Pilot error, air traffic controller mistakes, or miscommunication among the flight crew.
Adverse weather, such as storms, heavy turbulence or poor visibility.
Malfunctions in aircraft systems, engine failures, or structural issues.
Collisions with birds, especially during takeoff or landing.
Issues during takeoff or landing, including runway excursions, overruns, or collisions.
Collisions between two or more aircraft in mid-air, often due to airspace congestion or communication breakdowns.
Deliberate acts of sabotage, hijacking, or terrorism can pose a serious threat to aviation safety.
Running out of fuel or miscalculations related to fuel management can cause engines to fail.
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