<p>Scientists at University of California, Berkeley believed that they have found a hidden state of matter between liquid and solid states. This newly-discovered state of matter is beyond an easy explanation due to its complex particle structure.</p>

<p>According to scientists, this state can be explained on the lines on amorphous solids, which are strange mixes of solids and liquids. Glass is most common example of amorphous solids. Glass may look like a perfect solid, but when examined up close by scientists, its intricate arrangement of particles more closely resemble to that of a free falling liquid frozen in time.</p>

<p>Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/skywatchers-alert-saturn-will-make-its-brightest-and-biggest-appearance-this-weekend-heres-how-to-watch-it-629648">Skywatchers alert! Saturn will make its brightest and biggest appearance this weekend. Here's how to watch it</a></p>

<p>As we all are aware that all matter in our surroundings is either made up of solid, liquid or gas, each of these states has its own properties and arrangement of atoms within.</p>

<p>When one of these state changes into another, like a solid melting into a liquid, or a liquid evaporating into a gas - this is known as state of transition. But matter is quite a bit more complex than just those three basic states.&nbsp;</p>

<h2><strong>A new hidden state of matter?</strong></h2>

<p>According to scientists Dimitrios Fraggedakis, Muhammad Hasyim, and Kranthi Mandadapu of the University of California, Berkeley, there is a state somewhere in between liquid and solid states —&nbsp;it&nbsp;is a kind of rearrangement we didn't know existed.</p>

<p>They believe that there is behaviour on the temperature boundary of supercooled liquids and solids where the static particles remain excited, 'twitching' in place.</p>

<p>Fraggedakis, Hasyim, and Mandadapu used computation and simulation, combined with the results of past experiments, to determine that this transition might not be so neat, featuring a special activity of particles sitting between their normal liquid and supercooled states.</p>

<p>Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/after-moon-isro-aims-for-the-sun-with-its-aditya-l1-mission-launch-due-in-september-details-629630">After moon, ISRO aims for the Sun with its Aditya-L1 mission. Launch due in September | Check details</a></p>

<p>"Our theory predicts the onset temperature measured in model systems and explains why the behaviour of supercooled liquids around that temperature is reminiscent of solids even though their structure is the same as that of the liquid," Mandadapu explains.</p>

<p>"The onset temperature for glassy dynamics is like a melting temperature that 'melts' a supercooled liquid into a liquid. This should be relevant for all supercooled liquids or glassy systems."</p>

<p>Although the overall flow of atoms in a supercooled liquid is effectively zilch, the particles are continuously changing their configurations while stuck in place, resulting in movements called excitations. The researchers treated these excitations in a 2D supercooled liquid as defects in a crystalline solid and calculated what happens as the temperature changes.</p>

<p>Also Read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/explained-scientists-close-on-to-figure-out-male-infertility-after-full-sequencing-of-y-chromosome-629426">Explained | Scientists finally decipher enigmatic Y chromosome, feat to help study male infertility</a></p>

<p>The team believes that their model can be expanded to understand how the transition works in three dimensions, too, and offer a theoretical underpinning for future experimental work.</p>

<p>"The whole quest is to understand microscopically what separates the supercooled liquid and a high temperature liquid," Mandadapu says.</p>

<p>"It's fascinating from a basic science point of view to examine why these supercooled liquids exhibit remarkably different dynamics than the regular liquids that we know."</p>

<p><em>(With inputs from agencies)</em><br />
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Scientists at University of California, Berkeley believed that they have found a hidden state of matter between liquid and solid states. This newly-discovered state of matter is beyond an easy explanation due to its complex particle structure.

