A cascade of effects has been observed as oxygen starts depleting and translating the DNA in its last efforts to save the life. The scientists have compared the post-mortem brain tissue and samples collected from living patients in which significant differences were revealed for the first time in the way the RNA strands are modified. The researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York emphasised the way specific base codes of adenosine (A) are swapped with very different bases, which is inosine (I) in messenger RNA. "Until now, the investigation of A-to-I editing and its biological significance in the mammalian brain has been restricted to the analysis of postmortem tissues," genomicist Michael Breen said while speaking to Science Alert. Also Read: Gene therapy gives life to child with rare genetic disorder in major medical breakthrough "By using fresh samples from living individuals, we were able to uncover significant differences in RNA editing activity that previous studies, relying only on postmortem samples, may have overlooked," he added. For changing the genes - which were encoded by double-stranded helixes of DNA - to functional proteins, their sequences need to be copied into different formats based instead on RNA. Other RNA structures, which have amino acid building blocks, can translate these 'messengers' into proteins. This intermediary transcription and translation service has been part of billions of years of evolution and has added a whole new library of proteins. Some species rewriting own genetic instructions of their brains Some species, like the types of cephalopod, have taken RNA editing to a different level by rewriting their own genetic instructions of their brain. However, the samples collected and analysed suffer a major drawback. Watch: Chinese scientists identify gene that may protect against obesity "We hypothesised that molecular responses to postmortem-induced hypoxic and immune responses can significantly alter the landscape of A-to-I editing," said the lead author of the study Miguel Rodríguez de los Santos, who is a molecular biologist at Mount Sinai. "This can lead to misunderstandings about RNA editing in the brain if we only study postmortem tissues," he said while speaking about the drawbacks. "It is critical to note that our findings do not negate but instead provide missing context for using postmortem brain tissues in researching A-to-I regulation," said co-senior author Alexander Charney, who is a physician-scientist at Mount Sinai. "Understanding these differences helps improve our knowledge of brain function and disease through the lens of RNA editing modifications, which can potentially lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

Brain of humans goes through significant change after death: Study

In a new study, scientists have found that the crashing of an atmospheric comet in the atmosphere of Earth set the planet on fire nearly 12,000 years ago.&nbsp;

The geological history of our planet is hidden in the layers of dirt and stone where lies the evidence of celestial impacts, ancient cultures and climatic shifts.&nbsp;

Approximately 12,800 years ago, the Earth witnessed extreme environmental change during the Younger Dryas period and the planet even caught fire due to the crashing of a comet.

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During this period, the planet witnessed a significant climatic shift which abruptly ended a warming trend and started a near-glacial&nbsp;period.&nbsp;

According to the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, a cosmic airburst triggered this cooling event when a fragmented&nbsp;comet&nbsp;crashed into the atmosphere of the Earth nearly 12,800 years ago.

<h2>Scientists find evidence of Younger Dryas airburst</h2>

In a new study, the scientists have found more evidence which supports this hypothesis.&nbsp;

They have discovered the traces of cosmic airbursts which were scattered across various sites in the eastern United States - which covers Maryland, New Jersey and South Carolina.&nbsp;

In the new evidence, they have found materials indicative of the force and temperature which were part of such an event - like platinum, microspherules, melt glass, and shock-fractured quartz.

“What we’ve found is that the pressures and temperatures were not characteristic of major crater-forming impacts but were consistent with so-called ‘touchdown’ airbursts that don’t form much in the way of craters,” said&nbsp;UC Santa Barbara&nbsp;Professor James Kennett, who headed the study.

<h2>What was the Younger Dryas period?</h2>

To the climate researchers, the Younger Dryas has great importance. It provides them with valuable insights into the rapid changes which are possible to occur in the climate system of Earth.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Asteroid 2024 MK passes Earth at 300,000 km

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/asteroid-2024-mk-passes-earth-at-300000-km-736813/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

The period also illustrates the interconnectedness of our terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic systems.

The Younger Dryas also shows the sudden return of icy atmosphere on Earth's surface which disrupts the gentle warming of the climate on Earth after the last Ice Age. It is said that this icy condition remained from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago.

This abrupt climatic change also affected the global vegetation layouts and led to the extinction of various large animal species.&nbsp;

The end of the Younger Dryas period also came as suddenly as it started as the temperatures in Greenland went up by 10°C in just ten years.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

In a new study, scientists have found that the crashing of an atmospheric comet in the atmosphere of Earth set the planet on fire nearly 12,000 years ago. The geological history of our planet is hidden in the layers of dirt and stone where lies the evidence of celestial impacts, ancient cultures and climatic shifts.

