During puberty, estrogen levels rise, which promotes the growth of bones and the accumulation of bone mass. This is a critical period for bone development, as women achieve about 90% of their peak bone mass by age 18.
During the follicular phase (before ovulation), estrogen levels rise, which supports bone maintenance. However, when estrogen levels are low due to irregular or missed periods (amenorrhea), it can negatively affect bone density.
During pregnancy, estrogen levels increase significantly, which can be protective for bones. However, breastfeeding is associated with a temporary decrease in estrogen and calcium, which can lead to some bone loss. But this bone loss is typically reversible.
Perimenopause is the transition period before menopause when estrogen levels begin to fluctuate and eventually decline. This period may last several years and can lead to gradual bone loss.
After menopause, estrogen production from the ovaries dramatically decreases. This drop in estrogen is the most significant factor contributing to bone loss in postmenopausal women. Bone density decreases rapidly, particularly in the first five to seven years after menopause.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterised by weakened bones more prone to fractures. It is especially common in postmenopausal women due to the loss of estrogen.
Ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D to mitigate bone loss. Weight-bearing and resistance exercises can be of great help to maintain bone density.