India's largest rocket LVM3 is at the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, getting ready for the lift-off at 9 am on&nbsp;Sunday, March 26. The launch will mark the sixth flight of the LVM3 rocket. However, there's one thing that makes this LVM3 M3 vehicle different from all the LVM3 rockets that flew before it — this rocket has a changed colour scheme at the cryogenic stage, the upper central portion of the rocket (that towers above the two boosters on the side). Instead of the standard grey/black, this time around the C25 cryogenic stage sports white.

To understand the reason and the science behind the colour change, WION spoke to Dr S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSCC), ISRO. Dr Nair heads VSSC, which is ISRO's lead facility for developing its operational rockets and future space transportation systems. 
 
A rocket specialist with significant contributions towards launch vehicles and manned vehicle systems, Dr Nair explained that the reason&nbsp;behind the colour change takes into account environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.

The C25 stage is a cryogenic stage, which comprises a cryogenic engine and fuel tanks that hold tons of frozen fuel — liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, along with its related systems. Engineering a cryogenic stage has unique design challenges, as liquid Hydrogen is stored at -253 degree&nbsp;centigrade and liquid Oxygen at -195 degree centigrade. To store these cryogenic fluids and maintain them at supercooled temperatures, special multi-layer insulation is provided for the fuel tanks and other structures.

For the first five launches of the LVM3 rocket, ISRO had been using a grey/black insulation material for the C25 stage and now that material has been replaced with a white coloured one.

"The earlier insulation material was based on Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and owing to environmental concerns, we have switched to greener alternatives based on chemicals such as Hydrofluoro-Olefine," said Nair.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/wion-exclusive-atul-rane-on-brahmos-indigenous-components-575115">WATCH |&nbsp;WION Exclusive: Atul Rane on Brahmos' Indigenous components</a>

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HCFCs are globally regarded as unsafe as they contain chlorine and have the potential to deplete the ozone layer. Owing to this, there are certain manufacturing caps on this material and ISRO is avoiding its use.

Regarding the grey/black colour being replaced with white, he added that the earlier anti-static coating (meant to prevent a build-up of static electricity) has been replaced with a white one. He reasoned that this was owing to solar absorptivity, as dark colours like black attract a lot of heat and affect the temperature of the cryogenic fuels.

Simply put, the use of white is similar to how cricketers wear all-whites for test matches when they have to play all day. White is meant to reflect the sun's heat away, particularly when the fully-built rocket stands exposed to the sun for several days at the launchpad.

<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/brahmos-in-talks-to-sell-missile-to-nations-in-south-east-asia-middle-east-ceo-atul-rane-575220">ALSO READ |&nbsp;BrahMos in talks to sell missile to nations in South East Asia, Middle East: CEO Atul Rane</a>

Nair also explained that it is not easy to add an extra coat of paint or extra layer of material to a rocket's upper body, as every kilogramme of weight comes at a premium.

Every added component or layer of coating/paint adds to the rocket's weight and affects the vehicle's payload-carrying capacity. So, we have to keep in mind the science, the utility and also the environmental aspects. Hence, it takes time to develop new materials that are lightweight, suited for the purpose and at the same time cost-effective and environment-friendly.

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India's largest rocket LVM3 is at the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, getting ready for the lift-off at 9 am on Sunday, March 26.

India's largest rocket LVM3 is at the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, getting ready for the lift-off at 9 am on Sunday, March 26. The launch will mark the sixth flight of the LVM3 rocket. However, there's one thing that makes this LVM3 M3 vehicle different from all the LVM3 rockets that flew before it — this rocket has a changed colour scheme at the cryogenic stage, the upper central portion of the rocket (that towers above the two boosters on the side). Instead of the standard grey/black, this time around the C25 cryogenic stage sports white. To understand the reason and the science behind the colour change, WION spoke to Dr S. Unnikrishnan Nair, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSCC), ISRO. Dr Nair heads VSSC, which is ISRO's lead facility for developing its operational rockets and future space transportation systems. A rocket specialist with significant contributions towards launch vehicles and manned vehicle systems, Dr Nair explained that the reason behind the colour change takes into account environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. The C25 stage is a cryogenic stage, which comprises a cryogenic engine and fuel tanks that hold tons of frozen fuel — liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, along with its related systems. Engineering a cryogenic stage has unique design challenges, as liquid Hydrogen is stored at -253 degree centigrade and liquid Oxygen at -195 degree centigrade. To store these cryogenic fluids and maintain them at supercooled temperatures, special multi-layer insulation is provided for the fuel tanks and other structures. For the first five launches of the LVM3 rocket, ISRO had been using a grey/black insulation material for the C25 stage and now that material has been replaced with a white coloured one. "The earlier insulation material was based on Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and owing to environmental concerns, we have switched to greener alternatives based on chemicals such as Hydrofluoro-Olefine," said Nair. WATCH | WION Exclusive: Atul Rane on Brahmos' Indigenous components × HCFCs are globally regarded as unsafe as they contain chlorine and have the potential to deplete the ozone layer. Owing to this, there are certain manufacturing caps on this material and ISRO is avoiding its use. Regarding the grey/black colour being replaced with white, he added that the earlier anti-static coating (meant to prevent a build-up of static electricity) has been replaced with a white one. He reasoned that this was owing to solar absorptivity, as dark colours like black attract a lot of heat and affect the temperature of the cryogenic fuels. Simply put, the use of white is similar to how cricketers wear all-whites for test matches when they have to play all day. White is meant to reflect the sun's heat away, particularly when the fully-built rocket stands exposed to the sun for several days at the launchpad. ALSO READ | BrahMos in talks to sell missile to nations in South East Asia, Middle East: CEO Atul Rane Nair also explained that it is not easy to add an extra coat of paint or extra layer of material to a rocket's upper body, as every kilogramme of weight comes at a premium. Every added component or layer of coating/paint adds to the rocket's weight and affects the vehicle's payload-carrying capacity. So, we have to keep in mind the science, the utility and also the environmental aspects. Hence, it takes time to develop new materials that are lightweight, suited for the purpose and at the same time cost-effective and environment-friendly. WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it?