In a new study, scientists have found that the crashing of an atmospheric comet in the atmosphere of Earth set the planet on fire nearly 12,000 years ago. The geological history of our planet is hidden in the layers of dirt and stone where lies the evidence of celestial impacts, ancient cultures and climatic shifts. Approximately 12,800 years ago, the Earth witnessed extreme environmental change during the Younger Dryas period and the planet even caught fire due to the crashing of a comet. Also Read: Asteroids thrashing Mars more than ever thought, leaving craters on Red Planet During this period, the planet witnessed a significant climatic shift which abruptly ended a warming trend and started a near-glacial period. According to the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, a cosmic airburst triggered this cooling event when a fragmented comet crashed into the atmosphere of the Earth nearly 12,800 years ago. Scientists find evidence of Younger Dryas airburst In a new study, the scientists have found more evidence which supports this hypothesis. They have discovered the traces of cosmic airbursts which were scattered across various sites in the eastern United States - which covers Maryland, New Jersey and South Carolina. In the new evidence, they have found materials indicative of the force and temperature which were part of such an event - like platinum, microspherules, melt glass, and shock-fractured quartz. “What we’ve found is that the pressures and temperatures were not characteristic of major crater-forming impacts but were consistent with so-called ‘touchdown’ airbursts that don’t form much in the way of craters,” said UC Santa Barbara Professor James Kennett, who headed the study. What was the Younger Dryas period? To the climate researchers, the Younger Dryas has great importance. It provides them with valuable insights into the rapid changes which are possible to occur in the climate system of Earth. Watch: Asteroid 2024 MK passes Earth at 300,000 km The period also illustrates the interconnectedness of our terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic systems. The Younger Dryas also shows the sudden return of icy atmosphere on Earth's surface which disrupts the gentle warming of the climate on Earth after the last Ice Age. It is said that this icy condition remained from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago. This abrupt climatic change also affected the global vegetation layouts and led to the extinction of various large animal species. The end of the Younger Dryas period also came as suddenly as it started as the temperatures in Greenland went up by 10°C in just ten years. (With inputs from agencies)

Comet crashed on Earth, set the planet ablaze thousands of years ago: Study

Evidence has emerged in an Australian cave showing that curse-making is one of the oldest practices on Earth. Cloggs Cave, in Victoria’s Gippsland region, is the site of action where two sticks have been found with signs on them that match the curse-making practice as described in the 19th century. The sticks are 11,000 to 12,000 years old, an estimation that shows it is a cultural practice that has been in use for the longest time.&nbsp;

Professor Bruno David of the&nbsp;Monash University found a Casuarina stick 40 centimetres in length from a fireplace with limestones around it. Carbon dating puts the wooden artefact's age at 12,000 years old. The stick was lightly burned with twigs and leaves removed, which raised suspicion over how it was used. Additionally, lipids from human or animal fat were found on the stick, seemingly confirming that the stick was used for a ritual.&nbsp;

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Later, another Casuarina stick was found which seemed to have been treated in a similar way, only it was a thousand years younger. It had an angled end, like a spear thrower.&nbsp;

Notably, a major part of the cave became a sinkhole 6000 years ago. So David and his team explored an area which hadn't been affected by it.&nbsp;

<h2>What was the curse-making practice?</h2>

The cave is in the lands of the GunaiKurnai people. Nineteenth-century ethnographer Alfred Howitt had made a record of the culture and practices of the Indigenous People of southeastern Australia. According to them, and a book written by Howitt, cursing was a common practice. A person known as the mulla-mullung tied an item belonging to the person he was to curse to a Casuarina stick. According to Howitt, eaglehawk feathers were used to fasten the item to the stick which was smeared with human or animal fat. A fire was then lit and the stick was put into the ground with the mulla-mullung singing while taking the victim’s name.&nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/latest-underwater-discovery-can-help-understand-how-life-on-other-worlds-might-emerge-736731">Latest underwater discovery can help understand how life might emerge in other worlds</a>

However, mulla-mullungs didn't only carry out curse-making practices. They also used to heal people and their ways might have been similar to one described in the records.&nbsp;

“The connection of these archaeological finds with recent GunaiKurnai practices demonstrates 12,000 years of knowledge-transfer,” David said in a statement. “Nowhere else on Earth has archaeological evidence of a very specific cultural practice previously been tracked so far back in time.”

Evidence has emerged in an Australian cave showing that curse-making is one of the oldest practices on Earth. Cloggs Cave, in Victoria’s Gippsland region, is the site of action where two sticks have been found with signs on them that match the curse-making practice as described in the 19th century.

