A new tariff refund system has officially gone live in the United States, allowing companies to recover billions. The rollout has triggered a surge in filings, with thousands of businesses rushing to submit claims on day one.

The policy stems from tariff measures introduced under Donald Trump, many of which are now being challenged. Companies like Basic Fun report early technical glitches, including upload failures, though the system has largely held up under heavy demand.

US To Pay Billions In Tariff Refunds: Thousands of Companies Rush to File Claims 

Donald Trump’s net worth has fallen by $1.1 billion, dropping from $7.3B to $6.2B, as the value of his crypto-linked business ventures collapses. Shares of Trump Media and Technology Group, trading under ticker DJT, have plunged to $10.18, down more than 76% from January’s $43.31 peak. The downturn coincides with major losses in Trump-connected cryptocurrency projects, including World Liberty Financial ($WLFI). The token has dropped from $0.31 at launch to $0.158, cutting billions from the project’s paper valuation. Yet while retail investors and Trump supporters have suffered steep losses, the Trump family retained 22.5 billion tokens through DT Marks DEFI LLC and continues to control nearly 115 million DJT shares held in a trust.


Trump Lost $1.1 Billion in Crypto Crash, but Supporters Lost More | Explained

India Is Undergoing A High-Stakes Digital Transformation, With States Competing To Become The Nation’s Leading AI Hub. In A Major Boost, Google Has Announced A $15 Billion Investment In Visakhapatnam — Its Biggest Project In Asia. What Does This Mean For India’s AI Ambitions And The Global Tech Landscape? Watch This Video To Find Out More.

Google to Invest $15 Billion in Visakhapatnam, Biggest in Asia

Scientists have now found new fossil records which tell us something about the animal kingdom and its existence on Earth which remained hidden for 2.1 billion years.&nbsp;

In the new study of fossils, scientists stumbled upon the mould-like unicellular organism, who were identified to be all complex life's common ancestor on Earth and is likely to have existed a billion years ago than what was earlier estimated.

Till now, it was believed that animals first came into existence on Earth around 1.5 billion years ago.&nbsp;

Also Read: <a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/sun-is-slowly-penetrating-and-changing-earths-core-heres-how-743956">Sun is slowly penetrating and changing Earth's core. Here's how</a>

However, a team of scientists from Cardiff University found that the evidence of the ecosystem had been present in the Franceville Basin near Gabon on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa more than 1.5 billion years earlier.

The study, which was presented in Precambrian Research, spoke about a volcanic activity which is likely to have happened underwater after the collision of two continents and led to the creation of a nutrient-rich 'laboratory' which became the base for the earliest experiments that led to complex biological evolution.&nbsp;

The paper, which was titled "Hydrothermal seawater eutrophication triggered local macrobiological experimentation in the 2100 Ma Paleoproterozoic Francevillian sub-basin."

<h2>Which organism came into existence first on Earth?</h2>

The microbial bacteria without a nucleus were identified to have existed 3.7 billion years ago which challenged the theory that animal organisms started existing 635 million years ago.&nbsp;

Speaking to BBC News, Cardiff University’s professor Ernest Chi said, “We’re saying, look, there’s fossils here, there’s oxygen, it’s stimulated the appearance of the first complex living organisms.”

“We see the same process as in the Cambrian period, 635 million years ago — it helps back that up. It helps us understand ultimately where we have all come from,” he added.

Watch:&nbsp;Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earth-slows-down-by-133-milliseconds-741345/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

"The availability of phosphorus in the environment is thought to be a key component in the evolution of life on Earth, especially in the transition from simple single-cell organisms to complex organisms like animals and plants," he further said.&nbsp;

"We already know that increases in marine phosphorus and seawater oxygen concentrations are linked to an episode of biological evolution around 635 million years ago. Our study adds another, much earlier episode into the record, 2.1 billion years ago," Chi said.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

Scientists have now found new fossil records which tell us something about the animal kingdom and its existence on Earth which remained hidden for 2.1 billion years.