The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission.

The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. It powers the top-most and third stage of India's heaviest rocket LVM3.

Liquid-fuelled engines that are meant for the flight are test fired on the ground and then cleaned and assembled onto a rocket, unlike solid-fuelled engines where only a single and complete burn is possible.&nbsp;

A cryogenic engine is powered by super-cooled gases, which are in liquid form. The engine's combustion chamber burns liquid hydrogen (maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and liquid oxygen (maintained at minus 183degrees Celsius) and this is a very efficient combination of fuels as it provides more thrust per kilogram of fuel it uses, when compared with other fuels. The hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidiser) combination is also an environment-friendly option, as opposed to gasoline fuels.&nbsp;

In the initial portion of the flight, the first-stage 'S200' and second-stage 'L110' of the LVM3 rocket will take the Chandryaan-3 spacecraft off the ground and into space. Thereafter, the CE-20 will be responsible for further accelerating the Chandryaan-3 module in space and ejecting it into an 'Earth parking orbit', where the spacecraft rotates around the earth with extreme variations in its distance to earth.

Roughly, the spacecraft would be more than 45,000km away from Earth at its farthest point in the orbit (apogee) and 180km away from Earth in its closest point in orbit(perigee). From there on, the Chandrayaan-3 module would use its on-board propulsion to perform orbit raising manoeuvres to progressively move further away from earth and be captured by Lunar gravity and finally attempt a Lunar landing.

Regarding the latest test, ISRO said that it was carried out at&nbsp;the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, in Tamil Nadu.

"The hot test was carried out for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High-Altitude Test Facility. All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions" it added.

Further, the cryogenic engine will be integrated with&nbsp;propellant tanks, stage structures, and associated fluid lines to prepare the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage.

ISRO refers to the Chandrayaan-3 launch mission as LVM3-M4, indicating the fact that it is the fourth operational launch of the LVM3, which is India's heaviest and largest rocket.

The maiden operational launch of LVM3 was Chandrayaan-2 in 2019 after the rocket flew on its second operational and maiden commercial mission in October 2022, ferrying 36 satellites for UK-based firm OneWeb.

LVM3-M3, the third operational launch of LVM3, will be carried out for OneWeb in March 2023, following which the Chandryaan-3 will be carried out in the second half of this year or by early 2024. The Chandrayaan-3 flight will be the seventh launch mission of LVM3.

As per ISRO's nomenclature, a brand-new rocket undergoes a handful of developmental flights (denoted by a 'D' prefix along with a launch number) and based on the successful outcome of those, the vehicle is declared operational and then performs routine missions (denoted by the 'M' prefix along with a launch number).

The three-stage LVM3 rocket weighs close to 650 tons at lift-off and the vehicle is powered by solid, liquid and cryogenic fuels, in the same order.&nbsp;

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The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre.