Evidence has emerged in an Australian cave showing that curse-making is one of the oldest practices on Earth. Cloggs Cave, in Victoria’s Gippsland region, is the site of action where two sticks have been found with signs on them that match the curse-making practice as described in the 19th century. The sticks are 11,000 to 12,000 years old, an estimation that shows it is a cultural practice that has been in use for the longest time. Professor Bruno David of the Monash University found a Casuarina stick 40 centimetres in length from a fireplace with limestones around it. Carbon dating puts the wooden artefact's age at 12,000 years old. The stick was lightly burned with twigs and leaves removed, which raised suspicion over how it was used. Additionally, lipids from human or animal fat were found on the stick, seemingly confirming that the stick was used for a ritual. Also Read: Several species have gone extinct in the last 50,000 years due to this one human activity Later, another Casuarina stick was found which seemed to have been treated in a similar way, only it was a thousand years younger. It had an angled end, like a spear thrower. Notably, a major part of the cave became a sinkhole 6000 years ago. So David and his team explored an area which hadn't been affected by it. What was the curse-making practice? The cave is in the lands of the GunaiKurnai people. Nineteenth-century ethnographer Alfred Howitt had made a record of the culture and practices of the Indigenous People of southeastern Australia. According to them, and a book written by Howitt, cursing was a common practice. A person known as the mulla-mullung tied an item belonging to the person he was to curse to a Casuarina stick. According to Howitt, eaglehawk feathers were used to fasten the item to the stick which was smeared with human or animal fat. A fire was then lit and the stick was put into the ground with the mulla-mullung singing while taking the victim’s name. Also Read: Latest underwater discovery can help understand how life might emerge in other worlds However, mulla-mullungs didn't only carry out curse-making practices. They also used to heal people and their ways might have been similar to one described in the records. “The connection of these archaeological finds with recent GunaiKurnai practices demonstrates 12,000 years of knowledge-transfer,” David said in a statement. “Nowhere else on Earth has archaeological evidence of a very specific cultural practice previously been tracked so far back in time.”

Sorcery is the world’s continuously practiced oldest ritual, sticks found in Australian cave show

Stars at the centre of our galaxy appear younger even though they are quite old, a team of researchers has stated in a paper. These stars appear to be feeding off an unlikely source, a team of scientists from Stanford and Stockholm Universities that studied the stars have claimed. A massive black hole lies at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy and the stars at the core are thriving in an unfavourable environment where new stars should not ideally be birthed. So what is keeping them young?&nbsp;

The scientists say that dark matter is acting like a fountain of youth for these stars. Isabelle John, a doctoral student in astrophysics at Stockholm University, tried to understand if dark matter was what was keeping these stars young.

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/nasa-says-boeing-starliner-crew-not-stranded-in-space-but-has-no-date-of-their-return-to-earth-736169">NASA says Boeing Starliner crew not 'stranded' in space, but has 'no date' of their return to Earth</a>

<h2>How does dark matter keep these stars young?</h2>

They ran computer simulations which revealed that these stars aren't as young as they might appear, and are glowing as bright as they are because of dark matter. These so-called young stars capture dark matter particles which then collide and release energy that acts as fuel for their youth.

So while these stars have lost their nuclear fuel, they are stable and still youthful because of the energy provided by dark matter particles.&nbsp;

Studies have proved that the stars near the centre of the Milky Way go against the general theories of stellar evolution.

"Our simulations show that if stars can collect large amounts of dark matter, which annihilates inside the star, this can provide a similar outward pressure, making the star stable due to dark matter annihilation rather than nuclear fusion — so stars can use dark matter as a fuel instead of hydrogen," Isabelle John said.

Scientists have also observed that a lot more dark matter is present at the centre of the galaxy, further giving a push to the theory of dark matter keeping these stars young.

Stars at the centre of our galaxy appear younger even though they are quite old, a team of researchers has stated in a paper. These stars appear to be feeding off an unlikely source, a team of scientists from Stanford and Stockholm Universities that studied the stars have claimed.

Stars at the centre of our galaxy appear younger even though they are quite old, a team of researchers has stated in a paper. These stars appear to be feeding off an unlikely source, a team of scientists from Stanford and Stockholm Universities that studied the stars have claimed. A massive black hole lies at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy and the stars at the core are thriving in an unfavourable environment where new stars should not ideally be birthed. So what is keeping them young? The scientists say that dark matter is acting like a fountain of youth for these stars. Isabelle John, a doctoral student in astrophysics at Stockholm University, tried to understand if dark matter was what was keeping these stars young. Also Read: NASA says Boeing Starliner crew not 'stranded' in space, but has 'no date' of their return to Earth How does dark matter keep these stars young? They ran computer simulations which revealed that these stars aren't as young as they might appear, and are glowing as bright as they are because of dark matter. These so-called young stars capture dark matter particles which then collide and release energy that acts as fuel for their youth. So while these stars have lost their nuclear fuel, they are stable and still youthful because of the energy provided by dark matter particles. Studies have proved that the stars near the centre of the Milky Way go against the general theories of stellar evolution. "Our simulations show that if stars can collect large amounts of dark matter, which annihilates inside the star, this can provide a similar outward pressure, making the star stable due to dark matter annihilation rather than nuclear fusion — so stars can use dark matter as a fuel instead of hydrogen," Isabelle John said. Scientists have also observed that a lot more dark matter is present at the centre of the galaxy, further giving a push to the theory of dark matter keeping these stars young.

A fountain of youth is feeding the stars at the core of our galaxy

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