Scientists have now found new fossil records which tell us something about the animal kingdom and its existence on Earth which remained hidden for 2.1 billion years. In the new study of fossils, scientists stumbled upon the mould-like unicellular organism, who were identified to be all complex life's common ancestor on Earth and is likely to have existed a billion years ago than what was earlier estimated. Till now, it was believed that animals first came into existence on Earth around 1.5 billion years ago. Also Read: Sun is slowly penetrating and changing Earth's core. Here's how However, a team of scientists from Cardiff University found that the evidence of the ecosystem had been present in the Franceville Basin near Gabon on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa more than 1.5 billion years earlier. The study, which was presented in Precambrian Research, spoke about a volcanic activity which is likely to have happened underwater after the collision of two continents and led to the creation of a nutrient-rich 'laboratory' which became the base for the earliest experiments that led to complex biological evolution. The paper, which was titled "Hydrothermal seawater eutrophication triggered local macrobiological experimentation in the 2100 Ma Paleoproterozoic Francevillian sub-basin." Which organism came into existence first on Earth? The microbial bacteria without a nucleus were identified to have existed 3.7 billion years ago which challenged the theory that animal organisms started existing 635 million years ago. Speaking to BBC News, Cardiff University’s professor Ernest Chi said, “We’re saying, look, there’s fossils here, there’s oxygen, it’s stimulated the appearance of the first complex living organisms.” “We see the same process as in the Cambrian period, 635 million years ago — it helps back that up. It helps us understand ultimately where we have all come from,” he added. Watch: Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds "The availability of phosphorus in the environment is thought to be a key component in the evolution of life on Earth, especially in the transition from simple single-cell organisms to complex organisms like animals and plants," he further said. "We already know that increases in marine phosphorus and seawater oxygen concentrations are linked to an episode of biological evolution around 635 million years ago. Our study adds another, much earlier episode into the record, 2.1 billion years ago," Chi said. (With inputs from agencies)

THESE animals first came into existence on Earth not 1.5bn years ago but...

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research.&nbsp;

The new study states that plate tectonics began more than 4 billion years ago, which was not long before the planet got formed 4.5 billion years ago.&nbsp;

At this time, Earth was in the Hadean era when it was a fresh planet and very hot and had an ammonia-and-methane atmosphere. The atmosphere had enough water in it which later condensed into a planet-wide ocean.&nbsp;

In this era, Earth slowly cooled down and a solid outer crust was created. The crust was shaped by the tectonic plates' grinding movements.&nbsp;

Earlier, the researchers said that plate tectonics started in the Hadean, once the crust cooled down.

Also Read:<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/strictly-speaking-earth-is-not-revolving-around-the-sun-currently-heres-what-it-means-740359">&nbsp;Strictly speaking, Earth is not revolving around the Sun currently. Here's what it means</a>

Meanwhile, others believed that plate tectonics began around 3.2 billion years ago when some key changes took place in the makeup of the crust, as revealed by geochemistry.&nbsp;

However, some argue that the phenomenon is recent and its modern form evolved in the last couple of billion years.&nbsp;

<h2>Here's how crystals helped determine when plate tectonics started</h2>

Scientists have faced difficulty in deciding when plate tectonics started since there are no surviving rocks which are more than 4 billion years old.&nbsp;

The only way to determine this is by analysing tiny, tough crystals known as zircon, which date back to 4.4 billion years.&nbsp;

A subset of these crystals, which are known as S-type zircons, can help in understanding plate tectonics.&nbsp;

Watch:&nbsp;Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds

<div class="videoWrapper trancodeVideo"><iframe allowfullscreen="" autoplay="1" class="includeVideo" frameborder="0" height="350" src="https://www.wionews.com/videos/earth-slows-down-by-133-milliseconds-741345/embed" style="width:100%;max-width:560px;" width="560"></iframe></div>

