Bangladesh's interim government has written to Indian authorities demanding the extradition of Sheikh Hasina and former interior minister Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal after both were sentenced to death by the nation’s International Crimes Tribunal for “crimes against humanity” linked to last year's student-led protests, citing India's obligation under the India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty (2013). What are India's options? Does it have to comply with Bangladesh under the treaty?&nbsp;According to the India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty, a request can only be made if the individual has been charged, accused or convicted of an extraditable offence. Since an arrest warrant has been issued against Hasina in connection with "crimes against humanity," this makes Dhaka eligible to send an extradition request to India, which it has made.&nbsp;But Article 1 and Article 2 of the treaty address dual criminality, meaning the alleged offence must be punishable under the domestic laws of both countries. India interprets "crime against humanity" charges differently, and mostly in the context of international tribunals rather than domestic political events. This gives India a space where it can argue that the charged offence does not fit the definition according to its own legal system.&nbsp;Also Read:<a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/-it-would-be-an-act-of-unfriendly-behaviour-bangladesh-asks-india-to-extradite-former-pm-hasina-modi-yunus-intrim-goverment-1763380213318"> “It would be an act of unfriendly behaviour”: Bangladesh asks India to extradite Former PM Hasina</a>&nbsp;Article 6(1) of the treaty provides another window to India, which clearly states that extradition may be refused if the alleged offence is considered an "offence of a political character", which fits perfectly with the present political scenario in Bangladesh, as Hasina was forcibly ousted from the Prime Minister post and the Muhammad Yunus-led interim government has a poor reputation in treating political opponents and dissenters, which explains the fast-track conviction of Sheikh Hasina where the verdict was issued within a year.&nbsp;The Yunus government may invoke Article 6 (2), which provides an exception for offences of a political nature. But for this to work, the Bangladeshi government has to prove the charges were brought in good faith, which will be a near-impossible task for the interim government.&nbsp;Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/world/sheikh-hasina-s-death-penalty-sham-verdict-by-undemocratic-regime-says-son-sajeeb-wazed-wion-exclusive-1763392005230">Sheikh Hasina's death penalty: ‘Sham verdict’ by ‘undemocratic regime’, says son Sajeeb Wazed | WION Exclusive</a>&nbsp;With the treaty being bilateral in nature, there is no neutral mechanism to address disputes arising from the treaty. The United Nations cannot intervene in the implementation of a bilateral extradition treaty, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) can only hear cases with the consent of both governments.&nbsp;Apart from the treaty, India's own Extradition Act 1962 provides ample legal space in matters related to individuals who were charged in offences which are political in nature.

Yunus-led interim government has sought the extradition of Sheikh Hasina under the 2013 treaty. However, dual criminality, political-offence exceptions, and India’s Extradition Act give New Delhi strong grounds to refuse.

Bangladesh's interim government has written to Indian authorities demanding the extradition of Sheikh Hasina and former interior minister Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal after both were sentenced to death by the nation’s International Crimes Tribunal for “crimes against humanity” linked to last year's student-led protests, citing India's obligation under the India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty (2013). What are India's options? Does it have to comply with Bangladesh under the treaty? According to the India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty, a request can only be made if the individual has been charged, accused or convicted of an extraditable offence. Since an arrest warrant has been issued against Hasina in connection with "crimes against humanity," this makes Dhaka eligible to send an extradition request to India, which it has made. But Article 1 and Article 2 of the treaty address dual criminality, meaning the alleged offence must be punishable under the domestic laws of both countries. India interprets "crime against humanity" charges differently, and mostly in the context of international tribunals rather than domestic political events. This gives India a space where it can argue that the charged offence does not fit the definition according to its own legal system. Also Read: “It would be an act of unfriendly behaviour”: Bangladesh asks India to extradite Former PM Hasina Article 6(1) of the treaty provides another window to India, which clearly states that extradition may be refused if the alleged offence is considered an "offence of a political character", which fits perfectly with the present political scenario in Bangladesh, as Hasina was forcibly ousted from the Prime Minister post and the Muhammad Yunus-led interim government has a poor reputation in treating political opponents and dissenters, which explains the fast-track conviction of Sheikh Hasina where the verdict was issued within a year. The Yunus government may invoke Article 6 (2), which provides an exception for offences of a political nature. But for this to work, the Bangladeshi government has to prove the charges were brought in good faith, which will be a near-impossible task for the interim government. Also Read: Sheikh Hasina's death penalty: ‘Sham verdict’ by ‘undemocratic regime’, says son Sajeeb Wazed | WION Exclusive With the treaty being bilateral in nature, there is no neutral mechanism to address disputes arising from the treaty. The United Nations cannot intervene in the implementation of a bilateral extradition treaty, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) can only hear cases with the consent of both governments. Apart from the treaty, India's own Extradition Act 1962 provides ample legal space in matters related to individuals who were charged in offences which are political in nature.