The Indian space agency, ISRO, has announced the successful test firing of the 'CE-20' cryogenic engine that will be used for the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The 'CE-20' is an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre. It powers the top-most and third stage of India's heaviest rocket LVM3. Liquid-fuelled engines that are meant for the flight are test fired on the ground and then cleaned and assembled onto a rocket, unlike solid-fuelled engines where only a single and complete burn is possible. A cryogenic engine is powered by super-cooled gases, which are in liquid form. The engine's combustion chamber burns liquid hydrogen (maintained at minus 253 degrees Celsius) and liquid oxygen (maintained at minus 183degrees Celsius) and this is a very efficient combination of fuels as it provides more thrust per kilogram of fuel it uses, when compared with other fuels. The hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidiser) combination is also an environment-friendly option, as opposed to gasoline fuels. In the initial portion of the flight, the first-stage 'S200' and second-stage 'L110' of the LVM3 rocket will take the Chandryaan-3 spacecraft off the ground and into space. Thereafter, the CE-20 will be responsible for further accelerating the Chandryaan-3 module in space and ejecting it into an 'Earth parking orbit', where the spacecraft rotates around the earth with extreme variations in its distance to earth. Roughly, the spacecraft would be more than 45,000km away from Earth at its farthest point in the orbit (apogee) and 180km away from Earth in its closest point in orbit(perigee). From there on, the Chandrayaan-3 module would use its on-board propulsion to perform orbit raising manoeuvres to progressively move further away from earth and be captured by Lunar gravity and finally attempt a Lunar landing. Regarding the latest test, ISRO said that it was carried out at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, in Tamil Nadu. "The hot test was carried out for a planned duration of 25 seconds at the High-Altitude Test Facility. All the propulsion parameters during the test were found satisfactory and closely matched with predictions" it added. Further, the cryogenic engine will be integrated with propellant tanks, stage structures, and associated fluid lines to prepare the fully integrated flight cryogenic stage. ISRO refers to the Chandrayaan-3 launch mission as LVM3-M4, indicating the fact that it is the fourth operational launch of the LVM3, which is India's heaviest and largest rocket. The maiden operational launch of LVM3 was Chandrayaan-2 in 2019 after the rocket flew on its second operational and maiden commercial mission in October 2022, ferrying 36 satellites for UK-based firm OneWeb. LVM3-M3, the third operational launch of LVM3, will be carried out for OneWeb in March 2023, following which the Chandryaan-3 will be carried out in the second half of this year or by early 2024. The Chandrayaan-3 flight will be the seventh launch mission of LVM3. As per ISRO's nomenclature, a brand-new rocket undergoes a handful of developmental flights (denoted by a 'D' prefix along with a launch number) and based on the successful outcome of those, the vehicle is declared operational and then performs routine missions (denoted by the 'M' prefix along with a launch number). The three-stage LVM3 rocket weighs close to 650 tons at lift-off and the vehicle is powered by solid, liquid and cryogenic fuels, in the same order. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

ISRO successfully test fires cryogenic engine that will help Chandryaan-3 begin journey to Moon

The latest test of India's existing cryogenic engine 'CE-20' adds more muscle to India's biggest and heaviest rocket, the LVM3 (earlier known as GSLV Mk3). The test has proven that the launch vehicle's payload capacity or ability to carry more cargo to space can be increased. &nbsp;

On request, an ISRO Official elaborated to WION about the major takeaways from the rocket engine test carried out by the Indian space agency on November 9.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The indigenously designed and developed LVM3 rocket has had a design load of carrying 4 tonnes to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and almost 10 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). However, the rocket has so far, in five launches to date, not flown with a full payload. &nbsp;

As the payload (satellite) is made for a certain purpose/mission, it would have a particular mass and it need not be as much as the entire carrying capacity of the rocket.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> announces successful test of the existing <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/indian?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#indian</a> CE20 Cryogenic <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/rocket?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#rocket</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/engine?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#engine</a> at higher-thrust of 21.8tons..This means, India's heaviest launcher LVM3 can lift more payload 
In a 1st, new Thrust Control Valve,3Dprinted parts used<a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Video?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Video</a> of recent CE20 test <a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://t.co/bqJeKn1Zpg">pic.twitter.com/bqJeKn1Zpg</a>
— Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) <a href="https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1590596000334630913?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 10, 2022</a></blockquote>
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In terms of the heaviest payloads carried by the LVM3 rocket, it had lifted 3.85 tonnes to GTO during Chandrayaan-2, India's second Lunar mission, and 5.8 tonnes to LEO, for the recent October-end commercial launch for 'OneWeb'. This means that the capability to lift more payload exists, but the vehicle has not yet had an opportunity to do so.&nbsp;&nbsp;

According to the ISRO Official, the latest test has further increased the design load of the LVM3 rocket. In layman's terms, the test has given ISRO the confidence to carry more payloads on LVM3 than the current limits. &nbsp;

"After this test, the design load of LVM3 to GTO is around 4.5 tonnes (up from 4 tons) and the design load to GTO is around 10.65 tonnes,” the ISRO official explained.&nbsp;&nbsp;

In terms of the engine being tested at a higher thrust, the official stated that it was good increase —-from the earlier 19 tonnes to 21.8 tonnes. The higher thrust is obtained by increasing the quantity of fuel being stored in the tanks and also by increasing the rate of flow of fuel to the engine. &nbsp;

"The propellant loading(fuel) was earlier 28 tonnes and now we are using 32 tonnes of fuel" the official added.&nbsp;&nbsp;

In order to increase the payload carrying capacity of the LVM3 rocket, ISRO is testing the CE-20 engine at higher thrusts and also working on developing a new Semi-cryogenic engine 'SC-120', which is meant to replace the existing L110 stage on the LVM3 rocket.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The&nbsp;GSLV&nbsp;Mk3&nbsp;rocket or LVM3&nbsp;is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid 'S200' strap-on motors (burns solid fuel), 'L110' core-stage liquid booster (burns a combination of liquid fuels) and a 'C25' cryogenic upper stage (burns liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen).&nbsp;

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The latest test of India's existing cryogenic engine 'CE-20' adds more muscle to India's biggest and heaviest rocket, the LVM3 (earlier known as GSLV Mk3). The test has proven that the launch vehicle's payload capacity or ability to carry more cargo to space can be increased.