These zircons are crystals and are formed in sedimentary rocks on land. They are pushed by tectonics into the mantle and re-emerge like metamorphic granites.&nbsp;

In the latest research which was published in the journal&nbsp;PNAS, a machine-learning model was used by the researchers to understand these S-type zircons. &nbsp;

The data collected from 300 zircons was first fed by the scientists and then the ability of the model was tested to determine whether 74 more zircons were S-type or not.&nbsp;

In the results, it was found that 35 per cent of the Jack Hills zircons were S-type. A few of these were found dating back to 4.2 billion years ago. This hinted that plate tectonics was moving rocks from the crust to the mantle and again back to the crust during the Hadean.

(With inputs from agencies)

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research.

The plate tectonics - which leads to splitting of the continents, creates mountains and leads to earthquakes - is likely to have started when Earth was very young, according to new research. The new study states that plate tectonics began more than 4 billion years ago, which was not long before the planet got formed 4.5 billion years ago. At this time, Earth was in the Hadean era when it was a fresh planet and very hot and had an ammonia-and-methane atmosphere. The atmosphere had enough water in it which later condensed into a planet-wide ocean. In this era, Earth slowly cooled down and a solid outer crust was created. The crust was shaped by the tectonic plates' grinding movements. Earlier, the researchers said that plate tectonics started in the Hadean, once the crust cooled down. Also Read: Strictly speaking, Earth is not revolving around the Sun currently. Here's what it means Meanwhile, others believed that plate tectonics began around 3.2 billion years ago when some key changes took place in the makeup of the crust, as revealed by geochemistry. However, some argue that the phenomenon is recent and its modern form evolved in the last couple of billion years. Here's how crystals helped determine when plate tectonics started Scientists have faced difficulty in deciding when plate tectonics started since there are no surviving rocks which are more than 4 billion years old. The only way to determine this is by analysing tiny, tough crystals known as zircon, which date back to 4.4 billion years. A subset of these crystals, which are known as S-type zircons, can help in understanding plate tectonics. Watch: Earth slows down by 1.33 milliseconds These zircons are crystals and are formed in sedimentary rocks on land. They are pushed by tectonics into the mantle and re-emerge like metamorphic granites. In the latest research which was published in the journal PNAS, a machine-learning model was used by the researchers to understand these S-type zircons. The data collected from 300 zircons was first fed by the scientists and then the ability of the model was tested to determine whether 74 more zircons were S-type or not. In the results, it was found that 35 per cent of the Jack Hills zircons were S-type. A few of these were found dating back to 4.2 billion years ago. This hinted that plate tectonics was moving rocks from the crust to the mantle and again back to the crust during the Hadean. (With inputs from agencies)

Earth's crust took shape as plate tectonics started 4 billion years ago: study

Scientists in new research found a piece of rock which is likely to hold the answers to the mysteries of our planet and tell the world about its uniqueness. The researchers stumbled upon a part of the Earth’s crust which is likely to have been hidden for more than 3 billion years in Northern Europe’s oldest mountains in Finland.