Scientists at University of California, Berkeley believed that they have found a hidden state of matter between liquid and solid states. This newly-discovered state of matter is beyond an easy explanation due to its complex particle structure. According to scientists, this state can be explained on the lines on amorphous solids, which are strange mixes of solids and liquids. Glass is most common example of amorphous solids. Glass may look like a perfect solid, but when examined up close by scientists, its intricate arrangement of particles more closely resemble to that of a free falling liquid frozen in time. Also Read | Skywatchers alert! Saturn will make its brightest and biggest appearance this weekend. Here's how to watch it As we all are aware that all matter in our surroundings is either made up of solid, liquid or gas, each of these states has its own properties and arrangement of atoms within. When one of these state changes into another, like a solid melting into a liquid, or a liquid evaporating into a gas - this is known as state of transition. But matter is quite a bit more complex than just those three basic states. A new hidden state of matter? According to scientists Dimitrios Fraggedakis, Muhammad Hasyim, and Kranthi Mandadapu of the University of California, Berkeley, there is a state somewhere in between liquid and solid states — it is a kind of rearrangement we didn't know existed. They believe that there is behaviour on the temperature boundary of supercooled liquids and solids where the static particles remain excited, 'twitching' in place. Fraggedakis, Hasyim, and Mandadapu used computation and simulation, combined with the results of past experiments, to determine that this transition might not be so neat, featuring a special activity of particles sitting between their normal liquid and supercooled states. Also Read | After moon, ISRO aims for the Sun with its Aditya-L1 mission. Launch due in September | Check details "Our theory predicts the onset temperature measured in model systems and explains why the behaviour of supercooled liquids around that temperature is reminiscent of solids even though their structure is the same as that of the liquid," Mandadapu explains. "The onset temperature for glassy dynamics is like a melting temperature that 'melts' a supercooled liquid into a liquid. This should be relevant for all supercooled liquids or glassy systems." Although the overall flow of atoms in a supercooled liquid is effectively zilch, the particles are continuously changing their configurations while stuck in place, resulting in movements called excitations. The researchers treated these excitations in a 2D supercooled liquid as defects in a crystalline solid and calculated what happens as the temperature changes. Also Read | Explained | Scientists finally decipher enigmatic Y chromosome, feat to help study male infertility The team believes that their model can be expanded to understand how the transition works in three dimensions, too, and offer a theoretical underpinning for future experimental work. "The whole quest is to understand microscopically what separates the supercooled liquid and a high temperature liquid," Mandadapu says. "It's fascinating from a basic science point of view to examine why these supercooled liquids exhibit remarkably different dynamics than the regular liquids that we know." (With inputs from agencies) WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

Scientists may have found a new hidden state of matter between liquid and solid

<p>Rahul Gandhi, who is currently in the US on a two-week tour, has made a no-holds-barred attack on Prime Minister Narendra Modi.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Gandhi blamed Modi for an upsurge in terrorism in Kashmir, the idea that non-violence is under attack in India today, a lack of transparency, and the vilification campaign run against him (Gandhi).&nbsp;</p>

<p>But, at the same time, there was grudging admiration of Modi -- the prime minister&#39;s communication skills for instance.&nbsp;</p>

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<h5>But, at the same time, there was grudging admiration of Modi -- the prime minister&#39;s communication skills for instance</h5>
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<p>Gandhi also spoke about dynasty, saying that was how most of the country was run, and demonetisation, which he said caused tremendous damage and was implemented without consulting the people who should have been.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Gandhi made his comments at the University of California, Berkeley.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&quot;There is a BJP machine, about 1000 guys sitting on computers and telling you about me,&quot; Gandhi said when asked whether he was a reluctant politician. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Gandhi added that it was a &quot;tremendous machine, all day they spread abuse about me, and the operation is run by the gentleman who is running our country.&quot;&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">There is a BJP machine,about 1000 guys sitting on computers&amp;telling you about me: Rahul Gandhi on question of being a reluctant politician <a href="https://t.co/JzyJj6CU6c">pic.twitter.com/JzyJj6CU6c</a></p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907433471949209601">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Tremendous machine, all day they spread abuse about me, and the operation is run by the gentleman who is running our country: Rahul Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907434055024623616">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>He then said that by 2013, the UPA had broken the &quot;back of terror&quot; in Kashmir.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">When we started, terrorism was rampant in Kashmir, when we finished there was peace, we had broken the back of terrorism: Rahul Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907434890995449856">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">By 2013,we basically broke the back of terror, I hugged PM Manmohan Singh and told him it was one of the biggest achievements:R Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907435443041443841">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>Then added: &quot;PDP was instrumental in bringing youngsters in politics, but the day PM Modi made alliance with PDP, he destroyed them (PDP).&nbsp;</p>