The latest test of India's existing cryogenic engine 'CE-20' adds more muscle to India's biggest and heaviest rocket, the LVM3 (earlier known as GSLV Mk3). The test has proven that the launch vehicle's payload capacity or ability to carry more cargo to space can be increased. On request, an ISRO Official elaborated to WION about the major takeaways from the rocket engine test carried out by the Indian space agency on November 9. The indigenously designed and developed LVM3 rocket has had a design load of carrying 4 tonnes to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and almost 10 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). However, the rocket has so far, in five launches to date, not flown with a full payload. As the payload (satellite) is made for a certain purpose/mission, it would have a particular mass and it need not be as much as the entire carrying capacity of the rocket. #ISRO announces successful test of the existing #indian CE20 Cryogenic #rocket #engine at higher-thrust of 21.8tons..This means, India's heaviest launcher LVM3 can lift more payload In a 1st, new Thrust Control Valve,3Dprinted parts used@isro #Video of recent CE20 test @isro pic.twitter.com/bqJeKn1Zpg — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) November 10, 2022 × In terms of the heaviest payloads carried by the LVM3 rocket, it had lifted 3.85 tonnes to GTO during Chandrayaan-2, India's second Lunar mission, and 5.8 tonnes to LEO, for the recent October-end commercial launch for 'OneWeb'. This means that the capability to lift more payload exists, but the vehicle has not yet had an opportunity to do so. According to the ISRO Official, the latest test has further increased the design load of the LVM3 rocket. In layman's terms, the test has given ISRO the confidence to carry more payloads on LVM3 than the current limits. "After this test, the design load of LVM3 to GTO is around 4.5 tonnes (up from 4 tons) and the design load to GTO is around 10.65 tonnes,” the ISRO official explained. In terms of the engine being tested at a higher thrust, the official stated that it was good increase —-from the earlier 19 tonnes to 21.8 tonnes. The higher thrust is obtained by increasing the quantity of fuel being stored in the tanks and also by increasing the rate of flow of fuel to the engine. "The propellant loading(fuel) was earlier 28 tonnes and now we are using 32 tonnes of fuel" the official added. In order to increase the payload carrying capacity of the LVM3 rocket, ISRO is testing the CE-20 engine at higher thrusts and also working on developing a new Semi-cryogenic engine 'SC-120', which is meant to replace the existing L110 stage on the LVM3 rocket. The GSLV Mk3 rocket or LVM3 is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid 'S200' strap-on motors (burns solid fuel), 'L110' core-stage liquid booster (burns a combination of liquid fuels) and a 'C25' cryogenic upper stage (burns liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen). WATCH WION LIVE HERE:

ISRO’s LVM3 rocket gains more lifting power; here’s how much it can carry

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested the country's existing CE-20 Cryogenic engine at a higher thrust level of 21.9 tonnes.&nbsp;

What does it mean for ISRO?

This successful test means that this engine is capable of generating more thrust and can lift much more payload mass to space. The CE-20 engine forms the uppermost (third and final) engine on the LVM3 rocket, which by far is India's heaviest launch vehicle.

In simple terms, a rocket's thrust is the force that moves the vehicle through the air and through space. Thrust is generated by a propulsion system (rocket engine) based on the application of Newton's Third law: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction". The rocket engine generates thrust towards the ground and the rocket travels in the opposite direction (skywards).

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<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ISRO?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ISRO</a> announces successful test of the existing <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/indian?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#indian</a> CE20 Cryogenic <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/rocket?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#rocket</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/engine?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#engine</a> at higher-thrust of 21.8tons..This means, India's heaviest launcher LVM3 can lift more payload 
In a 1st, new Thrust Control Valve,3Dprinted parts used<a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Video?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Video</a> of recent CE20 test <a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://t.co/bqJeKn1Zpg">pic.twitter.com/bqJeKn1Zpg</a>
— Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) <a href="https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1590596000334630913?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">November 10, 2022</a></blockquote>
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LVM3 rocket can now carry 450kg of additional payload

According to ISRO, the indigenously developed CE20 Cryogenic engine has been subjected to a successful hot test (firing) at an uprated thrust level of 21.8tonne for the first time, on November 9th, 2022. The space agency also added that the LVM3 rocket can carry 450kg of additional payload, because of this new development in terms of enhanced thrust. Correspondingly, the rocket would have to carry more Cryogenic fuel of Liquid Hydrogen(LH2) and Oxidizer Liquid Oxygen (LOX) to power the Engine for the higher thrust requirements.&nbsp;

"The major modifications carried out on this test article(engine) compared to previous engines was the introduction of a Thrust Control Valve (TCV) for thrust control. In addition to this 3D printed LOX and LH2 turbine exhaust casings were inducted in the engine for the first time" ISRO said.&nbsp;

ALSO READ |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/explained-why-isro-again-test-fired-its-ce-20-cryogenic-engine-ahead-of-next-flight-in-2023-529783">Explained: Why ISRO again test-fired its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine, ahead of next flight in 2023</a>

During the test firing, the engine was first fired at nearly 20 tons of thrust for the first 40 seconds and then the thrust was increased to 21.8 tons, by moving the thrust control valve.&nbsp;

The GSLV Mk3 rocket or LVM3 is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-on motors(burns solid fuel), a core-stage liquid booster (burns a combination of liquid fuels), and a 'C25' cryogenic upper stage(burns liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen). LVM3 is designed to carry a 4-ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 8 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of its predecessor, the GSLV Mk II.