Scientists in new research found a piece of rock which is likely to hold the answers to the mysteries of our planet and tell the world about its uniqueness. The researchers stumbled upon a part of the Earth’s crust which is likely to have been hidden for more than 3 billion years in Northern Europe’s oldest mountains in Finland. The discovery emphasises the formation of the continent and even suggests that the birth of Denmark and Scandinavia actually took place some 3.75 billion years ago in Greenland. “Our data suggest that the oldest part of Earth’s crust beneath Scandinavia originates in Greenland and is about 250 million years older than we previously thought,” said Professor Tod Waight, who is a geologist at the University of Copenhagen, in a statement. The traces of the ancient crust were first found in the mineral zircon by Waight and his colleagues and then its chemical fingerprint matched with some of the oldest rocks on the planet which were found in West Greenland. “The zircon crystals we found in river sand and rocks from Finland have signatures that point towards them being much older than anything ever found in Scandinavia while matching the age of Greenlandic rock sample,” said researcher Andreas Petersson, who was part of the study. “At the same time, the results of three independent isotope analyses confirm that Scandinavia’s bedrock was most likely linked to Greenland," he added. Also Read: Delving deep: Earth's crust holds more water than its ice caps, reveals study Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark sit above a section of the Earth’s crust which is called the Fennoscandian Shield, or the Baltic Shield. According to the scientists, this shield got detached from Greenland as a “seed” and moved for hundreds of millions of years till it “took root” where Finland exists today. The plate continued to develop here as new geological material accumulated near it and it slowly became Scandinavia. Earth existed like a watery planet when the crust got detached: Study The study emphasises that when the crust got detached from Greenland, the planet was very different from what it looks now. “Earth was probably a watery planet, like in the movie Waterworld, but without any oxygen in the atmosphere and without emergent crust,” said Prof Waight. “But, because that’s so far back in time, we can’t really be sure about what it actually looked like," he added. Watch: Melting polar ice is slowing earth's rotation As per his team, Earth stands out from its galactic neighbours because of the continental crust which is composed of granite. “This is unique in our solar system,” Petersson said. “And, evidence of liquid water and a granite crust are key factors when trying to identify habitable exoplanets and the possibility of life beyond Earth," he added. (With inputs from agencies)

A hidden Earth's crust suggests Scandinavia was born some 3.75 billion years ago in Greenland

Life on Earth might have originated from hot springs billions of years ago. According to a study published in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment, key molecules required to produce life consist of inorganic materials, essential to understanding the formation of the first living systems on our planet.

Life on Earth might have originated from hot springs billions of years ago. According to a study published in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment, key molecules required to produce life consist of inorganic materials, essential to understanding the formation of the first living systems on our planet. Researchers at Newcastle University studied how the earliest life on Earth emerged from inert geological materials more than 3.5 billion years ago. They mixed hydrogen, bicarbonate and iron-rich magnetite under conditions resembling hot springs or mild hydrothermal vents. The reaction produced a spectrum of organic molecules, notably fatty acids up to 18 carbon atoms in length. The study, funded by the United Kingdom's Natural Environmental Research Council, highlights how organic molecules needed to create life come from inorganic molecules. Lead author Dr Graham Purvis said, "Central to life's inception are cellular compartments, crucial for isolating internal chemistry from the external environment. These compartments were instrumental in fostering life-sustaining reactions by concentrating chemicals and facilitating energy production, potentially serving as the cornerstone of life's earliest moments." ALSO READ | Sex-chromosome syndromes existed even 5,000 years ago, ancient DNA study reveals According to the study, fatty acids (long organic molecules) might have formed in hydrothermal vents after hot water containing hydrogen-rich fluids from underwater vents combined with seawater infused with carbon dioxide. The results show that the combination of hydrogen-rich fluids from alkaline hydrothermal vents with bicarbonate-rich water on iron-based minerals formed the primal membranes of early cells at the very beginning of life. This reaction might have given rise to various types of membranes, some of which played a crucial part in the primary stages of the formation of life on Earth. The study also suggests that the process might have contributed to the genesis of specific acids in the elemental composition of meteorites. Principal Investigator Dr Jon Telling of the School of Natural Environmental Sciences said, "We think that this research may provide the first step in how life originated on our planet. Research in our laboratory now continues determining the second crucial step; how these organic molecules which are initially 'stuck' to the mineral surfaces can lift off to form spherical membrane-bounded cell-like compartments; the first potential 'protocells' that went on to create the first cellular life." Furthermore, the researchers also suggest that similar processes might be occurring in the oceans or under the surfaces of icy moons in our solar systems. It also increases the probability of alternative life origins in distant worlds. (With inputs from agencies)

Hot springs served as catalyst for life on Earth billions of years ago, study finds

Researchers warned on Monday (May 22) that more than a fifth of the human population will face extreme and probably life-threatening heat by 2100 if current policies to limit global warming continue. The report was published in the journal Nature Sustainability, reported AFP.