Yunus-led interim government has sought the extradition of Sheikh Hasina under the 2013 treaty. However, dual criminality, political-offence exceptions, and India’s Extradition Act give New Delhi strong grounds to refuse.

Does India have to extradite Hasina under the 2013 treaty with Bangladesh? What are New Delhi’s options?

The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of Bangladesh has convicted ousted prime minister Sheikh Hasina to death for crimes against humanity on Monday (November 17, 2025). The verdict was delivered by the ICT as hundreds watched the proceedings on big screens set up by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs across Dhaka.&nbsp;The tribunal stated that Hasina, along with the then Home Minister and Inspector General of Police, collectively committed crimes against humanity. The three-member tribunal, led by Justice Md Golam Mortuza Mozumder, found her guilty of ordering a deadly crackdown on a student-led uprising last year. The court said that six people at Chankharpul were killed using “lethal weapons” during the protest on August 5.<h3>What is the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)?</h3>The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) is a special court in Bangladesh, which was established to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity during the 1971 Liberation War. The ICT has delivered high-profile verdicts against local collaborators under the 1973 Act, which also remained a unique effort in South Asia to achieve transitional justice.&nbsp;Its main aim was to provide transitional justice for the atrocities committed by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators (such as the Razakars, Al-Badr, and Al-Shams paramilitaries) during the nine-month war for independence, which resulted in an estimated three million deaths and hundreds of thousands of rapes. The tribunal consists of specially appointed judges, an investigation agency, and a prosecution team. Two tribunals (ICT-1 and ICT-2) were created to expedite the trial process.<h3>What is the history of the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)?</h3>Ever since the Government of the Awami League came into power in 2009, it established the Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh, naming as 'the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)' to fulfil its longstanding commitment to the dispensation of justice for the atrocities of 1971.&nbsp;The International Crimes (Tribunal) Act of 1973 serves as the legal foundation empowering authorities to investigate and prosecute individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It was established following strong domestic and global demands for justice and closure for victims of the Liberation War.&nbsp;Since its inception, the ICT has issued multiple landmark judgments, handing life sentences and death penalties to top leaders of political and militant organisations for atrocities such as genocide, mass sexual violence, and targeted killings.&nbsp;

The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of Bangladesh has delivered high-profile verdicts against local collaborators under the 1973 Act, which also remained a unique effort in South Asia to achieve transitional justice.

The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of Bangladesh has convicted ousted prime minister Sheikh Hasina to death for crimes against humanity on Monday (November 17, 2025). The verdict was delivered by the ICT as hundreds watched the proceedings on big screens set up by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs across Dhaka. The tribunal stated that Hasina, along with the then Home Minister and Inspector General of Police, collectively committed crimes against humanity. The three-member tribunal, led by Justice Md Golam Mortuza Mozumder, found her guilty of ordering a deadly crackdown on a student-led uprising last year. The court said that six people at Chankharpul were killed using “lethal weapons” during the protest on August 5. What is the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)? The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) is a special court in Bangladesh, which was established to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity during the 1971 Liberation War. The ICT has delivered high-profile verdicts against local collaborators under the 1973 Act, which also remained a unique effort in South Asia to achieve transitional justice. Its main aim was to provide transitional justice for the atrocities committed by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators (such as the Razakars, Al-Badr, and Al-Shams paramilitaries) during the nine-month war for independence, which resulted in an estimated three million deaths and hundreds of thousands of rapes. The tribunal consists of specially appointed judges, an investigation agency, and a prosecution team. Two tribunals (ICT-1 and ICT-2) were created to expedite the trial process. What is the history of the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)? Ever since the Government of the Awami League came into power in 2009, it established the Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh, naming as 'the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)' to fulfil its longstanding commitment to the dispensation of justice for the atrocities of 1971. The International Crimes (Tribunal) Act of 1973 serves as the legal foundation empowering authorities to investigate and prosecute individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It was established following strong domestic and global demands for justice and closure for victims of the Liberation War. Since its inception, the ICT has issued multiple landmark judgments, handing life sentences and death penalties to top leaders of political and militant organisations for atrocities such as genocide, mass sexual violence, and targeted killings.

The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of Bangladesh has delivered high-profile verdicts against local collaborators under the 1973 Act, which also remained a unique effort in South Asia to achieve transitional justice.

What is the ICT? Bangladesh’s war crimes tribunal that sentenced deposed PM Sheikh Hasina to death — All you need to know

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Does India have to extradite Hasina under the 2013 treaty with Bangladesh? What are New Delhi’s options?

What is ICT? Bangladesh’s war crimes tribunal sentenced ex-PM Hasina to death