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The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested the country's existing CE-20 Cryogenic engine at a higher thrust level of 21.9 tonnes. What does it mean for ISRO?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested the country's existing CE-20 Cryogenic engine at a higher thrust level of 21.9 tonnes. What does it mean for ISRO? This successful test means that this engine is capable of generating more thrust and can lift much more payload mass to space. The CE-20 engine forms the uppermost (third and final) engine on the LVM3 rocket, which by far is India's heaviest launch vehicle. In simple terms, a rocket's thrust is the force that moves the vehicle through the air and through space. Thrust is generated by a propulsion system (rocket engine) based on the application of Newton's Third law: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction". The rocket engine generates thrust towards the ground and the rocket travels in the opposite direction (skywards). #ISRO announces successful test of the existing #indian CE20 Cryogenic #rocket #engine at higher-thrust of 21.8tons..This means, India's heaviest launcher LVM3 can lift more payload In a 1st, new Thrust Control Valve,3Dprinted parts used@isro #Video of recent CE20 test @isro pic.twitter.com/bqJeKn1Zpg — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) November 10, 2022 × LVM3 rocket can now carry 450kg of additional payload According to ISRO, the indigenously developed CE20 Cryogenic engine has been subjected to a successful hot test (firing) at an uprated thrust level of 21.8tonne for the first time, on November 9th, 2022. The space agency also added that the LVM3 rocket can carry 450kg of additional payload, because of this new development in terms of enhanced thrust. Correspondingly, the rocket would have to carry more Cryogenic fuel of Liquid Hydrogen(LH2) and Oxidizer Liquid Oxygen (LOX) to power the Engine for the higher thrust requirements. "The major modifications carried out on this test article(engine) compared to previous engines was the introduction of a Thrust Control Valve (TCV) for thrust control. In addition to this 3D printed LOX and LH2 turbine exhaust casings were inducted in the engine for the first time" ISRO said. ALSO READ | Explained: Why ISRO again test-fired its CE-20 Cryogenic Engine, ahead of next flight in 2023 During the test firing, the engine was first fired at nearly 20 tons of thrust for the first 40 seconds and then the thrust was increased to 21.8 tons, by moving the thrust control valve. The GSLV Mk3 rocket or LVM3 is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-on motors(burns solid fuel), a core-stage liquid booster (burns a combination of liquid fuels), and a 'C25' cryogenic upper stage(burns liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen). LVM3 is designed to carry a 4-ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 8 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of its predecessor, the GSLV Mk II. WATCH WION LIVE HERE You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here.

ISRO successfully tests Cryogenic engine with higher thrust, will boost lift capacity of LVM3 rocket

While the Indian Space agency ISRO had once orbited 104 satellites in a single PSLV rocket launch, the recent successful orbiting of 36 satellites using the LMV3(heaviest rocket), is a far more significant, sophisticated feat. While the PSLV is a tried and tested rocket that has been flying since 1993 and has done more than 50 missions(including multi-satellite injections) to date, the LVM3 is a relatively new rocket and has never injected more than one satellite into orbit. However, the LVM3 has had a record of delivering successes in all four(now five) flights.

The lead role for this 36-satellite mission was played by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC), which designs and develops the liquid-fuelled engines and related systems that power the second and third stages of the LVM3. Given that the injection of 36 satellites was a long process taking nearly 90minutes, certain additional manoeuvres had to be performed by the rocket's last stage(Cryogenic stage).&nbsp;

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3rd stage(C25cryo) of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/lvm3?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#lvm3</a> performed complex maneuvers to avoid 36 ejected satellites from colliding.. Onboard fuel was used in gaseous form(without burning) to provide thrust,control,movement,velocity.. This ensures sats never get dangerously close 
Chairman <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/isro?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#isro</a> tells me <a href="https://twitter.com/isro?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@isro</a> <a href="https://t.co/kSzGpdn0V3">pic.twitter.com/kSzGpdn0V3</a>
— Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) <a href="https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1585170189712527360?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 26, 2022</a></blockquote>
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Explaining the process, Dr Somanath, Chairman, ISRO told WION, "The satellite dispenser used for this LMV3/M2 mission is from the customer(OneWeb) and it has the heritage of launching 400 of their satellites, on other rockets. We interfaced their dispenser with our systems, sequencer and commanding system. Our rocket's(cryogenic) stage needed to do certain manoeuvres after reaching the designated orbit -rotate, move, appropriately to prevent the ejected satellites from hitting each other, for that there are complex manoeuvres".&nbsp;