<p>&quot;So he (PM Modi) massively opened up space for the terrorists in Kashmir, and you saw the increase in violence.&quot;&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">So he(PM Modi) massively opened up space for the terrorists in Kashmir, and you saw the increase in violence: Rahul Gandhi <a href="https://t.co/mJCMrDy5eO">pic.twitter.com/mJCMrDy5eO</a></p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907437329538719744">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>He also said Modi had clamped down on the use of RTI (right to information).&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Mr.Modi clamped down on RTI. He shut it down.We got in trouble as we dramatically increased transparency: Rahul Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907432439894515712">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>&quot;What I sense is he doesn&#39;t converse with people he works with, even members of Parliament and BJP tell me that,&quot; he added about Modi.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">What I sense is he doesn&#39;t converse with ppl he works with, even members of Parliament and BJP tell me that: Rahul Gandhi on PM</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907439337855369216">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>Gandhi however accepted that Modi was a very good communicator.</p>

<p>Much better than him.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&quot;He knows how to give a message to three to four different groups in a crowd, so his messaging ability is very effective and subtle,&quot; Gandhi said of Modi.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Mr.Modi has certain skills,he is a very good communicator,much better than me: Rahul Gandhi in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/UCBerkeley?src=hash">#UCBerkeley</a></p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907438431168471040">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">He knows how to give a message to 3-4 different groups in a crowd, so his messaging ability is very effective and subtle:Rahul Gandhi on PM</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907438732516614145">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>On the question of dynasty, Gandhi said that&#39;s how most of the country runs... so why go after him alone?&nbsp;</p>

<p>&quot;Most of the country runs like this, so don&#39;t go after me, &nbsp;Akhilesh Yadav a dynast, Mr Stalin a dynast, Mr Dhumal&#39;s son a dynast,&quot; Gandhi said.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&quot;Even Mr Abhishek Bachchan is a dynast, also Mr Ambani, that&#39;s how (the) entire country is running,&quot; Gandhi said.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Most of the country runs like this, so don&#39;t go after me, Akhilesh Yadav a dynast, Mr Stalin a dynast,Mr Dhumal&#39;s son a dynast:Rahul Gandhi <a href="https://t.co/eIDsvnlxtp">pic.twitter.com/eIDsvnlxtp</a></p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907431591265177600">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Even Mr.Abhishek Bachchan is a dynast, also Mr Ambani, that&#39;s how entire country is running: Rahul Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907443343436660736">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p>There was also some self-reflection, with Gandhi saying that towards the end of UPA 2, a certain arrogance had crept into the Congress party.&nbsp;</p>

<p>But he added that the &quot;Congress decides policy and vision through conversations and not by imposition&quot;.&nbsp;</p>

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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Decisions like <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/demonetisation?src=hash">#demonetisation</a> taken without asking Chief Economic Advisor and Parliament caused tremendous damage:Rahul Gandhi</p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907426551767064576">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p dir="ltr" lang="en">Unlike China, India has to create jobs in a democratic environment: Rahul Gandhi in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/UCBerkeley?src=hash">#UCBerkeley</a></p>
&mdash; ANI (@ANI) <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/907426828343697408">September 12, 2017</a></blockquote>
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<p><a href="http://www.wionews.com/india-news/idea-of-non-violence-under-attack-in-india-rahul-gandhi-20100" target="_blank">Also read: Idea of non-violence under attack in India, says Rahul Gandhi</a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.wionews.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-adds-to-long-list-of-gaffes-20108" target="_blank">Also read:&nbsp;Rahul Gandhi adds to long list of gaffes</a></p>


Gandhi blamed Modi for an upsurge in terrorism in Kashmir, the idea that non-violence is under attack in India today, a lack of transparency, and the vilification campaign run against him (Gandhi)