According to the report, the countries with the most people at risk are India (600 million), Nigeria (300 million), Indonesia (100 million), the Philippines and Pakistan (80 million each).

"That's a profound reshaping of the habitability of the surface of the planet, and could lead potentially to the large-scale reorganisation of where people live," said lead author Tim Lenton, director of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter.

The findings underlined the immediate need to take steps in order to cap global warming at 1.5C. It said that doing so would sharply reduce the number of those at risk. The number would fall to half a billion. This will be around five&nbsp;per cent of the projected 9.5 billion global population.

Just under 1.2C of warming, to date, has already amplified the intensity or duration of heatwaves, droughts and wildfires beyond what could have occurred minus the carbon pollution generated by burning fossil fuels and forests. The last eight years were the hottest on record.

"The costs of global warming are often expressed in financial terms, but our study highlights the phenomenal human cost of failing to tackle the climate emergency," said Lenton.

"For every 0.1C of warming above present levels, about 140 million more people will be exposed to dangerous heat."

<h2>The threshold for 'dangerous heat'</h2>

The new findings have found the threshold for 'dangerous heat'. The report says that it is at a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 29C.

Historically, human settlements have been densest around two MATs. 13C when it comes to temperate zones and 27C in more tropical climes.

Global warming is pushing up the thermostat everywhere, but the risk of tipping into lethal heat is clearly higher in regions already close to the 29C red line.

Studies have reportedly shown that sustained high temperatures at or beyond this threshold have strong links to greater mortality, and reduced productivity of labour and crop yields. This also increases the likelihood of more conflict and infectious diseases.

As recently as 40 years ago, only 12 million people worldwide were exposed to such extremes.&nbsp;

That number has today increased five-fold, and will climb ever more steeply in the coming decades, the study found.&nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)

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Researchers warned on Monday (May 22) that more than a fifth of the human population will face extreme and probably life-threatening heat by 2100 if current policies to limit global warming continue.

Researchers warned on Monday (May 22) that more than a fifth of the human population will face extreme and probably life-threatening heat by 2100 if current policies to limit global warming continue. The report was published in the journal Nature Sustainability, reported AFP. According to the report, the countries with the most people at risk are India (600 million), Nigeria (300 million), Indonesia (100 million), the Philippines and Pakistan (80 million each). "That's a profound reshaping of the habitability of the surface of the planet, and could lead potentially to the large-scale reorganisation of where people live," said lead author Tim Lenton, director of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter. The findings underlined the immediate need to take steps in order to cap global warming at 1.5C. It said that doing so would sharply reduce the number of those at risk. The number would fall to half a billion. This will be around five per cent of the projected 9.5 billion global population. Just under 1.2C of warming, to date, has already amplified the intensity or duration of heatwaves, droughts and wildfires beyond what could have occurred minus the carbon pollution generated by burning fossil fuels and forests. The last eight years were the hottest on record. "The costs of global warming are often expressed in financial terms, but our study highlights the phenomenal human cost of failing to tackle the climate emergency," said Lenton. "For every 0.1C of warming above present levels, about 140 million more people will be exposed to dangerous heat." The threshold for 'dangerous heat' The new findings have found the threshold for 'dangerous heat'. The report says that it is at a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 29C. Historically, human settlements have been densest around two MATs. 13C when it comes to temperate zones and 27C in more tropical climes. Global warming is pushing up the thermostat everywhere, but the risk of tipping into lethal heat is clearly higher in regions already close to the 29C red line. Studies have reportedly shown that sustained high temperatures at or beyond this threshold have strong links to greater mortality, and reduced productivity of labour and crop yields. This also increases the likelihood of more conflict and infectious diseases. As recently as 40 years ago, only 12 million people worldwide were exposed to such extremes. That number has today increased five-fold, and will climb ever more steeply in the coming decades, the study found. (With inputs from agencies) You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE ×

'Dangerous heat' set to affect billions by 2100: Study

On Monday, Microsoft announced its multi-billion investment in OpenAI, the research lab which recently created ChatGPT, a much-talked-about artificial intelligence chatbot that has raised concerns about enabling cheating in universities and schools.&nbsp;

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella tweeted a company blog in which the tech giant made the announcement of making a "multiyear, multibillion dollar investment to accelerate AI breakthroughs" which would be "broadly shared with the world".