He added that the 36 satellites were ejected in batches of four each and that the rocket stage performed the complex manoeuvres in space. "Using the stored Hydrogen gas and liquid oxygen available on board, without burning them, we are using it in gaseous form to provide thrust, control, movement, velocity etc. With this, we will do all the orientation to ensure that satellites move out and eventually, they never come(dangerously) close to each other" he elaborated.&nbsp;

In close coordination with OneWeb, whose satellites were being orbited, ISRO scientists performed calculations and analysis to ensure that the ejected satellites never come close to each other beyond a fixed distance. Given how Low Earth Orbits are getting increasingly populated with satellite constellations, it is important for such calculations to be carried out to ensure that the satellites don't come dangerously close to each other, even in the face of worst disturbances and perturbations.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

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While the Indian Space agency ISRO had once orbited 104 satellites in a single PSLV rocket launch, the recent successful orbiting of 36 satellites using the LMV3(heaviest rocket), is a far more significant, sophisticated feat.

While the Indian Space agency ISRO had once orbited 104 satellites in a single PSLV rocket launch, the recent successful orbiting of 36 satellites using the LMV3(heaviest rocket), is a far more significant, sophisticated feat. While the PSLV is a tried and tested rocket that has been flying since 1993 and has done more than 50 missions(including multi-satellite injections) to date, the LVM3 is a relatively new rocket and has never injected more than one satellite into orbit. However, the LVM3 has had a record of delivering successes in all four(now five) flights. The lead role for this 36-satellite mission was played by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC), which designs and develops the liquid-fuelled engines and related systems that power the second and third stages of the LVM3. Given that the injection of 36 satellites was a long process taking nearly 90minutes, certain additional manoeuvres had to be performed by the rocket's last stage(Cryogenic stage). 3rd stage(C25cryo) of #lvm3 performed complex maneuvers to avoid 36 ejected satellites from colliding.. Onboard fuel was used in gaseous form(without burning) to provide thrust,control,movement,velocity.. This ensures sats never get dangerously close Chairman #isro tells me @isro pic.twitter.com/kSzGpdn0V3 — Sidharth.M.P (@sdhrthmp) October 26, 2022 × Explaining the process, Dr Somanath, Chairman, ISRO told WION, "The satellite dispenser used for this LMV3/M2 mission is from the customer(OneWeb) and it has the heritage of launching 400 of their satellites, on other rockets. We interfaced their dispenser with our systems, sequencer and commanding system. Our rocket's(cryogenic) stage needed to do certain manoeuvres after reaching the designated orbit -rotate, move, appropriately to prevent the ejected satellites from hitting each other, for that there are complex manoeuvres". He added that the 36 satellites were ejected in batches of four each and that the rocket stage performed the complex manoeuvres in space. "Using the stored Hydrogen gas and liquid oxygen available on board, without burning them, we are using it in gaseous form to provide thrust, control, movement, velocity etc. With this, we will do all the orientation to ensure that satellites move out and eventually, they never come(dangerously) close to each other" he elaborated. In close coordination with OneWeb, whose satellites were being orbited, ISRO scientists performed calculations and analysis to ensure that the ejected satellites never come close to each other beyond a fixed distance. Given how Low Earth Orbits are getting increasingly populated with satellite constellations, it is important for such calculations to be carried out to ensure that the satellites don't come dangerously close to each other, even in the face of worst disturbances and perturbations.

How ISRO orbited 36 satellites in a single flight using its cryogenic engine, chairman explains

Indian President Droupadi Murmu&nbsp;inaugurated the Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICMF) of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, India's state-run aerospace and defence firm, in southern Bengaluru city on Tuesday.

“India is the sixth country in the world to have Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing capabilities. The glorious past of HAL and ISRO gives us an assurance that they will play a crucial role in the future,” she said.

Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai, ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanth and HAL Director C.B.Ananthakrishnan also took part in the event.&nbsp;

Cryogenic engines are sophisticated machines that burn liquefied gases (supercooled into liquid form) as fuel and oxidizer. Cryogenic engines use liquid oxygen (stored at -183 degrees Centigrade) as an oxidizer and liquid hydrogen (stored at -253 degrees Centigrade) as fuel.

ISRO chief Somanath said that India can emerge as a superpower in rocket technology only with the help of HAL, which has shown the ability to absorb complicated space technology with perfection.

ISRO, therefore, is confident that the entire rocket manufacturing will happen at HAL’s facility, he added.&nbsp;

Referring to Bengaluru as the ‘Space City’, Chief Minister Bommai said the state contributed to most of the space and defence related manufacturing activities in the country and the Karnataka government will continue to support the development of science and technology projects in the state to realise the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’(self-reliant India) vision.

This 4500sq meter facility will cater to the entire cryogenic rocket engine manufacturing needs of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

This facility has 70 high-tech equipment and testing apparatus for manufacturing CE20 Cryogenic engines and SE2000 cryogenic engines for Indian rockets.

