ISRO's workhorse PSLV rocket roared to life from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, lighting up the night skies as it soared to space. 
Barely 15 minutes after launch, the vehicle ejected the twin <a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/isro-pslv-c60-launches-spadex-for-critical-space-docking-experiment-launches-successfully">SPADEX</a> satellites into their designated orbit 475 km above the earth's surface. "PSLV has placed the satellites in the right orbit. Panels of the satellites have been deployed successfully," ISRO Chief Dr. S.Somanath confirmed in his post-launch address. 
We are hoping to achieve docking by the 7th January forenoon, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft. He added that the satellites need a week's time to be in an appropriate position with respect to the sun&nbsp;to harness solar power using their onboard solar panels. 
<h2>What is SPADEX? </h2>
SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the Earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is&nbsp;the process of coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will also involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology.
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-space-agency-isro-launches-spadex-mission-8578903">Watch: Indian space agency ISRO launches SpaDeX mission</a>
<h2>Applications of space docking </h2>
Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also delivered to the space station in a similar fashion. Likewise, docking can enable the transfer of fuel between two spacecrafts, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft. 
<h2>How will ISRO execute SPADEX?</h2>
The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft - SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg, and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface. 
Also read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-spadex-explainer-indias-most-sophisticated-mission-around-earth-8576199">Explainer: Why SPADEX is India's most sophisticated mission around Earth</a>
At the time of the ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser.
Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/exclusive-indian-astronauts-us-training-to-go-on-for-three-months-750880">ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath</a> had told WION. 
After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years.
ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel&nbsp;when compared to their larger counterparts. 
<h2>Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites</h2>
SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC).
SDX02, the Target, carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions. 
<h2>Why is space docking so complicated? </h2>
When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the&nbsp;difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays.
When the spacecraft docks, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.

India News: We are hoping to achieve docking by the 7th January forenoon, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft.