ChatGPT, the chatbot of OpenAI, became a sensation on the internet after it was released in November without any warning, allowing users to experiment with the abilities of the chatbot in writing articles, poems, essays and computer code in a few seconds.

ALSO READ | <a href="https://www.wionews.com/business-economy/microsoft-to-start-laying-off-employees-from-today-report-553642">Microsoft to fire 10,000 people as tech layoffs intensify</a>

The ability of ChatGPT alarmed the teachers as it was banned in schools and universities and also started debates over its impact on office work in the near future.&nbsp;

OpenAI, the California-based research lab, also created DALL-E which is a programme that can draw illustrations and digital images swiftly.&nbsp;

Microsoft made the announcement of the deal less than a week after it declared that 10,000 employees will be laid off in the weeks ahead and investment will be redirected to new priorities like AI.&nbsp;

The statement released by Microsoft said that OpenAI's models will be deployed by the company "across our consumer and enterprise products".&nbsp;

WATCH | World Business Watch: Microsoft to expand access to OpenAI, brings in more users

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The announcement indicates the intention of Microsoft to include technology used in DALL-E and ChatGPT into its software products like the search engine Bing and Office apps of the company.

"With ChatGPT being one of the most innovative AI technologies seen in the industry, Microsoft is clearly being aggressive on this front and not going to be left behind on what could be a potential game changing AI investment," said analyst Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, in a note.

(With inputs from agencies)

You can&nbsp;now write for wionews.com&nbsp;and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/content-contribution-registration-form">here</a>.

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On Monday, Microsoft announced its multi-billion investment in OpenAI, the research lab which recently created ChatGPT, a much-talked-about artificial intelligence chatbot that has raised concerns about enabling cheating in universities and schools.

On Monday, Microsoft announced its multi-billion investment in OpenAI, the research lab which recently created ChatGPT, a much-talked-about artificial intelligence chatbot that has raised concerns about enabling cheating in universities and schools. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella tweeted a company blog in which the tech giant made the announcement of making a "multiyear, multibillion dollar investment to accelerate AI breakthroughs" which would be "broadly shared with the world". ChatGPT, the chatbot of OpenAI, became a sensation on the internet after it was released in November without any warning, allowing users to experiment with the abilities of the chatbot in writing articles, poems, essays and computer code in a few seconds. ALSO READ | Microsoft to fire 10,000 people as tech layoffs intensify The ability of ChatGPT alarmed the teachers as it was banned in schools and universities and also started debates over its impact on office work in the near future. OpenAI, the California-based research lab, also created DALL-E which is a programme that can draw illustrations and digital images swiftly. Microsoft made the announcement of the deal less than a week after it declared that 10,000 employees will be laid off in the weeks ahead and investment will be redirected to new priorities like AI. The statement released by Microsoft said that OpenAI's models will be deployed by the company "across our consumer and enterprise products". WATCH | World Business Watch: Microsoft to expand access to OpenAI, brings in more users The announcement indicates the intention of Microsoft to include technology used in DALL-E and ChatGPT into its software products like the search engine Bing and Office apps of the company. "With ChatGPT being one of the most innovative AI technologies seen in the industry, Microsoft is clearly being aggressive on this front and not going to be left behind on what could be a potential game changing AI investment," said analyst Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, in a note. (With inputs from agencies) You can now write for wionews.com and be a part of the community. Share your stories and opinions with us here. WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Microsoft confirms deal with ChatGPT creator OpenAI worth billions

Walmart Inc. and other PhonePe shareholders could have to pay nearly USD 1 billion in tax for shifting its headquarters from Singapore to India. Watch this video to know more.

