Cleopatra, a well-known ruler of Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom, stands out as one of the most celebrated and impactful female leaders in history. Though not conventionally an empress, her reign saw her wield power and influence over both the Egyptian and the Roman Empire.
Empress Catherine II, famously known as Catherine the Great, governed Russia from 1762 to 1796. She is lauded for her role in expanding the Russian Empire, modernising its administration and championing advancements in arts and education.
As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian's rule during the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 AD) heralded a period of profound cultural and political transformation. She oversaw the expansion of the empire's territory, promoted Buddhism and implemented reforms that bolstered central authority.
Empress Matilda or Empress Maude vied for claim to England's throne amidst the 12th-century civil conflict known as "The Anarchy." Her endeavours to secure the throne for her son Henry II were instrumental in shaping England's monarchy and governance structure.
Empress Maria Theresa was the only female ruler of Habsburg domains and the last of the House of Habsburg. Under her rule, she brought about changes that modernised the administration and armed forces, setting the stage for the emergence of the Habsburg Empire.
Empress Dowager Cixi was a powerful figure in late Qing Dynasty China and effectively ruled as regent for her young son and later for her nephew, modernising China's infrastructure and military. She is often criticised for her conservative policies and role in the decline of the Qing Dynasty.