ISRO's workhorse PSLV rocket roared to life from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, lighting up the night skies as it soared to space. Barely 15 minutes after launch, the vehicle ejected the twin SPADEX satellites into their designated orbit 475 km above the earth's surface. "PSLV has placed the satellites in the right orbit. Panels of the satellites have been deployed successfully," ISRO Chief Dr. S.Somanath confirmed in his post-launch address. We are hoping to achieve docking by the 7th January forenoon, said M. Sankaran, Director of ISRO's UR Rao Satellite Centre, the facility that designs and builds the Indian space agency's spacecraft. He added that the satellites need a week's time to be in an appropriate position with respect to the sun to harness solar power using their onboard solar panels. What is SPADEX? SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment, and it is a crucial technological feat that would enable India's future space missions. India hopes to build an independent space station by the year 2035, and the first module (component) of this space station is meant to be launched in 2028. Space stations are built by autonomously assembling various modules while they circle the Earth. SPADEX is India's maiden attempt at space docking, which is the process of coupling two satellites into a single unified entity. India's Chandrayaan-3 Lunar sample return mission will also involve highly sophisticated space docking. So far, only the US, Russia, Europe, and China have mastered space docking technology. Also read: Watch: Indian space agency ISRO launches SpaDeX mission Applications of space docking Docking establishes a mechanical link between one orbiting spacecraft and another equally sized or larger orbiting body. When astronauts travel to the space station, the craft that carries them has to dock with the space station, following which the crew can move to the orbiting lab-cum-accommodation. Cargo is also delivered to the space station in a similar fashion. Likewise, docking can enable the transfer of fuel between two spacecrafts, thereby extending the life of the recipient craft. How will ISRO execute SPADEX? The primary objective of the SPADEX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology needed for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft - SDX01, which is the Chaser, and SDX02, the Target. Each satellite weighs 220 kg, and will be hurled into a circular orbit that is 470 km above the earth's surface. Also read: Explainer: Why SPADEX is India's most sophisticated mission around Earth At the time of the ejection, the final stage of the PSLV rocket will be utilised to give a small relative velocity between the Target and Chaser spacecraft at the time of separation from the launch vehicle. Simply put, the target satellite will be travelling slightly faster than the chaser. This incremental velocity will allow the Target spacecraft to build a distance of 10-20 km with the Chaser. Gradually, the satellites will autonomously reduce the distance between themselves by adjusting their respective velocities. From 20 km, the inter-satellite distance would be lowered to 5 km, 1.5 km, 500 m, 225 m, 15 m, and 3 m, ultimately leading to the docking of the two spacecraft. After successful docking and unification, electrical power transfer between the two satellites will be demonstrated. Electrical power transfer is crucial for carrying out in-space robotics, control of the unified spacecraft, etc. "Docking will be carried out between 6th January and 10th January," ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanath had told WION. After the primary mission of docking is accomplished, the two satellites will then separate (undock) and start operating as two different satellites, operating their respective payloads for the expected mission life of up to two years. ISRO Chairman Dr. S. Somanath told WION that the satellites could attempt more docking and undocking, depending on the mission requirements and the availability of fuel on both crafts. As small satellites weighing around 220 kg each, the SPADEX satellites carry very limited fuel when compared to their larger counterparts. Payloads being carried by SPADEX satellites SDX01, the Chaser, carries a High-Resolution Camera (HRC) with photo and video capabilities. This is a miniature version of the surveillance camera developed by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC). SDX02, the Target, carries a Multi-Spectral Payload (MMX) used for natural resource monitoring and vegetation studies. It also carries a Radiation Monitor, which will measure radiation doses encountered in space, which will help suitably plan and execute India's homegrown Gaganyaan astronaut missions. Why is space docking so complicated? When a chaser spacecraft is approaching the target spacecraft, the relative velocity between the two (the difference in velocity between the two) must be controlled very carefully. If the relative velocity is too high, the docking attempt can fail, causing damage or collisions. If it is too low, it may take too long to complete the approach, which could lead to fuel inefficiencies or mission delays. When the spacecraft docks, their relative velocity must be near zero. This means that the two spacecraft must be moving at the same velocity and in the same direction at the time of docking to ensure a smooth connection without any impact forces. This requires careful coordination and manoeuvring, all done fully autonomously.

ISRO successfully launches PSLV SpaDex: All you need to know about the space docking mission

India will launch ISRO&#39;s 100th satellite along with 30 others in a single mission on January 12 from Sriharikota, in a milestone event in the country&#39;s space history.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said it was &quot;back in the game&quot; with the launch, the first Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) mission after the unsuccessful launch of the navigation satellite IRNSS-1H in August last.

&quot;The 31 spacecraft, including weather observation Cartosat-2 series satellite, will be launched by PSLV-C40,&quot; ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) director M Annadurai said today.

Stating that 28 of the satellites were from abroad, the official noted that the launch of three Indian satellites during the mission would mark the rollout of the hundredth satellite from ISRO.

&quot;When the last satellite is ejected out it will become the hundredth satellite...The first century we have done. It is the maiden century. So PSLV-C40 marks a maiden century of&nbsp;Indian satellite....We are eagerly waiting for that,&quot; he said.

Speaking to reporters on sidelines of an exhibition on ASTROSAT here, Annadurai said, &quot;With PSLV-C40 we are back in the game&quot;.

PSLV-C40 will launch the 710 kg Cartosat-2 series satellite for earth observation and 30 co-passengers (together weighing about 613 kg) at lift-off on January 12 at?09.28 am, ISRO said.

It will be launched from the first launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, about 100 km from Chennai.

The co-passenger satellites include one micro and nanosatellite each from India. Three micro and 25 nanosatellites from six countries namely Canada, Finland, France, Republic of Korea, UK and USA, make up the other payload.

Referring to the PSLV-C39 failure, Annadurai said ISRO had understood it and repeated tests had been conducted to ensure that such problems did not reoccur. This took slightly more time for PSLV-C40 launch.

On August 31, India&#39;s mission to launch its backup navigation satellite IRNSS-1H on board PSLV-C39 failed after a technical fault on the final leg following a perfect launch.