World Business Watch: Walmart gets $1 billion tax bill for relocating PhonePe headquarters to India

It was a year of many ups and downs for Elon Musk. Apart from being the Tesla Chief and the Twitter CEO, the man has been in the news throughout 2022 and now he's become the first person in history to lose 200 billion dollars.

US: Elon Musk loses $200 billion in a year, entered 2022 with $340 billion

Cash filled suitcases were seized at the border in the UK. Seized money is suspected from COVID 'bounce back loans'. Watch this report to know more.

How did the UK government lose billions in loans? Cash filled suitcases seized at the border

If a new study could be believed, Moon's surface has enough oxygen to keep billions&nbsp;of people alive for around 100,000 years.

Moon's regolith is made up of approximately 45 per cent oxygen. The regolith is easily accessible on the surface of the satellite. &nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/third-of-human-population-to-be-displaced-if-climate-change-not-curbed-427759" hreflang="en">Third of human population to be displaced if climate change not curbed</a>

Around one cubic meter of lunar regolith contains 1.4 tonnes of minerals on average. It includes about 630 kg oxygen.&nbsp;&nbsp;

As per NASA, humans need to breathe about 800 grams of oxygen in a day to survive. So, 630 kg oxygen can keep a person alive for around two years. &nbsp;

If the average depth of regolith on the Moon is about 10 meters, then all of the oxygen can be extracted from it. In a nutshell, the top 10 meters of the Moon's surface can provide enough oxygen to support 8 billion people on Earth for around 100,000 years. &nbsp;

Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wionews.com/science/astronomers-offer-hint-on-how-suns-death-might-unfold-428057" hreflang="en">Astronomers offer hint on how Sun's death might unfold</a>

It also depends on how effectively we can extract and use the oxygen. &nbsp;&nbsp;

The Moon has an atmosphere, but it's very thin and composed mostly of hydrogen, neon, and argon. It cannot sustain oxygen-dependent mammals, such as humans. But there is actually plenty of oxygen on the Moon but not in a gaseous form. It's trapped inside regolith, the layer of rock and fine dust that covers the Moon's surface. &nbsp;

(With inputs from agencies)&nbsp;

If a new study could be believed, Moon's surface has enough oxygen to keep billions of people alive for around 100,000 years. Moon's regolith is made up of approximately 45 per cent oxygen.

If a new study could be believed, Moon's surface has enough oxygen to keep billions of people alive for around 100,000 years. Moon's regolith is made up of approximately 45 per cent oxygen. The regolith is easily accessible on the surface of the satellite. Also Read: Third of human population to be displaced if climate change not curbed Around one cubic meter of lunar regolith contains 1.4 tonnes of minerals on average. It includes about 630 kg oxygen. As per NASA, humans need to breathe about 800 grams of oxygen in a day to survive. So, 630 kg oxygen can keep a person alive for around two years. If the average depth of regolith on the Moon is about 10 meters, then all of the oxygen can be extracted from it. In a nutshell, the top 10 meters of the Moon's surface can provide enough oxygen to support 8 billion people on Earth for around 100,000 years. Also Read: Astronomers offer hint on how Sun's death might unfold It also depends on how effectively we can extract and use the oxygen. The Moon has an atmosphere, but it's very thin and composed mostly of hydrogen, neon, and argon. It cannot sustain oxygen-dependent mammals, such as humans. But there is actually plenty of oxygen on the Moon but not in a gaseous form. It's trapped inside regolith, the layer of rock and fine dust that covers the Moon's surface. (With inputs from agencies)

Oxygen on Moon's surface may keep billions alive for 100,000 years  

165 countries owe at least $385 billion to China. But, the world barely knows about these loans. This "hidden debt" could trigger an economic crisis. Palki Sharma tells you how.

Gravitas: 165 countries owe at least $385 billion to China

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