The CE20 engines finds use in the final stage of the GSLV Mk3 rocket, while the SCE-2000 semi-cryogenic engine is meant to be used in the SC-120 rocket stage, which is being developed.&nbsp;

According to HAL, it was in 2013 that a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed with ISRO for establishing the facility for manufacturing of Cryogenic Engine modules at HAL, Aerospace Division.

The MOU for the Cryogenic Engine facility was subsequently amended in the year 2016 for setting up of Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICMF) with an investment of Rs.208 crores.

The aerospace firm added that the&nbsp;commissioning of all the critical equipment for the manufacturing and assembly requirement is completed. The pre-production activities which involve preparation of the process plans, drawings, quality plan etc. has also commenced. HAL will start realising the modules(engines) by March 2023&nbsp;

HAL Aerospace Division manufactures liquid propellant tanks and launch vehicle structures of Indian rockets PSLV, GSLV MK-II, GSLV Mk-III and also carries out stage integration for GSLV Mk-II.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Indian President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICMF) of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, India's state-run aerospace and defence firm, in southern Bengaluru city on Tuesday.

Indian President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICMF) of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, India's state-run aerospace and defence firm, in southern Bengaluru city on Tuesday. “India is the sixth country in the world to have Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing capabilities. The glorious past of HAL and ISRO gives us an assurance that they will play a crucial role in the future,” she said. Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai, ISRO Chairman Dr. S.Somanth and HAL Director C.B.Ananthakrishnan also took part in the event. Cryogenic engines are sophisticated machines that burn liquefied gases (supercooled into liquid form) as fuel and oxidizer. Cryogenic engines use liquid oxygen (stored at -183 degrees Centigrade) as an oxidizer and liquid hydrogen (stored at -253 degrees Centigrade) as fuel. ISRO chief Somanath said that India can emerge as a superpower in rocket technology only with the help of HAL, which has shown the ability to absorb complicated space technology with perfection. ISRO, therefore, is confident that the entire rocket manufacturing will happen at HAL’s facility, he added. Referring to Bengaluru as the ‘Space City’, Chief Minister Bommai said the state contributed to most of the space and defence related manufacturing activities in the country and the Karnataka government will continue to support the development of science and technology projects in the state to realise the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’(self-reliant India) vision. This 4500sq meter facility will cater to the entire cryogenic rocket engine manufacturing needs of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). This facility has 70 high-tech equipment and testing apparatus for manufacturing CE20 Cryogenic engines and SE2000 cryogenic engines for Indian rockets. The CE20 engines finds use in the final stage of the GSLV Mk3 rocket, while the SCE-2000 semi-cryogenic engine is meant to be used in the SC-120 rocket stage, which is being developed. According to HAL, it was in 2013 that a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed with ISRO for establishing the facility for manufacturing of Cryogenic Engine modules at HAL, Aerospace Division. The MOU for the Cryogenic Engine facility was subsequently amended in the year 2016 for setting up of Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICMF) with an investment of Rs.208 crores. The aerospace firm added that the commissioning of all the critical equipment for the manufacturing and assembly requirement is completed. The pre-production activities which involve preparation of the process plans, drawings, quality plan etc. has also commenced. HAL will start realising the modules(engines) by March 2023 HAL Aerospace Division manufactures liquid propellant tanks and launch vehicle structures of Indian rockets PSLV, GSLV MK-II, GSLV Mk-III and also carries out stage integration for GSLV Mk-II.

Indian President Murmu inaugurates HAL's new manufacturing facility to build cryogenic engines

On the occasion of the birth anniversary of Prof. Satish Dhawan, a pioneer who spearheaded ISRO's efforts as the organisation’s second Chairman, an Indian space startup has unveiled their indigenously developed cryogenic engine - Dhawan-I. This cryogenic engine is meant to fuel the upper stage of their rocket Vikram -II.

The company, Skyroot Aerospace has already tested a solid-fueled engine, but the cryogenic engine is even more significant because of the extreme complexity in the technology and the handling of its fuels. A cryogenic engine uses liquid fuel and an oxidizer that is maintained at extremely cold temperatures. Cryogenic is a generic term that can be used to describe temperatures below -150 degrees Celsius. Such engines are used in the uppermost stages of rockets, which are used for propulsion in space.&nbsp;

Also read |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/with-isro-assistance-indias-skyroot-aerospace-aims-maiden-rocket-launch-by-dec-2021-320835">With ISRO assistance, India’s Skyroot Aerospace aims maiden rocket launch by Dec-2021</a>

A typical rocket consists of two or more stages, each of which would have its own engines(either single or packed in a cluster). Simply put, a rocket is a combination of multiple engines(stages) that are vertically stacked.&nbsp;Skyroot Aerospace has revealed that their cryogenic engine would be powered by Liquid Natural gas as fuel(LNG) &amp; Liquid Oxygen as oxidizer (LoX).&nbsp;

“This engine is India’s first fully Cryogenic engine running on futuristic fuel LNG,” said V. Gnanagandhi an ex-ISRO scientist &amp; Padmashri awardee who is the Sr. Vice President at Skyroot, leading their Cryogenic propulsion team.