ISRO then said the heat shield did not separate on the final leg of the launch sequence and, as a result, IRNSS-1H&nbsp;got stuck in the fourth stage of the rocket.

The total weight of all the 31 satellites carried on board PSLV-C40 is about 1,323 kg.

According to ISRO, Cartosat-2 series satellite launch is a follow-on mission with the primary objective of providing&nbsp;high-resolution scene-specific spot imageries.

It carries panchromatic and multi-spectral cameras operating in Time Delay Integration mode and is capable of&nbsp;delivering high-resolution data.

This will be the third satellite in the Cartosat-2 series.

On plans for the year, Annadurai said Chandrayaan-2 was in the final stage of testing and integration of the orbiter, lander, and rover, and was expected for launch this year.

Also, IRNSS-1I, a follow-on satellite will be the first satellite whose assembly, integration and testing will be fully done by private industry, he said, adding &quot;we are enabling the private industry&quot;.

On GSAT-11, a six-tonne class communication satellite, he said, was at the final leg of testing, and the launch target was April.&nbsp;

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said it was 'back in the game' with the launch, the first Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) mission after the unsuccessful launch of the navigation satellite IRNSS-1H in August last.

India will launch ISRO's 100th satellite along with 30 others in a single mission on January 12 from Sriharikota, in a milestone event in the country's space history. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said it was "back in the game" with the launch, the first Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) mission after the unsuccessful launch of the navigation satellite IRNSS-1H in August last. "The 31 spacecraft, including weather observation Cartosat-2 series satellite, will be launched by PSLV-C40," ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) director M Annadurai said today. Stating that 28 of the satellites were from abroad, the official noted that the launch of three Indian satellites during the mission would mark the rollout of the hundredth satellite from ISRO. "When the last satellite is ejected out it will become the hundredth satellite...The first century we have done. It is the maiden century. So PSLV-C40 marks a maiden century of Indian satellite....We are eagerly waiting for that," he said. Speaking to reporters on sidelines of an exhibition on ASTROSAT here, Annadurai said, "With PSLV-C40 we are back in the game". PSLV-C40 will launch the 710 kg Cartosat-2 series satellite for earth observation and 30 co-passengers (together weighing about 613 kg) at lift-off on January 12 at?09.28 am, ISRO said. It will be launched from the first launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, about 100 km from Chennai. The co-passenger satellites include one micro and nanosatellite each from India. Three micro and 25 nanosatellites from six countries namely Canada, Finland, France, Republic of Korea, UK and USA, make up the other payload. Referring to the PSLV-C39 failure, Annadurai said ISRO had understood it and repeated tests had been conducted to ensure that such problems did not reoccur. This took slightly more time for PSLV-C40 launch. On August 31, India's mission to launch its backup navigation satellite IRNSS-1H on board PSLV-C39 failed after a technical fault on the final leg following a perfect launch. ISRO then said the heat shield did not separate on the final leg of the launch sequence and, as a result, IRNSS-1H got stuck in the fourth stage of the rocket. The total weight of all the 31 satellites carried on board PSLV-C40 is about 1,323 kg. According to ISRO, Cartosat-2 series satellite launch is a follow-on mission with the primary objective of providing high-resolution scene-specific spot imageries. It carries panchromatic and multi-spectral cameras operating in Time Delay Integration mode and is capable of delivering high-resolution data. This will be the third satellite in the Cartosat-2 series. On plans for the year, Annadurai said Chandrayaan-2 was in the final stage of testing and integration of the orbiter, lander, and rover, and was expected for launch this year. Also, IRNSS-1I, a follow-on satellite will be the first satellite whose assembly, integration and testing will be fully done by private industry, he said, adding "we are enabling the private industry". On GSAT-11, a six-tonne class communication satellite, he said, was at the final leg of testing, and the launch target was April.

ISRO to launch 100th satellite on January 12

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ISRO successfully launches PSLV SpaDex: All you need to know about the space docking mission

ISRO to launch 100th satellite on January 12