Rahul Gandhi, who is currently in the US on a two-week tour, has made a no-holds-barred attack on Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Gandhi blamed Modi for an upsurge in terrorism in Kashmir, the idea that non-violence is under attack in India today, a lack of transparency, and the vilification campaign run against him (Gandhi). But, at the same time, there was grudging admiration of Modi -- the prime minister's communication skills for instance. But, at the same time, there was grudging admiration of Modi -- the prime minister's communication skills for instance × Gandhi also spoke about dynasty, saying that was how most of the country was run, and demonetisation, which he said caused tremendous damage and was implemented without consulting the people who should have been. Gandhi made his comments at the University of California, Berkeley. "There is a BJP machine, about 1000 guys sitting on computers and telling you about me," Gandhi said when asked whether he was a reluctant politician. Gandhi added that it was a "tremendous machine, all day they spread abuse about me, and the operation is run by the gentleman who is running our country." There is a BJP machine,about 1000 guys sitting on computers&telling you about me: Rahul Gandhi on question of being a reluctant politician pic.twitter.com/JzyJj6CU6c — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Tremendous machine, all day they spread abuse about me, and the operation is run by the gentleman who is running our country: Rahul Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × He then said that by 2013, the UPA had broken the "back of terror" in Kashmir. When we started, terrorism was rampant in Kashmir, when we finished there was peace, we had broken the back of terrorism: Rahul Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × By 2013,we basically broke the back of terror, I hugged PM Manmohan Singh and told him it was one of the biggest achievements:R Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Then added: "PDP was instrumental in bringing youngsters in politics, but the day PM Modi made alliance with PDP, he destroyed them (PDP). "So he (PM Modi) massively opened up space for the terrorists in Kashmir, and you saw the increase in violence." So he(PM Modi) massively opened up space for the terrorists in Kashmir, and you saw the increase in violence: Rahul Gandhi pic.twitter.com/mJCMrDy5eO — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × He also said Modi had clamped down on the use of RTI (right to information). Mr.Modi clamped down on RTI. He shut it down.We got in trouble as we dramatically increased transparency: Rahul Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × "What I sense is he doesn't converse with people he works with, even members of Parliament and BJP tell me that," he added about Modi. What I sense is he doesn't converse with ppl he works with, even members of Parliament and BJP tell me that: Rahul Gandhi on PM — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Gandhi however accepted that Modi was a very good communicator. Much better than him. "He knows how to give a message to three to four different groups in a crowd, so his messaging ability is very effective and subtle," Gandhi said of Modi. Mr.Modi has certain skills,he is a very good communicator,much better than me: Rahul Gandhi in #UCBerkeley — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × He knows how to give a message to 3-4 different groups in a crowd, so his messaging ability is very effective and subtle:Rahul Gandhi on PM — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × On the question of dynasty, Gandhi said that's how most of the country runs... so why go after him alone? "Most of the country runs like this, so don't go after me, Akhilesh Yadav a dynast, Mr Stalin a dynast, Mr Dhumal's son a dynast," Gandhi said. "Even Mr Abhishek Bachchan is a dynast, also Mr Ambani, that's how (the) entire country is running," Gandhi said. Most of the country runs like this, so don't go after me, Akhilesh Yadav a dynast, Mr Stalin a dynast,Mr Dhumal's son a dynast:Rahul Gandhi pic.twitter.com/eIDsvnlxtp — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Even Mr.Abhishek Bachchan is a dynast, also Mr Ambani, that's how entire country is running: Rahul Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × There was also some self-reflection, with Gandhi saying that towards the end of UPA 2, a certain arrogance had crept into the Congress party. But he added that the "Congress decides policy and vision through conversations and not by imposition". Decisions like #demonetisation taken without asking Chief Economic Advisor and Parliament caused tremendous damage:Rahul Gandhi — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Unlike China, India has to create jobs in a democratic environment: Rahul Gandhi in #UCBerkeley — ANI (@ANI) September 12, 2017 × Also read: Idea of non-violence under attack in India, says Rahul Gandhi Also read: Rahul Gandhi adds to long list of gaffes

Rahul Gandhi, in US, makes no-holds-barred attack on PM Modi

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Scientists may have found a new hidden state of matter between liquid and solid

Rahul Gandhi, in US, makes no-holds-barred attack on PM Modi