It is said that LNG being used comprises of over 90% methane gas, thus making it a clean-burning, low-cost, highly re-usable field which is suited for long-duration space missions.&nbsp;

Pawan Kumar Chandana, CEO of Skyroot Aerospace says that their team has successfully completed many tests to check the fuel flow and structural integrity. He added that they were building a dedicated test facility for hot-fire testing of this engine.&nbsp;

“Dhawan-I is a 100% 3D Printed cryogenic engine with regenerative cooling,” says Naga Bharath Daka, COO. Regenerative cooling refers to a configuration where, some or all of the propellant is passed through tubes, channels, or in a jacket around the combustion chamber or nozzle to cool the engine. This is effective because the fuel (and sometimes the oxidizer) are good coolants. The heated propellant is then fed into a special gas generator or injected directly into the main combustion chamber.

While the company has successfully tested the upper-most stage engine of its first rocket Vikram-I, the initial stage engines of Vikram-I are being manufactured. If all goes well, the company is looking forward to a maiden launch of Vikram-I by December 2021, with the support and guidance of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The cryogenic engine won’t see action in Vikram-I and is meant for their bigger rocket Vikram-II.&nbsp;

In terms of payload capacity, Vikram I is meant to lift 225 kg to 500 km Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO) and 315 kg to 45º inclination 500 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Vikram II is designed for 410 kg to 500 km SSPO and 520 kg to 45º inclination 500 km LEO. In the case of Vikram III, we are looking at 580 kg to 500 km SSPO and 720 kg to 45º inclination 500 km LEO.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

On the occasion of the birth anniversary of Prof. Satish Dhawan, a pioneer who spearheaded ISRO's efforts as the organisation’s second Chairman, an Indian space startup has unveiled their indigenously developed cryogenic engine - Dhawan-I.

On the occasion of the birth anniversary of Prof. Satish Dhawan, a pioneer who spearheaded ISRO's efforts as the organisation’s second Chairman, an Indian space startup has unveiled their indigenously developed cryogenic engine - Dhawan-I. This cryogenic engine is meant to fuel the upper stage of their rocket Vikram -II. The company, Skyroot Aerospace has already tested a solid-fueled engine, but the cryogenic engine is even more significant because of the extreme complexity in the technology and the handling of its fuels. A cryogenic engine uses liquid fuel and an oxidizer that is maintained at extremely cold temperatures. Cryogenic is a generic term that can be used to describe temperatures below -150 degrees Celsius. Such engines are used in the uppermost stages of rockets, which are used for propulsion in space. Also read | With ISRO assistance, India’s Skyroot Aerospace aims maiden rocket launch by Dec-2021 A typical rocket consists of two or more stages, each of which would have its own engines(either single or packed in a cluster). Simply put, a rocket is a combination of multiple engines(stages) that are vertically stacked. Skyroot Aerospace has revealed that their cryogenic engine would be powered by Liquid Natural gas as fuel(LNG) & Liquid Oxygen as oxidizer (LoX). “This engine is India’s first fully Cryogenic engine running on futuristic fuel LNG,” said V. Gnanagandhi an ex-ISRO scientist & Padmashri awardee who is the Sr. Vice President at Skyroot, leading their Cryogenic propulsion team. It is said that LNG being used comprises of over 90% methane gas, thus making it a clean-burning, low-cost, highly re-usable field which is suited for long-duration space missions. Pawan Kumar Chandana, CEO of Skyroot Aerospace says that their team has successfully completed many tests to check the fuel flow and structural integrity. He added that they were building a dedicated test facility for hot-fire testing of this engine. “Dhawan-I is a 100% 3D Printed cryogenic engine with regenerative cooling,” says Naga Bharath Daka, COO. Regenerative cooling refers to a configuration where, some or all of the propellant is passed through tubes, channels, or in a jacket around the combustion chamber or nozzle to cool the engine. This is effective because the fuel (and sometimes the oxidizer) are good coolants. The heated propellant is then fed into a special gas generator or injected directly into the main combustion chamber. While the company has successfully tested the upper-most stage engine of its first rocket Vikram-I, the initial stage engines of Vikram-I are being manufactured. If all goes well, the company is looking forward to a maiden launch of Vikram-I by December 2021, with the support and guidance of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The cryogenic engine won’t see action in Vikram-I and is meant for their bigger rocket Vikram-II. In terms of payload capacity, Vikram I is meant to lift 225 kg to 500 km Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO) and 315 kg to 45º inclination 500 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Vikram II is designed for 410 kg to 500 km SSPO and 520 kg to 45º inclination 500 km LEO. In the case of Vikram III, we are looking at 580 kg to 500 km SSPO and 720 kg to 45º inclination 500 km LEO.

Space startup unveils India’s first privately developed Cryogenic Rocket engine

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